Tenses 2018

Free English Grammar Class (FEGC) Tenses
Free English Grammar Class (FEGC) First Edition
TENSES
IN
ENGLISH
FOCUS ON:
 Structure
 Usage
 Example
Prepared By:
Trainee (Batch 27):
 LONG VICHEKA
Copyright: Free English Grammar Class
Contact me:
Facebook: Long Vicheka
Page: Free English Grammar Class
Tel: 015 757 356

Contents
Tenses
Aspects and Tenses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Part I
I. Present Simple
Present Simple -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Form of Present Simple with “BE, DO, HAVE” ----------------------------------------------------- 1
Form of Present Simple with “Normal verbs” -------------------------------------------------------- 2
Usages --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-6
Adverbs of Frequency --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7-8
II. Present Progressive
Definition of Present Simple ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Structure --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Usages of Present Simple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------9-12
Present Simple Vs Present Progressive ----------------------------------------------------------- 12-13
III. Present Perfect Simple
Structure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Usages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14-16
Since and For with Present Perfect Simple ---------------------------------------------------------- 16
Structure of adverbs “Already, Yet, Just) ------------------------------------------------------------ 16
Present Perfect Vs Past Simple ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
IV. Present Perfect Progressive(PPP)
Structure of PPP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Usages of PPP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Present Result of Present Perfect Simple Vs Present Perfect Progressive ----------------------- 18
Present Perfect Progressive Vs Present progressive ------------------------------------------------ 20
Present Perfect Simple Vs Present Perfect Progressive -------------------------------------------- 21
Part II
Past tenses part ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
Past Simple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Form of past simple with “Be, Do, Have” ----------------------------------------------------------- 23
Usages of Past Simple ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

When Vs While ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
Time expression of Past Simple ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Past Progressive
Form of Past Progressive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Usages ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29-30
Past Simple Vs Past Progressive ------------------------------------------------------------------ 31-32
Past Perfect Simple ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Form of Past Perfect Progressive---------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Usages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33-34
Time Clause ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35-36
Past Perfect Progressive
Form of Past P.Pro -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Past Perfect Progressive Vs Past Progressive-------------------------------------------------------- 38
Past Perfect Simple Vs Past Progressive ------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Part III
Future tenses --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Future Simple
Will---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41-42
Be going to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Comparison of Be going to Vs Present Progressive -------------------------------------------- 43-44
Be + to V ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Be about to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Modal + V ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
V+ to-infinitive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
Future Progressive ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46-47
Future Perfect Simple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Future Perfect Progressive ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Takeo Regional Teacher Training Centre (RTTC) TENSES
Aspects and Tenses

Definition
The aspect of a verb does not indicate when an action takes place in time; it rather
shows the relationship between the action and the passage of time as seen from the speaking’s
point of view.
There are three four aspects in English
1) Simple
2) Continuous
3) Perfect (meaning Before)
a. Perfect simple
b. Perfect progressive
A Tense is a form of a verb that is used to show the time of an action. For example; when an
action happens.
Types of tense
There are three types of tense – (Each tense is divided into four types sub tense)
1) Present tense
2) Past tense
3) Future tense
Tenses
Aspects
Past Present Future
Simple Past simple Present simple Future simple
Continuous Past continuous Present continuous Future continuous
Perfect Past perfect simple Present perfect simple Future perfect simple
Perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Future perfect continuous
1 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

PRESENT SIMPLE
I. FORM
1. Present Simple with “BE, DO, or HAVE”

When BE, DO, or HAVE functioned as “Main Verb” they cannot be omitted.
 Be (am/is/are)
 Do (do/does)
 Have (has/have)
+ Be, Do, or Have are used to make Positive, Negative, and Question forms of Present
Simple.
Here is To Be used with Present Simple
We use To Be in Present Simple when after To Be is:
1. Noun (s)/ noun phrase
2. Pronoun (s)
3. Adjective (s)/ adjective phrase
4. Prepositional Phrase.
A. Positive
Subject (s) + Verb To Be (am/is/are) + Complement + (Modifier).
For Example;
 They are trainees at RTTC.
Subject to be compliment modifier.
B. Negative
Subject (s) + To Be (am/is/are) +NOT+ complement + (modifier).
For Example;
 They are not trainees at RTTC.
Subject to be not compliment modifier.
C. Question
There are two kinds of making questions.
 Yes/ No Question
 Information Question

1. Yes/ No Question
To Be (am/is/are) + Subject (s) + Complement + (modifier) +?

For Example;
 Are they trainees at RTTC?
To Be Subject compliment modifier?
When you answer this type of question, you just follow method given below.
Yes + , + Subject + auxiliary verbs – to be (am/is/are).
No + , + Subject + auxiliary verbs – to be (am/is/are) + not.
For example;
Answer: Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
2. Information Question (Wh-questions)
Wh-questions Auxiliary verbs + Subject (s)
Who, what, whom, when, Be (am/ is/are)

where, how, why, which, Do (do/does)
whose. Have (has/have)
For example;
 Who is she?
Wh-q auxi Subject
 She is my classmate.
(We have to give more information than those of Yes/No questions.)
2. Present Simple with “Normal verbs” ( -s, -es is added)
Verbs present simple are the verbs that can be added “-e, -es”. We add “-s, -es” when
subject is singular, but we don’t add “-s, es” when subject is in its plural meaning.
Subject Verb (present simple) Complement

Positive  They go to school every day.
 She goes to school every day.
Subject Do not/ Does not + V (present simple) Complement
 They do not go to school every day.
Negative
 She does not go to school every day.

Questions
S + V present simple + Complement
Do/Does Short answers
+?
 Do they go to school?  Yes, they do.
Yes/No questions
No, they don’t.
 Does she go to school?  Yes, she does.
No, she does not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Do/Does +S+V present simple +
Long answers
whose, whom, (complement) + (modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 When does your class start?
Wh-q do/does Subject verb-present simple
It starts at 7:15.
II. USAGE:
I. Present Uses
1. General truth or always true- world truth. (can’t change- nature)
Statements about rules of nature and the way the world is are in the present simple
tense.
 People need food.

