PHILIPPINE POLITICAL LAW By Isacant A. CRUZ Associate Justice (1986-1994) Supreme Court of the Philippines CARLO L. Cruz Professorial Lecturer College of Law, Lyceum of the Philippines University College of Law, University of the Philippines Bar Review Lecturer Jurists Bar Review Center College of Law, Lyceum of the Philippines University UP Law Center 2014 EditionPhilippine Copyright, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2014 by. Isaganr A. CRUZ and CARLO L. Cruz ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Any book without the correlative number and not bearing the signature of the author shall be denounced 1s proceeding from an illegal source. Cal— _ ISBN 978-971-011-761-1 Printed by CENTRAL BOOK SUPPLY, INC. 927 Quezon Avene, Quezon City Philippines central_bks@yahoo.comFOREWORD ON FEBRUARY 22, 1986, after almost thirteen years of oppression and repressior, the light at the end of the tunnel glowed fitfully but hopefully to signal the advent of @ new liberation for the Filipino people. That was the day Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, General Fidel V. Ramos, burrowed themselves at Camp Crame and proclaimed their defiance of President Mar- cos, whom they accused oF rigging the election held on February 7, 1986. The real winner, they said, was Cora- zon C. Aquino, the unassuming widow who had launched a charismatic campaign against the Marcos regime and received throughout the land a response that can only be described as phenomenal. Marcos was asked to respect the mandate of the electorate and step down in favor of the legitimate choice of the people. The announcement stunned, then electrified, the nation. Before long, a crowd of civilians from all walks of life—the rich mingling with the slum-dwellers, children in the care of grandparents, nuns and housewives hold- ing vigil with doctors and jeepney drivers, students pitching makeshift tents with their professors, every single one of them sharing a common obsession for free- dom—gathered in front of the military camp to give support and protection to the men inside. The military was no less affected and inspired. Generals began de- fecting with their men to the endangered citadel. The onlookers were at first alarmed, then thrilled, when several helicopters landed, not to fight, as it turned out, but to pledge their support for the outnumbered rebels. Soon millions had massed at the gates of Camp Crame and the nearby Camp Aguinaldo, to form a human shield and buffer against the expected onslaughts of the‘Marcos loyalists. They came soon enough, their mighty tanks rumbling along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, tracks and trucks of combatants in battle gear and ready for the Kill. But the tanks were stopped on their tracks and the soldiers themselves were disarmed, ren- dered hors de combat even before the first shot could be fired. How? With the opposite of everything the would- be attackers threatened: peace, not war; love for hate; flowers instead of bloodshed; rosaries draped on the barrel of a gun; an old woman in a wheelchair on the path of the advancing tank—liberty for the long, long night of enslavement and loss of human dignity. The choice was obvious. As the whole world watched in admiration and wonder, the Revolution was won in the jubilant wash of what came proudly to be called “people power.” On February 25, 1986, Corazon C, Aquino and Sal- vador H. Laurel were sworn in at the Club Filipino as President und Vice-President of the Philippines respec- tively. Their induction was held under the auspices of the New Armed Forces of the Philippines in a festive air of vietory and hope. Meanwhile, Ferdinand Mareos, who had been proclaimed winner by the Batasang Pam- bansa, took his own oath in Malacanang before a jittery group of loyalists which, significantly, did not include his vice-presidential running-mate, Arturo Tolentino. ‘There was a show of bravado, but the mood was gener- ally despondent because the angry mob was at that time practically at the gates of the palace. It was almost anti- climatic only when the happy news spread that the ‘Mareoses had fled in a U.S. helicopter that took them to Hawaii. There was, literally, dancing in the streets. One of President Aquino's first official acts was the proclamation of a Freedom Constitution to become opo- rative until the adoption of a new Constitution.‘Toward this end, she created a Constitutional Com- mission which undertook the framing of a new charter “truly reflective of the ideals and aspirations of the Fili- pino people.” The draft charter, hammered out for more than four months, was submitted to the electorate in a plebiscite held on February 2, 1987, and was ratified with @ comfortable margir, due largely to a desire for stability and normal government rather than to the intrinsic merits of the document. It is this Constitution of 1987 that will serve as the basis of the eighth revisior of this book on the political structure of the Republic of the Philippines. If there were these many revisions before, it was because the old Constitution changed with the fickle whims and designs of the deposed dictator. It is hoped that this time, there will be more permanence in the new Constitution, and it will remain, as it ought to be, “firm and immovable, like mountain amidst the strife of storms or a rock in the ‘ocean amidst the ranging of the waves.” In a way then, this Look is beginning again, not with a mere revision but with a first edition. ISAGANI A. CRUZ ‘May 8, 1987For My Children with the hope that they will help burnish the nation’s future with their inviolate ideals, their unflappable faith, and their not impossible dreams.and for SALLY beautiful and beloved ..from the blessed and bountiful beyond,PREFACE TO THE 2014 EDITION ‘THIS edition comes after the demise of the author, Jus- tice Isagani A. Cruz, who, prior to his passing, instructed the undersigned to undertake the changes required to make this text both current and comprehensive, He hesitated for many years to make this revision himself because of his well-founded apprehension that our Constitution would be changed, considering the stubborn and selfish efforts of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to perpetuate herself in power with the conversion of our political structure from presidential to parliamen- tary, thereby enabling her to slide into the premiership of'a new government. By the time it became certain that, she would not succeed, the author, although possessing still both wisdom and wit, had become weak and thus physically unable to write. Had he written this edition himself, he would have, without doubt, discussed the most recent developments in the realm of Philippine Political Law with his charac- teristic incisive commentaries presented in his inimita- ble and unparalleled writing flair which earned for him the richly deserved and uncontested title of Lyricist of the Court. Nonetheless, this edition is based largely on the discussions of the undersigned with the author on the significant cases and laws which merit discussion, and therefore inclusion, in this book. As ever, it is intended to aid, more than anyone else, the student of law in his better understanding, and appreciation, of this subject. Featured prominently in this edition would be the most recent, and often conflicting, if not confusing, pro- nouncements of the Supreme Court on the three branches of government, with particular emphasis on the Judiciary, which, in recent years, has grown to bemore assertive of its independence and role as “not only the highest arbiter of legal questions but also the con- science of the government.” Important new decisions on executive privilege, as invoked against the legislative prerogative of investiga tion, the President's appointment, control, diplomatic and military powers, and the Legislature's exercise of its law- making and non-legislative powers, including its power of impeachment, are also discussed in this edition. Principles pertinent to the Constitutional