Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
MANIKANDAN.T (15MTR052)
MANIKANDAN.P (15MTR051)
MANOJ ARAVIND.S (15MTL128)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND MECHANICAL SCIENCES
NOVEMBER 2018
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
NOVEMBER 2018
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled AUTOMATIC FLOWER POT
MAKING MACHINE is the bonafide record of project work done by
MANIKANDAN.T (15MTR052), MANIKANDAN.P (15MTR051), MANOJ
ARAVIND.S (15MTL128) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechatronics Engineering of Anna University,
Chennai during the year 2018– 2019.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Ms.T.Tamilarasi M.E., Dr.R.Parameshwaran M.E., Ph.D.,
Supervisor, Head of the Department,
Mechatronics Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering,
Kongu Engineering College, Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai – 638060. Perundurai – 638060.
i
DECLARATION
We affirm that the Project Report titled, AUTOMATIC FLOWER POT MAKING
MACHINE, being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering is the original work carried out by us. It has
not formed the part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any
other candidate.
Date:
MANIKANDAN.T
(15MTR052)
MANIKANDAN.P
(15MTR51)
MANOJ ARAVIND.S
(15MTL128)
I certify that the declaration made by the above candidates is true to the best of
my knowledge.
Date:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, our sincere thanks to the almighty, who has
blessed us to accomplish the project successfully. Then, we thank our
correspondent Thiru. A.Venkatachalam B.A., B.L., and all the members of
Kongu Vellalar Institute of Technology Trust for providing us with a plethora of
facilities to complete our project in a successful manner.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
TITLE
NO
NO.
ABSTRACT VII
LIST OF FIGURES IX
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation of the Project 1
2 OBJECTIVE
2.1 Literature Collection 3
2.1.1 Pottery 3
2.2 Existing System 3
2.2.1 Drawbacks 4
2.3 Proposed Solution 4
2.31 Advantages 5
2.4 Working Principle 5
3 FEASIBILITY STUDY
3.1 Economic feasibility 6
3.2 Operational Feasibility 6
3.3 Technical Feasibility 6
4 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
4.1 Brief Description of the design 7
4.2 Components Description 7
iv
4.2.1 DC Wiper Motor 7
4.2.2 Arduino 7
4.2.3 Lead screw 9
4.2.4 Pneumatic cylinder 10
4.2.5 DCV 11
4.2.6 Relay Coil 11
4.2.7 pneumatic hose 12
4.2.8 Bearing 12
4.2.9 Die 13
4.2.10 Bolt and Nut 14
4.2.11 Hopper 14
4.2.12 Proximity sensor 15
4.2.13 DC Motor 15
4.2.14 Rack and Pinion 16
4.2.15 Gear 16
4.3 Design Calculation 17
4.3.1 Mass of the components 17
4.3.2 Motor Specification 17
4.3.3 Arduino specification 18
4.3.4 Electronic Relay Specification 18
4.3.5 Battery Specification 18
5 FABRICATION PROCESS
5.1 CAD Modelling 19
5.2 Electrical Section 19
5.3 Mechanical and Pneumatic Section 20
6 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE
6.1 Conclusion 22
6.2 Future Scope 22
v
REFERENCE 23
APPENDIX 24
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
LIST OF UNITS AND ABBREVATIONS
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
4.5 DCV
11
4.8 Bearing
13
4.9 Die
14
4.11 Hopper
14
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
At the present time, plants are commonly grown in plastic pots rather than the
clay flower pots. Plastic pots are deficient in that the soil temperature is affected by
fluctuations in the temperature of the atmosphere. These variations in soil
temperature affect the growth of the plant.
For increase the productivity of clay flower pot rather that the plastic or
compressed mature, clay flower pot is always better than plastic. The figure 1.1
shows the plant which grows in clay flower pot.
1
Figure 1.1 Clay flower pot with plant
2
CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the project is to produce the clay flower pot with minimum
cost .Because the clay flower pot usage is decreased due the plastic flower pot. In
clay flower pot making only minimum number of people only working, this will
increase the productivity of clay flower pot.
2.1.1 POTTERY
Pottery is the clay material which makes up pottery wares, of which major
types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares
are made by a potter is also called a pottery. Clay ware takes on varying physical
characteristics during the making of pottery. (Bradshaw & Bradshaw Vincent L,
1981)Green ware refers to unfired objects. At sufficient moisture content, bodies at
this stage are in their most plastic form (they are soft and malleable, and hence can
be easily deformed by handling).Leather- hard refers to a clay body that has been
dried partially. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content.
Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle
attachment often occurs at the leather- hard state. Bone-dry refers to clay bodies
when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. At that moisture level, the item is
ready to be bisque fired. Biscuit refers to the clay after the object is shaped to the
desired form and fired in the kiln for the first time, known as "bisque fired" or "biscuit
fired". This firing changes the clay body in several ways. Mineral components of the
clay body will undergo chemical changes that will change the colour of the clay.