 It snows in winter here.
 Two and two make four.
 The sun sets in the West.
 Most babies learn to speak when they are about two years old.
 Water boils at 100° Celsius.
 Wood floats on water.
 Flowers don't grow in the winter.
2. Permanent- simple statements of fact-(truth for present time-long time, but can
change.)
When we want to state a fact or ask a question without any time reference, we use the
present simple tense.
 I am 20 years old. (This year-long term-present, but I turns to 21 next year)

 She works as a teacher of English. ( I have yet to think of swap career)
 I live in Cambodia. (I live here for long term- seem won’t imagine of moving)
 It rains a lot in Takeo. (Because of climate change, it may change)

 I don't like horror films! (My hobby might change, but just take a bit long time)
3. Habits ( without doing it, we don’t feel pleasure -things that we do regularly-often
use adverbs of frequency)
 My grandfather always smokes cigarettes before bedtime.
 I play tennis every Tuesday.
4. Repeated action ( rules, law- we must obey)
 Students in Cambodia go to school 6 days a week.
 I work from Monday to Friday.
5. Short actions – (often used with sports commentary.)
The present simple is often used for running commentaries. This provides an ongoing
narrative, describing events as they happen, which is especially common for sports. Sports
broadcasters and other live reports use the present simple to commentate on events in real
time (now), to save time and create drama:
 Ronnie passes to Jim, he shoots, and he scores!

 The ball hits the net, and she loses the point.
 He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores!
6. For instructions or directions
 Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water. (instruction)
 You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford. (direction)
 Open your books at page 34. (instruction)
 Don't shout at me! (instruction)
7. Storytelling ( In jokes, anecdotes and film or book summaries)
The present simple is regularly used depicting past narratives for informal storytelling. It can
create a sense of immediacy, urgency or informal friendliness, so it may be used for
dramatic or comedic effect. This is common in spoken English.
The present simple tense is very often used in jokes and when telling a story to make
the joke or story seem more immediate. This use of the present tense is sometimes called the
graphic present.
The present simple is also used to retell what happens in a book or film.
 So in he walks with a parrot on his shoulder.

 In his new film Robert Redford plays the part of a brave cowboy.
 “So I go to pay for my sandwich, and the guy asks me for two pounds – but I don’t have
any money on me!”
+Plot of the stories- (Sequence of actions or events in the present -first – then, after that)
The present simple is also commonly used to give narratives of consumed stories, for example
the plots of films, books and plays.

 First I get up, then I have breakfast. After school I switch on my computer, then I check
my emails and after that I play my favorite game.
 The main character finds the diamonds, saves the girl and stops the baddie. It’s great.
 She says she’s seen something, and you don’t know if it’s in her head or not.
II. Future Uses

8. Timetable or a fixed plan – (future meaning-usually, the timetable is fixed by an
organization, not by us. A scheduled event in the near future.)
The present simple is often used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside
of our control).
 Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes.

 I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the next
day.
 She has a piano lesson after school today.
 There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.
 When does the meeting begin?
 School begins at nine tomorrow.

 What time does the film start?
 The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty.
 The plane flies to London every Monday.
 We have English on Tuesdays and Fridays.
9. To talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as
soon as'. These are sometimes called subordinate clauses of time.
 I will call you when I have time. (Not 'will have'.)
 I won't go out until it stops raining.
 I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
III. Conditional Uses
10. We use the present simple in the zero and first conditionals.
 If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
 If it rains, we won't come.
IV. Other uses
11. Title of the newspaper-(Use present simple tense for past events)
The present tense is quick and current, and helps emphasize the action happening, rather than its
completion.
 Parliament confirms new stray dog policy

 Lion escapes zoo
12. Descriptions (places, people, status, …)
 It has a beautiful waterfall.

Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency are adverbs of time
It answers the question "How frequently?" or "How often?” They tell us how often something
happens.
Adverbs of Definite Frequency- know exactly how often
Examples:
 hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

 every second, once a minute, twice a year
 once, twice, once or twice, three times
+ Note: Typically they go in END position. Look at these examples:
 Most companies pay taxes yearly.

 The manager checks the toilets every hour.
 The directors meet weekly to review progress.
Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go
at the FRONT, for example:
 Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.
Adverbs of Indefinite Frequency- don’t tell us exactly how often
Look at these examples of adverbs of indefinite frequency:
100% always, constantly

usually, normally
frequently, regularly
Often
50% Sometimes
occasionally
rarely, infrequently
Seldom
hardly ever
0% Never

Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the
main verb (except the main verb "to be"):
 We usually go shopping on Saturday.

 I have often done that.
 She is always late.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a
sentence:
 Sometimes they come and stay with us.

 I play tennis occasionally.
Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):
 We see them rarely.

 John eats meat very seldom.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS
I. Definition
The Present Progressive is used when we talk about something which is happening now. It is
also called Present Continuous.
II. Structure
Subject + Am/is/are + V-ing + Complement

Positive  They are watching TV.
 She is watching TV.
Subject + am/is/are + V-ing Complement
Negative  They are not watching TV.
 She is not watching TV.
Questions
TO BE (am/is/are) S + V -ing+ Complement +? Short answers
 Are they watching TV?  Yes, they are.
Yes/No questions No, they are not.
 Is she watching TV?  Yes, she is.
No, she is not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Am/is/are +S+V -ing+ (complement)
Long answers
whose, whom, + (modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 What is she doing? She is watching
Wh-q to be Subject verb-ing?
TV.
III. Usages
1) Activity that is happening “Now”.
For example;
 I’m explaining the grammar lesson.

 They are reading newspaper.
 I am listening to the radio.

2) Activity that is happening “at or around now –moment of speaking” –meaning

“Before or After NOW.”
For example;
 Don’t take my phone. I’m using it.
(Maybe I’m doing something else, but I don’t stop using it.)
 I’m reading a book these days.
(Maybe I have started reading it before now, and now I still reading it. Also I may read in
the future time.)
3) Trends –changing situation (Developing)
For example;
 The climate is changing gradually.

 More and more people are leaving countryside for city to find better job.
4) Future Fixed plan/arrangement –(Social arrangement)
Plans that have already been arranged to do in the near future – (Plans with other
people with specific times and places. (Time expression is more common used: next week,
this weekend, on Monday, tomorrow, tonight, …)
For example;
 I’m meeting Veasna at the cinema (place) at 8 (time).
(It means I have dated already. We agreed to do it –we know where and when we go)
 I am not going to the party tonight.

