Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract−An artificial neural network based simplified space network-based controller and its performance is compared
vector modulation for five-level inverter has been proposed in with that of conventional DSP-based modulator. Feed-
this paper. The scheme employs a three layer feed forward
forward space vector modulation method for a single-phase
neural network, which receives the command inputs as three
multilevel cascade converter is presented [4].
phase source voltages and generates duty ratios as an outputs. A
An optimized SVM sequence for various operating points
laboratory prototype model of ANN based modulator is
implemented experimental validation using DSP KIT. It under different sampling frequencies to get the reduction of
generates the switching states such that neutral point potential is dominant harmonics has been presented [5].A three-level
balanced unlike conventional SVM method. Because the duty neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter with gating pattern
ratios are generated like two-level SVM technique A THD applied from PWM and carrier-based (CBPWM) have been
comparison is made between the conventional method and presented [6].
neural network method to show its performance.
A relationship between space-vector modulation and
Index Terms: Induction motor drive, space vector modulation
carrier-based pulse-width modulation for multilevel inverter
(SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), five-level inverter.
has presented [7]. In [8], a generalized method of space
vector pulse-width modulation for multilevel inverter has
I.INTRODUCTION
presented. In this, instantaneous reference space vector
Multi-level inverter has emerged as an important
position of a multilevel inverter is not required. A space
topology in the area of high power-high voltage applications
vector modulation allows reduction in the inverter output
due to their good harmonic rejection capability. In high
voltage distortion due to turn-off, turn-on and dead times of
power applications, the switching frequency of the power
power modules, without increasing the harmonic content [9].
device has to be restricted below 1 KHz unlike in
A new 3-D SVM in natural coordinates is applied to
conventional two level due to the increased switching losses
conventional four-leg voltage source converters showing the
and also the level of dc-bus voltage [1].
advantages of using these coordinates [10-11]. A novel three-
SVM is a very popular method for voltage fed inverters
dimensional (3-D) space-vector algorithm for four-leg
due to its improved harmonic quality and better utilization of
multilevel converters is presented. This technique greatly
DC-bus voltage compared to conventional sinusoidal pulse
simplifies the selection of the 3-D region where a given
width modulation technique. The problem with SVM is that it
voltage vector is supposed to be found [12]. The
requires complex and time consuming online computation by
manipulation placement of zero vectors in a cycle and their
a Digital signal processor (DSP). This difficulty can be
share with the goal of minimization of the zero-sequence
resolved by using artificial neural network (ANN).
voltage for a two inverter system has been shown in [13].
A neural network based SVM for two-level and three-level
In this paper, a simple method is adopted for five level
inverters which is operated in under modulation and over
inverter to implement ANN based SVM. In Section II,
modulation regions have been presented [2]. In [3], a neural-
method of SVM for five level inverter is presented. Artificial space-vector diagrams of conventional two-level inverters.
neural network based SVM method is discussed in section III. The space vector diagram five-level inverter and its two level
In section IV, Results and Discussion about ANN SVM by hexagons are shown in Figure. 2. A multi-level space-vector
comparing with conventional SVM method is presented. plane is transformed to the two-level space-vector plane by
Finally in section V concluding remarks are stated. using the two steps.
II.SVM FOR FIVE LEVEL INVERTER 1) From the location of a given reference voltage, one
A. Basic principle hexagon has to be selected.
2) The original reference voltage vector has to be subtracted
S1U S1V S1W
Vdc
by the amount of the center voltage vector of the selected
S2U S2V S2W
hexagon.
Vdc
S3U S3V S3W
Determination of switching sequence and the
S4U S4V S4W
u
calculation of the voltage vector duration time is done as in
v
w
conventional two-level SVPWM method.
