1.

INTRODUCTION

The sedimentary basins are geological structures that represent a great

importance in the geology applied to oil, since hydrocarbons originate in them in
considerable quantities. It is important to point out that the origin and formation of
the basin should be well known, since this will make it easier for geologists to carry
out the relevant studies in the exploration phase. These are classified according to
their formation, be it tectonic, extensional, compressive or pull apart (separation);
and according to where it is located geographically, in continents, seas or in
transition (continent-sea).

- Cross stratification

- Channel structure

- Ondulitas

- Sedimentary facie.

It is the appearance of a sedimentary rock or sediment derived from its

composition, structure and fossil content. The changes of facies are referred to
variations in the appearance of the sediments or sedimentary rocks deposited
simultaneously. These differences are due to lateral variations in the environment,
since sedimentary environments are limited. That is, deposits with specific
characteristics change laterally and gradually to others with different characteristics
formed at the same time. the study of facies changes, together with sedimentary
environments leads to the interpretation of the sedimentation history of a given
area.

The concept of facies has been used in many different senses, both in a
descriptive sense and in an interpretative sense. thus for example the biofacies
and lithofacies are examples of descriptive facies, since it has to do with concrete
aspects of the sedimentary bodies such as their composition, their internal
structure, their granulometry, etc.
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2. OBJECTIVE

- Know theoretically the subject of sedimentary basins and their importance with
hydrocarbons.

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The sedimentary basins cover approximately 75% of the earth's surface but the
sedimentary rocks only represent 5% of the volume of the lithosphere (thin cover).

Sedimentary basin:

1. Subsurface area of the earth's crust where sediments have accumulated

2. Depression ready to receive sediments

3. Relative depression of the earth's crust, closed physically and dynamically,

where the by-products accumulate over the dismantling of the surrounding
relief.

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An "ad hoc" classification could correspond to the preservation of the elements of
the basin in its original geotectonic framework in: ancient and modern (and current)

 ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS

When powerful sedimentary thicknesses are found, their origin is attributed to

previous and / or contemporaneous subsidence with sedimentation. Allen & Allen
(2005) define a sedimentary basin as "a place on the earth's surface that has
experienced prolonged subsidence".

The subsidence mechanisms are mostly related to the properties and behavior of
the outer, cold, and rigid portion of the crust known as the lithosphere.

The lithosphere is composed of a discrete number of tectonic plates that

continuously interact with each other through their edges or undergo processes
inside.

Therefore, the genesis and development of the sedimentary basins is part of the
dynamics of global tectonics.

The types of interaction between plates can be classified as convergent, divergent

and conservative (margins). Although in the margins of the plates is where the
greatest deformation develops inside them there are also important fields of efforts.
The genesis of a sedimentary basin is then related to tectonic, erosive and
sedimentary processes. It can then be considered that the origin of a sedimentary
basin is owes to the coincidence of tectonic and sedimentary phenomena. Many
times it is interesting to study the filling of the basin and its evolution more than the
origin and "birth" of it (although both aspects are related).

Compositionally, the earth can be divided into the following zones: continental
crust, oceanic crust, mantle and core.

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According to its rheology, the outermost layers constitute the more rigid lithosphere
(crust and upper part of the mantle) and the more ductile asthenosphere.

The segmented lithosphere in a series of discrete plates in continuous movement,

repeating again and again the Wilson Cycle which is the main genetic and
evolutionary factor of the basins (at least to a large scale).

 CLASSIFICATIONS

Following the scheme of Dickinson (1974) based on plate tectonics, sedimentary

basins can be classified using three basic parameters:

a) The type of bark on which they settle

b) The position with respect to the limits of plates

c) type of interaction between closest plates during sedimentation

In its original scheme Dickinson (1974) recognizes 5 types of basins:

1. Ocean basins,

2. Continental rift margins,

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 3. arch-pit systems,

4. suture strips and

5. intracontinental

These types should be added those related to course displacements and transfornt
failures conceptual framework of sedimentary basins according to plate tectonics.

Note that according to this the main efforts and interactions occur in the limits of
the plates and therefore the intracratónicas basins are absent.

However, it is known thatthe efforts are propagated for long distances to through
the lithosphere

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  FORM AND ELEMENTS OF THE BASINS

The shape of the basins is very variable. Its form in general depends on the scale
at which it is examined. However, some basic types are recognized: basins (more
or less) circular, inlets (embayments) and grooves (elongated).

Elements of the basin:

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-Bordes or margins: mark the limits of sedimentation. They can be more or less net
or diffuse according to their relief. They can be more or less constant or mobile
during the life of a basin.

- Ejection of the basin: imaginary line that joins the lowest points of the structural
surface of the basement.