 Is she visiting her parents next weekend?
5) Temporary actions
For example;
 I am studying at RTTC nowadays.

 I am teaching English in the evening at Cheasim High School at the present time.
6) Repeated action in the meaning
a) Annoying habits
b) Express a habit that happens often and perhaps unexpectedly.

a) Annoying habits:
For example;
 You’re always coming to class late. (Criticism)

 I can read this. You’re always complaining about my hand writing. (complain)
b) Express a habit that happens often and perhaps unexpectedly -(It happens more
than is usual.)
For example;
 I like her. She’s always smiling.
7) Background of stories –(It’s often used when starting story-making stories to be alive)
For example;
 The wind is blowing, leaves are falling. While I am walking, there is a man coming
behind me. I turn to look at him, but he suddenly disappears. I feel scared, …
8) In the middle of actions with “specific time”
For example;
 I am having dinner at 7: 00 pm. (It means that I am in progress of eating dinner then)
++NOTE:
Verbs that express states are normally not used with the Present Progressive. If they are used, it
is in the difference in its meaning.
 They love being together. (They are not together now.)

 They are loving being together. (They are together now.)
IV. Time Expression
Actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now)
 at the moment
 now / just now / right now
 Listen!
 Look!
Arrangements for the near future
 in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening

 at noon / tonight
 tomorrow
 next ...

Actions taking place only for a limited period of time
 this week / this month / this year
Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking)
 at the moment
 now / just now / right now
Development, changing situations
 more and more
PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Present Simple Present Continuous

1. General truth: 1. In progress activity –(happening at the moment of
speaking)
 Water boils at 100 degrees.
 The water is boiling now, so you can put in the
pasta.
2. Permanent situations (or nearly 2. Temporary situations:

permanent; true for a few years at least):
 Julie is living in Paris for a few months (usually
 Julie lives in London. she lives in London).
3. Repeated action happen on a regular basis 3. Repeated action happening at or around the time
of speaking
 She goes home most weekends.
 Can I borrow you $10?
4. Frequency of actions (with always, 4. Annoying habits (with always, constantly, forever)
constantly, forever)
 You’re forever asking me for money.
 She always goes to school.
(I feel angry at him.)
(She is never absent from class.)
5. Habits or things we do regularly: 5. Temporary or new habits:
 I drink coffee every morning.  I'm drinking too much coffee these days because
I'm so busy at work.

6. Future events which are part of a 6. Definite future plans:

timetable:
 I'm meeting John after class today.
 My plane leaves at eight tonight.
7. To talk about what happens in books,

plays and films: 7. To talk about people in pictures and photos:
 At the end of the book, the  In this photo, my mother is walking beside a
detective catche lake.
 s the killer.
Fiction stories (Just the fake stories written by writer in the purpose of leaving moralities)
8. Story (Background)
8. Story (Main events)
 There are a lot of people at the party. Romeo is
 At the party, Romeo sees Ju liet and falls
smiling at Ju liet. Romeo is trying get closer to Ju
in love with her. …
liet. ….

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
I. STRUCTURE
Subject + have/has + V-ed / V3+ Complement

Positive
 I have changed my job.
Subject + have/has + V-ed / V3 Complement
Negative
 I have not changed my job.
Questions
Have/has S + V-ed / V3+ Complement +? Short answers
Yes/No questions  Have you changed your job?  Yes, I have.
No, I have not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Have/has +S+ V-ed / V3+ (complement)
Long answers
whose, whom, + (modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 How long have you changed your job? For the past few
Wh-q to have Subject verb-ed complement?
months.
II. USAGE:
1) Unspecified actions
i. Started in the past and continue in the present
For example;
 I have been a teacher for five years.
ii. Life experience
For example;
 I’ve visited Angkor Wat twice.

 This is the first time I have eaten Japanese food.
iii. Time is not mentioned
For example;
 I have taught English language more than four years.
iv. Unspecific time is mentioned ( so far, before, since, for ages, …)
For example;

 We have had four tests so for this semester.

 I have met him before.
 I have met many people since I came here in June.
2) Finished actions
i. In recent past (lately, recently, in the recent years, just, …)
For example;
 How have you been lately?

 I’ve just finished my homework.
 I’ve just broken my watch.
ii. Have an effect/ result in the present (present result)
For example;
 Who has eaten my snack? There just some left.

 I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
 Obama has just resigned his position. Now he is just an American.
iii. Expectation in the future
For example;
 I’ve got three messages this morning.

 He has received three reports from his boss this afternoon.
3) Quantity (How much/ How many, …)
For example;
 The army has attacked the city five times.

 He has learned English a lot.
4) Change over time (Past and Present)
For example;
 The climate has changed compared to the past times.

 You've changed since the last time I saw you.
5) In newspaper events introduced with present perfect, and past simple for details.
For example;

 The film star, Jim Cooper has died of cancer (present perfect). He was 68 and lived in Texas
(past simple) …
++ How to use “Since and For”
a) Since (point of time)
For example;
I have been here since seven o’clock.
I have met my best friends since I first came here at RTTC.
b) For (period of time)
 I have been here for two weeks.

 He has not eaten anything for two days.
++ “Already, yet, just”
1. Already: have happened before you expected (Positive statement)
For example;
 What time does the film start?  It has already started.
2. Yet: have not happened until now (Negative or question statement)
For example;
 What’s this book about?  I don’t know. I haven’t read it yet.

 I haven’t had dinner yet.
3. Just: a short time ago (Positive)
For example;
 I’ve just broken my watch.

 Are you hungry? No, I have just had dinner.
++ Position of adverbs “already, yet, just”
Structure:
1. S+ have/has + already + V. past participle + Obj.

S+ have/has + V. past participle +already.
2. S+ have/has + NOT+ V. past participle + yet.
3. (Wh-questions) Have/Has + S+ V past participle+ Obj+ yet?

Past Perfect Simple Vs Past Simple
Past simple Past perfect simple

1. Refers to finished past 2. Refer to unfinished action
For example; For example;
 Shakespear wrote plays.  I’ve written short stories.
(He’s dead.) (I’m alive.)
 He lived in Cambodia for three

years.
2. No present result 2. Present result
 I hurt my back.  I’ve hurt my back.

