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SUSTAINABLE SITE PLANNING AND THE ARCHITECTS' ROLE

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CD-ROM. ISSN: 2165-6282 :: 07(03):47–56 (2017)

SUSTAINABLE SITE PLANNING AND THE ARCHITECTS’ ROLE

Dorcas A. Ayeni and Charles A. Olalusi

Federal University of Technology, Nigeria

Rukayyatu B. Tukur

Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria

Site planning is very crucial in any architectural drawing; close attention must be paid to it and
important details must never be neglected or ignored in order to make it sustainable. It is an important
aspect that shows site boundaries, improves the overall quality of building design as well as helps
restore and preserve natural features on site. Although design vary and depend on the type of projects,
however, detailed site plans are often neglected and in many instances are not in collaboration with the
client; especially in smaller scale projects in developing countries. To achieve a sustainable site
planning, the design process must be collaborative; bringing all the project stakeholders together, that
is, the architect, client, engineers and the contractor. The aim of the paper is to examine the roles of the
architect in sustainable site planning and the need to facilitate better designs for healthy and
aesthetically pleasing environment. Through the review of literature, the paper discusses the benefits of
sustainable site planning and the need for a collaborative process in order to achieve sustainable site
designs, not only in large projects but also in small projects especially in developing countries. The
paper concludes that sustainable site planning can only be achieved if site design process is followed
and stakeholders are involved in the entire design and development process.

Keywords: Architects, Role, Site Planning, Sustainable.

Introduction

The Architect’s input in any building project includes creating the preliminary designs and working
drawings for the building construction. The input includes floor plans, elevations, sections, roof plans, site
plan, building location and orientation. Although design vary and depend on the type of projects,
however, detailed site plans; a very crucial aspect of any architectural drawing are often neglected and in
many instances are not in collaboration with the client in Developing countries.
A site is an area assigned for the building construction, while the planning is the detailed
arrangement and analyses of the various parts in accordance with the characteristics of the land and uses.
Every site is unique as projects vary in nature and no two sites are exactly the same, as such no two site
designs are exactly the same, except they share in common every feature on the given site. Site planning
has been defined by various authors and summarised to mean the art of arranging structures on the land
and shaping the spaces between them according to their uses and involves developing and implementing a
specific organisational plan (Lynch and Garry, 1984; Russ, 2009; Architecture Students Chronicles, 2016;

47
48 Sustainable Site Planning and the Architects’ Role

Wisegeek, 2017). Apart from the main purpose of a workable layout, aesthetics, and giving the
inhabitants a sense of the world they live in, site planning also ensures that the area used complies with
government laws relating to construction.
A typical Architectural site plan must include some basic items such as, the access, driveway,
circulation, landscaped areas, parking, land drainage, privacy, security, easements, property lines and all
boundaries, surrounding streets, shelter , the existing and proposed conditions of the site and well detailed
dimensions (Derenoncort, 2016). Whist these are very important for a set of drawings to pass through the
building approval process, many drawings are approved without the necessary features shown. And this is
as a result of not carrying along all the stakeholders in the course of the design. Ideally, Faulhaber (2011)
argued that to create sustainable designs effectively, a collaborative approach is very important, bringing
together before the design process and at inception, the project stake holders which includes project
owner, architect, engineers and contractors in order to get valuable contribution based on their skills.
Further elaborating, the Green Building Engineers (2011) affirms that the owner invites the architect, who
in turn invites the engineer and the engineer invites the contractors. This shows clearly that an
aesthetically pleasing and high quality built environment can only be achieved through effective
collaboration of the different disciplines and stake holders involved in the planning process. Buildings
and gardens do not organize themselves as stated by Lynch and Garry (1984), but are systematically
planned through the collaborative efforts of all stake holders.
As noted by Mitchell (2011), a site plan is said to be sustainable if it has the least environmental
impact, makes sense financially, fits within the typical project parameters as well as meets the client’s
project goals. A sustainable site plan meets the needs of the local community, support active street life,
promote healthy lifestyles, provide ecosystem services and create a sense of place (Green Building
Council, 2014). This simply means that sustainable site planning is all encompassing, as it is expected to
meet the clients’ needs and have least environmental impact.
Being sustainable as noted by Guven (2014) is basically doing the work with fewer resources. And
this is in line with the definition of sustainable development. Defined simply as ‘development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs’ (Brundtland, 1987). Although there have been several criticism and arguments emanating from the
definition, however, Wheeler (2013) suggested a definition stating that sustainable development is
‘development that improves the long term health of human and ecological systems’. Further arguments
emphasized that the process of sustainable is a continuous one, moving towards a healthier human and
natural communities. It addresses the need to promote harmony between humans and nature by managing
development without destroying the possibility of a good life for the future generations (Krishna, 2011).
In a nutshell, sustaining nature is integrating it in our environment and everyday lives through better
design and management of the environment. In spite of all the criticism, the Brundtland definition is still
the most widely accepted.
The paper aims to critically review and emphasize on the role of architects in sustainable site
planning and examines the need to facilitate better designs for healthy and aesthetically pleasing
environment through effective collaboration of all project stakeholders. Through the review of related
literature, the paper emphasized the usefulness of the architects’ important role in sustainable site
planning.

