GP 04-08-01 Tank Foundations March 2005

Tank Foundations
GP 04-08-01

Scope
[I] This Global Practice (GP) covers the design and construction of foundations for atmospheric storage
tanks, refrigerated storage tanks, and carbon steel tanks in sulfuric acid service.
[I] An asterisk (*) indicates that additional information is required. If a job is contracted, this information
is furnished in the Job Specification.

Refining/Chemicals, Pipelines and

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Terminals

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 GP 04-08-01 Tank Foundations March 2005

Table of Contents

Table of Figures ............................................................................................................ 3

1. Required References ............................................................................................ 4

1.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices ................................... 4
2. Additional References .......................................................................................... 4
2.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices ................................... 4
2.2. AASHTO–American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials 4
2.3. ACI–American Concrete Institute ................................................................. 5
2.4. API–American Petroleum Institute................................................................ 5
2.5. ASTM–American Society for Testing and Materials ..................................... 5
3. General ................................................................................................................... 5

4. Pad Construction for Atmospheric Storage Tanks ............................................ 6

5. Foundations for Refrigerated Storage Tanks ................................................... 10

6. Foundations for Carbon Steel Tanks in Sulfuric Acid Service ........................ 14

Record of Change ....................................................................................................... 17

Attachment: Purpose Codes Definitions .................................................................. 18

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Table of Figures

Figure 1: Pad Construction Apex-Up Cone Bottom Tanks ....................................... 8

Figure 2: Pad Construction Apex-Down Cone Bottom Tanks .................................. 9

Figure 3: Concrete Ringwall Details ......................................................................... 10

Figure 4: Zinc Reference Electrode Installation ...................................................... 10

Figure 5: Ringwall Foundation for Cylindrical Refrigerated Tank.......................... 12

Figure 6: Elevated Pile Foundation for Cylindrical Refrigerated Tank .................. 13

Figure 7: Foundation for Carbon Steel Tanks in Sulfuric Acid Service................. 15

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1. Required References
1) [I] This Section lists the Practice that is referenced and assumed to be a part of this document. Unless
otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition.
2) * [I] Local codes and standards may be substituted for the ones referenced herein provided the
following provisions are met:
a) The resultant design meets the safety and serviceability criteria attained through this practice.
b) Substitution is accepted by the authorities where the facility is to be located and by the Owner's
Engineer.

1.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices

GP 04-01-03 Design Loads for Structures
GP 04-09-01 Site Preparation and Earthwork

2. Additional References
1) * [I] The following Practices and Standards shall be used with this Practice as applicable.
2) * [I] Local codes and standards may be substituted for the ones referenced herein provided the
following provisions are met:
a) The resultant design meets the safety and serviceability criteria attained through this GP.
b) Substitution is accepted by the authorities where the facility is to be located and by the Owner's
Engineer.

2.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices

GP 04-01-01 Concrete Design and Construction
GP 04-06-01 Reinforced Concrete Foundations, Anchor Bolts and Grout
GP 04-07-01 Piles and Sheet Piling
GP 09-06-01 Refrigerated Storage Tanks
GP 19-05-01 Cathodic Protection

2.2. AASHTO–American Association of State Highway

Transportation Officials
AASHTO T166 Standard Method of Test for Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted
Bituminous Mixtures Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens

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2.3. ACI–American Concrete Institute

ACI 318/318R Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-02)

2.4. API–American Petroleum Institute

API STD 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API STD 650, App. B Recommendations for Design and Construction of Foundations for
Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks
API STD 650, App. E Seismic Design of Storage Tanks
API STD 650, App. I Undertank Leak Detection and Subgrade Protection

2.5. ASTM–American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM B 418 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
ASTM C 192/C 192M Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in
the Laboratory
ASTM D 448 Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge
Construction
ASTM D 693 Standard Specification for Crushed Aggregate for Macadam Pavements
ASTM D 1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by
the Sand-Cone Method
ASTM D 1557 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of
Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))
ASTM D 2167 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by
the Rubber Balloon Method
ASTM D 2922 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place
by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D 2937 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder
Method

3. General
1) [R] Earth subgrade preparation, placement of fill, and compaction requirements shall be per GP 04-
09-01.
2) [R] Where concrete ringwalls are provided under the shell, they shall be designed in accordance with
API STD 650, Appendix B, and ACI 318/318R, taking into consideration predicted settlements.