Commis- sions, as either promulgated or clarified by the Supreme Court, are likewise presented along with segments on the greater participation of the people in our democratic government, as intended in our Constitution. ‘The undersigned has written these changes in this, book with every intention of remaining consistent with, if not absolutely faithful to, the views of the author, his teacher and idol, us expressed and discussed by him during his final years. It is hoped that the reader would consider this new edition as a continuation of the au- thor’s legacy of masterful mentorship in the field of Phil- ippine Political Law, which he started in his first edition of this book almost forty years ago. That first edition was dedicated by the author to his children. He there, and then, expressed his hope that they will help burnish the nation’s future with their in- violate ideals, their unflappable faith, and their not im- possible dreams. That dedication is retained in this edi- tion as his continuing prayer for his offspring, and, in turn, as their affirmation, made with profound grati- tude, that, as to the hopes their father held for them when they were young, all is well. CARLO L. CRUZ October 11, 2013PREFACE TO THE 2002 EDITION MANY significant events have happened during the last two years that have affected the polities of our nation and will certainly influence our future. The impeach- ment of President Joseph Estrada, his replacement by Vice-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the validity of the constitutional succession, and the current prosecu- tion of the former President, the first in the history of our country, are among the important recent develop- ments that have been the subject of deliberation and decision by the Supreme Court. The corresponding cases are discussed in this latest edition of this book, now on its 27th year, to update the reader on the evolving end- less narrative of Philippine political law. I express my warm greetings and appreciation to those who, through my books on the Corstitution as interpreted (or misinterpreted) by the Supreme Court, have joined me as kindred spirils in the study of the republican government under the aegis of the Rule of Law. ISAGANI A. CRUZ May 3, 2002PRAYER delivered on July 23, 1986 at the Constitutimal Commission. by J.B. LAUREL, Jr. Commissioner Almighty God, even as the eagle flies at will in the in finite reaches of the skies, let our vision soar untrammeled as we seck that radiant future we hope to ensure for our people in the Constitution we are writing. Let it be a future where all persons are born free, rel- ishing their rights but always with deference to the rights of others and recognizing authority as long as its highest com- ‘mitment is to the strengthening and defense of liberty. Grant that the spirit of ireedom shall always reign in our land, touching one and all like a benediction and igniting that divine spark in every human being that can make him, indeed, slightly “lower than angels" in this imperfect world, Grant us courage, that we may face up to the powerfull and defend those who are weak and oppressed Grant us wisdom, that we may distinguish between what is right and what is just, for they are not always the same. Grant us candor, that we may be true to ourselves and so not be false to others, Grant us strength when we are assailed by despair, or self-doubt, or temptation, And finally, Lord, grant the new Constitution grace and beauty of language, so that generations from now, when all of us here are gone, our people will still be moving reverently to the cadence of its thoughts, Bless us all, Eternal Spirit. and keep us free, forever and ever. Amen,TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ‘Scope of the Study... 1 Necessity for the Study. 1 Basis ofthe Study 2 Background of the Study 8 Chapter 2 ‘THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES Outstanding Features... i ‘The Supremacy of the Constitution... 16 Prospects of thie Cuustibutin 18 Chapter 8 ‘THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE Definition ——— Ww Blements.... — cry (1) People: aL @) Territory . 22 (Government. . 33 ‘A. Ponetione = 33 B. Doctrine of Parent Patriae 37 ©. Dedure and De Facto Goveruments 40 D. Government of the Philippines a2 E. Administration cu a2 a 43 cat‘Taste oF Conrenss Page Chapter 4 ‘THE DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNTTY Basis 48 ‘Application a Waiver of Immunity 58 Forms of Consent. 59 Suits Against Government Agencies . 70 Exemption from Legal Requirements, a Suability vs. Liability... “T7 Chapter 5: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES Proamble ve 83 Republicanism, . 87 ‘The Defence ofthe State. 92 Peace and Order. 96 "The Incorporation Clause ve 8B Rearing of the Youth oe : 02 Women, . : 109 Social Justice : 110 Separation of Ghureh and State, 15 ‘Supremacy of Civilian Authority us Local Autonomy vonmne AIS Economy 120 Miscellaneous 126 Chapter 6 SEPARATION OF POWERS: Purposes. Blending of Powers Chocks and Balances: "The Role ofthe Judiciary ‘Jasticiable and Political Questions. Application of the Doctrine ...nm Political Questions Under te New Constitution‘TaBLE OF Contests Chapter 7 DELEGATION OF POWERS Permissible Delegation G) Tariff Powers - (@) Emergency Powers. () Delegation to the People (4) Delegation to Local Governments, (6)_ Delegation to Administrative Bodies ‘Teste of Delegation, (1) ‘The Completeness Test (2) The Sufficient Stand ‘The Pelaer Case. ‘Test Chapter 8 ‘THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT The Semate. enn (1) Composition @) Qualifications Teron ‘The House of Representatives Q) Composition (A) The District Representatives... (B) The Party.list Representatives @) Qualifications. () Term, - Election, : Salaries, Parliamentary immunities. (1) Privilege from Arrest (2) _ Privilege of Speech and Debate Conflict of Interest. ' ‘Incompatible and Forbidden Offices Inhibitions and Disqualifications.. Sessions : Officers Quorum. Discipline of Members Journals, Page 162 ez 168 im 13 15 416 178 182 186 188 187 196 200 200‘Tam oF Coxrenrs Adjournment. ‘The Electoral Tribunals... ‘ee Corinion on Apcininnts Organization Chapter 9 POWERS OF THE CONGRESS Legislative Power in General Procedure Origin of Bills Prohibited Measures, Title of Bille Formalities Approval of Bills. Legislative Inquiries Appearance of Department Heads ‘he Power of Appropriation Q) Appropriation Defined @) Implied Limitations (@) Constitutional Limitations : (@) Appropriations for Sectarian Purposes, (5) Automatic Re-appropriation (6) Special Funds... ‘The Power of Taxation, ‘The Power of Concurrence, ‘The War Powers Referendum and Initiative Chapter 10 ‘THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Bxecutive Power Qualifications... Blection and Proclamation ‘Term. ‘The Vice-President. Presidontial Succession Oath of Uttice Perquisites and Inhibitions‘Tasue oF Conrents Executive Privilege Presidential Immunity Chapter 11 POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT ‘The Appointing Power (The Removal Power. ‘The Control Power ... ‘The “Teke-Care” Clause ‘The Military Power. (1) Command of the Armed Forces .. @) Habeas Corps (@) Martial Law .. (4) Limitations on the Miltary Powers ‘The Pandoning Power Q) Definitions, e @) Limitations - (3) Kinds of Pardon... (4) Bifects of Pardon () Distinctions. (6) Amnesty. ‘The Borrowing Pawer ‘The Diplomatie Power ‘The Budgetary Power... ‘The Informing Power, Other Powers . Resumé Chapter 12 ‘THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Independence of the Judiciary Judicial Power. Surisdiction Appointments... @) Qualifications (2) ‘The Judicial and Bar Council Fiseal Autonomy ‘Composition of the Supreme Court... Page 366 376 389 407 409 419 421 az 434 438, 439 443 44 485 448 453, 453, 455, 1462 463 464 467 414 a4 45 476‘TasLe oF Contents Q) Be Bane cases... (Division Cases. equi of Judai (Actual Case : 491 (2) Proper Party. 508 (@) Earliest Opportunity. 