03 Heat Exchange

Equipment Fundamentals:
Heat Exchangers
Chapter 3
Topics
Equipment – heat exchangers Fundamentals of heat transfer
 Combines information about fluid & exchange
flow & heat transfer across  Heat transfer across boundaries
internal boundaries • Conduction
 Considerations • Convection
• When do I need to know the • Radiation
specifics of the heat exchange
configuration?  Coupled with internal energy
changes
• How is the heat transfer
coefficient related to the outlet • Sensible heat effects
temperatures? • Phase change
• What is an approach
temperature?
Updated: January 30, 2018

2
Copyright © 2017 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
Topics
Fundamentals of heat transfer Equipment – heat exchangers
& exchange  Combines information about fluid
 Heat transfer across boundaries flow & heat transfer across
• Conduction internal boundaries
• Convection  Considerations
• Radiation • When do I need to know the
specifics of the heat exchange
 Coupled with internal energy configuration?
changes
• How is the heat transfer
• Sensible heat effects coefficient related to the outlet
• Phase change temperatures?
 Area-averaged temperature • What is an approach
difference temperature?

3
Fundamentals

Heat Transfer – Modes of heat transfer
Conduction
 Flow of heat through material with no bulk movement of the material itself
 Usually thought of through solid, but can also be through a stagnant fluid
 For a flat sold:
Q T T
 k hot cold
A x
 Through a circular pipe:
Q 2
 k  Thot  Tcold 
L ln  Do Di 
 Through a sphere:
2
Q  k  Thot  Tcold 
1 1

Di Do

5
Heat Transfer – Modes of heat transfer
Convection
 Flow of heat associated with fluid movement – natural & forced convection
Q
 h  Thot  Tcold 
A
Radiation
 Heat transferred via electromagnetic
radiation
Q
   Thot
4
 Tcold
4

A
   Thot
2
 Tcold
2
 Thot  Tcold  Thot  Tcold 

6
Heat Exchangers – Some Basics
Focus is on the system to have heat flow from the hot fluid(s) to the cold fluid(s)
usually without direct contact
 Use bulk flow parameters to relate the heat conduction across the flow barrier to the change in
energy of the hot & cold fluids
 Account for the series of resistances to heat transfer between the hot & cold fluids
Heat exchangers
 Heat to & from flowing fluids through impermeable barrier(s)
 Driving force for heat through barriers is the temperature difference between the
two fluids on opposite sides of the barrier
 Relate the heat effects in the flowing fluids to the change in enthalpy
• Often this can be related to the difference in the inlet & outlet temperatures for
the fluids
Q H  m H  Hˆ H , in  Hˆ H , out   Q H  m H Cˆ p , H  TH , in  TH , out  for constant Cˆ p , H
Q C  m C  Hˆ C , out  Hˆ C , in   Q C  m C Cˆ p , C  TC , out  TC , in  for constant Cˆ p , C

7
TH,in TH,out
 Relate the heat across TH(x)
the barrier to the

TC(x)
temperature difference TC,out TC,in
across the barrier x
d  Q / L 
 U  Th  Tc   Q   UA  Th  Tc AREA AVERAGED
dx
 It can be shown that for many typical configurations the AREA AVERAGED
temperature difference is the LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference)
Q   UA  T LM where
T  TC ,0    TH ,1  TC ,1 
 T LM  H ,0
T T 
ln  H ,0 C ,0 
 TH ,1  TC ,1 

8
LMTD is a prescribed calculation – calculating the LMTD from the

procedure is always correct.
 T 1   T 2  T 1   T 2
LMTD  and lim  LMTD  
  T 1   T   T  2
ln  
1 2
  T 2 
LMTD is appropriate for use as the area averaged temperature

difference when temperature vs. heat released/absorbed is a
straight line
 1-1 co-current & counter-current flow and …
 Both hot & cold sides have a constant heat or …
 Only pure component phase change on one side or the other (no subcooling
and/or superheating)

9
Heat Transfer – Some Basics
Heat exchangers – Co-Current vs. Counter-Current vs. Cross-Current flows

 Counter-current flow allows the outlet temperatures to approach more closely to the
inlet temperature of the other fluid
 Cross-current flow is complicated & requires knowledge of the actual flow patterns
Co-Current Counter-Current Cross-Current
Heat exchangers – Industrial Heat Exchangers