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4. Pad Construction for Atmospheric Storage Tanks

1) [O], [R] Pad construction shall be per Figure 1, Figure 2, or Figure 3. If flush type nozzles are used,
there shall be a minimum 2 in. (50 mm) clearance beneath the flange of the nozzle.
2) * [I] Predicted settlement to be used in establishing foundation pad height will be specified.
3) [R] Pads equipped with a ringwall are required for the following conditions:
a) Tanks larger than 120 ft (36.5 m) in diameter
b) Tanks higher than 48 ft (14.6 m) with diameters of 100 ft (30 m) or larger
c) When a cohesionless soil will be used as general fill, the minimum size tank requiring a ringwall
will be specified.
4) [R] Acceptable materials for stone ringwall construction, below the top 4 in. (100 mm) zone of
graded crushed stone or crushed gravel, include any crushed stone or crushed gravel size numbers 2,
24, 3, 357, 4 or 467 (ASTM D 448) that meets the requirements of ASTM D 693 for crushed
aggregate. Proposals to use other gradations or materials shall be approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
Crushed slag shall not be used.
5) [R] A reinforced concrete ringwall is acceptable, provided a tank shell settlement of 2 in. (50 mm) or
less is expected and details in Figure 3 are applied. If site-specific experience has demonstrated
satisfactory performance of concrete ringwalls for larger shell settlements, then the use of concrete in
lieu of crushed stone can be considered in these cases as well.
6) [O], [R] The average elevation of finished pads, measured at the tank shell, shall be within a tolerance
of 1 in. (25 mm) of that shown on the construction drawings.
7) [O], [R] Tank pad elevation differences, measured at the shell, shall not exceed any of the following:
a) 1:720 in any distance of 30 ft (10 m) or more.
b) 1 in. (25 mm) between the highest and lowest elevation points.
To achieve these tolerances, it may be helpful to either choke surface voids in a crushed stone
ringwall with fine aggregate of gradation Size No. 10 (ASTM D 448), or excavate a portion of the
crushed stone and place a layer of unreinforced or fiber-reinforced mortar having maximum
dimensions of 1 ft (300 mm) wide by 2 in. (50 mm) thick.
8) [O], [R] Deviations from the specified slope of the pad within the tank shell shall not exceed 1:720 in
a horizontal distance of 30 ft (10 m) or more.
9) [O] Apex-down cone bottom tanks shall have a drain pipe installed to remove rainwater during
construction. The pipe shall empty into a water drawoff manhole, rainwater sump, or other location
as specified. The inlet to the drain shall be per API STD 650.
10) [O], [E] Bottom leak detection facility: All new tank pads shall be equipped with a bottom leak
detection facility consisting of a synthetic membrane, a collection sump, and a drain pipe, and
specified in accordance with API STD 650, Appendix I.
a) The requirement for a leak detection system may be waived if the tank contains clean water, a
product not fluid at ambient temperature, or if the temperature of the tank is sufficiently high to
jeopardize the integrity of the membrane.