Glaze fired is the final stage of some pottery making. A glaze may be applied to the
bisque form and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is
"glazed fired", which causes the glaze material to melt, then adhere to the object.
The glaze firing will also harden the body still more as chemical processes can
continue to occur in the body.
Pottery is made by forming clay body into objects of a required shape and
3
heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from
the clay, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including
increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. (Lundberg et.al,
1980) A clay body can be decorated before or after firing; however, prior to some
shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Figure 2.1 explains the traditional clay
pot making process. Kneading helps to ensure an moisture content throughout the
body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed.
2.1.1 DRAWBACKS
The process of making flower pot through traditional method will take much
time.
The productivity of the clay flower pot will be very much low in traditional
method because only less number of employees are working in the pottery
field.
Due to the less productivity the plastic flower pot are increased much then
the clay flower pot.
The flower pot shaped die and mold are used to get desired shape of the pot.
In the mold the clay mixture is deposited and the die is connected with pneumatic
piston which will give the pressure to press the clay mixture .Then the required
shape get obtained. Then by heating the mold the pot get hardened the cement and
wood powder are used as a additives to prevent crack while heating.
4
2.2.1 ADVANTAGES
The clay flower pot are manufactured in less time. While traditional me method
take too much of time.
The productivity is also more than the traditional method.
It is very easy to operate the machine.
The clay and the additive such as cement and wood power are mixed and
deposited in the hopper. The proximity sensor will detect the level of the clay mixture
when it reach its level the hopper is opened. And the clay mixture is deposited into
the mold. Another proximity sensor will detect the clay mixture in the mold when it
detected the pneumatic piston is actuated at the end of the piston the die will be
connected. The 5/2 solenoid actuated DCV will get actuated by a relay and 12v
battery. So the spool in the DCV changed and actuates the pneumatic cylinder. Then
the die will press the clay mixture then it obtained the required shape. The mold part
is heated by the nichrome wire. The supply is given at the nichrome wire then it
change that electrical energy into heat energy. After attending a certain time limit the
flower pot got hardened. When it get hardened the motor at the bottom is actuated.
The leadscrew is initially connected to the motor using spur gear. When the motor
rotate the leadscrew will move in up and down direction. The bearing is welded at
the each end of the leadscrew. Nut is connected at the leadscrew and a small plate
is welded with the nut. When leadscrew rotate the nut moves up and down. The
plate is at the bottom of mold which is used to lift the pot.
5
CHAPTER 3
FEASIBILITY STUDY
The machine is easily portable the transportation will not be an issue. The
mechanical and the electrical design are easy to understand. Complex design is not
involved. Most of the components are joined with nut and bolt so it can be easily
removed and joined. Therefore our project is technically feasible.
6
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The setup is broadly divided in to three major parts; one is the mechanical
setup involving the Gear, leadscrew, Bearings,. While the second part is the
electrical circuit involving limit switch, relays, microcontroller, motor and the third part
is Pneumatic system involving Pneumatic Cylinders, DCV, Hoses, The three parts
work with synergy to perform the Automatic clay flower pot making process .Once
the inputs from the proximity sensor is obtained the pneumatic cylinder which contain
the die, the supply for the nichrome wire and the motor in the bottom can be
actuated . Table 4.1 shows the components mainly used in the system.
A machine that converts direct current power into mechanical power is known
as D.C Motor. Its generation is based on the principle that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force. The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. Figure 4.1
shows the DC motor used in this project. When the terminals of the motor are
connected to an external source of dc supply; The field magnets are excited
developing alternate N and S poles.
The armature conductors carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry
currents in one direction while all the conductors under S-pole carry currents in the
opposite direction.Vehicles with air operated brakes sometimes
use pneumatic wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from
the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the
windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized
air to enter the motor.
7
Figure 4.1 DC Wiper Motor
8
Table 4.1 Components Used
S No Components Description
1 DC Wiper Motor 24V, 20Nm,45 rpm
3 Relay 6V DC
8. Bearing 6202
15 DC motor 6v 1amps
4.2.3 LEADSCREW
9
Figure 4.3 Lead screw
10
4.2.5 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
Directional control valves are one of the most fundamental parts in hydraulic
machinery as well as pneumatic machinery. They allow fluid flow into different paths
from one or more sources. They usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder which is
mechanically or electrically controlled. The movement of the spool restricts or
permits the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow.
These are Electro valves, which are used to operate pneumatic cylinders.