Importance of Site Planning in Architecture and Its Effect on the Environment

Site planning has a mix of activities aside showing the boundary. These activities range from pedestrian
sidewalks, play areas, sit out, car parks, and a wide range of others. Gehl (2011) argued that these
activities are very important and are in different categories; namely, necessity, optional and social
activities, and each places very different demand on the physical environment. Irrespective of the type of
site activities, thorough planning is needed for it to be of great significance to both human and the
environment. A typical site plan is shown on figure 1.
 Dorcas A. Ayeni et al. 49

Source: https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/residential-landscaping
Figure 1. A Typical Site Plan

Proper planning must form the basis for all site development decision if people’s needs must be met
and if natural environment is to be conserved. Site plans as noted by Beer and Higgins (1993) are required
for all types of development involving the construction of buildings such as housing, industrial,
commercial, recreational and communication developments; and planned not only for new buildings but
also when any part of the external environment should be used in a different way or for a different
purpose. For this reason, site planning call for different functions being exhibited and well represented on
site. As averred by dnr (2016), sustainable site design and planning serves as a tool for incorporating
green infrastructure into development projects. This is important as the availability of accessible and
attractive green space is an integral part of urban quality of life (Herzele and Wiedeman (2003) and play a
crucial role in supporting ecological and social.
Appropriate design of any site, no doubt adds not only to the aesthetic of the building within that site
but also enhances beauty of the overall environment. Nakyejwe (2015) stated that a site plan apart from
highlighting the overall dimensions of the plot, design and exact position of unused space, also show
clearly the extent to which the building will fit on the site. In other words, site planning ensures that the
building does not exceed its boundary as well as ensuring that the site does not have lots of undeveloped
space due to poor planning. According to Carpio (2014), cost, aesthetics and functionality are three
important criteria of site planning in architecture and in achieving that, key issues such as zoning, views,
site utilities, access, natural features, natural light, topography, soils, drainage and wind must be
considered (Tully, 2017). Furthermore, the architect must be involved early in the process and not when
the home construction is completed or near completion as is customary to so many home owners (Shilan,
2014). Site planning along with design brings better organisation to the project and helps to meet the
clients’ requirement.
A typical architectural design encompasses the building in and out, as well as the landscape and
includes blending the physical layout, open space with the surrounding in its entirety. It could be small
cluster of houses as stated by Architecture Student Chronicles (2016), a single building and the
50 Sustainable Site Planning and the Architects’ Role

surrounding space or a small community built in a single operation. No matter the scale of the design, a
good design can only be achieved through a comprehensive site and environmental analysis as opined by
Williams (2016). Furthermore, information given to the architect at the onset of a design is vital to the
overall outcome of the site design and leads to a desired result. In this vein, Williams (2016) argued that
any site design that is rigorously analysed by the architect will on the long run result in a design that is
economically strong, a design that works with nature as well as blend with the environment. Also, it will
take advantage of the site microclimate and address relevant legal requirements.
The use of greenery in the site landscape play a very important role in the human health. The use of
trees, shrubs, lawn and other plant material in planning a site has several roles to play in health and well-
being of those living within such environment where they exist. Bowler, Buyung, Knight, and Pullin
(2010) asserts that, greening interventions such as tree planting affects air temperature, as such, is an
approach to mitigate human health consequences of increased temperature. Also, Shashua-Bar and
Hoffman (2000); Shashua-Bar, Pearmutter and Erell (2009) Ng, Chen, Wang and Yuan (2012); stated that
trees in an environment gives cooling effects, by cooling the air, providing shades, better outdoor
condition and better outdoor boundary. In view of this, it is important to include plants in site planning as
they give positive effect to the environment.
Whilst good site planning bring about change in the general outlook of the environment, it also
blends into the building and bring about successful mental and behavioural activities. As the needs of a
society changes, so the outlook of the environment in order to accommodate the demands. In other words,
the environment of a new site must investigated by the architect and other stakeholders in order to create
an effective design that will blend and create a positive effect in terms of the enhancement and
functionality. In view of this, a sustainable site planning will help avoid inherent site problems as argued
by LaGro (2008). Furthermore, it will help limit long-term maintenance costs as well as reduce natural
hazards risks. On the long run lead to quality built environment.