 Industrial heat exchangers have a combination of heat transfer through multiple
barriers and a combination of counter-current & co-current flow
• LMTD must be “corrected” to give the actual area-averaged temperature difference (i.e.,
driving force) – this is the source for one type of “F” factor

10
Heat Exchanger – Example 1
Heat 291,800 lb/hr cold C2+ NGL feed from 80oF to 105oF using 191,600
lb/hr hot C3+ bottoms @ 240oF
 Assume only sensible heat effects
• C2+ NGL feed heat capacity – 0.704 Btu/lb F
• C3+ Bottoms heat capacity – 0.830 Btu/lb F
Determine
 C3+ Bottoms outlet temperature ??? F
 Exchanger duty C2+ NGL Feed

291,800 lb/hr
80°F
 (UA) for the exchanger 145°F
C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
240°F

11
Exchanger duty & C3+ Bottoms outlet temperature determined from energy
balance around exchanger
Q  m c Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in    291800  0.704 145  80   13,353,000 Btu/hr

Q 13353000
Th , out  Th , in   240   155.8o F
m h Cˆ p , h 191600  0.828
Determination of UA requires configuration information

 1-1 counter-current flow 1-1 co-current flow
240  145  155.8  80   85.1o F 240  80   155.8  145  55.4o F
 T LMTD   T LMTD 
 240  145   240  80 
ln   ln  
 155.8  80   207.7  105 
Q 13353000 Btu Q 13353000 Btu

UA    157, 000 o UA    241, 000 o
 T LMTD 85.1 hr F  T LMTD 55.4 hr F

12

 1-2 (1 shell & 2 tube passes) combines both counter & co-current flow
The fluid in the shell pass transfers heat separately to the two tube banks
Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

13
 1-2 exchanger calculations require a configuration correction to relate

temperatures to the UA
 Does not include crossflow effects across the tubes
 1 P 
R2  1ln 
F1  1 RP 

 2  P R  1 R 2  1
 R  1 ln 
 
 2 P R  1  R 2
1  
Ref: Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 1965

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 1-2 exchanger
240  145  155.8  80   85.1o F

 T LMTD 
 240  145 
ln  
 155.8  80 
145  80
P  0.4
240  80
240  155.8
R  1.3
145  80
F2  0.86 (from chart)
Q
UA 
F2  T LMTD
13353000 Btu
  182, 500 o
0.86  85.1 hr F

15

16
Representation of temperature profiles with combined flow becomes more

complicated.

17
Heat 291,800 lb/hr cold C2+ NGL feed starting from 80oF using 191,600 lb/hr
hot C3+ bottoms @ 240oF. Drive the exchanger to a 10oF approach
temperature
 For 1-1 Counter-Current flow, what are the outlet temperatures?
• The C2+ NGL Feed is either heated to 230oF (approach on the hot inlet side) or …
• the C3+ Bottoms is cooled to 90oF (approach on the cold inlet side)
??? F
C2+ NGL Feed
• C3+ Bottoms heat capacity – 0.830 Btu/lb F 291,800 lb/hr
80°F ??? F
Determine
 The outlet temperature that is not controlled by
the approach C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
 Exchanger duty 240°F
 (UA) for the exchanger

18
Exchanger duty & “other” outlet temperature determined from energy balance
around exchanger
 If the hot side inlet has the approach temperature
Tc , out  Th , in  10  230o F
Q  m c Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in    291800  0.704  230  80   30,814,000 Btu/hr
Q 30814000
Th , out  Th , in   240   45.8o F
m h Cˆ p , h 191600  0.828
This has a temperature crossover – this is not the controlling side!
 If the cold side inlet has the approach temperature:
Th , out  Tc , in  10  90o F
Q  m h Cˆ p , h  Th , in  Th , out   191600  0.828 240  90   23,797,000 Btu/hr
Q 23797000
Tc , out  Tc , in   80   195.8o F
m c Cˆ p , c 291800  0.704 

19
Determination of UA for 1-1 Counter-Current flow using the cold & hot outlet
temperatures of 195.8oF & 90oF, respectively
240  195.8   90  80   23.0o F