520 (4) _ Necessity of Deciding Constitutional 521 Bifects of a Declaration of Unconstitutionality 1526 (1) Partial Unconstitutionality : 533 Powers of the Supreme Court. . 534 Q) Original Jurisdietion, (2) Appellate Jurisdiction (@) Temporary Assignment of Judges (4) Change of Venue or Place of Trial (5) Rule-making Power (6) Appointment of Court Personnel. (7) Administrative Supervision or Courts Tenure of Judges Consultations of the Court Decisions of the Court Salaries of Judges Periods for Desisiont ‘Annual Report Chapter 13 ‘THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS Salaries, Disqualifcations Staggering of Terms. ‘Reappointment, Other Perquisites Proceedings Chapter 14 ‘THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Composition and Qualifications ... Scope of the Civil Ber Appointments.‘TABLE OF ConreNts (2) _ Exceptions Security of Tenure. 2 Partisan Political Activity... Selforganization = ‘Temporary Employees: Objectives ofthe Civil Service Ounpeaes = Disqualifications ~ Standardization of Compensation Double Compensation. : (Chapter 15, ‘THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS Composition and Qualifications Powers and Functions. (1) Enforcament of Blection Laws... (2) Decision of Election Contests (@) Decision of Administrative Questions (4) Depatization of Law-Baforcement Agencies (6) Registration of Political Parties (6)__ Improvement of Elections. Election Period Chapter 16 ‘THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT Composition and Qualifieations Powers and Funetions. Chapter 17 ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Impeachment . 652 654 681 620 691 701 702 104 705 709 710 725 mt 730‘TABLE OF ConrENTS (2) Impeachable Officers (2) Grounds for Impeachment, (3) Procedure @ _ Judgment. ‘The Sandiganbayan . ‘The Ombudsman, ) Composition B Guaiiaton a Appsiniect @ Term (4) Powers and Functions, (8) Salary (6) Deputy Ombudeman and Personnel of the Office of the Ombudsman ‘The Special Prosecutor gotten Wealth Loans. Assets and Liabilities. Change of Citizenship. Chapter 18 AMENDMENT OR REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION Kinds of Constitutions o . 805, Permanence of the Constitution von 806 Amendment and Revision. en 807 Procedure vo . 807 (2) Proposal 808 (A) _ Position of the Constitutional Convention 819 (2) Ratification 820 Judicial Review of Amendmente 924 Chapter 19 ‘TRANSITORY PROVISIONS. Bleetions 827 Existing Laws and Treaties 829) Reserved Executive Powers. 830 Court and Judges 832 Constitutional Commissions. 882, Career Civil ServicePriority Measures. ‘Sequestration. Salaries emp "TABLE OF ConraNTs APPENDICES ‘The Constitution of the Republi ofthe Philippines, ‘The 1973 Constitution, Ordinance Appended to the Constitution Apportioning he Members of the Batasang Pambansa to the Differ- feat Provinces with their Component Cities, Highly ‘Urbanized Cities, and the Distrets of Metropolitan ‘The 1985 Constitution, ass 85 a7 17‘TABLE OF CASES Page A Abainza v. Arellano, G.R. No. 181644, December 8, 2008, 573 SORA 332 662 Abakada Guro Party List v. Ermita, G.R. Nos. 168066, ‘September 1, 2005, 469 SCRA 1... 160, 177, 178, 179 ‘Abakada Guro Party List v. Porisima, G.R. No. 166715 ‘August 14, 2008, 562 SCRA 261. 276, 290, 729 Abanilla v. Commission on Audit, GR. No. 162347, Au- gust 25, 2008, 468 SCRA 87... 721 Abayon v. COMELEC and Raul Daza, G. Rt. No, 181295, ‘April 2, 2008, 583 SCRA 473, 663 Abayon v. HRET, G.R, No. 189466, Sebruary 11, 2010, 612 SCRA 375, : 2M ‘Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, 164 SCRA 651 252 ABC Party List v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 199256, March 22, 2011, 616 SCRA 88 oor 698 Abella v. Larrazabal, G.R. Nos, 8721-0 & 88004, December 21, 1989, 180 SCRA 609, 658 Abella vs. COMELEC, G-R. No, 100710, September 3, 1991, 201 SORA 253... 664 ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Office ofthe Ombudsman, G. No, 188347, October 15, 2008, 1569 SCRA 89. ABS-CBN Broadeasting Corporation. Phil. Multi-Media Tne, GR Nos, LPTE-0, Janary 39, 2006, 876 SCRA 262. ron 129, 520, 524 ‘Abueva v. Wood, 45 Phil. 612... 144 Abundo v. COMELEC GR. No. 201716, January 8, 2013, 688 SCRA 149. = 223 ACCFA v. Federation of Labor Unions, 30 SCRA 649. 35 ‘Achacoso v. Macaraig, G-R. No. 98028, March 13, 1991, 1195 SORA 235, sos 821 Adaza v. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431.00. 284 Ada CEI afdamble, GR No 680, Sly 3, 1970, 34 SCRA 166. : 460‘Taaue OF Cases Anillo v. Commission on the Settlement of Land Problems, GR. No. 17856, Soptember 27, 2007, 594 SCRA 228 Antolin v, Demondon, G.R. No, 165036, July 6, 2010, 623 SCRA 163, Antonino v. Ombudsman, G.R. No, 144492, December is” 2008, 574 SCRA 403... Aparri v, Court of Appeals, 127 SCRA 281. ‘Apox Mining Co,, Inc. v. Southeast Mindanao Gold Mining Corporation, G-R. Nos. 152613 & 152628, November 20, 2009, 605 SCRA 100 rs 520 ‘Apo Fruits Corporation v, Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 164195, December 4, 2009, 607 SCRA 200. 583 Aquino v. Corumission on Elections, 818 Phil. $67 (1995) «0... 668 ‘Aquino v. Commission on Elections, G-R. No. 120266, September 18, 1995, 248 SCRA 400 vn 658, 664 Aquino v. Commission on Electiona, G.R. No, 189798, ‘April 7, 2010, 617 SCRA 623, 203, Aquino v. Enrile, 89 SCRA 183 7,438 ‘Aquino v. Military Commission No. 2, 68 SCRA 548. vn BD ‘Aquino, Jr. v. Military Commission No. 2, G-R. No. L-37364, May 9, 1975, 68 SCRA 546, eae] Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phi, 388... 165, 241, BU ‘Aranota v. Gatmaitan, 101 Phil. 328, . 78, 415 ‘Arasola v. Trinidad, 40 Phil. 252 n ‘Aratea v. Commission on Blections, G.R. No. 195229, October 9, 2012, 688 SCRA 105. [Aratue v. COMBLEC, 88 SCRA 251 .. ‘Arcega v. Court of Appeals, 66 SCRA 229 ‘Amault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358. ‘Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29.. ‘Arquero v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 168053, September 21, 2011, 658 SCRA 70.. Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SORA 268... ‘Arroyo v. Department of Justice, G.R. No. 199082, ‘September 18, 2012, 681 SCRA 181... 502, 589, 658, 676, 679 ‘Asoan Pacific Planners v. City of Urdaneta, G.R. No. 162525, September 23, 2008, 566 SCRA 219 510 Ashwander v. TVA, 297 U.S. 288 (1986) nen 525 ‘Ascociation of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Ine. v, Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 348. 115, 270, 281 Astonga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA Tid es 248,"TABLE OF Cases Page Along v COMBLEG, GR. No, 18800, Pebroary 1 2010, 612 SCRA 761 seve . 699 Atienza v. Villarosa, GR No, 161081, May 10, 2008, 458 SCRA 385 0. 508 Atizado v. People, G.R. No. 173822, October 13, 2010, 633, ‘SCRA 105, 278 Atizado v. People, GR. No. 173822, October 13, 2010, ‘SCRA 105, 108 Atong Paglaum, Ine. v. Gommissior on Blections, ‘GR. No. 203766, April 2, 2013, 694 SCRA 477 158, 206, 209, 215, 473, 696 Atty. De Vera v. Judge Layague, 3% Phil. 253 (2000) 780 ‘Austria v. Amante, 79 Phil. 780. 390 ‘Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 150, 242 ‘Aytona w. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1 146, 405, ‘Azarcon v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 116088, February 26, 1997, 268 SCRA 747. sn TBR ‘Aaar v. HRET, G-R. No, 65000, Januaty 9, 1900 254 B Bacolod City Water District v. Bayyna, G.R, No, 168780, ‘November 23, 2007, 588 SCRA 518 sue 810 Bagabuyo v. COMELEC, G.R. No, 176970, December 8, 2008, 578 SCRA 280. 204, 638, Balaba v. People, G.R. No. 169618, July 17, 2008, 583 SCRA 210... 754 Balao v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 186050, December 18, 2011, 662 SCRA 312 494 Balbasiro v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No, 171481, ‘June 30, 2008, 556 SCRA 729... 178 Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation v. Pacana, GR. No. 171673, May 30, 2011, 649 SCRA 196. 15 BANAT v. COMELEC, G.R, No. 177508, August 7, 2008, 595 SORA 477 268, 281, 677, 678 BANAT v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 178271, April 21, 2009, 586 SCRA 210... 