INTERNACIONALNI UNIVERZITET TRAVNIK

SAOBRAĆAJNI FAKULTET TRAVNIK

Public Transportation Systems

SUBJECT: Engleski Jezik

Mentor: Student:
Prof.Dr. Murat Dizdarević Ajdin Talić – S-14/17
S.Assistant Aida Terzić

Travnik, november 2018

Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. Public Transport ...................................................................................................................... 4
3. Basic Functions Of Public Transport....................................................................................... 5
4. Movement of Public Transport Vehicles ................................................................................. 6
5. Classification Of The Public Transport ................................................................................... 7
5.1. FORMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT ................................................................................. 7
5.2. INDEPENDENT RAIL SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 12
6. Problems In Public Transportation ........................................................................................ 14
7. TAXI...................................................................................................................................... 15
8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 16
9. Literature ............................................................................................................................... 17
1. Introduction

Public transportation systems include a variety of transit options such as buses, light rail, and
subways. These systems are available to the general public, may require a fare, and run at
scheduled times. The purpose of introducing or expanding public transportation is to increase
access to and use of public transit while, at the same time, reducing motor vehicle miles driven
and traffic congestion.

Public transportation systems are often implemented at the local or regional level and can be
supported by federal initiatives, such as the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST)
Act. Los Angeles County is one example of a region that expanded its public transportation
system using local, state, and federal funding
2. Public Transport

A new era where the spatial, functional and environmental problems of cities loaded with
induvidual motorization, and in particular cities larger than 100,000 inhabitants, can not be
organized in a very good way without well organized systems for collective passenger transport.
Surface forms of public transport (PT) such as buses, trolleybuses or trams, with normal
transport effects (5,000-8,000 [passenger / h / direction], compared to a passenger car, engage 12
to 15 times smaller carriageway surfaces, while the capacity of rail systems on the underground
principles can be easily organized in an easy way without any physical consequences for the
environment and the environment. These facts, derived from modern life development, attract
more attention and give importance to public public transport and place this topic at the center of
planning and design researchers in the field of urban planning and traffic in the cities of modern
society. However, in order to provide adequate traffic effects, it is necessary that the means of
collective means of travel be attractive to citizens. This can only be achieved if the public
transport lines, with a great deal of driving, achieve a comfortable, reliable, safe and fast
transport. In particular, this last condition is important, ie, time of travel, an important criterion
for decision making on the choice of means of transport.

To undertake these objectives, it is necessary to undertake thoughtful urban and recurrent

measures such as:

- physical separation of public and industrial traffic (special bus tape, special carriageway for
transmissions, special level for faster railroad traffic, etc.), ie creation of conditions for the
functioning of spatially independent public transport networks from one and the road network on
the other;

- bringing public city transport closer to the place of residence and concentration of other
activities (ie reducing pedestrian distances), increasing collective transport in places of higher
concentration of people;

- favoring public urban transport by course regulatory measures (eg priority on surface
intersections, exclusive right to access to attractive zones, etc.)

Only with such and similar measures, which must be undertaken as part of the functioning of the
society or as part of the social action, reliable results in urban traffic can be expected in the field
of hurry. In the course of many years of development and application in the city conditions, their
value has been completely regulated by the surface views of the public city transport and
capacity metro-type rail systems.
3. Basic Functions Of Public Transport

Public city transport, as a term, has been used in ancient Ancient cities. It is known that the
Romans invested heavily in building roads and roads that were a clue within their Empire. They
had a very large and branched network of roads throughout the territory of their Empire, so it is
assumed that the network of them had about 150 000 km. The Roman road had several layers.
The deepest pieces of stone were the deepest, while the road surface was smaller. The final,
driving layer was paved with stone slabs. The roads had on both sides on both sides and tracks
for pedestrians two to three meters wide. The width of the road ranged from five to seven meters.
The beginnings of public city transport date back to the appearance of the lorry in London in
1600 as the precursor of overground public transport, through omnibus in 1798, a tram with
horse-drawn wreck in 1832, suburban railroads in 1838, metro in 1863, electric tram in 1880,
and in 1889 a bus appears, which becomes the dominant mode of transport in virtually every
country in the world.

