Table of Content.

INTRODUCTION .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

FINDINGS .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
OVERALL EMISSION LOAD (MALAYSIA) ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
EMISSIONS OF VEHICLES (MALAYSIA) ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
EMISSION BY VEHICLES (Kedah) ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Accumulated Number of Vehicle (Kedah) ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rate of Change of Vehicle (Kedah) ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Finding the rate of change of vehicle emissions in Kedah ........Error! Bookmark not defined.
For CO ...................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
For 𝑁𝑂2: ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
For 𝑆𝑂2: .................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPEDINCES ...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
RAW DATA ..............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
PICTURES OF RAW DATA ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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ABSTRACT

In an internal combustion engine, chemical reaction between the oxygen and the
hydrocarbon fuel occurs. The combustion process is not perfect and automotive engines emit
several types of pollutants such as CO, NO2 and SO2. As one of big city in Malaysia, Pulau
Pinang has enormously benefited from rapid country’s development and growth. However,
air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in Pulau Pinang. In this group
assignment, a research entitled to ‘A study on the rate of change of vehicles emissions in
Pulau Pinang’ has been carried out. The main objective of the study is to analyze the
emission from vehicles at Pulau Pinang in 2014. The amount of the vehicles in Pulau Pinang
is obtained from the Ministry of Transport Malaysia. Graphs and tables are used in this
assignment for better understanding.

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1. Introduction.

The Kyoto Protocol formed as a blueprint for environmental policy to address the
issues of greenhouse gases (GHG) which affecting climate changes and increase the heat
of the earth. Most of these gases produced by industrial activities and emitted from
vehicles on the road. Malaysia, as a developing country, faces major problems in reducing
the emission of gases especially from transportation activities where the urban transport
growth rapidly in major cities such as Johor Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and other
cities.

For the past decades private vehicle ownership has increased tremendously in this
country which is partly due to the economic growth, rapid urban development, population
growth and inadequate public transport availability and services. In 2010, Malaysia has a
population of 28.3 million, 17.4 million private vehicle automobiles and 11.7 million
registered drivers. Therefore this paper is analyzing the spatial determinants of private
vehicle ownership in Malaysia with a special reference to the Penang Island. Penang
Island is located on the north eastern region of Malaysia and is an industrialized and a
highly developed island. Penang Island has a population of 575,498 in 2000 and 740,200
in 2010, an increase of 29 percents for the last 10 years. In 2010 alone, there are 111,882
number of new registered vehicles in Penang Island.

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 In the context of Penang Island, before the widening of Penang Bridge, every day
hundreds of thousands of Penangites faced traffic congestion as they commuted to work
by cars via the Penang Bridge.

The vehicle trips per day are estimated to be 120,000. In Penang, about 1.6 million
registered motor vehicles (MV) averaging to 1.06 cars per person for a population that totals
1,468,800. The MV registration rate is increasing at an average of 9.5 percent per annum –
higher than the country’s rate of 7.2 percent and the fact that in 2001, Asian Demographics
placed Malaysia second only to Japan in the number of households owning a car indicates the
comparatively high level of vehicle ownership in Penang. Recently, the data from the Road
Department showed that there are more vehicles than people in Penang (1.75mil vehicles for
a 1.58 mil population) in 2009. The average vehicle registration growth for Penang is 9.5 per
cent per year making it the highest in the country. So, it has been widely recognized that for
the transportation system to sustain future growth we must use road space and transit
facilities more efficiently and we should not be too dependent on private vehicles.

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Findings.

1. The Number of Vehicle.

2013 2014
Malaysia 24,032,666 unit 25,101,192 unit
Pulau Pinang 2,063,088 unit 2,500,220 unit

2013

Malaysia
Pulau Pinang

2014

Malaysia
Pulau Pinang

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 2. Overall Emission Load

Name of gaseous Mass of gas (metric tones)

CO 1,941,039
NO2 836,708
SO2 221,471

3. Emission by Vehicles (Malaysia)

Formula: Percentage of Vehicle Emission × Overall Emission Load

CO = 95.3% × 1,941,039

= 1,849,810.167 metric tones

NO2 = 27% × 836,708

= 225,911.16 metric tones

SO2 = 6% × 221,471

= 13,288.26 metric tones

4. Emission by Vehicles (Pulau Pinang) in 2014

Formula:
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎)
× 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑢 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎

