Teoria Electromagnética y Ondas

Unit 1 - Step 1

Presentado a:
Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez
Tutor

Entregado por:

Andrés Fernando Gómez Urbano

Código: 1.061.711.870

Grupo: 203058_22

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA
CEAD POPAYÁN
FEBRERO DE 2018
 INTRODUCTION

The present work has as objective to give to understand the

importance of the behavior of the waves in different means of
transmission used in telecommunications.
Explain the importance to consider the Skin Deep in medical
treatments.

Electromagnetic fields produced by a source close to the body can

cause thermal and non-thermal biological effects; these may vary
depending on field strength, frequency, wavelength, modulation
and duration of exposure. An example of this is the evidence that
pulsed microwave radiation of low intensity, emitted by cell
phones, can modulate electrophysiological activity in vivo and be
inferred by electrodermal activity.
It depends on the disease that we wish to treat, the type and
depth of the tissue and the modality of ultrasound used,
continuous or pulsatile (figure A). For the healing of inflammatory
processes, non-thermal effects at low frequency usually produce a
favorable cellular response; however, continuous mode with
intensities greater than W / cm² can slow the repair process.
Schematically for continuous ultrasound, it can be established:
<0.3 W / cm² (low intensity) 0.3-1.2 W / cm² (medium intensity)
1.2-2 W / cm² (high intensity) In any case, The patient should be
asked, on a regular basis, about their perception of heat. In case it
is annoying or painful, the intensity should be decreased or go to
pulsatile mode. The pain experienced when the intensity is very
high or the head moves too slowly comes from the periosteum,
and is a sign of an inadequate technique. If the aim is to heat
painful or contracted deep tissues, it is best to apply continuous
ultrasound at a dose of 1.5 to 2 W / cm². The muscles absorb
twice as many ultrasounds as the fatty tissue and the bone, when
it is penetrated, absorbs ten times more than the soft tissues. The
more ultrasonic energy the tissue absorbs, the less intensity of
treatment is required.

Define the following concepts and give an example of a practical

application where they are used:

Power loss: It is called attenuation of a signal, be it acoustic,

electrical or optical, to the loss of power suffered by it when
traveling through any transmission medium, for example, the
attenuation of sound is the distribution of energy of the wave
between a Increasing air volume.
Coupled transmission lines: The real transmission lines do not
extend to infinity, they have a defined length. When they are in
use, they are connected to (terminated in) a load, as illustrated in
Figure 1a. If the load is a pure resistance whose value equals the
characteristic impedance of the line, the line is said to be
"coupled". For the current traveling along the line, said charge at
the end of the line acts as if it were still an extension of the line of
the same characteristic impedance. In a coupled transmission line,
the energy travels along the line outward until it reaches the
charge, where it is fully absorbed.

Load impedance: Component that demands current or power from

an electrical circuit. Normally it is located in parallel with the
output terminal of the circuit, so the load impedance is in parallel
with the output impedance of the circuit, changing the voltage and
current values supplied. The lower the value of the load
impedance, the higher the current demand of the electrical circuit,
bringing it to its maximum operating capacity. Therefore, the
impedance adjustment is recommended for the proper operation
of the circuit. If the load impedance is equal to the output
impedance, an Impedance Coupling is presented, so the current
transfer is maximum and equal for both elements.

Reflection: Is the change of direction of a wave, which, when

coming into contact with the surface of separation between two
changing media, returns to the point where it originated. Common
examples are the reflection of light, sound and waves in the water.

Refraction: is the change of direction and speed that a wave

experiences when passing from one medium to another with
different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave strikes
obliquely on the separation surface of the two media and if they
have different refractive indices. The refraction originates in the
change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.

An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is

immersed in a glass of water: the pencil seems broken. Refraction
also occurs when light passes through layers of air at different
temperatures, on which the refractive index depends. The mirages
are produced by an extreme case of refraction, called total
reflection. Although the phenomenon of refraction is frequently
observed in electromagnetic waves such as light, the concept is
applicable to any type of wave.

Using the electromagnetic spectrum, select a frequency used in

medical treatment and explain how it is used and select a
frequency used in wireless transmission and explain its
application.
Low frequency magnetotherapy works with high power in Gauss,
between 150 and 200 Gauss. For its applications within the low
frequency we could differentiate its application between those
ranging from 1 Hz to 25 Hz, from 25 to 50 Hz and more than 50
Hz, it is more frequent to use low frequencies from one to 25 Hz in
acute pathologies, Around 50 Hz is the frequency of choice in
multiple chronic pathologies and from 50 Hz are usually used with
programs that combine multiple frequencies for a treatment that
reaches different target tissues at the same time. In any case,
both the intensity and the frequency and duration of the treatment
must be directly related to the symptoms presented by the
pathology and the patient's personal history.

Wireless networks operate on two standard frequencies. The

frequency represents the speed at which data is transmitted and
received between devices in the wireless network. Protocols are
sets of instructions that manage the interaction of devices and
data in the wireless network. You can get the best performance
out of your Wi-Fi network if you follow some simple optimization
guidelines.
5 GHz: 802.11a / n
2.4 GHz: 802.11b / g / n