The way public transport operates is different from the individual

traffic. While the individual traffic is characterized by a choice of free time of departure
depending on the needs and time of the choice of the route, while in the case of public city
transport, the time component of the offer is determined by the order of the route, and the routes
and stations through the formed road network.

Taxi is the only mode of transport that could be connected to the public city transport system,
and has features close to individual motorized transport. Both systems at the points of movement
(source and destination of the journey) include short-term / long-term hiking. In passenger cars,
it is mainly a relatively short distance to the vehicle and no waiting. In the case of public urban
transport, the original movement of movement is longer and proportionate to the level of
balancing the urban upgrade and the public transport line. As the system is in order, the
passenger must wait for the ride.

Public transport lines less well cover the territory of the city, usually there is a need to move
from one line to another or from the line one on the line of another mode of transport. In other
words, the waiting and transfer of passengers is an inevitable phenomenon that, through the
urban structure and organization of the lines, should be minimized to the minimum. When it
comes to large cities and / or public transport systems of the regional range, there is a possibility
that the connection from the source (destination) to the station of the public city transport line is
a passenger bus (the so-called "park and ride"). Of course, with comparative overviews of these
systems, they do not lose sight of the higher levels of car in the car (eg comfort, comfort, safety)
4. Movement of Public Transport Vehicles

In addition to certain conditions that are defined (ie according to the driving mode), collective
transport modes have defined locations of individual stations and interurban shares, which form a
line of public transport as a basic functional element. Due to the existence of vehicles that have
to be stopped, the time of moving a single public transport vehicle between the two adjacent
stations (tuk) depends on the driving mode and the sum of the following time components:
acceleration (ta), driving between stations (TV), deceleration (td) and standing at the station (tst).
As the public transport line involves arranged sequential series of individual interactions

The distance follows that it is necessary to determine the characteristic speeds at the level of one
drive, that is, at the level of one line. The following measurement units are used to describe the
operation of a single transport line:

The maximum speed (Vmax) that is necessary depends on the driving and donor
characteristics of the vehicle (eg engine power, weight / power ratio, internal resistance, body
shape, air resistance, vehicle age, etc.). In superficial aspects, this can be the allowed speed of
regulation by the regulation, which is determined by the traffic regulation (Vvax = Vd),

Traffic speed (Vs), which is the average speed of driving speed at all inter-distance distances,
i.e. without retention time at stations and terminals (tp = ta + tv + td = tuk-tst). This speed can
vary by unit spacing, which consists of a line primarily due to different lengths but also different
conditions from the outside, such as conditions for acceleration and / or deceleration and driving
at the highest speed (eg longitudinal slope).

The transport velocity (Vp), also referred to as the expander speed, is the mean velocity at the
entire length of the line, including the retention on the cells

In spatially independent public transport lines (eg underground rail systems), driving conditions
are approximate and the calculated speeds do not differ significantly in directions. In the case of
surface means of public urban transport, different conditions of driving can be reported in
directions, primarily due to different weather influences and spatial concentration of demand,
that is, the difference because of the number of other vehicles in the direction of the common
carriageway. This phenomenon is characteristic for different periods as well as for different
concentrations of people.
5. Classification Of The Public Transport

The very criteria for the codification of public transport in the city are numerous, from the degree
of safety from the impact of road traffic to driving characteristics. Basic urban transport groups
can be distinguished:

1. surface forms of public urban transport,

2. Independent rail systems

5.1. FORMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

-Omnibus, Public transport in cities begins to occur with the omnibus appearance. This name
implies a large closed passenger carriage. These are long wooden boxes with windows and seats,
on wheels drawn by horses. For the first time they appeared farther in 1798 in England in
suburban London transport. Omnibuses originate from postal vehicles used to transport ships to
distant places. The first London omnibuses were extremely tight. They could have received 14-
20 passengers, which was not enough for the then-populated London population. In order to
solve this problem, the citizens were imaginative, and they used the omnibus roof as additional
places for passenger transportation. Over time, they set up stairs for easier climbing on the roof,
thus gaining in the place and efficiency of the transportation of people. Therefore, the omnibus is
considered the forerunner of the "double-decker" bus. Omnibus is able to quickly push back to
the competitor's chariot and become the main means of transport in the big cities of the world. It
remains in use until the end of the first decade of the 20th century.