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b) The membrane shall be High Density Polyethylene sheet, 80 mil thickness, unless the stored
product necessitates the use of another material.
c) The membrane shall be furnished with factory sealed seams if practical. If field seams are used,
these shall be made using the extrusion welding or hot wedge methods. Seams shall be 100
percent tested using the vacuum box method and any leaks shall be repaired.
d) Where permitted, a concrete pad may be used under small tanks instead of a synthetic membrane
for leak detection subject to the following:
i) A continuous slab may be used for closely spaced tanks.
ii) The concrete pad or slab shall be structurally designed to prevent concrete cracking.
iii) The concrete pad or slab shall have no joints under the tank. If a joint cannot be avoided,
then a waterstop shall be provided to permanently seal the joint.
iv) The pad or slab shall be provided with groves or slots in the top of the slab/pad or
equivalent means to allow a leak to flow quickly out from under the tank and be detected.
A sump shall not be placed under the tank.
11) [R] Permanent zinc reference electrode: All tanks shall be provided with a permanent zinc reference
electrode installed per Figure 4. The zinc anode shall be per ASTM B 418, Type II composition.
Where an impermeable membrane is used per Item (10) above, the electrode shall be installed above
the membrane.

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GP 04-08-01 Tank Foundations March 2005

Figure 1: Pad Construction Apex-Up Cone Bottom Tanks

(Stone Ringwall Construction Shown)(1)
3 ft - 6 in. 2 ft - 6 in. C
L TANK
3 ft NOTE 4 APEX
1
NOTE 2 12 in. 2
SLOPE 1/120
NOTE 3
SLOPE 1:12
6
3 1 5 1
3 in. 2 ft MIN. 4 GENERAL FILL
1.5 1.5
GRADE
AS REQUIRED (MIN.=0)

RINGWALL
SUBGRADE
NOTES:
(1) For tanks not requiring ringwalls, all other details remain the same, except general fill replaces the ringwall material and
starts at pit grade level.
(2) For tanks less than 30 ft diameter and 30 ft high, the berm width shall be decreased to 2 ft.
(3) The crushed stone or gravel (2 in. Legend) should extend outward past the annular ring through water test.
The necessary amount may be removed to apply the impermeable sand-asphalt mix after the water test.
(4) 1/2 in. (13 mm) thick (min.) asphalt-impregnated board required when oiled sand or permeable asphalt subbase is used.

LEGEND:
1 With cathodic protection, one of the following subbases should be specified (listed in order of preference). The
subbase thickness requirement is dependent on the anode configuration.
• Dry Clean Sand: 4 in. minimum thickness below the tank bottom if used in conjunction with a galvanic (sacrificial) anode
cathodic protection system. 8 in. minimum thickness if used in conjunction with an impressed current cathodic
protection system.
• Fine Crushed Stone (gravel/limestone): Size number 9 (ASTM D448 Table 1) crushed stone shall be used. The
thickness requirements are similar to those required of the dry clean sand.

Without cathodic protection, one of the following subbases should be specified (listed in order of preference).
• Oiled Sand: The sand shall entirely pass the 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) sieve, almost entirely pass the No. 4
(4.75 mm) sieve, and have no more than 10% passing the No. 200 (0.074 mm) sieve. The oil used shall be a low
corrosivity oil such as 18 gravity railroad fuel oil or 11.5 minimum gravity Bunker C. A satisfactory mix of oil and
sand shall maintain its shape when pressed into a vertical plane. In general, 5 to 10% oil by weight should suffice.
The oiled sand shall be compacted by rolling or tamping. Low viscosity asphalt may be substituted for the oil;
however, care should be taken to ensure that the resulting mix is suitable for cold placement. Oil may also be
spray-applied to the sand, provided oil penetration through the full depth of the sand is demonstrated with a test
application. The minimum thickness shall be 2 inches.
• Permeable Asphalt: Aggregate shall have gradation No. 8 or 89 (ASTM D448) or equivalent, asphalt cement type AC-20
or equivalent at 2 to 4% by weight. Compact using light, walk-behind equipment if the pad is equipped with a leak
detection membrane. AASHTO T166 should be used to assess the permeability of the asphalt.
The minimum air void percentage should be 8% for a 9.5 mm mix, 6% for a 12.5 mm mix, and 5% for a 19 mm mix.
The minimum thickness shall be 2 inches.