(it hurts now.)
(But it’s better now.)
3. Definite time 3. Indefinite time
recently
before
last night
since January
two weeks ago I’ve met him
I saw him yet
on Monday I haven’t seen him
for months
at 8: 00
never seen
just
NOTE: Even there is no past time adverbial, we can build a past time in our head.
For example;
 Did you have a good journey?
(It’s over. You’re here now.)
 Thanks you for supper. It was lovely.
(The meal is finished.)
 Where did you buy that shirt?
(When you were out shopping in the other day)

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
I. FORM
Subject + have / has + been + V--ing+ Complement
Positive
 It has been raining for two hours.
Subject + have/has+ NOT + been + V-ing Complement
Negative
 It has not been raining for two hours.
Questions
Have/has S + been + V--ing + Complement +? Short answers
Yes/No questions  Has it been raining?  Yes, it has.
No, it has not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Have/has + S + been + V–ing
Long answers
whose, whom, + (complement) + (modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 How long has it been raining?
Wh-q to have Subject been verb-ing?
For two hours.
II. USAGE
1) An ongoing action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished.
+ Be still going on action:
For example;
 It has been raining for an hour. (It has not finished yet.)
 How long has it been raining? (It has not finished yet.)
+ Has just finished action:
For example;
 It has been raining. Now the ground is wet. (It has just finished –recently)
 He has been working all day, so he looks tired. (he has recently stopped)
2) To emphasize duration (length of time) –How long
For example;
A: You’re late! I have been waiting for you for long.
B: How long have you been waiting for me?
A: I’ve been waiting for you for 2 hours.

3) Emotional Coloring
For example;
 What have you been doing in the bathroom? I have been waiting for you for ages.
 Who has been eating my food?
4) To emphasize something that is temporary
For example;
 She has been running a lot recently. (She doesn’t usually do this.)
 Usually we study at home, but we’ve been studying in the class for the last two
weeks.
5) To explain Present Result –result comes from its action
(It doesn’t matter if the whole action is finished or not)
 Result means what we see, hear, smell, or feel.
For example;
 I have been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
(There are plates all over the table is the Present result. It doesn’t matter
if or not I am still eating, or finished.)
 She has been doing her homework, so she’s tired.
 I’ve been cooking. That’s why the kitchen is such a mess.
 He doesn’t like going this evening. He has been working all day.
 Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
 You are out of breath. Have you been running?
 Notes:
Present result of PPS and PPP
PP PPP PPS
 Have you been working in the sun? You look  Oh, I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
sun-burnt.
Meanings
When it takes a long time to happen. When it takes a short time to happen.
PPP PPS
 I’ve been cooking. That’s why the kitchen is  I’ve cooked. Set the table, please.
such a mess.
Meaning
Recently finished –the cause of the present Finished action (completion) –show result at
result. the present time.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE VS PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Tenses Examples Meaning

i. I’ve been waiting for you Lengths of time. Also it might
for 2 hours. affect my feeling.
Present perfect progressive
ii. It has been raining. The Just finished activity leaving
road is muddy. present result.
iii. Hurry up, I’m waiting for In progress –I’m sitting and
you. waiting now.
Present progressive
iv. I need an umbrella. It’s Just focuses on the process of
raining. the rain.

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Past perfect simple Past perfect progressive

1. Finished actions that have an 2. Unfinished actions that have an
effect/result in the present. (We don’t effect in the present.
know when)
For example;
For example;
 I’ve week writing an assignment
 I’ve done my homework. Now I all evening. I didn’t know it
can watch TV. wound take so long.
 I’ve just wash my hair.
2. Focuses more on the activity itself 2. Emphasizes on an ongoing activity

and that action is completed.
For example;
For example;
 I’ve been waiting for an hour.
 He has read the book I
recommended.
3. Quantity (how many/ how much) 3. Emphasizes that the action is

temporary –how long
 I’ve written ten pages of my
homework.  I’ve been living in this house for
five years.
4. Permanent (longer –lasting) 4. Temporary
 The temple has stood on the hill  That boy has been standing at the
for hundreds of years. gate for hours.

PAST TENSES
These are categorized into four smaller groups:
I. Past Simple
II. Past Progressive/ Continuous
III. Past Perfect Simple
IV. Past Perfect Progressive / Continuous

PAST SIMPLE
I. FORM
1. Present Simple with “Be, Do, Have”
 Be, Do, Have functioned as main verb, they can’t be omitted.
 Be (was/were)
 Do (did)
 Have (had)
+ Be, Do, or Have are used to make Positive, Negative, and Question forms of Past
Simple.
Here is To Be used with Past Simple
We use To Be in Past Simple when after To Be is:
1. Noun (s)/ noun phrase
2. Pronoun (s)
3. Adjective (s)/ adjective phrase
4. Prepositional Phrase.
A. Positive
Subject (s) + was/were+ Complement + (Modifier).
For Example;
 They were trainees at RTTC in 2016.
Subject to be compliment modifier.
B. Negative
Subject (s) + was/were +NOT+ complement + (modifier).
For Example;
 They were not trainees at RTTC.
Subject to be not compliment modifier.
C. Question
There are two kinds of making questions.
 Yes/ No Question
 Information Question
1. Yes/ No Question
Was/were + Subject (s) + Complement + (modifier) +?

For Example;
 Were they trainees at RTTC in 2016?
To Be Subject compliment modifier?
When you answer this type of question, you just follow method given below.
Yes + , + Subject + auxiliary verbs – to be (was/were).
No + , + Subject + auxiliary verbs – to be (was/were) + not.
For example;
Answer: Yes, I was.
No, I was not.
2. Information Question (Wh-questions)
Wh-questions Auxiliary verbs + Subject (s)
Who, what, whom, when, Be (was/were)

where, how, why, which, Do (did)
whose. Have (had)
For example;
 Who was she?
Wh-q auxi Subject
 She was my classmate.

(We have to give more information than those of Yes/No questions.)
2. Present Simple with “Normal verbs” (-ed or V2 is added)
Subject Verb (past simple) Complement

Positive  They went to school every day.
 She went to school every day.
Subject Did not + V (past simple) Complement
 They did not go to school every day.
Negative
 She did not go to school every day.
Questions
Did S + V past simple + Complement +? Short answers
Yes/No questions  Did they go to school?  Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.