These pneumatic cylinders mostly give a linear mechanical output. 3/2 Valves are
used to actuate single acting pneumatic cylinders and 5/2 valves are used to actuate
double acting pneumatic cylinder. Figure 4.5 shows an solenoid valve direction
control valve for actuating pneumatic cylinder. First number indicates the number of
ports and second number is for number of positions it can switch of a direction
control valve. So, a 3/2 will have only one outlet and can be used to operate a spring
extend/retract air cylinders. 5/2 will have two outlets and can be used to operate a
double acting cylinder. When we give power supply to the solenoid the valve will
switch to the second position from home position.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
11
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called "protective relays".
A small number of pneumatic transportation systems were also built for larger
cargo, to compete with more standard train and subway systems. An image of hoses
is shown in the Figure 4.7. However, these never gained as much popularity as
practical systems.
4.2.8 BEARING
The term "bearing" comes ultimately from the verb "to bear", and a bearing is
thus a machine element that allows one part to bear another. The simplest bearings
are nothing more than bearing surfaces, which are surfaces cut or formed into a part,
with some degree of control over the quality of the surface's form, size, surface
roughness, and location (from a little control to a lot, depending on the application).
Many other bearings are separate devices that are installed into the part or machine.
The most sophisticated bearings, for the most demanding applications, are very
expensive, highly precise devices, whose manufacture involves some of the highest
technology known to human kind.
13
Figure 4.9 Die
4.2.10 BOLT AND NUT
Bolt - a screw that screws into a nut to form a fastener. Nut - a small (usually
square or hexagonal) metal block with internal screw thread to be fitted onto a bolt.
Nuts and bolts are used for connecting the joints. Figure 4.10 shows an Bolt and Nut
Diagram.
The clay mixture is deposited into the hopper. Hopper is used to specify the
continuous flow of clay mixture to the mold. Figure 4.11 shows the basic hopper
diagram. When the proximity sensor is detected the clay mixture is released from the
hopper.
14
4.2.12 PROXIMITY SENSOR
4.2.13 DC MOTOR
15
4.2.14 RACK AND PINION
4.2.15 GEAR
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which
mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the
speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Figure 4.15 shows the basic spur
gear diagram. Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a
mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a
simple machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.
Force = 20*9.81
= 196.2 N
= 196.2*0.1
= 19.62 Nm or 2 Kgfm
Speed of the motor
Velocity = 0.16 m/s
Diameter of the rim = 0.06 m
v= πDn/60
0.16= π*0.06*n/60
N = 50.9 rpm
Motor type : DC Motor
Power = 2x3.14xnT/60
Torque T = F*R
Force = 10*9.81
= 98.1 N
= 98.1*0.1
= 9.81 Nm or 0.981 Kgfm
17
Speed of the motor
Velocity= 0.16 m/s
Diameter of the rim = 0.05 m
v= πDn/60
0.16= π*0.05*n/60
N = 61.14 rpm
Manufacturer : ATMEL
Model no : ATMEGA38
Memory : 32k bytes (flash)
I/O ports : 28
RAM : 2K bytes
Timers : Two 8bit and One 16 bit
18
CHAPTER 5
FABRICATION PROCESS
5.1 CAD MODELLING
The electrical section consists of microcontroller circuit, relay circuit motor and
battery. All the circuits are built on a dot board except the microcontroller circuit which
is built using a microcontroller development board. The electrical circuit is shown in the
figure 5.2. Relay board has relays which converts the signals from the microcontroller
to actuating components.
19
Figure 5.2 Electrical Circuit
21
CHAPTER 6
The automatic clay flower pot making is more efficient then the plant is grown
in an plastic flower pot. In the clay flower the plant will absorb mineral salts from the
soil. The pottery makers are less so they produce only limited amount of pots. This
will increase the production of clay pots.
This system can be further improved by providing fertilizers with the clay pot
while making. So enough nutrient will be provided for the plant to grow in the clay
flower pot.
22
REFERENCES
Ashland Inc, 1980. Flower pot and method for making. U.S. Patent
4,193,909.’
5. Kalpakjian, S., Vijai Sekar, K.S. and Schmid, S.R., 2014. Manufacturing
engineering and technology.
6. Timoshenko, S. and MacCullough, G.H., 1949. Elements of strength of
materials.
7. Toliyat, H.A., Nandi, S., Choi, S. and Meshgin-Kelk, H., 2012. Electric
machines: modeling, condition monitoring, and fault diagnosis. CRC
press.
8. Weder, D.E., Highland Supply Corp, 1994. Covering for flower pot and floral
grouping. U.S. Patent 5,307,606.
9. Yoon, D.Y., 2005. ATmega128 Master.
23
APPENDIX
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(2) == 1)
{
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(10,LOW);
delay(3000);
if (digitalRead(4) ==1)
{
Serial.println(digitalRead(2));
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
24
delay(10000);
digitalWrite(9,low);
delay(10000);
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
delay(10000);
digitalWrite(11,low);
delay(10000);
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
delay(10000);
digitalWrite(12,low);
delay(10000);
}
}
25
x