2 4 in. of well graded crushed stone or crushed gravel, size number 7 (ASTM D448 Table 1). Size numbers 6, 56, or
67 are also acceptable, provided that tank pad elevation differences can be met.
3 1 in. minimum thickness impermeable sand-asphalt mix. Terminate at the outer edge of the annular plate.
4 Cohesive or Cohesionless compacted fill.
5 12 in. minimum after settlement.
6 Leak Detection Membrane in accordance with Section 4, Item (10).

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GP 04-08-01 Tank Foundations March 2005

Figure 2: Pad Construction Apex-Down Cone Bottom Tanks

(Stone Ringwall Construction Shown)(1)
3 ft - 6 in. 2 ft - 6 in. CL TANK
NOTE 5
3 ft
NOTE 2 12 in. 1/48 SLOPE
1 APEX 2
NOTE 3
NOTE 4
SLOPE 1:12

3 1 5 1
3 in. 4
1.5 2 ft MIN. 1.5 6
GENERAL FILL 8 in. MIN.
GRADE
AS REQUIRED (MIN. = 0) 7
RINGWALL SUBGRADE

NOTES:
(1) For tanks not requiring ringwalls, all other details remain the same, except general fill replaces the ringwall material and
starts at pit grade level.
(2) For tanks less than 30 ft diameter and 30 ft high, the berm width shall be decreased to 2 ft.
(3) Specified bottom plate slope (1:48) does not apply for tanks less than 20 ft in diameter.
(4) The crushed stone or gravel (2 in Legend of Figure 1) should extend outward past the annular ring through water test.
The necessary amount may be removed to apply the impermeable sand-asphalt mix after the water test.
(5) 1/2 in. (13 mm) thick (min.) asphalt-impregnated board required when oiled sand or permeable asphalt subbase is used.

LEGEND:
1 For Legend Notes 1 through 5, see Figure 1 - Legend
6 8 in. minimum, increased by predicted differential settlement between the center and the shell of the tank. Increase
this dimension as required when a leak detection system is specified, to ensure that the drain pipe slopes for drainage.
7 Leak Detection Membrane in accordance with Section 4, Item (10).

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Figure 3: Concrete Ringwall Details

5 4
3 1

REINFORCED 1
CONCRETE 1.5
RINGWALL
NATURAL SOIL
OR GENERAL FILL

LEGEND:
1 and 2 Materials and bottom slopes per Figures 1 and 2 as applicable.
3 Leak detection membrane. Attached to ringw all. Cushion top and bottom w ith non-w oven
geotextile w here in contact w ith materials that could cause punctures.
4 Compacted crushed stone 1 in. (25 mm) maximum size, gravel, or clean sand backfill.
5 3 in. (75 mm) chamfer at 45 degrees. Chamfer may be reduced if there is satisfactory site
specific experience w ith smaller chamfers.

Figure 4: Zinc Reference Electrode Installation

TEST
STATION CL

JUNCTION TANK BOTTOM

BOX GENERAL
FILL
GRADE
RINGWALL
SUBGRADE ZINC
REFERENCE
CODE
PROTECTIVE
SLEEVE

5. Foundations for Refrigerated Storage Tanks

1) [R] Refrigerated storage tanks shall be supported on either a ringwall foundation per Figure 5, or an
elevated pile supported foundation per Figure 6. Proposals to use alternative foundation design shall
be submitted to Purchaser for approval by the Owner’s Engineer.
2) [S], [R] Foundations shall be designed:
a) To restrain the tank shell against lifting forces resulting from internal pressures.
b) For full hydrostatic testing, in which the fill height equals the design liquid height.

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3) [S], [R] For pile supported foundations:

a) The pile cap shall be designed to withstand the total loss of any single pile.
b) Supports shall be designed to withstand thermal effects of a spill of the full tank contents.
4) * [R] Heating and/or insulation systems shall be designed to prevent ground freezing if specified.
5) [R], [M] If specified, ringwall foundations shall be provided with one of the following electrical
heating systems:
a) Electrical resistance coils with separate temperature sensing elements and controls
b) Self-limiting heater cables
All heating elements and temperature sensing elements shall be installed in conduits and be readily
accessible for inspection and replacement.
6) [R] Tank bottom settlement criteria shall be as specified in GP 09-06-01.