 Did she go to school?  Yes, she did.

No, she did not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Did +S+V past simple + (complement) +
Long answers
whose, whom, (modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 When did you get up last night?
Wh-q did Subject verb-past simple modifier
I got up at 7:15.
II. Usage
1. Finished actions that have specific time
For example;
 I had an exam this morning.

 It was Wednesday yesterday.
 Columbus discovered America in 1492.
2. Chronological order event –series of event
For example;
 He heard voices coming from downstairs, so he put on his T-shirt, and went to
investigate.
3. Habits in the past
(Time expression: Adverbs of Frequency is used)
For example;
 When I was a child, I lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked to the sea,
and sad to see beautiful sunset with my mother.
Take Note
We can use: USED TO
USED TO: To express habits in the past:
 When I was a child, I used to live in a small house by the sea. Every day I used to walk
to the sea, and sad to see beautiful sunset with my mother.

4. To express hypothesis situation in the present (Second Conditional)
For example;
 If I had a car, I would drive around my hometown.

 If she loved me, I wouldn’t be single.
5. Interrupted action
For example;
 Mr. Sovanda was playing guitar when I called him.

 While I was driving on the street, a dog ran into my motor.
NOTE: WHEN VS WHILE Usage
Form of When Meaning of When

When + Past Simple+, + Past Simple.
1st action 2nd action Past simple with when is the

first action
Past Simple + when + Past Simple.
2nd action 1st action

For example;
 What did you do when the accident happened?
- I ran out to see, and sent the injured to the nearby

hospital when the accident happened.
(First accident happened. Then I ran out to see, and …)

Form of While Meaning of While
While + Past progressive +, + Past simple. Past simple interrupted the
actions in progress –past
Past Simple + while+ Past progressive. progressive.
For example;
 What were you doing when the accident happened?
- I was eating when the accident happened.
(First I started eating. Then the accident interrupted

my eating.)

++ BEST NOTE:
Past simple used with “When” can be:
1. At the same time
For example;
 When she saw the elephant, she was amazed.
(It means “saw and amazed” are the same time -because it’s just the feeling)
2. One happened, then another happened after that.
(Usually Past Simple with “When” happens first.)
 When she heard a noise, she got up to investigate.
(First she heard a noise. Then she got up.)
 I stood under a tree when it began to rain.
(First it rained. Then I stood under a tree.)
++ When + Past Simple Vs When + Past Perfect meaning
STRUCTURES Examples Meaning

When + Past simple, past simple
(It sounds better.)  When she arrived, he left. - They met each other because
When + Past perfect, past simple he left after she arrived.
(It sounds clumsy.)

When + past simple + past perfect  When she arrived, he - They didn’t meet each other,
had already left. because she left first.
I. Time expression (Adverbs of time/ time phrases/time clause)
Some common expressions with Past Simple:
Form Examples
In 2016
In + Years/Months/Seasons In April
In Summer
At + specific time At 2 pm.

On Monday
On + days/ dates
On November, 26th
Last Monday
Last year/ night

Last + days/months/years/seasons
Last month
Last season
An hour ago
Time (s) + ago
Three years ago
Time Clause
As soon as + S + V As soon as I went home, …
As long as + S +V As long as I came back, …

When I was in Secondary school, …
When + S + V
Yesterday
After dinner
Others
This afternoon
Saturday night, etc.

PAST PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS
I. Form
Subject + were/was + V-ing + Complement

Positive  They were watching TV.
 She was watching TV.
Subject + was/were + V-ing Complement
Negative  They were not watching TV.
 She was not watching TV.
Questions
TO BE (was/were) S + V -ing+ Complement +? Short answers
 Were they watching TV?  Yes, they were.
Yes/No questions No, they were not.
 Was she watching TV?  Yes, she was.
No, she was not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Was/were +S+V –ing
Long answers
Wh- questions
how, which
 What was she doing?
Wh-q to be Subject verb-ing?
She was watching TV.
II. Usage
1) Overlapping actions (Interrupted actions)
For example;
 It was raining when I went out. (It started raining before we went out.)
 I felt asleep while I was reading.
 We were enjoying the movie when the power went out.
 I was walking to the station when I met John.
 She burnt his hand while she was cooking.

2) Parallel action (Simultaneous actions)
For example;
 I was reading while my brother was playing guitar.

 Were you listening while I was explaining the lesson?
3) In the middle of action at a certain time (Time Clause)
For example;
 At 3 o’clock this afternoon, I was studying.

 This time last year I was studying at a university.
 What were we doing at 3 o’clock last weekend?
4) To give background information to a story (Create a dramatic effect- mood)
Past progressive used to describe events that
i. Background description
For example;
 It was getting dark. I was walking down a country road. I looked down the road,
and saw a car coming.
 The streets were crowded. It was half past ten. I was just passing by. Suddenly
there was a loud explosion. Everyone ran about in fear. This man was lying here
in a pool of blood.
(PS: to talk about long term situations or facts that existed in the past.)
(P.Pro: Temporary action that exist at some point in the past)
ii. Actions in progress, often contrasted with a sudden event.
For example;
 As Thida and her friends were walking along the Monivong Blvd, a man stopped
them and asked them for money.

PAST SIMPLE VS PAST PROGRESSIVE
Past simple Past Progressive

1. Complete 2. Incomplete
 She read a book last night.  She was reading a book last night.
2. Permanent (long term situation) 2. Impermanent (temporary situation)
 I worked here for 2 years.  I was working here for 2 years.
3. Repeated action 3. In progress activity
 She went to school every day when he  She was writing a letter to her mother.
was a student.
4. Short –(quick action) 4. Long (at or around –it may be started before
last year and was still in progress –unfinished)
 When he heard a strange noise, he got up
to investigate.  This time last year I was studying English.
5. Time Clause
 One happened, then another did.  At the same time (Parallel action)
 When she arrived, the teacher was  While they were talking, I was writing.
explaining the lesson writing.
6. Story-telling/ describe on events

A. Main events- (explain the main events of the
B. Background events- set the scene general
story in sequence –shorter actions)
situation at the beginning of a story.–(to describe
longer actions, and sometimes it was interrupted by
We use “then, after that, first, finally, and so
the short, quick actions –past simple)
on…”
 Thida refused to give him any money.  One night in April 2017 Thida was walking
When she started to walk away, the man home in Paris.
took out a knife and stabbed Thida in  As Thida and her friends were walking
the chest. along the Monivong Blvd, a man stopped
 . He stopped and helped Thida. Later he them and asked them for money.
visited her in the hospital. Five years  When suddenly there was a man was
later Thida and the man got married. passing by at the time.

