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EXPERIMENT 3
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate and verify Bernoulli’s Theorem
a) Venturi
The venturi meter is made of transparent acrylic with the
following specifications:
Throat diameter : 16 mm
Upstream Diameter : 26 mm
Designed Flow Rate : 20 LPM
b) Manometer
There are eight manometer tubes; each length 320 mm, for static
pressure and total head measuring along the venturi meter. The
manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as
well as tubes pressurization.
c) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with 4 height adjustable
stands to level the venturi meter.
d) Discharge valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venturi discharge section for flow
rate control.
e) Connections
Hose Connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.
f) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank : 120 litres
Volumetric tank : 50 litres
Centrifugal pump : 0.6 kW, 60
LPM
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
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A hypodermic tube, the total pressure head probe, is provided which may be
positioned to read the total pressure head at any section of the duct. This total
pressure head probe may be moved after slacking the gland nut; this nut should be re-
tightened by hand after adjustment. An additional tapping is provided to facilitate
setting up. All eight pressure tapings are connected to a bank of pressurized
manometer tubes. Pressurization of the manometers is facilitated by connecting any
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
hand pump to the inlet valve on the manometer manifold.
The unit is connected to the hydraulic bench using flexible hoses. The hoses
and the connections are equipped with rapid action couplings. The flexible hose
attached to the outlet pipe which should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank
on the hydraulics bench. A flow control valve is incorporated downstream of the test
section. Flow rate and pressure in the apparatus may be varied independently by
adjustment of the flow control valve and the bench supply control valve.
3.1 THEORY
1p z z
g V (2.1)
s s s
p
ds dp (the change in pressure) (2.2)
s
z
ds dz (the change in elevation) (2.3)
s
V
ds dV (the change in speed) (2.4)
s
dp V 2
2 gz cons tan t (2.6)
The relation between pressure and density must be applied in this equation. For the
special case of incompressible flow, ρ = constant, and Equation 2.6 becomes the
Bernoulli’s Equation.
p V2
gz cons tan t (2.7)
2
Restrictions:
i.Steady flow
ii.Incompressible flow
iii.Frictionless flow
iv.Flow along a streamline
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
3.1.2 Bernoulli’s Law
Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross
section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the
pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many people find
this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower
pressure). This is expressed with the following equation:
p v2
z h * cons tan t (2.8)
g 2 g
Where,
The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure
head (h), velocity head (hv ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these
*
terms is known as the total head (h ). According to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid flow
*
through a pipe, the total head h at any cross section is constant. In a real flow due
to friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the results
will deviate from the theoretical ones.
In our experimental setup, the centerline of all the cross sections we are
considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z = 0,
and thus, all the ‘z’ values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:
p v2
h * cons tan t (2.9)
g 2 g
This represents the total head at a cross section.
*
For the experiments, the pressure head is denoted as hi and the total head as h i,
where i represents the cross sections at different tapping points.
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
pressure tapping, placed in a region where the flow streamlines are straight, as shown
in Figure 4 (a). The pressure tap is a small hole, drilled carefully in the wall, with its
axis perpendicular to the surface. If the hole is perpendicular to the duct wall and free
from burrs, accurate measurement of static pressure can be made by connecting the
tap to a suitable pressure measuring instrument.
In a fluid stream far from a wall, or where streamlines are curved, accurate
static pressure measurements can be made by careful use of a static pressure probe,
shown in Figure 4 (b). Such probes must be designed so that the measuring holes are
place correctly with respect to the probe tip and stem to avoid erroneous results. In use,
the measuring section must be aligned with the local flow direction.
p v2
cons tan t (2.10)
g 2 g
If the static pressure is p at a point in the flow where the speed is v, then the stagnation
pressure, Po, where the stagnation speed, Vo, is zero, may be computed from
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
2
po vo p v2
(2.11)
g 2 g 2
Therefore,
1
p o p v 2 (2.12)
2
1 2
v po p (2.13)
2
Or
2( p o p )
v (2.14)
or
v 2 g ( ho h) (2.15)
Thus, if the stagnation pressure and the static pressure could be measured at a
point, Equation 2.14 would give the local flow speed.