24 BANAT. COMELEG, GRR. No. 170271, July 8, 2009, 592 SORA 294... 208, 212, 697 Banda v. Ermita, G.R. No. 166620, April 20, 2010, 618 SCRA 488. 384‘Taste oF Cases Page Bank of Commerce v. Planters Development Bank, GAR. Nos. 154470-71, September 24, 2012, 681 SCRA B21 even 655 Bank of the Philippine islands v. Lecbreva, Git. No. 197147, January 28, 2002, 375 SCRA 81 Bantay Republic Act v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177371, ‘May 4, 2007, 523 SCRA 1. Barbo v. Commission on Audit, GR. No. 187642, October 10, 2008, 568 SCRA 802... Bareelon v. Baker, § Phil. 87 Barrameda v. Moir, 5 Phil. 4a ‘Bases Conversion and Development Authority ¥. ‘Commission on Audit, G.R. No, 178160, February 26, 2009, 580 SCRA 296... sone 91, 8B Bautista v. Commission on Elections, 460 Phil. 459, 478 (2003)... Bautista v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 133840, ‘November 18, 1998, 298 SCRA 480.. Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 169. Bayan Muna v. Romulo, G.R, No, 159618, February 1, 2011, 641 SCRA 17, 100, 458, 460, 488 Baylosis v. Chavez, Jr, G.R. No, 96136, October 3, 1991, 202 SCRA 405. Bayot v. Sandiganbayan, No. L-61776 to No, L-61861, ‘March 23, 1984, 128 SCRA 383 .. Bedol v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179830, December 3, 2009, 608 SCRA 554. Bejaraseo, Jr v. Buenconsejo, AM, No. MTJ-02-1417, 54 "766 754 689 ‘May 27, 2004, 429 SCRA 212. 768, Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 208566, November 19, 2013, 156 Bello v. COMELEC, GR. No, 191998, December 7, 2010, (687 SCRA 89. on en 4 Belongilot v. Cua, G.R. No, 160983, November 24, 2010, 688 SCRA $4... 187 Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, April 15, 1982, 208 SCRA 133., 189, 482, 483 Bengzon v. Secretary of Justice, 229 US. 410... 275 ‘Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767-299 Benito vs. COMELEC, G.R.No. 106058, August 17, 1994, 235 SCRA 436. 664 Bermoy v. Philippine Normal Callege, 99 Phil. 1032 nm Bernabe v. Geraldez, 51 SCRA 869... sora ‘srTasue oF Cases Besa v. PNB, $8 SCRA 830, Botay v. Board of Directors, National Power Corporation, GR Nos, 156556-57, Octobor 4, 2011, 658 SCRA. 420 363, 999, 628 Bibas v. Ombudsman, GR. No. 172580, July 25, 2008, 559SCRA 591. 730 Binamira v. Garrucho, 188 SUA 164... 302 Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, GR. No. 192935, December 7, 2010, 637 SCRA 78, 420 Blanco v. COMELEG, G.R. No. 180164, June 17, 2008, 564 SCRA 755, 605, 680 Bolastig v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No, 110503, August 4, 1994, 235 SCRA 103. 754 Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valeacia, 11 SCRA 486. 1 288 Boncalon v. Ombudsman, G-R. No, 171812, December 24, 2008, 575 SCRA 449.. m3 Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 ve BBB, Boracay Foundation, Inc. v. The Province of. ‘No, 198870, Juno 26, 2012, 374 SCRA 6: 473 Borja v. People, GR. No. 166298, April 30, 2008, 1558 SCRA 250. . 610 Borlongan v. Buenaventura, G.R. No, 16723 27, 2008, 483 SCRA 405... 7180 Borromeo v. Court of Appeals, 186 SCRA 1 515 Boy Scouts of the Philippines v, Commission on Audit, GR No. 177131, June 7, 2011, 651 SCRA 146... 728 Boy Scouts of the Philippines v. National Labor Relations Commission, GR. No. 80767, April 22, 1991, 196 SORA 176. 615 Brillante v. Puyat-Royes, House Flectoral Tribunal ‘Case No, 81 (1988) 188, 216 Brillantes v. Yorae, 192 SCRA 356 os 600 British American Tobacco v. Camacho, G.R. No. 163683, ‘August 20, 562 SORA 511 seven 320, 546 British American Tobacco v. Camacho, GR. No. 163583, ‘April 15, 2009, 885 SCRA 36, 320 Buac v, COMELEC, 465 Phil. 800,810 (2004) . 341 Buehs v. Bacatan, A.C. No. 6674, June 30, 2009, 591 SCRA 217. : 563 Buencamino v. Court of Appeals, @.R. No. 175895, 12 ‘April 2007, 520 SCRA 7 79 Buldod ng Kawaning ENB v. Zamora, G.1 Nos. 142801- £802, July 10, 2001, 360 SCRA 718. vr 385‘Tasue oF Cases Page Bulilis v. Nuez, G-R. No, 195953, August 9, 2011, 655 SORA 241... 685 Burdick v. United States, 235 US. 416 on ABB Bureau of Customs Employees Association v ‘Teves, G-R. No. 181704, December 6, 2011, 661 SCRA 589. 189, 160, 179, 183 Bureau of Fisheries v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 169815, August 13, 2008, 562 SCRA 134. 31, 82 Bureau of Printing, Born of Printing Emplyees ‘Association, 1 SCRA 340 13 Buseayno v. Enrile, 102 SORA 7. 578 c Cabalit v. Commission on Audit, GR. No, 180236, January 17, 2012, 668 SCRA 183 169 Caballero v. Philippine Coaat Guard, GR. No. 174312, ‘September 22, 2008, 568 SCRA 186 von Caballero v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos, 137355-58, Sep- ‘tember 25, 2007, 684 SCRA 30, Gabanas v. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94. Gadtente v. Santos, 142 SCRA 250 Cagas v. Commission on Elections, @.R. No. 194139, January 24, 2012, 663 SORA 644... 604, 605, 686, 687 agony Acne, AM No, P0026, Jun 1 2012 678. SCRA 352. sa ATE Caillos v. Bonifacio, 65 Phil. 828. 633 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726... 114, 174, 176, 179, Calano v. Craz, 94 Phil. 230... ae 541 Calderon v. Carale, 208 SCRA 254. 397 Caltex Philippines, Inc v. Commission on Ault G.R. No. 92585, May 8, 1992, 208 SCRA 726. ‘Camacho v. Gloria, 456 Phil. 399 (2003). Campomanes v. Violon, A.M. No. P-11-2083, July 25, 2012, 677 SCRA 483 eae 568 Caoibes v. Ombudsman, 413 Pail, 717 (2001)... 560 Caplla v COMELEC, GR, No, 20112, une 18, 2038, 673 SCRA 1 519 Carandang v. Desierto, Git. No. 148076, Samay 1 Ti 627 2011, 639 SCRA 293. 752 Cardona v. Binangonan, 96 Phil. 687 182 Gavaga Peon GR: No, 180010, Jly 80,2010 626 SCRA 231 ons 154"TaBLe oF Cases Page ‘Casco Phil. Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 374 246 Casibang v. Aquino, 92 SCRA 642 140 Casing v. Ombudsman, G.R, No, 192894, June 13, 2012, (672 SCRA 500, 766 Casino Labor Association v. Court of Appeals, G-R. No. 141020, June 12, 2008, 564 SORA 323, 610 Castillo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 187281, June 22, 2010, 621 SCRA 489. 155, 684 Castriciones v. Chief of Stait Armed Forces ofthe Philippines, G-R. No. 65731, September 28, 1989 (finute Resolution) sn AST Castro v. Deloria, G-R, No, 169586, January 27, 2008, 577 SCRA 20, 530 Castro, Jr. etal. v. Castatieda and Liceralde, 111 Phil. “785 (1961), 7166 Cavite Crusade for Good Government v. Cajigal, 422 Phil. 1, 9 (2001). o 795 Cayat v. Commission on Electiona, G.R. No, 168776, April 24, 2007, 522 SCRA 23. 666, 668 Cayetano v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No, 193646, April 12,2011, 648 SCRA 661. 804, 886, 687, 707 Cervantes v. Auditor General, 91 Phil 35 119 esa v. Ombudsman, GR. No. 166658, April 30, 2008, 553 SCRA 357. 718 Chaves v. Goneales, G.R. No. 168988, February 15, 2008, 545 SCRA 441. 517 Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR. No. 202242, July 17, 2012, 676 SORA 579. 477, 519, ‘Chaves v. Presidential Commission on Good Govern ment, GR. No. 180716, December 9, 1998, 299 SORA 744. : 370 Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No, 138250, ‘aly 9, 2002, 483 Phil. 506, 594 (2002), 384 Soka 152, . Chevron Philippines, Ine. v. Commissioner of the Bureau of Customs, G.R. No, 178759, August 11, 2008, 561 SORA 710... 548 ‘China National Machinery & Equipment Corporation 299, 371 v. Sta. Maria, G.R. No. 185572, February 7, 2012, 885 SORA 1A9. £0, 51, 82, 68, 66, 458 nua Qua, Cave, GR. No 49645, Angus 90,190, 189 SORA IT vernon aT‘TaaLe oF Cases Page ‘Chung v. Mondragon, G.R.No. 179754, November 21, 2012, 686 SCRA 112. 513 Cipriano v. COMELEC, 479 Phil. 677 (2004) 692 City Government of Makati v. Civil Serviee Commission, 426 Phil. 631, 644 (2002). eat) ity Government of Quezon City v. Bayan Telecommuni- cations, Inc., 484 SCRA 168... vent 328 City Government of Tuguegarao v. Ting, G-R. Nos. 192435-36, September 14, 2011, 657 SCRA 760 756, 768 City of Cebu v. Dedamo, G.R. No, 172852, January 30, 2013, 689 SCRA 547... e581 City of Iriga v. Camarines Sur Ill Electrie Cooperative, GR. No, 192945, September 8, 2012 oon Gity of Pasig v. Republic ofthe Philippines, GR. No, 185023, August 24, 2011, 656 SCRA 271... Civil Liherties Union v. Executive Secretary, 394 SORA 317 Civil Service Commission v. Aifonso, GR. No. 179452, Jane 11, 2009, 589 SCRA 86. i Service Commission v. Andal, GR. No. 186748, December 16, 2009. 