Putting it all together

One night in April 2017 Thida was walking home in Paris. He had been to the cinema and then to a
café, where he spent some time with friends. As Thida and her friends were walking along the
Monivong Blvd, a man stopped them and asked them for money. The man had been drinking heavily
all evening and he was very drunk. Thida refused to give him any money. When she started to walk
away, the man took out a knife and stabbed Thida in the chest. When suddenly there was a man was
passing by at the time. He stopped and helped Thida. Later he visited her in the hospital. Five years
later Thida and the man got married.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
(Past in the past)
We cannot use this tense when there is no past simple to compare.
I. Form
Subject + had + V-ed /V3+ Complement

Positive
 You had seen me.
Subject + had + NOT + V-ed /V3 Complement
Negative
 You had not seen me.
Questions
Had S + V-ed /V3+ Complement +? Short answers
Yes/No questions  Had you seen me?  Yes, it had.
No, it had not.
What, where,
when, why, who, had + S + V-ed /V3+ (complement)
Long answers
whose, whom, +(modifier) +?
Wh- questions
how, which
 Where had you seen me?
Wh-q had Subj verb-ed or V ?
At the store.
3 + compliment
II. Usage
1) Used to make clear that one action in the past happened before another action in the
past.
For example;
 When I arrived, the film had started.
(First the film started, then we arrived.)
 When he got home, I found that someone had broken into his house and had stolen his
money.
 He didn’t go to the cinema because he’d seen the film before.

2) To explain or give a reason for something in the past.
For example;
 I’d eaten dinner, so I wasn’t hungry.

 It had snowed in the night, so the bus didn’t arrive.
3) Intention –Didn’t happened.
For example;
 I had planned on going to USA for my vacation, but the riots shut down the airport.
 I had hoped to watch TV, but I was busy.
4) Unreal conditional with “If”
For example;
 If I had studied harder, I wound have passed the test.
(I didn’t study hard, and I didn’t pass the test.)
 I wouldn’t have finished the project if you hadn’t helped me.
(But you helped me, and I finished it as well.)
5) In reported speech
For example;
 “I’ve never been to Paris.”
 My friend told me he had never been to Paris.
 We both went to the same school.
 They said they both had gone to the same school.
6) Used to tell the story, but in the different order.
+ Past Simple:
 He met her at a university. They were together for four years. They got married
last month.
+ Change this story adding Past Perfect simple:
 They got married last month. He had met her at a university, and had been
together for four years.

 Time Clause:
How to use connectors “Before, after” with Past Simple.
A. Before
Past perfect + before + Simple past

Before + Simple past + , + Past perfect
For example;
 John had gone to the store before he went home.

Past perfect before past simple
 Before John went home, he had gone to the store.

Before Past simple , past perfect
B. After
After + Past perfect+ , + Simple past

Past simple + after + past perfect
For example;
 After John had gone to the store, he went home.

After Past perfect , past simple
 John went home after had gone to the store.

Past simple after past perfect
 N
ote that:
Past perfect simple is not necessarily used when “Before or After” is used in the
sentence because the time relationship is already clear. Thus, The Past Simple
may be used, and there is no change in its meaning.
For example;
 Rotha had left before we got there.
 Rotha left before we got there. (same meaning)
 After the guests had left, I went to bed.
 After the guests left, I went to bed. (same meaning)

Compare:
1. Sok had already left when we got there.
 1st: Sok left.
2nd: We got there.
2. Sok left when we got there.
 1st: We got there.
2nd: Sok left.
C. By the time + a certain time (គិតត្តឹម....)
 By 2015, I had finished high school.
D. When /as soon as/ as long as/by the time/till/ until
 I had already done my homework when he came home.

 As soon as the guests left/had left, I started tidying up.
 I sat outside until the sun went/had gone.
 I had finished dinner by the time he called me last night.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
I. Form
Subject + had + been + V--ing+ Complement

Positive
 It had been raining for two hours.
Subject + had+ NOT + been + V-ing Complement
Negative
 It had not been raining for two hours.
Questions
Had S + been + V--ing + Complement +? Short answers
Yes/No questions  Had it been raining?  Yes, it had.
No, it had not.
What, where,
when, why, who, Had + S + been + V–ing
Long answers
Wh- questions
how, which
 How long had it been raining?
Wh-q had Subject been verb-ing?
For two hours.
II. Usage
A. To emphasize the duration of an activity that was in progress before another

activity or time in the past.
For example;
 I’d been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday.

 Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
 Her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.
B. To emphasize How Long something went on up to a particular past time.
For example;
 They had been travelling for about 36 hours.

 The police had been looking for the criminal for 2 years. Before they caught him.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Vs PAST PROGRESSIVE
Differences of Past perfect progressive vs Past progressive:
Tenses Examples Focus on

a) She was tired because she had been doing a) In progress action over a period of
exercise. time in the past.
Past perfect b) When I got there, water had been leaking
progressive through the roof. b) It was no longer leaking when I got
home – also maybe it was leaking or
just stopped leaking recently.
a. She was tired because she was doing a) In progress action at the exact
exercise. moment in the past.
Past
b. When I got home, water was leaking
progressive
through the roof. b) It was leaking when I got home.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Vs PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
I. Differences of Past perfect progressive vs Past progressive:
Tenses Examples Focus on

+ Finished action
a. He’d worked hard, so he was tired. a. Result/Effect

b. He’d been to USA before he was back
Past perfect to Cambodia. b. Experience
simple c. I had drunk 2 cups of coffee by the time
you called me. c. Quantity (what/how often/how
much)
+ Activity (Dynamic)
Past perfect
a. He’d been working hard, so he was a. It was possible he still worked hard,
progressive
tired. or he just stopped lately.
II. Similarities of Past perfect progressive vs Past progressive:
+
Verbs: work, wait, live, learn, study use either Past perfect simple or Past perfect progressive.
There is no change of its meaning.
For example;
 I had waited for you half an hour before you arrived.
been waiting for you half an hour before you arrived.
NOTE: Non –action can’t use in Past Perfect Progressive.