 240  195.8 
ln  
 90  80 
Q 23797000 Btu 90°F

UA    1, 035, 000 o
 T LMTD 23.0 hr F C2+ NGL Feed
291,800 lb/hr
80°F 195.8°F
C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
240°F

20
Heat 291,800 lb/hr cold C2+ NGL feed from 80oF using 191,600 lb/hr hot
C3+ bottoms @ 240oF. 1-1 Counter-Current heat exchanger from Example #1
designed with 25% excess heat transfer area (UA=196,000 Btu/hr oF)
Determine ??? F
 Both outlet temperatures C2+ NGL Feed

291,800 lb/hr
 Exchanger duty 80°F ??? F
Need to couple all three equations relating heat

exchanger duty find the three unknowns C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
240°F

21
Even though it looks like you’ll have to solve the three equations in an iterative
manner, it can be shown that the heat transfer duty is:
   1 TH , in  TC , in    1 1 
Q  where   exp UA     for m C Cp , C  m H Cp , H
 1 
   m C Cp , C m H Cp , H  
m C Cp , C m H Cp , H
So:   1 1 
  exp 196000       0.7548
   291800  0.704  191600  0.828   
Q 
 0.7548  1 240  80   14, 924, 000 Btu/hr 145.9°F
0.7548 1

291800  0.704  191600  0.828
C2+ NGL Feed
291,800 lb/hr
80°F 152.6°F
Q 14924000
Th , out  Th , in   240   145.9o F
m h Cˆ p , h 191600  0.828
Q 14924000 C3+ Bottoms
Tc , out  Tc , in   80   152.6o F 191,600 lb/hr
m c Cˆ p , c 291800  0.704  240°F

22
Heat Exchange with Phase Change
Can get significant heat exchange with little to no change in temperature
ΔT = 0 ΔT = 340

23
Condense 10,000 lb/hr saturated vapor propane at 120oF using 95oF air.
Figure a 10oF approach temperature, so heat the air up to 110oF.
 Needed physical properties
• Air heat capacity – 0.24 Btu/lb F
• Propane heat of vaporization @ 120oF – 1,236 Btu/lb
Determine
 Exchanger duty
 Flow rate of air needed
 Exchanger UA

24
Duty determined from the propane energy balance. No sensible heat effect.
Q  m h  vap  10000 1236   12,360,000 Btu/hr
Air flowrate from its energy balance:

Q 12,360,000
m c    3,430,000 lb/hr
Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in   0.24 110  95
Calculate UA knowing the terminal temperatures

120  110   120  95  16.4o F
 120  110 
ln  
 120  95 
Q 12360000 Btu
UA    755, 000 o
 T LMTD 16.4 hr F

25
Calculating the UA is essentially the same as when there is no phase change since
the temperature profiles with heat release are still straight lines. The hot stream’s
profile just happens to be a constant temperature.

26
Condense 10,000 lb/hr propane vapor that is superheated to 160oF (but still
with 120oF vapor pressure) using 95oF air heated up to 110oF.
 Needed physical properties
• Air heat capacity – 0.24 Btu/lb F
• Propane vapor heat capacity – 0.52 Btu/lb F
• Propane heat of vaporization @ 120oF – 1236 Btu/lb
Determine
 Exchanger duty
 Flow rate of air needed
 Exchanger UA

27
Duty determined from the propane balance. Combine sensible heat & latent heat
effects
Q  m h  vap  Cˆ p , c  Th , in  Th ,BP    10000  1236   0.52 160  120  
 10000  1236  20.8
 125,680,000 Btu/hr
Air flowrate from its energy balance:
Q 125,680,000
m c    34,900,000 lb/hr
Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in   0.24 110  95
Just using terminal temperatures gives an incorrect result!
160  110   120  95  36.1o F Q 125680000 Btu

 T LMTD   UA    3, 480, 000 o
 160  110 
ln   T LMTD 36.1 hr F

 120  95 

28
Calculating the UA is more complicated than just using the terminal temperatures
since there is a drastic break in the temperature profile for the condensing
propane