1,849,810.167
CO = × 2,500,220
25,101,192

= 184,251.5039 metric tones

225,911.16
NO2 = 25,101,192 × 2,500,220

= 22,502.0230 metric tones

13,288.26
SO2 = 25,101,192 × 2,500,220

= 1,323.585486 metric tones

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 5. Accumulated Number of Vehicle (Pulau Pinang)

Months Number of Vehicle (unit)

January – March 2,438,116
April – June 2,464,564
July – September 2,483,837
October – December 2,500,220

6. Rate of Change of Vehicle (Pulau Pinang)

a) Change of vehicle in 2014

= 2,500,220 - 2,063,088

= 437,132

b) Change of vehicle at fourth quarter of 2014

= 2,500,220 – 2,483,837

= 16,383

c) Change of vehicle at third quarter of 2014

= 2,483,837 – 2,464,564

= 19,273

d) Change of vehicle at second quarter of 2014

= 2,464,564 – 2,438,116

= 26,448

e) Change of vehicle at first quarter of 2014

= 437,132 - 16,383 - 19,273 - 26,448

= 375,028

Months Number of Vehicle (unit)

January – March 375,028
April – June 26,448
July – September 19,273
October – December 16,383

7|Page
 7. Finding the Rate of Change of Vehicle Emission in Pulau Pinang.

v = Mass of Gaseous

x = Number of Vehicles in Pulau Pinang

1) Formula:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2) Formula:

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒( )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑢 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑡

For CO:

By using formula (2):

91,652.41464
= 0.036657739 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2,500,220

By using formula (1):

a) First Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.036657739 × 375,028 = 13,747.67854 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
b) Second Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.036657739 × 26,448 = 969.5238811 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
c) Third Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.036657739 × 19,273 = 706.5046037 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
d) Fourth Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.036657739 × 16,383 = 600.563738 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡

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 Months Rate of Vehicle Emission (metric tones per three
𝑑𝑣
months) ( 𝑑𝑡 )
January – March 13,747.67854
April – June 969.5238811
July – September 706.5046037
October – December 600.563738
𝑑𝑣
∑ 𝑑𝑡 (metric tones per year) 16,024.27076

For NO2:

By using formula (2):

11,193.2044
= 0.004476887794 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2,500,220

By using formula (1):

a) First Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.004476887794 × 375,028 = 1678.958276 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
b) Second Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.004476887794 × 26,448 = 118.4047284 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
c) Third Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.004476887794 × 19,273 = 86.28305845 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
d) Fourth Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.004476887794 × 16,383 = 73.34485273 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡

Months Rate of Vehicle Emission (metric tones per three

𝑑𝑣
months) ( )
𝑑𝑡
January – March 1678.958276
April – June 118.4047284
July – September 86.28305845
October – December 73.34485273
𝑑𝑣 1956.990916
∑ (metric tones per year)
𝑑𝑡

For SO2:

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By using formula (2):

658.3924865
= 0.000263335 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2500220
By using formula (1):

a) First Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.000263335 × 375,028 = 98.75799838 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
b) Second Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.000263335 × 26,448 = 6.96468408 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
c) Third Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.000263335 × 19,273 = 5.075255455 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡
d) Fourth Quater:

𝑑𝑣
= 0.000263335 × 16,383 = 4.314217305 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡

Months Rate of Vehicle Emission (metric tones per three

𝑑𝑣
months) ( )
𝑑𝑡
January – March 98.75799838
April – June 6.96468408
July – September 5.075255455
October – December 4.314217305
𝑑𝑣 115.1121555
∑ (metric tones per year)
𝑑𝑡

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 APPENDICES

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CONCLUSION
Based on findings about statistics of vehicle from Ministry of Transportation Malaysia, Our
group can conclude that the amounts of vehicles in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia increases greatly over the
years. We can finalise that number of vehicles is directly proportional to the emissions in Pulau
Pinang.Since motor vehicles will release or emits various types of air pollutants, such as carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), the increment in the amount of
vehicle will caused a very serious problem of air pollution to our environment.So, Government or
policymaker must set up some strategies to slow down the rate of emissions in Pulau Pinang.

V = the number of vehicle emission in Kedah on 2014

𝑉0 = the number of vehicle emission in Malaysia on 2014

X = the number of vehicle in Kedah in 2014

𝑋0 = the number of vehicle in Malaysia in 2014

T = time year/ month

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= metric tones per year, 𝑑𝑡 = 1,243,687 units per year

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
As a conclusion, 𝑑𝑡 is directly proportional to the 𝑑𝑡 was proven.

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