FUTURES TENSES
I. FUTURE SIMPLE:
a. Will/shall
b. Be going to
 Present simple Vs Present progressive
II. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

III. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
IV. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE SIMPLE
i. Will
1) Prediction
For example;
Read conversation
Mother: have you passed the exam?
Son: I don’t know. We will know it tomorrow.
Mother: Do you think you’ll pass?
Son: Don’t worry, mon. I’m sure I’ll pass the exam.
2) Willingness
(Promises, threats, offers, requests, invitations, orders, …)
For example;
 I’ll give you the money back next week. (promise)

 I’ll kill you. (threat)
 I’ll carry those bags. (offer)
 Will you open the window? (request)
 Will you come to dance with me? (invitation)
 Will you be quiet, please? (order)
3) Opinions –there is such outside evidence (our prediction is based on our own
opinion). It can be more theoretical or abstract.
For example;
 I bet he’ll be late home, the traffic is always bad at this time. (opinion)
 I’m sure you’ll have a good time at the wedding. (my opinion)
4) Decision or intention (moment of speaking)
For example;
 I will travel to USA last year.
++ Will + not means refusal
 She won’t give me back my ruler!

 We can also use adverbs to emphasize on its meaning.
 Certain: definitely, certainly

 Less certain: probably
 Uncertain : possibly
ii. Be going to + infinitive
We use “Be going to” when talking about:
1) Plans
2) Things that are on the way
3) Event outside people’s control
USAGES:
1) Plans
Plans that emphasize the idea of intention or decision that have already been
made/ before the moments of speaking.
For example;
 They are going to get married soon. (This has been planned.)
 When are you going to get your hair cut?
 He is going to keep asking her to get married with him until she says “Yes”.
2) Things that are on the way
+ Predictions based on
 Past experience
For example;
 Getting up at 4:00 in the morning is going to be a problem. (Based on my past experience

of getting up early in the morning.)
 Present fact/ evidence
(There is an evidence now that something is sure to happen. We can see the future
from the present –visible evidence/ it is likely to come true/ it is clear/ get information
from someone else.)
For example;
 Bopha has a baby, and she is going to have another baby in October. (present fact –look at
her bumb)
 It going to be a lovely day. (Look at that blue sky!)
 Look out! We’re going to crash.
3) Events outside people’s control
For example;
 It’s going to rain this afternoon!

 Things are going to get better soon.
I. Comparison of Future meaning
a) Be going to Vs Present progressive –Future meaning.
The present progressive is used when we say what we have planned and arranged to do at a
specific time in the future. These are fixed plans with definite time or place.
Be going to: មានគម្រមាង(មានបំណងចង់ម្ោយវាម្ ើតមានពិត)
Present progressive: គម្រមាងមានម្ យ

ើ ម្យើងនឹងម្្វើវាតាមគម្រមាងដែលម្យើងបាន
ំណត់ទុ ។
Plan means what we have though; whereas, arrangement means we have already
writtng and we are sure about what and when we are going to do.
Tenses Examples Meaning

 They are going to move their Plans: Personal plans
house.
Present simple –Be going to  To express the idea of
(=I intended to have a movie in the intention
future.)
 We are playing tennis on Monday. Arrangements/fixed plans :
 I am going to the theatre. Social arrangement (have
already been arranged)
(=I have already bought the ticket)
 Plans with other people
Present progressive with specific times and
places
 2 or more people agree to
do something in the near
future.

 NOTE:
Time expression is used both Be going to and Present progressive in the future meaning. For
Present progressive, when there is no specific time followed by, it may be confused to an action
in progress.
Be going to Present progressive

Example: Example:
 They are going to get married one day.  They are getting married next year.
(=this is a general intention, but has not been (=the wedding is already arranged.)
arranged.)
 What are you doing for New Year?
 What are you going to do for New Year?
 I am having a big party.
 I am going to have a big party.
(=the party is already arranged.)
(=this is a general intention, but has not been
arranged.)

b) BE TO + VERB
We use it for formal plans, official arrangements, and prohibitions.

For examples,
 The factory is to close three weeks for repair.

 You are not to open files in the flash drive before scanning.
c) BE DUE TO / BE ABOUT TO + VERB
We use it to show an immediate future or something will happen shortly after you speaking
(or something takes place at a fixed time). For examples,
 He is about to leave to room. [He is at the door way now.]

 I think the play is about to start now. [It is on time now.]
d) MODAL + VERB
We use to show future possibility or probability.

For examples,
 I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.

 I may pursue a degree in economics or marketing after I finish this course.
e) VERB + TO INFINITIVE
There are some certain verbs which already express future meaning like plan, intend,
propose, hope, agree, promise...
For examples,
 I intend to run my own business.

 She has proposed to change our plan.
 We have just agreed to launch a new product.

Future Continuous
I. Structure
 Positive: Subject + will + be + verb-ing (-ing form of the verb)
 Negative: Subject + will + be + verb-ing
 Question: Will + subject + be + verb-ing?
II. Usage
Future continuous (progressive) is used to talk about:
1. an action that will be in progress at a specified time in the future.
For examples,
 This time next three years, I will be working in a nice office.

 Tomorrow at this time, I will be sitting in an exam.
 We will be flying to Korea at midnight tonight.
ករណីទី ១-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Continuous ម្ែើម្បប

ី ង្ហ្ញ ឬ និយាយពី អ្វីដែលនឹង ំពុងម្ ើតម្ ើង ម្ៅ
ម្ពល (ឬ ជុំវញ
ិ ) ម្វលាណាមួយជា ់លា ់ម្ៅ ង
នុ អ្នាគត។
2. An action that will be in progress and will be interrupted by a shorter action.
For examples,
 She will be having a bath when I'm back home.