29
Determine the intermediate air temperature between the sensible & latent heat
zones
Q cond  m h  vap  123,600,000 Btu/hr
Q 123,600,000
Tc , mid  Tc , in  cond  95   109.8o F
cm Cˆ
p ,c 34,900,000  0.24 
Calculate the UA values for the two zones
120  109.8  120  95  16.5o F 160  110   120  109.8  25.0o F
 T LMTD   T LMTD 
 120  109.8   160  110 
ln   ln  
 120  95   120  109.8 
Q 123600000 Btu Q 2080000 Btu

UA    3, 420, 000 o UA    83, 000 o
 T LMTD 36.1 hr F  T LMTD 25.0 hr F
The total UA is the sum of these two contributions.

30
Can we condense 10,000 lb/hr propane vapor that is superheated to 160oF (but
still with 120oF vapor pressure) using 95oF air heated up to 140oF? This still gives
an apparent 20oF approach temperature?
The answer is NO! It is not apparent from the terminal temperatures but there is
an internal pinch point to
the temperature profiles
& there would be a
temperature crossover. The
air’s outlet temperature is
constrained by this
internal pinch point.

31
More air flow is needed to accomplish this cooling. Using a 10oF internal
approach temperature shows that the air’s outlet temperature is constrained to
112.5oF. The required air mass flow would be calculated accordingly.

32
Heat Transfer – Some Basics
Thermal resistances are added when in series

 Can be combined into an overall heat transfer coefficient
 Across a flat plate (i.e., constant cross sectional area)
1 1 L 1
  
U hi k ho
 For radial heat transfer (e.g., through the wall of a tube) must also take into
account the change is area with respect to radius
• Overall heat transfer coefficient must also be related to a reference area
/ diameter
1 1 L 1
  
Uo Ao hi Ai kAave ho Ao
1 1 Ao L Ao 1 1 Do 2Do  Do  1
     ln   
Uo hi Ai k Aave ho hi Di k  Di  ho

33
Heat Transfer – Correlations for Film Coefficients
Flow in tubes with no phase change

0.8 0.4
 hD   D v   Cp  
NNu  0.023 N 0.8
Re N 0.4
Pr     0.023    
 k      k 
When there is a significant difference between wall & bulk fluid

0.14 0.8 0.33 0.14
   hD   D v    Cp    b 
NNu  0.023 NRe
0.8
NPr0.33  b      0.023      
 w   k      k   w 
Stirred liquids, heat transfer from coil …
0.14 0.62 0.33 0.14
   hD   Ni Di2    Cp    b 
NNu  0.9 NRe,
0.62
i NPr0.33  b      0.9      
 w   k      k   w 
… from tank jacket
0.14 0.67 0.33 0.14
 b   hD   Ni Di2    Cp    b 
NNu  0.36 N 0.66
Re, i N0.33
Pr       0.36      
 w   k      k   w 
34
Typical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
Heat transfer coefficients are drastically different for conditions of boiling

and/or condensation versus when there is sensible heat change.
 Bubbles break up the films along the wall
 Also dependent upon the temperature difference
across the wall
Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed., Kidnay, Parrish, & Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.
McCartney, 2011

35
Typical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed., Kidnay,

Parrish, & McCartney, 2011

36
Typical Fouling Factors
Add these resistances to the reciprocal of the “clean” overall heat transfer
coefficient

37
Equipment

Gas Processing Applications
Common heat exchangers

 Shell and Tube
 Kettle reboiler
 Aerial coolers
 Plate Frame
 Plate-Fin (Brazed Aluminum)
 Hairpin
 Tank Heaters
http://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/images/media/stories/crude-oil-
refinery/ppi00393_compabloc-brazil_640x360.jpg

39
Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers
Workhorses of the gas processing

industry
Shell side
 Baffles used in the shell side to
minimize channeling
Tube side
 Manifolds allow for even
distribution of fluids into the
tubes & collection/mixing of
fluids out of the tubes
 Multiple tube passes make it
easier to pull the tube bundle for
maintenance/cleaning and…
 … have better allowance for
thermal expansion effects
Fig. 3.6, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed., Kidnay, Parrish, &
McCartney, 2011

40
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (Types)

41
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (Selection)