Picture 1. Omnibus
-Tram

The first tram that appeared in the city's public transport was a horse-drawn tram. It can be
rightfully said that this first tram was in fact an omnibus that was moving around the rails, which
was dragged by horses. Unlike an ordinary omnibus, the tram to the horse-drawn train was
somewhat larger and could accommodate over 30 passengers. It is important to note that this
type of passenger transport was also used in Sarajevo, where the tram to the horse trail first
passed the streets of Sarajevo in 1885.

Picture 2. Horse-drawn tram

The biggest problem of trams with horse trains were narrow and curved streets, located in the
hilly areas of cities. In addition, hard and hard work affected the wear of horses that could not
work for more than 3 years. In an attempt to solve these problems, people came to the idea of
producing a steam tram. Due to the high noise, pronounced air pollution and high financial costs,
this type of passenger transport has not gained great popularity. In an effort to overcome the
above-mentioned problems in 1905, an electric tram arrives, which suppresses all of the
aforementioned types of public city passenger transport. The first electric tram in the world was
built by the company "Simens and Halske" in 1881, which operated on the line Berlin-Lihterfeld
put into traffic on May 16, 1881. And here it is important to note that the electric tram first
passed the streets of Sarajevo in the distance of 1895. Due to the need for greater capacity and
available places for the transport of passengers, two-way electric trams are also occurring. The
tram, as the most important, most economical and most comfortable means of transportation,
dominated the public transport of passengers until the thirties of this century, when the bus began
to compete and over time won its role.

Picture 3. Electric tram

- Bus

As a road vehicle, for decades, the bus has been very well adapted to cities and all changes in
public urban transport. The development of a car, specifically the construction of the first
internal combustion engine, was a condition for the existence of a bus in the public city transport
of passengers. The first bus appeared in 1899 in Great Britain, and four years later in Germany.
Shortly after their arrival, city administrations are replacing omnibuses with new forms of
passenger transport - buses. Soon many tram companies will start to acquire buses and organize
bus lines in addition to tram traffic. It is interesting that some of the more prosperous schools
have recognized the role and importance of the appearance of the bus, so they had their own
small fleet that transported students from school to house.

Picture 4. School bus

The occurrence of the bus has expanded the radius of public transport of passengers up to 20
kilometers from the starting point. Many automobile companies have competed to make a
bigger, more beautiful, more comfortable and more economical bus. In search of as busy buses
as possible, automotive companies came up with the idea of doing so. "Double decker" buses -
two-story buses.

Picture 5. Double decker bus

Today, the bus is the most common mode of transportation in most cities in the world. In
addition to its enormous presence in public transport, buses have been used for other purposes in
the past few years: the introduction of van linijski transport, buses as a means of transporting
tourists - tourist attraction of large cities, etc.
5.2. INDEPENDENT RAIL SYSTEMS

Metro

Metro is the most suitable form of public city transport by an electric railway for mass
transportation of passengers that operates both above and below the ground. It is also the oldest
subway system in the world. The first metro in the world was the London Metro which was put
into operation in January 1863. For steam, steam locomotive was used, which was why the
quality of the transport was poor, but the fast service on the line attracted a large number of
passengers. A little later, an electric tow truck is also introduced.

Picture 6. Metro

The biggest problem was the construction of underground metro traffic routes and their planned
expansion for the rural areas, as well as the construction of tunnels, but given that the metro has
greatly influenced the smaller blockade of the streets and the mass transport of passengers from
destination A to destination B, and more becomes the main means of transport for every major
city.
Suburban Railway

It connects city areas and their suburban areas. It was reported as the need to extend public
urban traffic to suburban parts because of the easier passage of passengers from distant places to
the city center. They originated from local trains on the main intercity rail lines.

