Chapter .

t
J.1 Define degree o] freedom.
Degree· of freedom is d r· d
• . .. · e nc as the ~. .
(transnational and rotational) motio . . , . number ol independent relative
I

ns of a kinematie .
.Kb. pair.
J.2 ta is utz aclt criterion
. fi or planar mechantsmr
t
WKutzbach criterion is used t d·. o cterrni
. th
freedom (or) movability (n) of' . . nc
a mechanism Th·
c number of degrees of
b . -
freedom can be determined dire ~tJ f· · ts num er of' degrees of
. cc y rorn the nu b 1: 1· ,
joints and type of pair. m er inks, number of
O

Number of degrees of freedom n = 3 (l - l) _ 2j - h

- Kutzbach Criterion

where
l = number of links
j = number of binary joints (or) lower pairs.

h = number of higher pairs

If there is no higher pair, then h = 0
1.3 Define Grashoff's law.
It states that a four-bar mechanism has atleast one revolving link and the sum of
the length of the largest and the shortest links should not be
greater than the sum of the lengths of the other two links.
l.4 Enumerate the difference between a Machine anti a Structure.
-

~-·- I Machine Structure

l. Modifies and transmits the Modifies and transmits forces only
I,-.__ mechanical work:
2. Relative motion exists between the No such relative motion ·between
links. the links. .
 (a) Motion of Link
m- angular velocity of link AB V AB -
velocity of the point B
with respect to A.
(b)

2.10 Write down the expression

for angular velocity
and angular

acceleration of connecting rod.

co cosf)
Angular velocity of connecting rod ro )c = - x -
1
· ll coso

(or)
ro _ w cos0
pe-
n

Angular acceleration of connecting rod = ape

- 0)2 .
a- sm0
p,· -

2.11 State the examples of coriolis component.

1
1
Examples of Coriolis component formed (mechanism)
❖ Slatter lever mechanism
❖ Whitworth quick return mechanism

❖ Swivelling joint mechanism

2.12 State the importance <~{ coriolis component of acceleration.

Importance of Coriolis component of acceleration:

.g
· ❖ Whenever the point- on one link is sliding along another rowtnt
link, then there is a coincident point exists in the mcchanisrn-
 ❖ The total acceleration of that coincident point about another point in the
link is the vector sum of Radial acceleration. Tangential acceleration and
the Coriolis acceleration.
❖ Coriolis component of acceleration is necessary for dynamic balancing of
the system.
❖ If we neglect the coriolis component of acceleration in dynamic analysis,
then the system will be dynamically unbalance.
2.13 Name the different' types of motion and. explain it.
Refer Page No. 2.3 and 2.4.
 Chapter - 3
3.1 Define· a cam
A Cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating
motion to another element known as follower. The Cam and follower have a line
contact and constitute a higher pair. The Cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by
a shaft, but the follower motion is pre ~ determined and will be according to the shape
of the cam.
3.2 What type of follower is suitable for high speed cam? Give reasons.
Roller follower is suitable for high speed cam. The rate of wear is greatly
reduced while using roller followers.
3.3 Discuss the effect of pre~sure angle and under cutting in ·Cains.
Pressure angle should be small in order to transmit more power and to have
less pressure on the bearings.
The effect of undercutting is to avoid interference in cams.
3.4. Why is roller follower preferred to knife edge follower?
In roller followers, the rolling motion takes place between the contacting
surfaces, therefore the rate of wear is greatly reduced.
3.5 Classify various types of cams.
Various types of cams are
1. Plate cam or radial cam
2. A wedge cam
3_ A cylindrical cam or barrel cam
4. End or face cam.
3.6 What are the different types of follower motions used in cam-follower
mechanisms?

Types of Follower
1. Knife edge follower
2. Roller follower
3. Flat faced follower
4. Spherical faced follower
l!
1:
i ·.- J.7 Define Pressure angle of a cam mechanism and state the best value
of the pressure t1ngle.

pressure angle: It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion nnd a
normal to the pitch curve. This angle is very important in designing a earn profile. If the
pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearings. Pressure
angle values are 14.5° and 20°.
J.8 Define tangent cam and state its applications.
When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose
circle, then the cam is known as a tangent cam. These cams are usually symmetrical
about the centre line of the cam shaft. Such type of cams are used for operating the inlet
and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines.
3.9 Give an expression for maximum velocity 'and maximum acceleration of a
follower moving with simple harmonic motion
Maximum velocity of the follower on the outstroke
rrcoS
V =--
o 200