608 SCRA 370. 562, 628 Civil Service Commission v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No, 176162, October 9, 2012, 682 SCRA 353 Civil Service Commission v. Javier, G.R.No, 178268, February 22, 2008, 546 SORA 485... Civil Service Commission v. Ledesma, Gi. No. 164521, ‘September 30, 2005, 471 SCRA 589. Civil Service Commission v. Pillla Water District, GR. ‘No. 190147, March 5, 2013, 692 SORA 406.. Civil Service Commission v. Pobre, 488 SCRA 334 Civil Service Commission v. Salas, 274 SCRA 414 Civil Service Commission v. Sor, G.R. No, 168766, May 22, 2008, 554 SCRA 160 ou. . 27 Go Kim Chan v. Valdez Tan Keb 75 Phil. 118 ..ccncssn- 40, 44,98 Coffin v. Coffin, 4 Mass 1. . 229 Cojuangeo v. Republic, G.t. No. 180708, November 27, 2012, 686 SCRA 472... . Cojuangeo, Jr. v. Presidential jon on Good Gov ernment, G.R. Nos. 92819-20, October 2, 1990, 190 173 622, 625, 624 ez 619, 622, 624 755; SCRA 226... oe) Commission on Appointments v. Paler, @.R. No, 172623, ‘Mareh 8, 2010, 614 SCRA 127 sn 0‘Tamu cP Cases Page Commission on Elections v. Cruz, @.R.No. 186616, November 20, 2009, 605 SCRA 167, 152, 282, 472 ‘Commission on Elections v, Hspasol, G.R. Nos. 140164. 78, Decomber 10, 2003, 417 SCRA 554, 565, 619 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeal 240 SCRA 368 (1995), 639 Commussioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals, GR. No, 107135, February 28, 1999, $08 SCRA. 508... 312 Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Bastern Telecom- ‘munications Phils, Inc, G.R, No, 163836, 7 July 2010, 624 SCRA 40. : 323 Comaissioner of Internal Revenue v. General Foods Phils.), Ine,, 401 SCRA 546... 547 Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Philippine American Acient Insurance Company, ney 453 SCRA 668, 548 Connally v. Scudder, 160 NB. 655, 134 Constantino v. People, G-R, No. 140656, September 1, 2007, 683 SCRA 205, 501, 508 Continentai Stes! Manufacturing Corporation v. ‘Montano, G-R. No. 182836, October 13, 2009, 603 SORA 621... tot Cordillera Broad Coalition v. Commission on Audit, 181 SORA 495. 522 Cornejo. Gabriel, 41 Phil. 188, 199-104 (1920). 128 Corona v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R, No. 200242, July 17, 2012, 676 SCRA 563... 730, 749 Corpus v. Cuaderno, G-R, No, 1-23721, March 31, 1965, 13 SCRA 691, 629 Cosco Philippines Shipping, Inc. v. Kemper Insurance ‘Company, G.R. No. 179488, April 23, 2012, 670 SCRA 343... : 521 CREBA v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, GR. No, 183409, June 18, 2010, 621 SCRA 296, 1 887, 598 (Crespo v. Mogul, No. E-68373, June 30, 1987, 181 SORA 482. osescn ~ 761 Cruz v. Youngherg, 56 Phil. 234 175, 176 Cua v. COMELEC, 156 SCRA 582. 605 (Cuenco v, Fernan, A.C. No, 3135, February 17, 1988, 158 SCRA 29. 738 Culanag v. Director of Prisons, 20 SCRA 1128 446 Cunanan v. Tan, 8 SCRA 1, 265 Custodio v. Sonate President, 42 0.6, 1243 147, 509‘TABLE OF Cases Page Cuyegkeng v. Cruz, 108 Phil, 1147 508 D D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. Esguerra, 328 Phil. 1168 (1996). 165 Dabalos v. Regional Trial Court, G.R. No. 193960, ‘January 7, 2018, 686 SCRA 64 0 Dadubo v. Civil Service Commission, 228 SCRA 747 619 Dario v. Mison, 176 SCRA 83 628 Datu Michael Abas Kida v. Senate ofthe Philippines, GR. No, 196271, October 18, 2011, 659 SCRA 210. . 120, 242, 270, 284, 396, 403, 674 Datu Michael Abas Kida v. Senate of the Philip- pines, G.R. No, 196271, Pebruary 28, 2012, 677 SCRA 200. : 489, 828, 829 David v. Arroyo, G-R. No, 171396, May 3, 2006, 489 SCRA 161 nnn A69, 270, 979, 988, 387, 490, 4439, 501, 510, 511, 517, 519, 851 Dayao v. Commission on Blections, G.R, No. 198643, ‘January 29, 2013, 689 SCRA 412. 698 Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496... sarees 144, 265, 471 De Castro v. Committee an tnstica, Git No, 71688, Sept. 3, 1985 ..... 49, 748 De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR. No. 191003, ‘March 17, 2010, 615 SCRA 666 406, 486 De Guzman v. COMELEC, G.R. No, 180048, June 19, 2009, 590 SORA 149 sor De Guzman v. People, 119 SCRA 237... De Haber v. Queen of Portugal, 17 QB. 171. De Jesus v. Commission on Audit, 451 Phil. 19 (2003), Dedesus v. Commission on Audit, 486 Phil. 912 (2004) De Jesus v. Commission on Audit, 471 SCRA 624... De Jesus v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R, No, 140240, October 18, 2007, 586 SCRA 547 . De Jesus v. People, 120 SCRA 760.. = Dela Cruz v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 192221, November 13, 2012, 685 SCRA 347. 656, 660, 661, 668 Dela Cruz v. Gracia, G.R. No, 177728, July 31, 2009, 594 SCRA 6468. ne) Dela Liana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 sone 196, 180, 567 Dela Liana v. COMELEC, 82 SCRA 30 147 Dela Llana v. Chairman, Commission on Audit, Git No, 180989, February 7, 2012, 685 SCRA 176... -e.-611, 719‘Taste OF Cases Page Dela Paz v, Senate, G.R. No, 184849, February 18, 2009, 579 SCRA 621.. : rs 298, 300 De Leon v. Carpio, 178 SCRA 457... a8 De los Santos v. Intermediate Appallate Cour, 223 SORA 1 = 51, 61, 62, 63 De los Santos v. Mallare, 87 Phil. 269 , 624 Defensor-Santiago v. Ramos, P.E.7. Case No, 001, February 18, 1996, 253 SCRA 569, oo BA Dolector v. Ogayan, 123 SCRA 774, a 636 Deloso v, Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 86899.903, ‘May 15, 1989, 178 SCRA 409, 419. 152 Demetria v, Alba, 148 SCRA 208 ve B11, 525, Dept. of Education v. San Diego, 180 SCRA 633. ones 107 Deputy Ombudsman for Luzon v. Franciso, G.R. No 172553, December 14, 2011, 682 SCRA 439, 76 Deputy Ombudsman v. Abugan, G.R. No. 168692, ‘March 24, 2008, 549 SCRA 34 ns re TTB Doutsche Gesellschaft Far Technisshe Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) v. Court of Appeals, G.2. No. 152318, April 16, 2009, 585 SCRA'150, 52, 58, Dimagiba v. Eopartoro, G.R. No, 154962, duly 10, 2012, 876 SCRA 420. 650, 777 Dimapore v. COMELEC, 544 SCRA 381 259 Dimayuga v. Commission on Elections, Gilt. No. 174763, ‘April 24, 2007, 522 SCRA 220. 687 Dino v. Olivarez, GR. No. 170447, Devemiber 4, 2009, 607 SCRA 251 on 679 Dinsay v. Cioco, 264 SCRA 703 (1986). sone TBO Distriet of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 US 203 85 Divinagracia v. Consolidated Broadcasting System, Inc. GR. No. 162272, April 7, 2008, 584 SCRA 213, 170, 383, Domingo v. Zamore, G-R. No, 142285, February 6, 200% 397 SCRA 56, 1 385 ‘Domino vs. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 184015, July 19, 1999, 310 SCRA 546. 7 189, 664 Dru Bayon Ft HadingInellignnce Bren +442 Phil 217 (2002), é 584 Drillon v. Lim, 285 SCRA 198 vse sores "410 Duarte v. Dade, 82 Phil, 36, 49 (1915). 22 Duenas v, HRET, G.R. No, 186401, July 21, 2000, 593 SCRA 316..... 254 Duenas v. HRET, G.R. Ne. 191560, iar "2010, 620 SCRA 78. 254‘TABLE oF Cases Dumarpa v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No, 192249, “April 2, 2013, 694 SCRA 403, Dumlao v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 892... Dungog v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. -77860-51, March 25, 1988, 169 SCRA 145, 148.. 167 Duque v. Veloso, G.R. No. 196201, June 19, 2012, ‘873 SCRA 676. Duty Free Philippines v. Mojica, G.it. No, 166965, September 30, 2005, 471 SCRA 776 E Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Ltd. v, Surio, G.R. No, 154213, August 23, 2012, 679 SCRA 21... astern Shipping Lines, Inc, vs. POEA, No. L-76633, AI October 18, 1988, 166 SCRA 693 on. 178 Eehegaray v. Secretary of Justice, 861 Phil "e.do00), '301 SCRA 96 554 Edu vs, Rrieta, No. 1-32086, October 24, 1970, 35. SCRA 481, 497... Endencia v. David, 93 Phil. 696. qui-Asia Placement, Inc v. Department of Foreign ‘Aflairs G.R. No, 152214, September 19, 2006, 1502 SCRA 295, Briguel v. COMELEC, G.R. No, 190526, Febraary 26, 2010 (January 26, 2010), 618 SCRA 809 sven ‘spina v. Zamora, G.R, No. 148856, September 21, 2010, Emnace v. Court of Appeals, 422 Phil. 10 681 SCRA 17 : aaa Espinosa v, Aquino, El. Case No, 9, Senate Electoral ‘Tribunal... 