Picture 7. Train

The first suburban railroad was opened in 1838 in London and covered the area in a radius of
more than 15km from the city center. "The first suburban railways operated on a steam drive,
and around the 1900s, suburban railroads began to operate on an electric tow. Thanks to the
suburban railroad, there was an increase in the city radius to over 35km.
6. Problems In Public Transportation

The problems of urban traffic, according to many, are precisely the result of excessive
accumulation of private vehicles in city traffic, especially in the city center. Almost every city
solves this problem in its own way. Cluttered or choked traffic occurs when many vehicles travel
at the same time at the same road, which makes the traffic slow down and stops altogether.
According to many, the construction of new roads is not the right solution to fight congestion, as
new roads are considered to bring new cars with them. Others, however, believe that one of the
better solutions is, in fact, the use of public city traffic. It is a big problem of traffic plans to
manage traffic and to combat traffic accidents. Engineers are developing procedures to avoid
congestion, so they charge tolls, they are based on underground traffic, are embedded in
automotive navigation systems that alert drivers for upcoming crowds, and introduce green
waves. A green wave is a term that is encountered in public city transport, and it signifies the
synchronization of traffic lights at intersections in sequence. More explicitly, the green wave
suggests that at every next traffic light a green light and unimpeded passage to the source of our
path awaits us.
7. TAXI

"In the United States, in the time of developing bus transport, a form of free bus transport has
been developed, called" the jet ". The quieter were private cars, low-cost transport services,
without a certain order, and served mainly for rent. The first dent appeared in Los Angeles in
1914 and they are considered to be the forerunners of taxi vehicles and the appearance of rent-a-
car vehicles. "Taxi vehicles are all those vehicles, mostly cars, which charge a passenger and
cargo service on any route within or out of town. The occurrence of taxi vehicles has in many
cases jeopardized the existence and the development of public transport of passengers, so taxi
companies are considered the largest competitor of public city transport.

Benefits of a taxi vehicle

- daylight hours (in some cities, public city transport works at a certain time period, meaning that
it does not work 24 hours a day)

- faster and more precise transport of passengers and goods from the starting point to the source
(unstable stations, crowds, etc.)

- greater security (the phenomenon of so-called "jeepers" is an increasing concern and insecurity
of passengers in public urban transport)

Disadvantages of taxi vehicles

- increasing the number of taxi vehicles is directly proportional to the increase in traffic
congestion traffic to environmental pollution

- transportation of a taxi vehicle more expensive than the transport by means of public urban
transport

- work on the black (occurrence of "wild" taxi carriers, not owning a taximeter, etc.)
8. Conclusion

Urban transport has been developed in all cities over 100,000 inhabitants, but also in many and
under 100,000 inhabitants. It carries daily billions of passengers in the world. This is
undoubtedly the most frequent form of transportation in general. The complexity of city transport
is very high. Today, every city organizes its own transport according to its own requirements and
its own capabilities, so it is difficult to determine the identity or unification of the world's urban
transport. This makes more difficult the rational planning of this transportation on a global scale.
Public transport itself (JGP) should provide people with safe transport, as in the case of
economic exuberance, as public transport should be considerably cheaper than private cars in
traffic. Naturally, public urban transport is faced with ever increasing problems, such as an
increasing number of passengers using public transport. In recent times, there will be only some
modes of transport, those who are justified in all aspects, while some forms of transport will be a
past. Naturally, with the increase in people in urban transport, the level of environmental
pollution would decrease, and therefore the number of traffic accidents we encounter daily.
Public public transport should provide all the opportunities in the functioning of modern society,
and to become part of our everyday life. It is also important to note that public transport means
are cheaper than using a private car and, in addition, less polluting air. Thus, for example, the
subway can easily transfer two million people a day, while two million cars will ruin all roads. It
is precisely because of this fact that city administrations are obliged to encourage people to make
greater use of public transport in their city.
9. Literature

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport

[2] Cascetta, Ennio Transportation Systems Engineering, 2001

[3] Ignacio Julio García Zuazola, Enrique Onieva, Unai Hernandez-Jayo, Asier Perallos,
Intelligent Transport Systems, 2015