S5U S5V S5W
Vdc
S6V S6W
S6U
(a)
jVq
N2P2N N1P2N2 OP2N2 P1P2N2 P2P2N2
Va 4 4
Sa
6 6
Sb
8
7
8
Sc
10
9
output
layer
10
Input 12 12
layer
hours with a 1GB Pentium based PC, it takes 650 epochs for 13 13
14 14
Hidden
15
Hidden
layer-1 layer-2
level inverter switching states. Fig. 6 Neural network topology of five level inverter
The turn on times are calculated as TABLE-I
𝜋 FIVE-LEVEL SWITCHING STATES
4.𝑣 ∗ 𝑇𝑠 sin( −𝛼)
3
T1= 2 ∙ 𝜋 ,
𝑣𝑑𝑐 . sin Switchin Switching states
3 3 Terminal
g S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 voltage
4.𝑣 ∗ 𝑇𝑠 sin(𝛼) Table S1u S8u
T2= 2 ∙ 𝜋 ,
u u u u u u
Important functions of sample program as given below is 0 off off on on on on off off 0
used to train and testing the neural network. In this three N1 off off off on on on on off -Vdc
t=out(1:z,:);% target value for input ANN based five level inverter controlled drives are obtained
data considering the sampling frequency fs=5 kHz and using DC-
net=newff(p',t',[15 15],{'tansig', link voltage of 200v. The corresponding line-line voltages of
'tansig'},'trainbfg');%p-input,t—target, inverter and the performance parameters speed, torque (Te)
hidden layers neurons% and currents (ia, ib, ic) are shown in Fig 7 and Fig 8
net.trainParam.epochs=1500;% no of respectively. Harmonic performance comparison of ANN
iterations based SVM with conventional based SVM of five-level
net=train(net,p',t'); inverter line-line voltage is given in Table-II. From the
y=sim(net,p1'); % predicted value is simulation results, it is observed that the proposed ANN
given by y controlled SVM with five level inverter drive gives
comparable performance and not deteriorated much B. Experimental Validation
compared conventional five-level inverter. A prototype model of the DSP based three-phase NPC
1.Line-Voltages inverter circuit is developed in the laboratory for
experimentation. The three-phase five-level NPC is realized
using the IGBTs and fast recovery diodes. The converter
comprises 24 IGBTs and 18 fast recovery diodes. Three
inductances are connected in series with the three lines on the
AC-side of the converter, and four DC-bus capacitors are
connected on the DC-side of the converter. A DS is used for
the real-time simulation and implementation of control
algorithm. The control algorithm code is first done in
MATLAB/Simulink software. The master bit I/O is used to
Fig. 7 ANN based Five-level inverter line-line voltages
generate the required 24 gate pulses for the inverter circuit.
2.Performance parameters of induction motor
An opto-isolated interface board is also used to isolate the
entire DSP master bit I/O.
The data for training the network are generated by
running the conventional SVM system in real time and
capturing the data (Vas, Vbs and Vcs) using DSP KIT Control
Desk. Control Desk allows to capture data from the Simulink.
To capture the data to be used for neural network training, an
instrument layout is first opened in the Control Desk main
window. The application (real-time control model) is then
3. %THD comparison of Line-Line voltage sigmoid transfer function for the hidden layers and linear
Line-Line voltage harmonics of two SVM methods capacitance value of 1500uF is used and voltage across each
SVM SVM
1 100% 100%
5 0.07% 0.05%
7 0.07% 0.06%
11 0.07% 0.06%
13 0.05% 0.05%
17 0.08% 0.06%
19 0.04% 0.02%
23 0.15% 0.14%
25 0.14% 0.12%
29 0.04% 0.02% (a)
REFERENCES
[1] X. Wu, Y. Liu, and L. Huang, “A Novel space vector
modulation algorithm for three-level PWM voltage source
inverter,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computers, Communications,
Control and Power Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 1974–1977, 2002.
[2] J. O. P. Pinto, B. K. Bose, L. E. B. da Silva, and M. P.