188 Espinosa v. Office of the Ombudsman, 397 Phil. 829, 881 (2000) sore 7 164 Espinosa v. Office of the Ombudaman, G-R. No. Jas, October 19, 2000, 343 SCRA 744 768 Espiritu v. Fugoso, 81 Phil. 687 anes Espuelas v. Provincial Warden of Bohol, 108 Phil. 963, 447 Estandarte v. People, G.R. Nos, 156861-55, February 18, 2008, 546 SCRA 130... Estarija v. Ranada, G.R. No, 159814, June 36, 2006, 492 SCRA 652. Esteves v. Sarmionto, G.R. No. 182374, November 11, 2008, 570 SCRA 656 ven 686‘Tass oF Cases Page Estrada v. Arroyo, G-R. No, 146738, Mar. 2, 2001, 858 SORA AB2. cen : 962 Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos, 146710-16, March 2, 2001, 368 SCRA 452... ns sense 916, 1687 Estrada v. Desierto, GR. No. 146710-16, April 3, 2001, 496 Phil. 1 (2001), 856 SCRA 108. 159,472 Hstrade v. Eseritor, A.M. No, P-02-1651, June 29, 2008, 492 SCRA 1. aoa 86 Estrella v. COMBLEC, GR. No. 160465, May 27, 2004, 429 SCRA 789. ae 608, 659 Eternal Gardens Memorial Park Corp, v. Court of Appeals, 247 Phil. 887, 394 (1986), 598, [Bverson v. Board of Education, 390 US 1 85 Executive Judge Basia v. Judge Becamon, 487 Phil. 490 (2008), 780 Executive Secretary v. Southwing Heavy Industries, Ine, GR. No. 164171, March 1, 2006, 482 SCRA 673, 115 Bx-Parte Levitt, 808 US, 638 wo ve 606, 508 ‘Bx-Parte Milligan, 4 Wall, 127, L.Ed. 297. 428, 435, F Fabells v. Court of Appeals, 346 Phil. 940 (1997) sono ™ Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No, 129742, September 16, 1998, 295 SCRA 470... : 218, 776 Facura v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 166498, February 16, 2011, 643 SCRA 427..... 78,779, 780 Far Bast Bank and Trust Company v. Court of Appeals 477 SCRA 49... : 547 Farifias v. Executive Secretary, 417 SCRA 603, 282 Farolan v. Court of Tax Appeal, 217 SCRA 298 73,75 Fodoration of Free Farmers v. CA, G.R. No. L-41222, ‘November 13, 1985 «.-. 587 Federico v. Commission on Biections, 0.R. No. 198612, January 22, 2013, 689 SCRA 4... 661 Feliciano v. Aranez, GR. No. 165641, August 25, 2010, 629 SCRA 103., 723 Feliciano v, Commission on Audit, 464 Phil. 439) 236 Feria v. Court of Appeais, etal, G.R. No, 132964, February 15, 2000, 325 SCRA 525, es 487 Fermin v. Commission on Elections, GR. Nos. 179695 and 182369, December 18, 2008, 574 SCRA 782 .......660, 676‘TABLE OF Cases Page Fermin v. People, G-R.No. 157643, 28 March 2008, 560 SCRA 132. 582 Fernandez v. COMELEC, GR. No. $7096, Jane 3, 2008, 556 SCRA 765. = 684 Festajo v. Femando, 50.0.4. 1656 tenn Fetalino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 191890, December 4, 2012, 686 SCRA 813, eae ara Filipinas Enginecring & Machine Shop v. Ferrer, 135 SCRA 25, ea 707 Filipino v. Macabuhay, G.R. No. 158960, November 24, 2006, 508 SORA 50 168 Flauta v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 184586, July 29, 2009, 1598 SCRA 504.. 662 Flora v. Pajarillaga, G-R. No. 1-24806, January 22, 1980, 195 SCRA 100. Flores v. COMELBG, 184 SCRA 484 Flores v. Layosa, G.R. No. 154714, August 12, 2004, 1486 SORA 837. 758 Flores v. Montemayor, G.R. No. 170148, August 25, 2010, €29SCRA TTB ens eee) Fonacier v. Court of Appeals, 96 Phil. 417 (1958) reve AIT Fontanilla v. Maliaman, G.R. No. 178969 Deveuiber 1, 1989, 179 SCRA 686. 610 Forbes v. Chuoco Tiaco, 16 Phil. 534 : 46 Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation v. Comms sioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No, 173425, September 4, 2012, 679 SCRA 566 133 Fortich v. Corona, 312 SCRA 751. 490 Fortan v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 190295, March 20, 2012, 1668 SCRA 504, o 4a Francia v, Municipality of Meyeauayan, GR. No. 170432, ‘March 24, 2008, 549 SCRA 52 173 Francisco v. Fernando, G.R. No, 168501, November 16, 2006, 507 SORA V8 rrr 518 Francisco v. The House of Representatives, GR. No. 160261 November 10, 2003, 415 SCRA 44 517, 742, 747 Frantz v. Autry, 91 Pae, 198... se B20 Freedom from Debt Coalition v. Metropolitan Water ‘works and Sewerage System, G.R, No. 173044, December 10, 2007, 839 SORA 621. Frias, Sr.v, People, G-R. No. 171487, Octoher 4, 2007, ‘584 SCRA 654. vs‘TasLie oF Cases Frivaldo v. Commission on Elections, G.. Nos. 120295 & 123755, June 26, 1996, 257 SCRA 727, G.R. No. 87193, June 28, 1989, 174 SCRA 245... 658 Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co,, G.R, No. L-8060, ‘September $0, 1950, 63 Fuentes v. Office of the Ombudsman-Mindanao, GR. 124295, October 23, 2001, 338 SCRA 36 : 561 Funa v. Agra, GR. No. 191644, February 19, 2013, 691 SCRA 196, 363 Puna v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010, ‘812SCRA 308. 362, 605 Funa v. The Chairman, Commission on Audit, No, 192791, April 24, 2012, 870 SCRA 679... 501, 698 e Gachon v. Devera, Jr., G-R. No. 116696, June 20, 1997, 274 SCRA 540. 587 Galang v. Geronimo, G.R. No, 192795, February 22, 2011, 643 SCRA 631 ane Galoro v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No, 151331, July 21, 2008, 559 SCRA 11.. 78 Galicto v. Aquino, G.R. No. 193978, February 28, 2012, 667 SCRA 150... 188, 986, 498, 520 Gallardo-Corro v. Gallardo, G-R. No, 136228, January 30, 2001, 350 SCRA B68... Gamboa v. Finance Seeretary, G.R, No, 176579, ‘June 28, 2011, 652 SCRA 69). 123 Gamogamo v. PNOC Shipping and Transport Corpora tion, G.R. No. 141707, May 7, 2002, 451 Phil. 510, 583 881 SCRA 742 core 617 Gonaden v. Ombudsman, GR. Nos. 169369-61, June 1, 2011, 650 SCRA 76. 765 Garces v. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510. 16 Garcia v. Chairman, Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 75025, September 14, 1993, 226 SCRA 356 Garcia v. Chiof of Staff, 16 SCRA 120. ' 54 Garcia v. Drilon, G.R. No, 179267, June 25, 2013. 85, 110 Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 157584, April 2, 2009, 588 SCRA 119. 491, 622 Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 198554, uly 30, 2012, 677 SCRA 760 0.119, 237, 425, 429, 548, 544 Garcia v. Mata, 65 SCRA 520. sn 309‘TABLE OF Cases Page Garcia v. Miro, G.R. No, 167409, March 20, 2009, '582.SCRA 127. so 587, 561, 562 Garcia v. Molina, G.R. Nos. 157389 & 174137, ‘August 10, 2010, 627 SCRA 540. sn 626 Gareia-Padilla v. Bnrile, 121 SCRA 472 seen 151, 487 Garcillano v. House of Representatives, ‘GR_No. 170338, December 23, 2008, B75 SCRA 170. 197, 198, 297, 495, 603, 516 Garvida v. Sales, Jr, 398 Phil. 484 (1997), 1685 Gascon v. Arroyo, 178 SCRA 582 vel Gaston v, Republic Planters Bank, 249 Pail. 877 (1988)... 722, 726 Gayo v. Vereeles, G.R, No. 150477, February 28, 2005, 452.SORA 504. wen 608 General v. Urro, G-R No. 191560, March 29, 2011, 646 ‘SCRA 667. 390, 524, 621 German Agency fur Technical Cooperation ¥. Court ‘of Appeals, G-R. No. 152318, April 16, 2009, 585 SCRA 150 52, 58, Gerochi v. Department of Energy, G.R. No, 159796, ‘uly 17, 2007, 627 SCRA 696. 174, 176 Geronimo v. Ramos, G-R. Nos. L-60504, 1-60591, 60732-89, May 14, 1985, 196 SCRA 436. 664 Giron v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 188179, January 22, 2018, 689 SCRA 97 von 282 Go v. Sunbanun, GR. No. 168240, February 9, 2011, 642. SCRA 67. 556 Gobenciong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No, 159883, March 1, 2008, 550 SCRA 502 Gonzales v. Abaya, G.R. No, 164007, August 10, 2006, 498 SCRA 445... 1 33 TI Gonzales v. COMBLEG, 21 SCRA 774. 21 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 644 SCRA 761, "257, 660, 668 Gonzales v. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 280 save a) Gonzales v. Narvasa, @R. No, 140835, 992 Phil. 518 (2000) se 51 Gonzales v. Office ofthe President, GR. ‘No. 196231, September 4, 2012, 679 SCRA 614. 141, 408, 488, 737, 740, ‘757, 764, 776, 783, 184, 790 Gonzales v. Prov. Auditor of Hilo, 12 SCRA TLL, 72 ov, of the Phil. Islands v. Monte de Piedad, 36 Phil. 728....-37, 77 Governor Sahali v. Commission on Blections, G.R. ‘No. 201796, January 15, 2018, 688 SCRA S82... 