1 Explain VI & polar characteristic of a directional relay.

2 Explain 3-stepped distance protection scheme.

3 Derive an expression for the restriking voltage in terms of system voltage,

inductance and capacitance across a circuit breaker contact when a 3-phase
fault takes place. Assume the neutral of the system to be solidly grounded.
4 What is universal torque equation .Using this equation derive the following
characteristic.(i)impedance relay (ii)reactance relay (iii)mho relay .Draw the
characteristics and indicate clearly the zone of protection & no operation.
6 Explain the working of an air blast circuit breaker with the help of suitable
diagram.

7 Explain the working of a vacuum circuit breaker.

8 Explain the working of a SF6 circuit breakers.

9 Explain the construction, principle of operation and application of buchholz

relay.

10 What are the types of grounding? Explain reactance & resistance grounding.

11 Explain the function of Peterson coil & how it helps in reducing arcing
grounds.

12 Describe the construction & principle of operation of rod gaps & horn gap
type lightning arrester.

13 Describe in details the protection of parallel feeder & ring mains.

14 What are the merits of static relay over electromagnetic relay?

15 Explain the protection of a 3-phase star connected generator by means of a

percentage differential relay.

16 With a neat diagram explain the working of induction type directional over
current relay.

17 Draw the key diagram of a typical 66kV/11kV substation.

18 Restricted earth fault protection is provided to alternators though it does not

protect complete wiring against earth fault .Justify this type of protection.

19 Describe the frame leakage bus bar protection scheme & differential bus bar
protection.
20 With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the working of a Air Blast
Circuit Breaker.
21 With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the working principle of
an Induction-Type Over-current Relay.
22 Describe various protection schemes of an alternator for different faults and
abnormal running conditions.
23 Describe the protection schemes employed for Bus Bar Protection.

24 Explain various types of faults taking place in an alternator. Also explain how
negative sequence protection is achieved.
25 Enlist the main equipments used in a substation along with their respective
functions. Also, draw a layout of a typical substation.
26 Compare the characteristics of : (i) impedance relay; (ii) mho relay; and (iii)
reactance relay. Also, mention the respective applications of these relays.
27 Describe the construction and working principle of following types of relays:
(a) Electromagnetic type instantaneous relays
(b) Induction type directional relays
(c) Distance relays
28 Explain the following terms: recovery voltage, restriking voltage and RRRV.
Derive the expression for restriking voltage in terms of system capacitance
and inductance.
29 Explain the working of:
(a) Air blast circuit breaker
(b) SF6 circuit breaker
(c) Minimum oil circuit breaker
30 Discuss different transformer faults. What are the various protection schemes
generally used for transformers?
31 What is Merz-Price voltage protection scheme? How does it protect feeders?
Explain with a neat diagram.
32 In the context of transformer protection, please explain:
(a) Biased differential protection
(b) Restricted earth fault protection
33 Discuss SF6 circuit breaker with a neat sketch.

34 Explain different types of protection schemes.

35 Explain how distance relays are advantageous compared to over current
relays.
36 Explain restricted earth fault relay of an alternator with the help of neat
diagram.
37 Explain the requirement of an automatic field suppression and neutral circuit
breaker of an alternator.
38 Explain Split core protection of feeder?

39 Why Capacitive current interruption is difficult?

40 Explain biased differential protection scheme.

41 Discuss vacuum circuit breaker with a neat sketch.

42 Explain the time graded protection scheme for ring-main feeder.

43 Explain different arc initiation, maintenance and extinction methods.

44 Explain the 3 zone distance protection of transmission line?

45 Explain the operation of harmonic restraint relay for transformer protection.

46 Explain Horn gap arrester with a neat sketch.

47 Explain Rod gap arrester with a neat sketch.

48 Explain Translay protection scheme with a neat sketch.

49 Write short notes on:

Split core protection of feeders
Static Relay
HRC Fuse
carrier current protection
Various methods of neutral grounding
Types of substations
Zones of protection