American International University – Bangladesh

ANALOG ELECTRONICS 1 LAB

Experiment No: 04

Experiment Name: Frequency response analysis of inverting amplifier, low

pass filter, and high pass filter.

Group No: 06

Section: D

Instructor's name: Kazi Ahmed Asif Fuad

Prepared by:

Name ID
Rana, Md. Masud 17-33546-1

Other Group Members:

Sl No Name ID
Alam, Tanjir 17-33353-1
Kar, Nayon 17-33485-1
Raju,Md. Shahjalal 17-33426-1
Ahmed,Faiyaz 17-33453-1

Date of Performance: 28.0218

Date of Submission: 15.03.18

Title: Frequency response analysis of inverting amplifier, low pass filter, and high pass filter.

Abstract: To introduce frequency response by studying the characteristics of two resonant circuits on
either side of resonance. This experiment treats the subject of filters both in theory as well as with
realized circuits. The Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Band Reject and All Pass filters are
introduced. These filters are characterized by their frequency response that indicates how near-ideal
their filter operation actually is. Filters of different specifications are realized as mostly 2nd order
active filters utilizing op-amps. Their frequency response (mostly the magnitude part but the phase
part as well) is measured and the cut-off frequencies are determined.

Introduction: The main objects of this experiment are:

 To use with inverting amplifier
 Also used with Frequency response curve
 To use low pass filter
 To use high pass filter

Theory and Methodology:

Frequency Response Curve: Amplifiers produce gain while filters alter the amplitude and/or phase
characteristics of an electrical signal with respect to its frequency. As these amplifiers and filters use
resistors, inductors, or capacitor networks (RLC) within their design, there is an important
relationship between the use of these reactive components and the circuits frequency response
characteristics [1].
Frequency Response of an electric or electronics circuit allows us to see exactly how the output gain
(known as the magnitude response) and the phase (known as the phase response) changes at a
particular single frequency, or over a whole range of different frequencies from 0Hz, (d.c.) to many
thousands of mega-hertz, (MHz) depending upon the design characteristics of the circuit [1].
The frequency response of a given frequency dependent circuit can be displayed as a graphical sketch
of magnitude (gain) against frequency (ƒ). The horizontal frequency axis is usually plotted on a
logarithmic scale while the vertical axis representing the voltage output or gain, is usually drawn as a
linear scale in decimal divisions. Since a systems gain can be both positive and negative, the y-axis
can therefore have both positive and negative values [1].

Fig. 1: Frequency response of a low-pass filter [1].

The Bode diagram is a logarithmic presentation of the frequency response. Most modern audio
amplifiers have a flat frequency response as shown above over the whole audio range of frequencies
from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This range of frequencies, for an audio amplifier is called its Bandwidth, (BW)
and is primarily determined by the frequency response of the circuit [1].
Frequency points ƒL and ƒH relate to the lower corner or cut-off frequency and the upper corner or cut-
off frequency points respectively were the circuits gain falls off at high and low frequencies. These
points on a frequency response curve are known commonly as the -3dB (decibel) points. So the
bandwidth is simply given as [1]:

The decibel, (dB) which is 1/10th of a bel (B), is a common non-linear unit for measuring gain and is
defined as 20log10(A) where A is the decimal gain, being plotted on the y-axis. Zero decibels, (0dB)
correspond to a magnitude function of unity giving the maximum output. In other words, 0dB occurs
when Vout = Vin as there is no attenuation at this frequency level and is given as [1]:

Inverting Amplifier

The main function of an operational amplifier is to amplify the input signal. When there is no
feedback between input and output then it is called open loop operation. The gain of the op-amp
device under this condition is defined as the open loop gain and for an ideal op-amp it is infinite but
typical real values range from about 20,000 to 200,000. Hence an op-amp is almost never used in this
way, because an open loop gain is too high to be useful [1].
Therefore feedbacks are used to adjust the gain of an amplifier. An inverting amplifier uses a negative
feedback where a fraction of output signal is feed back through feedback resistor RF to the input
connected at the negative input terminal, shown in figure . The effect produces a closed loop circuit
where the gain is called closed loop gain (gain=−𝑅𝑓/𝑅𝑖𝑛). For negative feedback, the fed-back
voltage is in "anti-phase" to the input voltage which causes reduction in the overall gain of the
amplifier. By changing the value of RF it is possible to control the overall gain of the inverting
amplifier, illustrated in figure. Positive feedback is also used but in non-inverting amplifier where
overall gain of the system is increased [1].

Fig. 2: Inverting Amplifier [1]

 Fig. 3: Frequency response of an inverting amplifier [1]

Low-pass Filter
The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass Filter. Its principle of
operation and frequency response is exactly the same as those for the previously seen passive filter,
the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for amplification and gain control. The simplest
form of a low pass active filter is to connect an inverting or non-inverting amplifier, the same as those
discussed in the Op-amp tutorial, to the basic RC low pass filter circuit as shown [2].
This first-order low pass active filter, consists simply of a passive RC filter stage providing a low
frequency path to the input of a non-inverting operational amplifier. The amplifier is configured as a
voltage-follower (Buffer) giving it a DC gain of one, Av = +1 or unity gain as opposed to the previous
passive RC filter which has a DC gain of less than unity.
The advantage of this configuration is that the op-amps high input impedance prevents excessive
loading on the filters output while its low output impedance prevents the filters cut-off frequency
point from being affected by changes in the impedance of the load [2].
While this configuration provides good stability to the filter, its main disadvantage is that it has no
voltage gain above one. However, although the voltage gain is unity the power gain is very high as its
output impedance is much lower than its input impedance. If a voltage gain greater than one is
required we can use the following filter circuit [2].