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
We have seen that static pressure at a point can be measured with a static
pressure tap or probe (Figure 4). If we know the stagnation pressure at the same point,
then the flow speed could be computed from Equation 2.14. Two possible experimental
setups are shown in Figure 6.
In Figure 6(a), the static pressure corresponding to point A is read from the
wall static pressure tap. The stagnation pressure is measured directly at A by the
total head tube, as shown. (The stem of the total head tube is placed downstream
from the measurement location to minimize disturbance of the local flow)
Two probes often are combined, as in the Pitot-static tube shown in Figure
6(b). The inner tube is used to measure the stagnation pressure at point B, while the
static pressure at C is sensed using the tapping on the wall. In flow fields where the
static pressure variatio in the streamwise direction is small, the Pitot-static tube may
be used to infer the speed at point B in the flow by assuming pB =pC and using
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory Module
Equation 2.14. (Note that when pB ≠ pC, this procedure will give erroneous results)
Remember that the Bernoulli equation applies only for incompressible flow
(Mach number, M ≤ 0.3).
The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and differential pressure gauge.
The venturi tube has a converging portion, a throat and a diverging portion as shown in
the figure below. The function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the
fluid and lower its static pressure. A pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus
developed, which pressure difference is correlated with the rate of discharge. The
diverging cone serves to change the area of the stream back to the entrance area and
convert velocity head into pressure head.
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1. Fully open the outlet flow control valve at the Bernoulli’s Theorem
Demonstration unit.
2. Fully close the bench flow control valve, V1
3. Turn on the pump and gradually open the water supply valve. At this point,
you will see water flowing into the venturi and discharge into the collection tank
of hydraulic bench.
4. Also check for “Trapped Bubbles” in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube. You
would need to remove them from the system for better accuracy.
Note:
To remove air bubbles, you will have to bleed the air out as follow:
i.Quickly open and close water supply valve for many times.
5 Proceed to fully open the water supply valve. When the flow in the
pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, start to close the discharge valve to
reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.
You will see that water level in the manometer tubes will begin to display
different level of water heights. If the water level in the manometer board is too
low where it is out of visible point, open V1 to increase the static pressure. If the
water level is too high, open the outlet control valve to lower the static pressure.
7. Adjust V1 and outlet control valve to obtain a flow through the test section and
observe that the static pressure profile along the converging and diverging sections
is indicated on its respective manometers. The total head pressure along the
venture tube can be measured by traversing the hypodermic tube.
Note: The manometer tube connected to the tapping adjacent to the outlet flow
control valve is used as a datum when setting up equivalent conditions for flow
through test section.
8. The actual flow of water can be measured using the volumetric tank with a stop
watch.
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Name :______________________________ Date : ______________
Matrix No :______________________________
ViB = Ai = ViC =
h*=h G hi ViB-ViC
√[2*g*( π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai
# (mm) (mm) (m/s)
h* - hi )] (m2) (m/s)
(m/s)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
ViB = Ai = ViC =
h*=h G hi ViB-ViC
√[2*g*( π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai
# (mm) (mm) (m/s)
h* - hi )] (m2) (m/s)
(m/s)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory
Module
Name : ______________________________ Date : ______________
Matrix No : ______________________________
ViB = Ai = ViC =
h*=h G hi ViB-ViC
√[2*g*( π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai
# (mm) (mm) (m/s)
h* - hi )] (m2) (m/s)
(m/s)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
ViB = Ai = ViC =
h*=h G hi ViB-ViC
√[2*g*( π Di2 / 4 Qav / Ai
# (mm) (mm) (m/s)
h* - hi )] (m2) (m/s)
(m/s)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory
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Name :______________________________ Date : ______________
Matrix No :______________________________
7.3. Explain any unusual difficulties or problems which may have led to poor results.
- Gives 3 problems in your experiment
7.4. Offer suggestions for how the experimental procedure or design could be
improved.
- Give 3 suggestion how to improves your results
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PLT 221 – THERMOFLUID AND MATERIAL(2014/2015) Laboratory
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Name :______________________________ Date : ______________
Matrix No :______________________________
7.0 REFERENCES
8.0 APPENDIX
- Show the sample calculation for one data.
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