Kazmierkowski, “A neural network based space vector PWM
controller for voltage-fed inverter induction motor drive,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp. 1628–1636, 2000
[3] Langer, N.; Bhat, A.H.; Agarwal, P. “ Neural-network-based
(b)
space-vector pulse-width modulation for capacitor voltage
Fig. 9 ANN based Five-level inverter response a)line-line voltage b)THD
balancing of three phase three-level improved power quality
of Line-Line voltage
converter”, IET Journals & Magazines,vol.7 , no. 4, pp . 973 –
(X-axis: Time-0.1 m-Sec/div., Y-axis: V-50 volts/div)
983, 2014
Fig. 9 shows the experimental waveforms of line-line
[4] J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, A. J. Watson, L. G. Franquelo,W.
voltage and frequency spectrum of the Line-Line voltage of
Wheeler, and J. M. Carrasco, “Feed-forward space vector
inverter output. It is observed from the figure that with the
modulation for single-phase multilevel cascaded converters
ANN-based modulator THD value is 2.9% which is the with any dc voltage ratio,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Electron., vol. 56,
nearer to the value obtained in the Simulink. Similarly with no. 2, pp. 315–325, Feb. 2009.
conventional based SVM the %THD value obtained [5] Ali Mehrizi Sani and Filizadeh, “An optimized space vector
practically is 3.05%. modulation sequence for improved harmonic erformance”,
V.CONCLUSION IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 56, pp. 2894–2903, Aug. 2009
A feed forward neural network based space vector [6] Ali Mehrizi Sani and Filizadeh, “An optimized space vector
modulation sequence for improved harmonic performance”,
modulation technique for a five level inverter in the
IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 56, pp. 2894–2903, Aug.
undermodulation region is presented. The training data is
2009.
generated from a conventional SVM algorithm and then back
[7] Obrad Dordevic, Martin Jones, and Emil Levi, “A
propagation technique in the Matlab-based Neural network is Comparison of Carrier-Based and Space Vector PWM
used by writing a programme for training. The performance Techniques for Three-Level Five-Phase VoltageSource
of ANN based SVM is improved compared to the Inverters”, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, Vol.
conventional SVM. It is observed that the ANN-based NPC 9, No. 2, May 2013
converter gives a better performance to that of a conventional [8] Wenxi Yao, Haibing Hu, and Zhengyu Lu, “Comparisons of
SVM. The voltage THD value of the proposed ANN based space-vector modulation and carrier-based modulation of
multilevel inverter,” IEEE Trans. Power. Electron., vol. 23,
SVM method is compared with conventional method and
pp.45-51, Jan.2008.
obtained better output. The simulations are compared with
[9] Aneesh Mohamed, A.S.Anish Gopinath, and M.R.Baiju, “A
experimental validations.
simple space vector pwm generation scheme for any general
APPENDIX n-level inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56,
Simulation is carried out using 3-Phase, 4 kW, 400V, 50Hz, pp.1649-1656, May 2009.
and 1480 RPM induction machine and experimental study is [10] C.Attainese, V.Nardi, and G.Tomasso, “Space vector
carried out for five-level inverter. modulation algorithm for power losses and THD reduction in
VSI based drives,” Electrical power components and systems,
vol.35, pp.1271-1283, 2007.
[11] M. A. Perales, M. M. Prats, R. Portillo, and L. G. Franquelo,
“Threedimensional space vector modulation in abc
coordinates for four-leg voltage source converters,” IEEE
Power Electron. Lett., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 104–109, Dec. 2003.
[12] G. Narayanan and V. T. Ranganathan, “Extension of
operation of space vector PWM strategies with low switching
frequencies using different overmodulation algorithms”, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., Vol.17, pp.788 -789, Sept. 2002.
[13] Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo, Ma. Ángeles Martín
Prats,“Three-Dimensional Space-Vector Modulation
Algorithm for Four-Leg Multilevel Converters Using abc
Coordinates”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron , vol. 53, no. 2,
pp.458-466, April 2006.
[14] V. T. Somasekhar, S. Srinivas, and K. K. Kumar, “Effect of
zero-vector placement in a dual-inverter fed open-end winding
induction-motor drive with a decoupled space-vector PWM
strategy,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp.
2497–2505, Jun. 2008.