682, 686, 688‘TasLE OF Cases Page Grego v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No, 125955, June 19, 1997, 274 SORA 481 ‘602, 639, 685 Grino v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No, 91602, 194 SCRA 458. ne 622 GSIS v. Group Management Corporation, GR. No, 167000, June 8, 2011, 651 SCRA 279... 80 GSIS v. Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa sa GSis, GR No. 170132, December 6, 2006, 510 SCRA 622 635 GSIS v. Villaviza, GR. No, 180291, July 21, 2010, 625 SCRA 689.. . 685, Guazon v. De Villa, 181 SCRA 623 515 Gudani v. Senga, G.R, No, 170166, August 15, 3006, 498 SCRA 671... 119, 299, 433 Guerrero v. COMELEC, 391 Phil. $44, 352 (2000) vorovnnnee 257 Guevara v. COMELEC, 104 Phil. 269. sess 689 Guovara v. Gimenez, 6 SCRA 813... ve THB Guevara v. Inocentes, GR. No. L-25577, March 15, 1966, 1B SCRA 879. 268, 400 Guiao v. Figueroa, 04 Phil. 1018 (1954)... vee 66, Guingona v. Commission on Hlections, G-R. No. 191846, ‘May 6, 2010, 620 SCRA 448, 519 Cuma, Quin State College, Gi No 164196, ne 22, 2007, 525 SCRA 412 secre snes 8B Gunsi v. COMELBC, G.R. No, 168792, February 23, £2009, 580 SCRA 70 nn Gutierrez v. The House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011, 43 SCRA 198... 658, 743, 744, 747 Gutierrez v. The House of Representatives, G.R. No, 198459, March 8, 2011, 644 SCRA 804. : 44 495, 501, 658 n Hacienda Luisita Incorporated v. Luisita Industrial ‘Park Corporation, G.R.No, 171101, July 6, 2011, 658 SCRA 154.. 148, 496, 520, 522 ‘Hacienda Luisita, Incorporated v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No. 171101, Novernber 22, 2011, 660 SORA 525. . 530, 734 Hagad v. Gozo Dadole, 821 Phil. 6¢4 (1995) 626, 775, 776 Halley v. Printwell, Inc., GR. No. 157549, May 30, 2011, 649 SURA 116. 8% Hogerty v. Court of Appeals, 456 Pail. 842 (2003) «1s svsoone 765TABLE OF CASES Page Heirs of Aurelio Reyes v. Garilao, G.R. No. 136466, ‘November 25, 2009, 605 SCRA 294... 270 Heirs of Mamerto Manguiat v. Court of Appeals, GR. Nos. 150768 and 160176, August 20, 2008, 562 SCRA 422, 61 Heirs of Maura So v. Obliosea, GR. No. 147082, January 28, 2008, 542 SCRA 408) 583 Heirs of Wilson Gamboa v. Finance Secretary, GR. 'No. 176579, October 9, 2012, 682 SCRA 897 o.oo 126 Herrera v. COMBLEC, G.R.'No. 131499, November 17, 1988, 18 SCRA 336...... 1-208, Hidalgo v. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 179783, ‘uly 5, 2010, 623 SCRA 391 615 Hilado v. David, 84 Phil. 573... 556 Hilado v. Judge Amor A. Reyes, 496 Phil, 85 (2006)... 196 Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 99. 119 Holy See v. Rosario, 288 SCRA 624 51, 58 Honasan v. Panel of Investigating Prosecutors Department of Justice, G-R.No. 159747, April 13, 2004, 427 SCRA 46. 70 Houston v. Hormes, 252 US. 669 56 1 Tprahim v. Commission on Blections, G.R. No. 192289, January 8, 2013, 688 SCRA 128. son 604, 663, 681, 685, 707 Tedang v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 185960, 0 Jannary 25, 2012, 664 SCRA 253 Iehong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155 Imbong v. COMBLEC, 35 SCRA 28 In Re Almacen, 31 SCRA 562. In re Appointment of Mateo A. Valenzuela and Placido B. Vallarte, 208 SCRA 408. In Re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 Jn Re Dick, 38 Phil. 41. In Re Bdillon, 84 SCRA 554 In Re Garcia, 2 SCRA 984 .. In Re Mateo A. Valenzuela and Placido B. Via 298 SCRA 408. In Re Patterson, 1 Phil. 93 In Re: Saturnino V. Bermudez, GR. No. 76180, October 24, 1986, 145 SCRA 160. 186 98 12 56 486 289, 584, 556 1138, 145 "551, 558 99, 558 aii‘TABLE OF Cases Page In Re Sotto, 82 Phil. 596.. 139 In Re Torres, G.R. No. 122588, Dec. 29, 1996 .. 447 In Re: Exemption of the National Power Corporation ‘rom Payment of Filing/Decket Fees, A.M. No. 05-10-20-SC, March 10, 2610, 615 SCRA 1 76, 555 In Re: Raul M. Gonzales, A.M. No, 88-4-5483, April 15, 1988, 160 SCRA 771. 738 In the Matter of Clarification of Exemption from Pay- ‘ent of All Court and Sheriffs Fees, A.M. No. 12-2-08-0, March 13, 2012, 688 SCRA 1 488, 555 In the Matter ofthe Petition for Disqualification of Tess Dumpit Michelona, G.R. Nos. 163619-20, November 17, 2005, 475 SCRA 290, 203, 189 In the Matter of the Petition for the Writ of Amparo ‘and the Writ of Habeas Deta in Favor of Francis Saez v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No, 183583, September 25, 2012, 681 SCRA 678. 377, 483, Infante v. Prov. Warden, 92 Phi. 310, 86 Ingles v. Mutu, 135 Phil. 177 (1968) : 624 Ingles v. Mutue, 26 SORA 17. 409 Integrated Rar of the Philippines v. Ationza, GR. No 175241, February 24, 2010, 613 SCRA 623. 505 Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, 388 SCRA Bl... 490, 471, 515 Integrated Bar ofthe Philippines v. Zamora, 992 Phil. 618, 634 (2000).. 539 Inting v. Tanodbayan, 97 SCRA 494... 789) a Jacob v. Puno, 191 SCRA 144, soe 1B Jacot v. Dal, G.R.No. 179848, November 27, 2008, 572 SCRA 286... 218, 802 Jalosjos v. Commission on Elections, Gt. No. 192474, ‘June 26, 2012, 674 SCRA 530. Jalosjos v. Commission on Elections, Gt. No. 192474, 287 October 9, 2012, 683 SCRA 1 257, 659, 668 Jamero v. Melicor, G.R. No. 140929, May 26, 2005, 459 SCRA 113. 554 Japzon v. Commission on Elections, GR. No. 180088, January 19, 2009, 576 SCRA 333 189, 218 Jardiel v. COMELEC, 124 SCRA 650, 678, 788Tanz oF Cases Page Jarque v. Desierto, A.C. No. 4509, 6 December 1995, 250 SCRA xi, xv, 738 ‘Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33 6, 146, 823 ‘avellana v. Tayo, 6 SORA 1048 sn AD ‘Javier v. Commission on Blections, 14d SCRA 194. 190, 683, ‘Javier v. Fly Ace Corporation, G.R. No, 192558, February 15, 2012, 666 SCRA 382. ernst) Javier v. Reyes, 170 SCRA 360... : 402 ‘Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SORA 714 so B29 ‘Judge Angoles v. Gutierrez, G.R. Nos. 189161 & 189173, ‘March 21, 2012, 668 SCRA 03... 164 ‘Jumamil v. Commission on Elections, G-R. Nos. 167989- ‘93, March 6, 2007, 517 SCRA 563 687 SJUSMAG v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. ‘No. 108813, 15 December 1994, 239 SCRA 224... 50 ‘dJustimbaste v. COMELEC, G.R.No. 179418, November 28, 2008, 572. SCRA 736. srsonss 658, 680 K Kalaw v. Commission on Elections, @.R, No, 80218, ‘Munute Kesolution dated Novomber 5, 1987. ‘Kapunan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 148213-17, March 18, 2009, 581 SCRA 42 : Kawanakoa v. Polybank, 205 US. 349 ... Kho v. Commission on Blections; G.R. No. 124088, September 25, 1997, 279 SCRA 46: lostugan Brie, No 17772, July 8 2007, 526 SCRA 353..... KGilosbayan v. Guingona, 235 SCRA 630, Kilosbayan v. Morato, 240 SCRA 640. Kilusang Mayo Uno v. Director-General, National Economic Development Authority, G.R. No. 167798, April 19, 2006, 487 SCRA 623, Kulayan vs. Tan, GR. No. 187298, July 2, 2012, 675.SCRA 482... Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 42 0.4, 4282. L Laban ng Demokatikong Pilipino v. Comission ‘on Elections, 468 Phil. 70 (2004) 699 Labo, Jr. v. Commission on Elections, 257 Phil. 1 (1989) liv‘TABLE oF Cases Page Labo, Jt. v. Commission on Hlections, @.R, Nos. 105111 ‘& 105884, July 3, 1992, 211 SCRA 297 658, 665 Labo, Jr. vs. COMELEC, GR. No, 86564, August 1, 1989, 176 SORA... 664 Lacson v. COMELEC, GR. No, L-16261, Dee. 28, 1951 655, Lneson v. Executive Socretary, G.R, Nos, 165899 and 165475, May 30, 2011, 649 SCKA 142 so TO Lacson v. Romero, 84 Phil. 740 402 Lacson v. Roquo, 91 Phil. 456... 381 Lacson v. Sec. Peres, 410 Phil. 78, 93 (2001), 887 SCRA 756. : 4a Lacson-Magallanes Co., Ine. v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 416 Lahm v. Mayor, A.C. No. 7490, February 16, 2012, 666 SCRA 1, $ 563 Lamb v. Phipps, 22 Phil. 473, 72 Lambino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 174183, October 25, 2006, 605 SCRA 160... sa 828, 809, 813 Land Bank of the Philippines v. Arceo, G.R. No. 168270, ‘aly 21, 2008, 559 SCRA 85... 583 Land Bank of the Philippines v. Rivera, GR. No, 182431, November 17, 2010, 685 SCRA 285, 76 Lanot v. COMELEC, GR. No, 164858, November 16, 2006, 507 SCRA 114. 