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Figure 5: Ringwall Foundation for Cylindrical Refrigerated Tank

SINGLE WALL TANK
TANK SHELL
(OR OUTER SHELL OF DOUBLE WALL TANK)
TANK SHELL INSULATION SYSTEM
DOUBLE WALL TANK
STRAP ANNULAR SPACE INSULATION
ALTERNATE DESIGN
INNER TANK SHELL
DETAIL
INNER TANK BOTTOM TANK BOTTOM
STRAP TANK BOTTOM
ATTACHED BY INSULATION
CONTINUOUS
FILLET WELD
TO SHELL
6
1

5 2

3
6 in. MIN. COMPACTED
(150 mm) 1

6 in. MIN. 4
(150 mm) SAND FILL
GRADE 7
COMPACTED
CRUSHED STONE
1 in. (25 mm)
MAXIMUM SIZE
OR GRAVEL
BACKFILL 1
1.5
BOTTOM FACE
BELOW FROSTLINE NATURAL SOIL
OR GENERAL FILL
REINFORCED CONCRETE RINGWALL

LEGEND:
1 Clean, dry, sand layer, 1 in. (25 mm).
2 Insulation, foam glass block.
3 Vapor Barrier, polyethylene sheet 0.015 in. (.375 mm) thick, factory sealed joints or 6 in. (150 mm) min overlap.
4 Galvanized carbon steel conduit for Electric Heating Elements and Sensors, with sleeved opening through
concrete walls.
5 Hardwood block: kiln dried, < 10% moisture, coated all sides with elastomeric vapor barrier. Alternatively,
a load bearing insulating concrete block, similarly coated is acceptable.
6 Metal jacket insulation covering shall be extended to lap over the top of the Ringwall, with joints lapped and
sealed against entrance of water.
7 Layer of non-woven geotextile.

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Figure 6: Elevated Pile Foundation for Cylindrical Refrigerated Tank

SINGLE WALL TANK
TANK SHELL (OR OUTER SHELL OF DOUBLE
WALL TANK)
TANK SHELL INSULATION SYSTEM

DOUBLE WALL TANK

STRAP ANNULAR SPACE INSULATION
ALTERNATE DESIGN
DETAIL INNER TANK SHELL

INNER TANK BOTTOM

TANK
STRAP TANK BOTTOM BOTTOM
ATTACHED BY INSULATION
CONTINUOUS
FILLET WELD 5
TO SHELL
1

4 2

3
PILE CAP 1

36 in. (1 m) MIN. FOUNDATION

PILES

GRADE

LEGEND:
1 Clean, dry, sand layer, 1 in. (25 mm).
2 Insulation, foam glass block.
3 Vapor Barrier, polyethylene sheet 0.015 in. (.375 mm) thick, factory sealed joints or 6 in. (150 mm) min overlap.
4 Hardwood block: kiln dried, < 10% moisture, coated all sides with elastomeric vapor barrier. Alternatively, a load
bearing insulating concrete block, similarly coated is acceptable.
5 Metal jacket insulation covering shall be extended to lap over the top of the Ringwall, with joints lapped and
sealed against entrance of water.

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6. Foundations for Carbon Steel Tanks in Sulfuric Acid

Service
1) [M] Special requirements for the design of foundations shall be per Figure 7.
2) [M] Drain requirements. Drains shall consist of an elbow set flush in the concrete and piped to an
acid sump or sewer. Each drain shall be equipped with a strainer. Elbow, pipe, and strainer shall be
of an acid resistant material.
3) [R], [M] Protection of concrete against acid spillage shall be per the following:
a) Two coats of Coal Tar Epoxy or Epoxy Mastic applied on all exposed concrete surfaces after
suitable surface preparation, including the outer vertical surface of the foundation extending
about 12 in. (300 mm) below finished grade.
b) When specified, areas around connections (e.g., takeoff, sampling) shall be faced with acid
resistant tile and mortar.