The Need for a Collaborative Process in Achieving Sustainable Site Design

Sustainable site planning cannot exist on its own but are organised by different interactions in order to
satisfy the individual and societal needs. Dinep and Schwab (2016) asserts that there is an
interrelationship between the citizens and professionals and every person, organisation and professionals
of the built environment has a role to play and perspective to contribute. In line with this assertion,
working together in order to achieve sustainable site planning is paramount in any site planning process.
Sustainability as averred by ECDGE (1999), is a vital issue to be considered in design, due to its social,
economic and environmental concerns as well as its ability to promote architectural quality and its
economic advantages. Sustainable design brings about having more comfortable and pleasant spaces for
living as well as allows economic savings through efficient design (Bragana, Vieira and Andrade, 2014).
Furthermore, if a site is well planned and sustainable criteria included at the early process, it helps to
minimize negative impacts and reduce cost of implementation (Bal, Bryle, Fearon and Ochieng, 2013).
In this vein, Venhaus (2012) and LaGro (2008) argued that in the design and development of a
sustainable site, a thorough knowledge and understanding of the ecology is very vital. This is because all
sites have unique cultural, physical and biological attributes that defines the landscape and its
sustainability for specific uses. In addition, design team should proceed with full understanding of the
living systems to avoid damaging environmental, social and economic outcomes. Consequently, Beer and
Hagins (2004) came up with a site planning process as illustrated in Figure 2 in order to achieve a
sustainable site. Although as earlier stated, each site has its attributes and the process so illustrated can
work with any project whether large or small, as project varies. The issues that must be taken into
consideration includes the assessment of the site and its characteristics, the users’ requirements and
facilities needed, the impact on the natural and visual environments and a detailed proposal.
 Dorcas A. Ayeni et al. 51

Client’sIntention

AssemblesTechnicalTeam

IdentificationofKeyIssues ExamineAlternativeSite

Discussion with Local Planners

SiteInventory Present and future Users’ Needs

EnvironmentalPolicies Site Potentials Assessed

AlternativeDevelopmentConcept Examined

SitePlan

PlanningApproval

DesignandSiteManagementBriefDeveloped

Source: Adapted from Beer and Higgins (2004)

Figure 2. Site Planning Process

Going by figure 2 above, stakeholders’ participation are needed to achieve sustainable site planning
by providing interaction at the onset of a project. Our habitat as argued by Hubers (2011) should be built
with all stakeholders of the built environment in mind and should actively interfere from the start of the
design. Martinez and Olander (2015) and Heravi, Offey, and Trigunarsyah (2015) noted that through
collaborative intervention, theory and practice contributes to achieve the desired goal; as such, it is an
important part of any project. In addition, Bal,Bryde, Fearon and Ochieng (2013) stated that, stakeholder
collaboration is increasingly becoming a vital part of any project in order to deliver excellent outcomes.
From the assertions, the importance of early collaborations cannot be over emphasized and leads to
sustainability, which is paramount to the planning, design, construction and preservation of the built
environment and must be the foundation of all development, because human health and wellbeing is
dependent on adopting sustainability Practices (Frank 2017; Hoctor, 2017). A collaborative approach as
earlier stated is important and in achieving sustainable site planning, each participant has a role to play.
As stated by Morales (2013), more participation does not mean better planning but the types of
knowledge they offer is fundamental to achieving sustainability. In this vein, the three E’s of
sustainability must come into place and includes Ecology, preserving habitat and connecting people to
nature; Economy, eliminating waste and recognising the financial viability of a project; and Equity,
creating relevant designs and to provide for all
52 Sustainable Site Planning and the Architects’ Role