Fig. 4: Low-pass filter [2]

The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for the passive RC filter, except that the
amplitude of the output is increased by the pass band gain, AF of the amplifier. For a non-inverting
amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter is given as a function of the feedback
resistor ( R2 ) divided by its corresponding input resistor ( R1 ) value and is given as [2]:

Therefore, the gain of an active low pass filter as a function of frequency will be:
Gain of a first-order low pass filter

Where:
AF = the pass band gain of the filter, (1 + R2/R1)
ƒ = the frequency of the input signal in Hertz, (Hz)
ƒc = the cut-off frequency in Hertz, (Hz)

High-pass filter
The basic operation of an Active High Pass Filter (HPF) is the same as for its equivalent RC passive
high pass filter circuit, except this time the circuit has an operational amplifier or included within its
design providing amplification and gain control [3].
Like the previous active low pass filter circuit, the simplest form of an active high pass filters to
connect a standard inverting or non-inverting operational amplifier to the basic RC high pass passive
filter circuit as shown [3].
Technically, there is no such thing as an active high pass filter. Unlike Passive High Pass Filters
which have an “infinite” frequency response, the maximum pass band frequency response of an active
high pass filter is limited by the open-loop characteristics or bandwidth of the operational amplifier
being used, making them appear as if they are band pass filters with a high frequency cut-off
determined by the selection of op-amp and gain.
In the Operational Amplifier tutorial we saw that the maximum frequency response of an op-amp is
limited to the Gain/Bandwidth product or open loop voltage gain ( A V ) of the operational amplifier
being used giving it a bandwidth limitation, where the closed loop response of the op amp intersects
the open loop response [3].

Fig. 5: High-pass filter [3]

This first-order high pass filter consists simply of a passive filter followed by a non-inverting
amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the passive filter, except that the
amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain of the amplifier [3].
For a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter is given as a
function of the feedback resistor ( R2 ) divided by its corresponding input resistor ( R1 ) value and is
given as [3]:
Gain for an Active High Pass Filter

Where:
AF = the Pass band Gain of the filter, ( 1 + R2/R1 )
ƒ = the Frequency of the Input Signal in Hertz, (Hz)
ƒc = the Cut-off Frequency in Hertz, (Hz)

Apparatus:

1) IC – 741-(quantity:1)
2) Resistor 1KΩ(quantity:1), 100KΩ(quantity:1), 10KΩ(quantity:2)
3) Capacitors – 0.001μF (quantity:1)
4) Bread Board- (quantity:1)
5) DC Power Supply- (quantity:1)
6) Oscillator- (quantity:1)
7) Oscilloscope- (quantity:1)
8) Connecting wires-( quantity:10)

Precautions:

1) Connections should be verified before clicking run button.

2) The resistance to be chosen should be in kohm range.
3) Best performance is being obtained within 50Hz to 1Mhz.

Experimental Procedure:

Procedure of implementing all the circuits and obtaining their frequency response curve is similar.
So the sequence of works is listed below that will be followed for all the circuits.
1) Implement the circuit as shown in the figure – [2], [4] and [5].
2) Use a sinusoidal signal of 100mVp as input.
3) Observe both the input and output signals simultaneously in the oscilloscope.
4) Calculate gain for different frequencies
5) Plot gain vs. frequency curve in semi – log graph paper.
6) Calculate cut off frequency, band width and roll off.
Simulation:

Inverting amplifier:

Low pass filter:

High pass filter:

Discussion:
After complete this experiment there had some curves and complete the simulation part of this
experiment there had some curves also. But in this experiment the oscilloscope showed some curves
which were not full match up with the curves of simulation. Integrator and Differentiator had done by
this experiment. The reason of this curves error was the condition of the oscilloscope of lab was too
bad. There was some leakage problem in the oscilloscope. The calibration of the oscilloscope was not
perfect for its internal problem. During the calibration time there was some problem such as, the
horizontal line was not state so perfectly. Signal from the function generator to bread board circuit
which didn’t show in oscilloscope screen perfectly. And also the bread board was not so good that’s
why had to face some problem with connecting circuit in the bread board. For these reason there had a
little difference between experimental oscilloscope curves and simulation curves. Before starting the
experiment had to check if all the apparatus were working properly or not. While doing the
experiment some wires were came away and which very difficult to find out the proper connection
again. Checked the connection after setting up the circuit and make sure that applied voltage is
enough to turn on the chip otherwise the chip might get damage.

Conclusion:
If there had many problem facing during experiment but there had get familiarized with different
things after doing all the task in this experiment. Such as-

1) Get familiarized with operational amplifier.

2) Familiarized with inverting amplifier, high pass filter, and low pass filter operation.
3) Get to understand the conversation of input signals to output signals of inverting amplifier,
high pass filter, low pass filter
4) Familiarized with simulation.
References:

[1] Website, [online: electronics-tutorials], [cited: 14.03.18(10.23pm)],

Available: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/frequency-response.html

[2] Website, [online: electronics-tutorials], [cited: 14.03.18(10.45pm)],

Available: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_5.html

[3] Website, [online: electronics-tutorials], [cited: 15.03.18(12.25pm)],

Available: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_6.html