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GP 04-08-01 Tank Foundations March 2005

Figure 7: Foundation for Carbon Steel Tanks in Sulfuric Acid Service

FOUNDATION TO BE SYMMETRICAL ABOUT CENTER

LINE

6 in.
A A

SLOPE
1:50

DRAINAGE
GUTTER DRAIN

TANK DIAMETER + 3 ft -0 in.

PLAN

ACID TANK
CURB
8 in.

20 in. MIN. CI 4 in. MAX.

24 in.

8 in. 2 in. MIN.

6 in. (TYP.)
6 in.

FIN.
6 in. AT
PROTECTIVE COATING GRADE
FOUNDATION HIGH PT.
SECTION A-A OF SLAB

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Table 1: Acceptable Metric Equivalents for Figures

in. mm

1 25
2 50
3 75
4 100
6 150
8 200
12 300
24 600
28 700
30 750
36 900
42 1050

Tank Diameter

20 ft 6m
30 ft 9m

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Record of Change
Version 1.0.0 Date: 02/02
Location Action Description
Initial Publish.

Version 1.1.0 Date: 06/02

Section 2 Modifications Minor reference mnemonic updates.

Version 1.1.0 Date: 11/03

Global Practice version number and format updated to comply with new
process; however, original publish date remains, and no content was
modified.

Version 1.2.0 Date: 03/05

Section 1.1 Addition Added GP 04-01-03 as a reference.
Section 2.2 Addition Added AASHTO T166 reference.
Section 2.4 Addition Added API STD 650 Appendix E and Appendix I references
Section 2.5 Addition Added ASTM D 693 as a reference.
Section 4, Item Addition Added rationales for subbase requirements clarification made in Figures
(1) 1 and 2.
Section 4, Item Modification Replaced reference to Figure 4 with reference to API STD 650.
(9)
Section 4, Item Deletion Deleted reference to detail connecting the membrane to the sump in
(10) Section III of the Civil Engineering Design Guide.
Section 4, Item Deletion Deleted Item (11) and renumbered Item (12).
(11)
Figure 1 Revision Revised Figure to clarify subbase requirements dependent on cathodic
protection requirements.
Figure 2 Revision Revised Figure to clarify subbase requirements dependent on cathodic
protection requirements.
Figure 4 Deletion Deleted figure, which was duplicated in API STD 650, and renumbered
remaining figures.

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Attachment: Purpose Codes Definitions

Code Description

C Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is reduced costs.

Reduced cost in this context refers to initial investment cost and does not include Life-Cycle
cost considerations. Life-Cycle cost considerations are captured under reliability,
maintainability, or operability purpose codes.
E Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is driven by
environmental considerations. Environmental considerations typically include specifications
intended to protect against emissions/leakage to the air, water, and/or soil. Deviations from the
specifications contained in such paragraphs require formal review and approval according to
local environmental policy.
I Assigned to paragraphs that provide only clarifying information such as Scope statements,
definitions of terms, etc.
M Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to provide for
maintainability of equipment or systems. Maintainability provisions are those that facilitate the
performance of maintenance on equipment/systems either during downtimes or during on-
stream operations.
O Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to assure
operability of equipment or systems. Operability is the ability of the equipment/system to
perform satisfactorily even though conditions are off-design, such as during startups, process
swings, subcomponent malfunction, etc.
R Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to improve or
assure the reliability of equipment or systems. Reliability is a measure of the ability of
equipment/systems to operate without malfunction or failure between planned maintenance
interventions.
S Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is avoidance of
personnel or operational safety incidents. Any deviation from the specifications contained in
such designated paragraphs requires formal review and approval according to local safety
policy.
Personnel Safety: Refers to the avoidance of recordable personnel injuries; i.e., burns, cuts,
abrasions, inhalation, or exposure to dangerous substances, etc., that
could result in medical treatment, restricted work, lost-time incidents, or
fatalities.
Operational Refers to the prevention and control of process releases, fires, explosions,
Safety: etc.

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