Maximum acceleration of the follower on the outstroke 1!2 (02 S

a =
0 (28~)
velocity of the follower on the return stroke ncoS
Maximum VR = (20R)
acceleration of the follower on the return stroke n2 co2

S
Maximum
a -
R - (20~)

~ Stroke of the follower

~ Angular displacement of the cam during out stroke and return
stroke of the follower respectively in radians and
~ ·Angular velocity of the Carn in rad/sec
r CO

.
~
 Lift is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to _ the top
most position

3.11 What is prime circle of a cam? What is the radial distance between the prime
circle and base circle for a cam with knife- edge follower?

Prime circle is the smallest circle that can be drawn from the centre of the cam
and tangent to the pitch curve.

For a knife edge follower, the prime circle and the base circle of a cam are
identical. Therefore there is no radial distance between them.

3.12 What is a circular arc cam?

When the flanks of the cam connecting the base circle and nose are of convex
circular arcs, then the cam is known as circular arc cam.

3.13 Define pitch curve of the cam.

Pitch curve of a cam is the curve drawn by the trace point of the follower, by
assuming the cam as fixed and the follower rotating around the
cam.
3.14 Define Dwell period
The period during which the follower remains at rest is called Dwell period.
3.15 Give some applications of Cam
Operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines,
automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting machines, feed mechanism of
automatic lathes, spinning and weaving textile machineries etc.

3.16 Compare roller and flat faced follower

When the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower,
while the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat face, It is called flat faced
follower. The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such
as in stationary gas and oil enzines and aircraft
~ e · is
engines whereas the flat faced followers are generally used where space
limited such as in Cams which operate the valves of. automobile engines.
 '~
J.17 Define trace point 'l'
. -.
'I

It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch. curve. In
case of knife - edge follower, the knife edge represents the trace."· point and the pitch
curve corresponds to the Cam profile. In a roller follower the centre of the roller
represents the trace point.
J.18 What are the different motions of a follower?
.
The different motions of a follower are
1. Uniform motion. i. Simple harmonic motion
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation
4. Cycloidal motion
,, 3.19 Define pressure angle and explain the effect of different pressure
angle.
' . '

Pressure angle is defined as the angle between the pressure Iine .arid
common tangent to the pitch circles.
Pressure angle should be small in order to transmit more power and to have less
pressure on the bearings.
/

20° pressure angle is standard one -results in stronger· teeth,

, 3.20 Why sometimes the axes of translating roller followers in cam follower
mechanisms are offset from ~he axis of rotation of cam?
When the motion of the follower is required away from the cam axis· then it is
offset from the axis of cam. Specially used in translating followers where the follower is
required to move fast and to ·very less 'distances;
C

3.21 Write an expression for velocityand acceleration of tranget 'cam when

the roller contacts the cam on 'the straight flank:

Velocity
In this expression, when 0 · increases, the sin value increases ·ind -~08
value- should be decreased. When (0 = $ ), the ·roller· lies on the. hi h
_ . .1 g est
Position, we get the maximum ve ocity of the follower; . · -: .. -. .

v max = ro (r I + r z) ( sin $ ~ ' .

cos2 $.) \
Acceleration

2] 2 - cos 0
= co ( r I + r 2)
2

a 3
[cos 0
28 .
When 8 = 0° (at the beginning) then 2 - cos ts rmmrnum and-
cos ' 0 is maximum, we get the minimum acceleration of the follower.

a. = ro2 (r1 + r2)

mm

When 8 = <t> (the roller at end of straight flank), we get the maximum acceleration
of the follower.

2 ( 2 - cos2 $ J
amax = ro (r1 + r2) 3
- cos $
3.22 Write an expression for maximum velocity and maximum acceleration and
minimum acceleration for circular ca111 with flat faced follower.
The maximum velocity of the follower,

I vmax = Ol (R - r1) sin tj) I

Maximum acceleration of the follower,

I amax = Ol2 (R - r 1) I
Minimum acceleration of the follower,

3.23 State the advantages of polynomial cam.

Advantages of polynomial cam

❖ In polynomial cam function, it is possible to control the starti~g and final
velocity.

No discontinuity in polynomial cam function.

the jerk produced is comparatively less tha-n :
During motion,
cycloidal cam.