CHAPTER 4

Stress Transformation
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS
• For this topic, the stresses to be considered
are not on the perpendicular and parallel
planes only but also on other inclined planes.

a b y

P P
x
z
a b

(A body subjected to load P)

 ANALYSIS OF STRESS
• On plane a-a, normal force, N produces normal
stress.
𝑁 𝑃
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝐴
• On plane b-b, normal force, N produces normal
stress and shear force, V produces shearing stress.

Area = A/cos
N = P cos

P  P
V = P sin
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS

𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑃
𝜎𝑛 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐴 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑃
𝜏= = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝜎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS
• On an element, there are 6 components of stress:
x , y , z , xy , yz , and zx

x
z

• If the z axis is not considered or the stresses are

independent with the z axis, then there exist only
stresses in the x and y directions.
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS UNDER 2D
• This state of 2-dimensional stress is known as
plane stress.
z = xz = yz = 0
y

a xy
y’ y
x’
x  x

x
a

All directions shown (axes and on y

element) are taken as positive.
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• Stresses on an element can be
transformed using 2 methods:

(i) Equations Method

(ii) Mohr Circle
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
i) Equations Method
• Consider an element y’ x’
rotated an amount of  x’
x’y’
about the z-axis.
x  x
• Stresses on an inclined A
plane  will be yielded A cos xy A sin
and can be expressed in xy (A sin) cos

terms of x , y , xy and y

.
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention:
 Positive if counter-clockwise and usually taken from the
vertical surface (x-plane) to the intended plane
 Positive if tension or in the direction of positive axis
 Positive if in the direction of positive shear (counter-
clockwise) xy = yx
+y

+xy

+x
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Normal Stress:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2

Shear Stress:
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2
Note: If  is clockwise, then put a negative sign in the
equation(s)
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y’

 + 90

y’ x’y’
x’
x’
 x
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
In-Plane Principle Stress:
𝑑𝜎𝑥′
Taking = 0;
𝑑𝜃

2𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress:
𝑑𝜏𝑥′ 𝑦′
Taking = 0;
𝑑𝜃

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑠 = −
2𝜏𝑥𝑦

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Average Normal Stress:
When substituting the values for 2s into the
equation for normal stress (σx’), there is also a normal
stress on the plane of maximum in-plane shear stress,
which can be determined by:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
 EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is shown
on the element in the Figure. Represent this stress
state in terms of the principal stresses.

90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

x = – 20 MPa (Compression) y

y = 90 MPa (Tension)
xy = 60 MPa (Clockwise)
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
Principal Stresses

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
2
−20 + 90 −20 − 90
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 602
2 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 35 ± 81.4

 max = 35 + 81.4 = 116 MPa

 min = 35 – 81.4 = 46.4 MPa
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
Orientation of Element
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

2 × 60
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑝 =
−20 − 90
2p2 = 47.49
 p2 = 23.7

2p1 = 47.49 + 180 = 132.51

 p1 = 66.3
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
The principal plane on which each normal stress acts can
be determined by applying:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
−20 + 90 −20 − 90
𝜎𝑥′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −47.49° + 60𝑠𝑖𝑛 −47.49°
2 2
x’ = 46.4 MPa

Hence, σmin = 46.4 MPa acts on the

plane defined by θp2 = 23.7°,
whereas σmax = 116 MPa acts on the
plane defined by θp1 = 66.3°.
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
By replacing the θp1 and θp2 into the equation for shear
stress:

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2
−20 − 90
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −47.49° + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −47.49°
2
x’y’ = 0 MPa

No shear stress acts on this element.

 EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Represent this stress state in terms of the maximum in-
plane shear stress and associated average normal
stress.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stresses

2
  x  y 
 max       xy 2

 2 
2
  20  90 
 max     60 2

 2 
 max  81.4MPa
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Orientation of Element

tan 2 s 
 x  y 
2 xy

tan 2 s 
 20  90 
2  60
2 s 2  42.5
 s 2  21.3
2 s1  180  42.5  222.5
 s1  111.3
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
The proper direction of max on the element can be
determined by applying the equation:

 x' y'  
 x  y 
sin 2   xy cos 2
2
 x' y'  
 20  90
sin 42.5  60 cos 42.5
2
 x ' y '  81.4MPa
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Average Normal Stress

Besides the maximum shear stress, as calculated

above, the element is also subjected to an average
normal stress determined from the equation:

 avg 
 x  y 
2
 avg 
 20  90 
2
 avg  35MPa
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
ii) Mohr Circle
• In this method, stresses on a plane are drawn as
one point on a Mohr circle.
• From the equations, it can be shown that:

2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ − + 𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2

Centre of Circle R2 = max2

 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Steps for constructing Mohr Circle:
1. Determine centre of circle, C (x, y)
x = avg , y = 0
2. Determine point A (x, xy) : coordinate when  = 0
x = +ve (tension) or –ve (comp)
xy = +ve (counter clockwise) or –ve (clockwise)
3. Determine point A’ (y, yx) : coordinate when  = 90
4. Draw circle connecting A and A’ with C as the centre
5. The datum (reference line) in Mohr circle is line AC
6. All angles must be determined from line AC ( = 0)
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y
Y(+y, -yx)
yx
max
Y(+y, -yx)

yx
min 2p(min) max
(1) (2)
 (+ve) y
0
(x+y)/2 2p(max)
X(+x, +xy)
2s(max)
X(+x, +xy) xy
x x
xy
 (+ve)
 EXAMPLE 3
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Determine the principal stresses and the orientation
acting at this point.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution
Construction of the Circle
x = –20 MPa (Compression)
y = 90 MPa (Tension)
τxy = 60 MPa (Clockwise)

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 −20 + 90
The Centre of Circle is at: 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2

The Radius of the Circle is:

2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 −20 − 90
𝑅= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 = + 602 = 81.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution
A’ (90, - 60)

σmin = 46.4 MPa σmax = 116.4 MPa

C = (35, 0) 
2θp2
2θp, max = 132.6°
60 MPa
35 MPa

20 MPa
tan 2θp2 = 60 / 55
A (-20, 60) 2θp2 = tan-1 1.09
2θp2 = 47.49°
 θp2 = 23.74 °
 EXAMPLE 4
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and
the orientation of the element upon which they act.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 4 – Solution
tan 2θs1 = 55 / 60
τmin = 81.4MPa
2θs1 = tan-1 1.09
2θs1 = 42.5°
θs1 = 21.3 °
A’ (90,- 60)

2θs1 = 42.5°

35 MPa

20 MPa
A (-20, 60)
τmax = 81.4MPa

EXAMPLE 4 – Solution
y’

81.4 MPa x’
35 MPa
21.3
x
 EXAMPLE 5
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element shown in the Figure.
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented
30° counterclockwise from the position shown.
90 MPa

60 MPa

x 20 MPa

xy

y
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution
tan 2θ = 55 / 60
2θ = tan-1 1.09 B’
2θ = 42.5°
θ = 21.3 °

 = 60° – 42.5°
 = 17.5 °

At Point B: C 
x’ = 35 + 81.4 sin17.5°
x’ = 59.48 MPa 42.5°
x’y’ = 81.4 cos 17.5°  = 17.5° x’y’
x’y’ = 77.63 MPa A (-20, 60)
x’
B
20 MPa  35 MPa
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution
B’ x’
At Point B’:
y’ = 81.4 sin 17.5°  35
y’ = 10.52 MPa x’y’  = 17.5°
x’y’ = 81.4 cos 17.5°
x’y’ = 77.63 MPa C 

42.5°
 = 17.5° x’y’

A (-20, 60)
x’
B
20 MPa  35 MPa
EXAMPLE 5 – Solution

y’

x’

30
x
 CLASS EXERCISE
An element is subjected to the plane stresses shown
in the figure.

(a) Determine normal stress and shear stress acting

on the plane that is inclined at 20o as shown in
the figure.
(b) Determine the maximum normal stress and its 50 N/mm2
orientation.
(c) Sketch the plane of the maximum normal stress
30 N/mm2
by showing its values and orientation.
(d) Determine the maximum shear stress.

20o
30 N/mm2

50 N/mm2