42
Kettle Reboiler
Shell & tube heat exchanger with the tubes submerged in boiling liquid on the
shell side
 Main resistance to heat transfer is on the tube side since boiling is occurring on the
shell side
Fig. 3.7, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed., Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney, 2011

43
Plate Frame Heat Exchangers
Positives
 Low cost
 Compact – high area per weight &
volume
 Can get very close approach
Fig. 3.9, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd
temperatures (5oF or lower) ed., Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney, 2011
 Can be disassembled to clean
Negative considerations
 Limited maximum allowable working
pressure
 Susceptible to plugging
http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat-
transfer/plate-heat-exchangers-preliminary-design

44
Tank Heaters
Integrated into existing equipment (i.e., tanks or vessels)
https://www.chromalox.com/en/global/case-studies/pocket-heater-
reduces-costs-and-downtime

45
Air-Cooled Exchangers – Fundamentals
Air cooled exchangers cool fluids with ambient air
 Seasonal variation can greatly impact performance
Utilize finned tube in increase heat transfer surface area
www.hudsonproducts.com www.hudsonproducts.com

46
Aerial Coolers
Fans either push air through (forced draft) or pull air through (induced draft) tube
bundle
 Can control the air flow rate either with a variable speed motor or with louviers
Fig. 3.8, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed., Kidnay,

Parrish, & McCartney, 2011
http://spxcooling.com/products/detail/air-cooled-heat-exchangers

47
Aerial Cooler Design Considerations
Typically a small number of diameter tubes (e.g., 1in OD) with fins on the air side
(e.g., 1/2 or 5/8 in)
Design considerations
 Process side – pressure drop for flow inside of tubes
 Air side
• Required air flow
o May need high air flow to prevent
temperature crossover, but…
o High air flow gives higher
pressure drop & fan power
 Mechanical considerations
• Total number of tubes
• Tube layout: number of passes, number
of rows, pitch
• Bay size: typically 45 ft X 15 ft max Ref: GPSA Data Book, 14th ed.

48
Air-Cooled Exchangers – Types
Forced Draft vs. Induced Draft
Advantages: Advantages
 Slightly lower horsepower  Better distribution of air
 Better maintenance accessibility  Less possibility of air recirculation
 Easily adaptable for warm air recirculation  Less effect of sun, rain, or hail
 Most common in gas industry  Increased capacity in the event of fan
failure

49
Air-Cooled Exchanger – Thermal Design
(∆ Temperature – CMTD Figs 10-8 & 9)
F ~ 1.0
for 3+
Over/Under
Passes
Summary

Summary
Common types of heat Heat exchange basics

exchangers used in the gas  Coupling of fluid energy
processing industry balances with heat transfer across
 Shell & tube barrier
 Kettle reboiler  Common heat exchanger
configurations
 Air cooled exchangers
 Typical heat transfer coefficients
 Plate Frame
 Example process calculations
 Plate-Fin (Brazed Aluminum)
involving heat exchangers
 Hairpin
 Tank Heaters

52
Supplemental Slides

LMTD as Area-Averaged Temperature Difference
If the temperature curves are linearly related to the duty then the temperature
difference will also be linearly related to duty
 T 1   T 0   T 1   T 0 
T   T 0  q  d  T   dq
Q Q
Can put into differential form of heat transfer equation & integrate
Q
dq  U  T  da  d  T   U  T  da
 T 1   T 0
d  T   T 1   T 0
U da
T Q
 T 1
d  T   T 1   T 0 A
 T
U
Q  da
 T 0 0
  T 1   T 1   T 0  T 1   T 0
ln    U A  Q  UA  UA  T LM
  0 
T 
Q   T 1 
ln  
  T  
0

54
Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers
http://www.apiheattransfer.com/Product/54/Type-ST-U-Tube-Shell-Tube-Heat-Exchangers

55
Determine

291,800 lb/hr
80 F
 (UA) for the exchanger 145 F
C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
240 F

56
Exchanger duty & C3+ Bottoms outlet temperature determined from energy
balance around exchanger
Q  m c Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in    291800  0.704 160  80   16,434,000 Btu/hr
Q 16434000
Th , out  Th , in   240   136.4o F
m h Cˆ p , h 191600  0.828