 He will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
 I won't be learning English tomorrow at this time because I'll see a doctor.
ករណីទី ២-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Continuous ម្ែើម្បីបង្ហ្ញ ឬ ពណ៌នាពីស មមភាពដែលរតូវបង្អ្ ់ ឬកាត់

ម្ោយស មមភាពមួយម្្្េងម្ទៀត។ ម្ោលគឺ ស មមភាព (future continuous) មួយនឹង ំពុងម្ ើតម្ ើង
ម្ ើយរតូវបានកាត់ម្ោយ (future simple) ។
3. To be more formal in asking questions (used instead of Future Simple).
For examples,
 When will you hand in your paper? (Teacher to student)

 When will you be grading the tests? (Student to teacher)

 Will you be going to the shop later? If you go, could you get me some potatoes?
 Will she be cooking when we knock at the door?
 Will Mark be playing football at 6 p.m.?
ករណីទី ៣-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Continuous ម្ែើម្បីសួរសំណួរ ដែលមានល ខណៈ្លូវការ ឬ គួរសម ជាង
ជំនួស Future Simple។

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
I. Form
 Positive: Subject + will + have + verb 3 (past participle)
 Negative: Subject + will + have + verb 3
 Question: Will + subject + have + verb 3?
II. Usage
Future perfect simple is used to talk about actions that will be finished before a certain time in
the future (or a duration of an action up to a point of time in the future). Common time
expressions used in the Future Perfect: before, by tomorrow/7 o'clock/next month, until/till...
For examples,
 By next November, I will have received my promotion.

 Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
 By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
 Will you have finished your assignment by the time I get back?
 I will have been in Bangkok for six months by the time I leave.
 She will have worked at that company for three years when it finally closes.
ការបត្រើ-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Perfect Simple ម្ែើម្បី និយាយពី ស មមភាពមួយដែលនឹងបាន បញ្ចប់ មុន
ម្ពល ម្វលាជា ់លា ់ណាមួយម្ៅអ្នាគត ឬ ម្ែើម្បប
ី ង្ហ្ញពីរយៈម្ពល ននស មមភាព បានម្ ើត ម្ ង
ើ
តាំងពីមុន ម្ ើយបនតែល់អ្នាគត។

Future perfect continuous
I. Structure
Positive: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing (present participle or -ing form of the verb)
I. Negative: Subject + have/has + not + been + verb-ing

II. Question: Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing?
II. Usage
Future perfect continuous is used to talk about:
1. An action that will still in progress at a particular time in the future (or to show a duration
before something in the Future).
Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect Continuous: before, by tomorrow/8
o'clock/next month, until/till...
For examples,
 They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Sokha arrives.
 Sokha will have been teaching at PUC for 3 years by the time he leaves for Australia.
 How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
 A: When you finish the course, will you have been living in France for over a year?
 B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
ករណីទី ១-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Perfect Continuous ម្ែើម្បប

ី ង្ហ្ញ ឬ និយាយពី អ្វីដែលនឹង ព
ំ ុងម្ ើត
ម្ ើងម្ៅម្ពលម្វលាណាមួយម្ៅ នុងអ្នាគត ឬ ព
៏ ីរយៈម្ពលដែល ស មមភាពម្នាោះ បាន ម្ ើតម្ ើង
ម្ោលគឺ ស មមភាព បានម្ ើតម្ ើងមុនអ្នាគត បនតម ែល់និង ំពុងម្ ើតម្ ើង នុងអ្នាគត ម្ ើយោច
បនតម្រកាយម្ពលអ្នាគត។
2. Cause of something in the future
For examples,
 They might be tired when we see them because they will have been working very hard.
 He’ll be jet lag when he gets home because he will have been flying for over six hours.
ករណីទី ២-- ម្យើងម្របើ Future Perfect Continuous ម្ែើម្បី បង្ហ្ញ ឬ និយាយពី ម្ តុ (មូលម្ តុ)
ដែល បន្េល់ទុ លទធ្លម្ៅម្ពលអ្នាគត។

REFERENCES
++ Websites:
 Advanced grammar
 ESL grammar
 Perfect grammar
 British council
 Grammarkit

Tenses 2018

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Tenses 2018

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Free English Grammar Class (FEGC) Tenses

Free English Grammar Class (FEGC) First Edition

Trainee (Batch 27):

Copyright: Free English Grammar Class

Facebook: Long Vicheka

Page: Free English Grammar Class

Tel: 015 757 356

Usages of Past Simple ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Aspects and Tenses

There are three four aspects in English

1 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

1. Present Simple with “BE, DO, or HAVE”

2 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

To Be (am/is/are) + Subject (s) + Complement + (modifier) +?

Wh-questions Auxiliary verbs + Subject (s)

Who, what, whom, when, Be (am/ is/are)

Subject Verb (present simple) Complement

3 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

 People need food.

 I am 20 years old. (This year-long term-present, but I turns to 21 next year)

4 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

 Ronnie passes to Jim, he shoots, and he scores!

6. For instructions or directions

7. Storytelling ( In jokes, anecdotes and film or book summaries)

 So in he walks with a parrot on his shoulder.

5 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

II. Future Uses

 Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes.

 School begins at nine tomorrow.

 Parliament confirms new stray dog policy

6 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

Adverbs of Frequency are adverbs of time

Adverbs of Definite Frequency- know exactly how often

 hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

+ Note: Typically they go in END position. Look at these examples:

 Most companies pay taxes yearly.

Adverbs of Indefinite Frequency- don’t tell us exactly how often

Look at these examples of adverbs of indefinite frequency:

100% always, constantly

7 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

 We usually go shopping on Saturday.

 Sometimes they come and stay with us.

 We see them rarely.

8 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS

Subject + Am/is/are + V-ing + Complement

1) Activity that is happening “Now”.

 I’m explaining the grammar lesson.

9 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

2) Activity that is happening “at or around now –moment of speaking” –meaning

 Don’t take my phone. I’m using it.

 I’m reading a book these days.

3) Trends –changing situation (Developing)

 The climate is changing gradually.

4) Future Fixed plan/arrangement –(Social arrangement)

 I’m meeting Veasna at the cinema (place) at 8 (time).

 I am not going to the party tonight.

 I am studying at RTTC nowadays.

6) Repeated action in the meaning

b) Express a habit that happens often and perhaps unexpectedly.

10 TRAINEE: LONG VICHEKA

 You’re always coming to class late. (Criticism)

 I like her. She’s always smiling.