- Topographic map: it is the imaginary line that joins the lowest points of a basin at
a time of its evolution.

-Depocentro: point where the highest thickness of sediment is reached at a time of

its evolution.

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 SIZE AND PRESERVATION OF WATERSHEDS

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Just as there is a great variability in the form there is also a great variability in the
size of the sedimentary basins and in the thickness of sediments that they contain.
There are relatively small basins with sedimentary thicknesses of a few hundred to
a few thousand meters and others much larger where many thousands of meters
have accumulated.

Some types of basins are common and volumetrically important and others are
rare in the geological record because they are preferably removed by uplift and
erosion and / or deformation by tectonic processes.

A distinction must be made between preservation of the basin and preservation of

its sedimentary fill. In general, basins formed on oceanic crust have less potential
for preservation given the high probability of destruction by subduction.

Veizer and Jansen (1979; 1985) established an empirical method for estimate the
life of sedimentary basins and their fill. They estimated the following "average lives"
for:

- Ances of active margin: 30 ma

- Oceanic sediments: 40 m

- Basses of passive margin: 80 ma

- immature orogenic belts: 100 ma

-Orgenic orogenic belts and platforms: 380 ma

 WATERSHED CONTROL MECHANISMS

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The evolution and filling of a sedimentary basin is controlled by several factors
(tectonics, eustasia, mother area, climate, transport agents, etc.). Theoretically, we
speak of external (subsidence, climate) and internal factors (carbonaceous
constructions, transport agents) but except in some cases it is very difficult to
separate them.

Mother area: The contributions that reach the basin depend on the geology of the
mother area. This can be changing throughout the evolution of the basin
(Petrology).

Climate: Influences both the mother area and within the basin in the depository
systems (sedimentology, petrology).

Contributions: The amount of sediment that reaches the basin and the one
produced within it influences the distribution of sediments and depositional systems
(Sedimentology, stratigraphy)

Transport agents: The action of the starter and transport agents influences both
the mother area and within the basin, conditioning depositional systems and
sediment distribution (Sedimentology, stratigraphy).

Subsidence: The basins receive but above all they preserve sediments because
they are areas that suffer subsidence. Subsidence creates or destroys
accommodation space. Mainly due to tectonic phenomena and others related to
the thermal behavior of the lithosphere.

- Subsidence by isostasy

- Thermal subsidence

- Subsidy by lithospheric extension

- Subsidy by loading / unloading the lithosphere

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Eustasia: global changes in sea level (ascents and descents). Reconstruction
based on the analysis of seismic profiles (seismoestratigraphy) and
sedimentological studies.

-Glacio -eustasia

-Tectono -eustasia

-Geoidal eclipse

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Space of accommodation: It is the result of a combination of factors mentioned
above. It refers to the volume of the basin that can potentially be filled with
sediment. However, the accumulation occurs mostly in the margins while the basin
center can remain "empty".

Accommodation is generated by subsidence, sediment compaction or positive

eustachianship. Tectonic ascents, negative eustasia reduce the accommodation
space.

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4. CONCLUSIONS

We finally come to understand about sedimentary basins and their relationship with
hydrocarbons

5. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

Garcia 2016 “Cuencas Sedimentarias” recovered from:

file:///C:/Users/Asus/Downloads/Clase_2-Cuencas_intro%20(1).pdf

Roman 2013 “Tena IV Cuencas Sedimentarias” recovered from:

https://es.slideshare.net/juanroman3591/4-cuencas-sedimentarias1

Guerrero 2016 “Proceso de Subsidencia” recovered from:

https://es.slideshare.net/lizdayanaguerrero/procesos-de-subsidencia

6. GLOSSARY

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Sedimentary: In geology, what is sedimentary, is related to the formation by
means of which the sediments, both organic and inorganic, are established,
generally by the movement of water and by the wind, in which the sediment layers
are compacted and they get a solid, very hard state.

Geotectónico: Of the form, disposition and structure of the rocks and lands that
constitute the terrestrial crust or relative to it

Subsidence: Process of vertical sinking of a sedimentary basin as a result of the

weight of the sediments that are deposited in it in a progressive manner.

Topography: Technique that consists in describing and representing in a plane the

surface or relief of a terrain

Subduction: Process by which a lithospheric plate is under another plate, either

oceanic or continental.

Orogenic: Are the horizontal movements of the earth's crust.

Eustasia: Set of movements, negative or positive, of the sea level; they are due
exclusively to a variation in the volume of the oceanic depressions or in the overall
volume of the waters. This variation may be due to intense sedimentation in the
seabed, subsidence of the bottom itself, melting of glacial ice, etc.

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