The Role of the Architect in Sustainable Site Planning

The architects’ designs include a diversity of uses, the design may be small or large depending on the
client and the type of project. The design could be residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, parks
and other uses or a combination of all the types of building. All the floor plans and site plans must be such
that it is sustainable, it must reduce impacts and increase sustainability as posits by Green Building
Council (2016). Furthermore, four sustainability concepts must be considered and include transportation,
site selection, site design, and management, as well as storm water management. Summarily, the location,
the design construction, operations and management are very important for a site to be sustainable and
must align with the continuous process of sustainable development by considering the three bottom line
of sustainable development, that is, social, adding quality of life to people; economic, enhancing wealth;
and environmental, reducing the impact of the design on the natural environment.
Architects have roles to play in sustainable site planning according to Williams (2007). AIA(2006)
argued that the 21st century is characterised by forces of rapid climate change, species extinction and
population growth and needs to be well managed to avoid ‘short, nasty and brutish future of Homo
sapiens’; as such the architect and design professionals need to take steps in a transformation of the
human prospect towards a future that is sustainable. In view of this, the architect’s role is fundamental in
achieving a functional, friendly and aesthetically pleasing design. And implies that sustainable site
planning must be resilient to climate change, adaptable, flexible and durable in order to meet the need of
the future generation. To achieve this, the architect has to remain the central focus in a construction
project. The architect as emphasized by Haines (2010) is the central contact in a vast array of specialists
working together to complete a construction project, as such, responsible for the conceptual drawings of
the building, the site layout and specifications and ensuring that the actualisation of the plan is as
designed. The architect must ensure that the design falls within the client’s budget and as much as
possible meeting all the clients’ needs. The architect must follow the building codes and use of materials
that are sustainable.
Kim and Rigdon (1998) asserts that, the architect has to improve and be abreast with developments
and has to accept that as economic status improves, the demand for architectural resources like land,
building products, energy increases. In the past, architects manage the design and construction from the
start to finish as noted by Pelsmakers (2012), however, due to the complex nature of construction and the
multidisciplinary approach, this position is changing; the architect need to remain as the head in order to
deliver a sustainable built environment.
Globally, it is increasingly acknowledged that more sustainable approaches are needed for planning
(Leito and Ahern, 2002) and the increasing attention of sustainability is pushing the construction sector to
sustainably build and plan more and better ( Berardi, 2011); as such the architect must be committed to
designing sustainably (Williams, 2007). This implies designing within the limits of our natural resources;
by developing and employing renewable resources; finding alternatives to scarce and diminishing
resources and not compromising quality but focusing on higher quality of life for now and the future.
Planning suitable spaces is very important in sustainable site planning, this helps to avoid spaces being
left unused, thereby making the spaces unsustainable. As Leito, Miller, Ahern and McGarigal (2006)
stated, lack of planning leads to unsustainable spaces and in planning any space, the architect need to
design key areas within it and suggests that it should interplay with nature and allow people to fit in
naturally.
According to Tuch (2017) the architect must bear in mind while designing five strategies to a
sustainable site and include knowing what is on site at the onset of the design; ensuring the right site is
selected to meet the clients’ needs and specification; ensure water issues (drainage, rain water, capturing
and storage) are addressed; energy conservation through planting and replacement of lost plants to lower
energy use; and the selection of the right plants.
Furthermore, through sustainable site planning and design it becomes possible to balance the
social, environmental and economic needs of the developer, the community, and the individual. And can
only be achieved through responsible designs, which acts as important factors to attaining quality and
 Dorcas A. Ayeni et al. 53

resilient urban environment that can stand the challenges of the various changes in this century and the
future. furthermore, sustainable planning according to Samton and Neilsen (2008 ) must incorporate
practices that are sensitive to the environment as such the architect must bring in all professionals to
work together from the inception of the project and through all of the project phases and evaluate the
design for cost, quality of life, future, flexibility, efficiency, environmental impact and creativity. This
also include working together at the construction and post-construction phase’s inventory and analysis
phase. In addition, another important role of the architect as opined by Chansomsak and Vale (2009) in
sustainable site planning is abreast with the community and as professionals must preserve, improve and
create the required quality of built environment under the particular condition of each community.

Summary and Conclusion

Summarily, the architects’ role is far more than just building designs, but also the design and
enhancement of the surrounding environment in order to add to the quality of the individual, build a
stronger community, increase self-esteem and pride make citizens active within their communities. As
such, the architect must work with the stakeholders in bringing the design to reality and must be abreast
with the community in other to improve the quality of the environment as well as preserve it for the
future. Architects must affect the built environment positively as the present and future generations are
relying on the architects input in transforming the environment. The architect must understand the
topography, drainage patterns, microclimate, vegetation and take proper site inventory before the onset of
the design in order not to over or under design and keep within the cost limit of the client.
The architect must also ensure that all legal requirements pertaining to buildings are adhered to and
must follow the government’s laid down laws by providing all basic items as previously mentioned
necessary within the proposed development and all necessary approvals sort before the construction
process. Typical architectural design must consider not only the building design but also the landscape
and must ensure that it blends with the surrounding and environment in its entirety so as to enhance the
overall aesthetics. This cannot be achieved without the involvement and contribution of all stakeholders
of the built environment professionals, as they each have a role to play in achieving the desired goal as
well as ensuring a sustainable site planning. A sustainable site plan must have the least environmental
impact and must be able to promote a healthy community, meets the clients need, support an active
community, plan more and better environment.
The paper has elaborated on the need for a sustainable planning of the site and the environment and
the collaborative input and involvement of the of the built environment professionals at the design stage
to the post construction stage in order for the design to be sustainable. The paper also discussed the need
for the architect to be actively involved in all the construction stages and the role they play in order to
remain relevant as the head of the building team in the 21st century; and must plan for now and the future
generations.

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