 1-1 counter-current flow 1-1 co-current flow
240  160   136.4  80   67.5o F cannot be done – crossover!
 240  160 
ln  
 136.4  80 
Q 16434000 Btu
UA    243, 000 o
 T LMTD 67.5 hr F

57
1-2 exchanger
240  160   136.4  80   67.5o F

 240  160 
ln  
 136.4  80 
160  80
P  0.5
240  80
240  136.4
R  1.3
160  80
Q
UA 
F2  T LMTD
16434000 Btu Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.
  477, 400 o
0.51 67.5 hr F

58
Correction factor below 0.8. Try 2-4 exchanger

240  160   136.4  80   67.5o F
 240  160 
ln  
 136.4  80 
160  80
P  0.5
240  80
240  136.4
R  1.3
160  80
Q
UA 
F2  T LMTD
16434000 Btu
  263, 200 o
0.925  67.5 hr F

59
Cooling Tower Principles
Evaporative cooling (Psychrometry)

 Dry Bulb versus Wet Bulb
Temperature
• Contact dry air with water
• Saturation of air (vaporization of
some water) takes energy
• Air is cooled below ambient – to
“Wet Bulb” temperature
 Takes advantage of air below 100%
humidity
• Wet Bulb MUST be lower than Dry
Bulb temperature

60
Cooling Tower Principles
Evaporative cooling (Psychrometry)

 Wet bulb and dry bulb data for various locations around the world Fig 11-3

61
Example:
How cold can you get?

Air temperature: 95°F
RH = 65%
Temperature with cooling tower?
Temperature with air cooler?
Wet bulb=84°F

Cooling Towers – Mechanical Induced Draft
www.iklimnet.com
www.rjdesjardins.com
63
Cooling Towers – Mechanical Forced Draft
Towertechinc.com

64
Cooling Towers – Wet Surface Air Cooler
www.niagarablower.com

65
Determine

291,800 lb/hr
80°F
 (UA) for the exchanger 145°F
 Does the flow configuration in a 1-2 exchanger

make a difference?
C3+ Bottoms
191,600 lb/hr
240°F

66

 1-2 (1 shell & 2 tube passes) combines both counter & co-current flow
Four possible flow configurations
Hot Stream on Shell Side Cold Stream on Shell Side

67
Four possible flow configurations – all have the same exit temperatures but
different internal profiles

68
I thought you said temperature crossovers weren’t possible????

69

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Equipment Fundamentals:

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

the barrier to the

Updated: January 30, 2018

LMTD is a prescribed calculation – calculating the LMTD from the

LMTD is appropriate for use as the area averaged temperature

Updated: January 30, 2018

Heat exchangers – Co-Current vs. Counter-Current vs. Cross-Current flows

Heat exchangers – Industrial Heat Exchangers

Updated: January 30, 2018

 Exchanger duty C2+ NGL Feed

Updated: January 30, 2018

Q  m c Cˆ p , c  Tc , out  Tc , in    291800  0.704 145  80   13,353,000 Btu/hr

Determination of UA requires configuration information

Q 13353000 Btu Q 13353000 Btu

Updated: January 30, 2018

Determination of UA requires configuration information

Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 30, 2018

 1-2 exchanger calculations require a configuration correction to relate

Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 30, 2018

240  145  155.8  80   85.1o F

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Representation of temperature profiles with combined flow becomes more

Updated: January 30, 2018

 Exchanger duty 240°F

 (UA) for the exchanger

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

240  195.8   90  80   23.0o F

Q 23797000 Btu 90°F

Updated: January 30, 2018

 Both outlet temperatures C2+ NGL Feed

 Exchanger duty 80°F ??? F

Need to couple all three equations relating heat

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Can get significant heat exchange with little to no change in temperature

Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Q  m h  vap  10000 1236   12,360,000 Btu/hr

Air flowrate from its energy balance:

Calculate UA knowing the terminal temperatures

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Just using terminal temperatures gives an incorrect result!

160  110   120  95  36.1o F Q 125680000 Btu

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Q 123600000 Btu Q 2080000 Btu

The total UA is the sum of these two contributions.

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Updated: January 30, 2018

Thermal resistances are added when in series