680 Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 443 oo 150, 436 Lantaco, Sr. v. Hamas, 195 Phil. $25, 394 (1981). 798 Lapid v. Court of Appeals, 390 Phil 286 (2000) ' ‘770 Lastimosa v. Vasquez, 313 Phil. 358 (1995)... 776 Laurel v, Garcia, 187 SCRA 757 ..... ‘962, 522 Laurel v. Misa, 76 Phil. 272, 978 (1946) ne BBA Laurel v. Misa, 77 Phil. 856 43, 45 Lawyers Against Monopoly and Peverty v. Secretary ‘of Budget, G.R. No, 164987, April 24, 2012, 670 SCRA S75... 155, 498 Lawyers League v. Aquino, GR. No. 78748, May 23, 1986 al Layos v. Fil-Estate Golf and Development, Ine., G.R. No. 150470, August 6, 2008, 561SCRA 75... = 581 Layug v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No, 192984, February 28, 2012, 687 SCRA 136. 164, 682, 687, 698 Lazatin v. Desierto, G.R. No, 147087, 6 June 2009, 588 SCRA 285... 582 Lazatin v, House Blectoral Tribunal, 16 SCRA 891. 254 League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC, GR. ‘No. 176951, November 18, 2008, 571 SCRA 263..w- 197, 249 xy‘TABLE OF Cases Page League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC, G.R. ‘No. 176951, August 24, 2010, 628 SCRA 819... 529 League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176951, February 15, 2011, 643 SCRA 150 . cso 272 Leave Division v. Heusdens, AM. No, P-11-2927, December 18, 2011, 682 SCRA 126, 1-563 ‘Ledesma v. Court of Appoals, G.R. No, 161629, July 29, 2006, 465 SCRA 437 768 Legarda v. de Castro, P-E-T. Case No, 008, January 18, 2008, 542 SCRA 125, os 345 Legaspi Towers 300 v. Muer, G.R. No. 170789, June 18, 2012, 673 SCRA 482. 473 Leongson v. CA, 49 SCRA 219. 542 Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175852, January 18, 2011, 699 SCRA 709. 238 Liban v. Gordon, G.R-No. 178382, July 15, 2008, 599 SCRA 68... snes 298, O12 Liberal Party v. COMELEG, GR. No. 191771, 6 ‘May 2010, 620 SCRA 893. 695 Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 498 279 Liga ng mga Barangay National v. City Mayor of Manila, 405 Phil. 529 (2004) 158 Lim v. Brownell, 107 Phil. 345 64 ‘Lim v. Pelaez, House Electoral Tribunal Case No, 86 (1947)... 188 Lim v. Zosa, 146 SCRA 366 559 Limbona v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 181097, June 25, 2008, 565 SCRA 391... 191, 659 Limbona v, COMELEC, G-R. No, 186006, October 16, 2009, 604 SCRA 240 it Limkaichong v. Comelee, GR. No, 164978, October 13, 2005, 472 SCRA 587 192 Limkaichong v. COMELEG, GR. Nos. 178891-22, ‘April 1, 2009, 583 SCRA 1 a Limkaichong v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 178831-39, ‘July 80, 2008, 594 SCRA 434. snes 219, 569 LLladoe v. Commissioner of Internal Revensie, 14 SCRA 292 vou. 921 Lockheed Detective and Watchman Agency, Ine. v University of the Philippines, G.R. No. 185918, April 18, 2012, 670 SCRA 206. 60, 68, 614, 720 ‘Lokin v. Commission on Elections, GR. No. 180443, June ‘22, 2010, 621 SCRA 386. oe BLL, 312, 676 Lokin v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 193808, June 26, 2012, 674 SCRA 538, son 211, 604, 681, 699, 707 102, 257, 268, 505 xi‘TaBLe oF Cases Page Lonzanida v. COMELEC, 311 SCRA 602 fart 46) Loomis v. Jackson, 6W, Va. 61 319 Loong v. Commission on Elections, G.R, No. 93986, December 22, 1992, 216 SCRA 760...» see 888 Lopez v. Civil Service Commission, 194 SCRA 269. 402 Lopez v. De los Reyes, 55 Phil. 170 : 301 Lope v. Roxas, 17 SCRA 756. 428 Loquias v. Office of the Ombudsman, GR. No. 139996, ‘August 15, 2000, 888 SCRA 62 764 Lorenzo v. Lopez, A.M. No, 2006-02-SC, October 15, 2007, 536 SCRA 11.. so 6B Lorada v. Arroyo, G.R. Nos. 184379.80, April 24, 4.2018, 670 SCRA 645. 376 Lozada v. COMELEC, 120 SCRA 337 515 Laciano v. Mariano, 148-B Phil. 178 G97) 158 Luego v. Civil Service Commission, 143 SCRA 327 wvs-vevcn0.. 402 Luison v. Garcia, 101 Phi 1218 rr 705 ‘Lung Ceator ofthe Philippines v. Quezon City, 439 SCRA 119. : 322 Luz Farms, Ine. v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 192 SCRA 51 (1990) orunon 504 Lyons v. United States of America, 104 Phil. 698 ven M ‘Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1... .- 248, 820, 824 Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. 157013, July 10, 2003, 453 Phil. 886 (2003), 405 SCRA 614... 221, 290 Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No, 191618, June 7, 2011, 651 SCRA 239... 182, 256, 243, 479, 580 ‘Macalintal v. Presidential Blectoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, November 23, 2010, 685 SCRA 78 nmol 2, 256, 840, 943, 944, 479 Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77, vn A ‘Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993) 560 ‘Macias v. Commission on Elections, 3 SCRA 1 203 Madarang v. Sandiganbayan, G.R, No, 112314, ‘March 28, 2001, 355 SCRA 526... sn 5 Madriaga v. China Banking Corperation, G.R. No. 192377, July 25, 2012, 87 SORA Hn 495, 501 ‘Magallona v. Ermita, G-R. No. 187167, August 16, 2011, 655 SCRA 476, smn 24, BT, 81, 99 Magarang v, Jardin, Sr., 386 Phil. 273, 284 (2000)... 795 abvTABLE OF Cases Page Magilalo Para sa Pagbabago v. Commission on Elections, G-R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012, 613 SORA 651 oe 455, 505, 692, 695 ‘Maglalas v. National Housing Authority, GR. No. 188823, September 17, 2008, 565 SCRA 379 v8 Magno v. People, G.R. No. 171642, April 6, 2011, 647 SCRA 362, 155 ‘Mahawan v. People, G.R. No. 176609, December 18, 2008, 874 SCRA 737... nents 8B Malacora v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-51042, September 30, 1982, 117 SCRA 435 588 Maliksi v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 308803, “Apri 11, 2013, 698 SCRA 214. 684 ‘Mamba v. Lara, G.R. No, 165109, December 14, 2008, 608 SORA 149... a 510 Manalang-Demigillo v. Trade and Investment Develop. ‘ment Corporation of the Philippines, G.R. No, 168613, March 5, 2013, 692 SCRA 859 on. 412, 611 ‘Manalo v. Calderon, G-R. No, 178920, October 15, 2007, 1596 SCRA 290. 437 Mangea v. COMELEC, 112 SCRA 270, ‘Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans. Co, 87 Phil. 825, Manila Electric Company v. Atilano, GR. No. 166758, 579 11 ‘June 27, 2012, 675 SCRA 112. 519 ‘Manila International Airport Authority v. City of Pasay, GR. No. 163072, April 2, 2009, 683 SCRA 234, 8328, 614 ‘Manila International Airport Authority v. Court of ‘Appeals, G.R. No, 155650, July 20, 2006, 495 SCRA 591, sone 612, 614 Manila Motors Co. v. Flores, 99 Phil. 798 von 527 ‘Manila Public Sehool Teachers Assotiation v. Laguio, 200 SCRA 823. a Manubay v. Garilao GR. No. 140717, April 16, 2009, 585 SCRA 134, 4d Mapa v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 100296, April 26, 1994, 281 SCRA 785. 21%, 387 ‘Maquiling v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 195649, April 16, 2013 : sn 198, 668, 669, 709) ‘Mareelino v. Cruz, 121 SCRA 61. 587 ‘Mareolota v. Borra, A.C. No. 7782, March 20, 2009, 682 SORA 474... 1 883, 738 Marenetav, COMELEC, Gi No 18197, April 34, 2009, 586 SCRA 765. 606, 053 xvii‘TaLe OF Cases ‘Mareopper Mining Corporation v. Briones, No. L-77210, ‘September 19, 1988, 165 SCRA 464 ‘Marcos v. Chief of Staff, 89 Phil, 246 (1951), ‘Mareos v. COMELEC, $18 Phil. $28, 397 (1995). ‘Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668. Mari v. Gonzales, G-R. No. 187723, September 12, 2011, 607 SUKA 414... Mariano v. COMELEC, GR. No. 118677 March 7, 1996, 2ABSORA Boos ‘Maribago Bluewater Beach Resort v. Dual, G.R. No 1180660, July 20, 2040, 625 SCRA 147 7 ‘Marchomaalie v. Cale, G.R. No. 169918, February 27, 2008, 547 SCRA 98 Martine II v. House of Reprosertatives Blectoral ‘Tribunal, G.R. No. 189034, January 12, 2010, 610 SCRA 53, Matibag v. Benipayo, 429 SORA 554... ‘Matute y. Hernandez, 66 Phil. 65 ‘Medina v. Commission on Audit, G.. No. 176478, February 4, 2008, 543 SCRA 634... Melchor v, Gironella, G.R. No. 151138, February 2005, 451 SCRA 476. Mendoza v. Court of First instance, 65 SCRA 96, ‘Mendoza v. Quisumbing, 186 SCRA. 108 ‘Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, May 26, 1999, 367 Phil. 182 (1989), : ‘Mercury Drug Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No, 75663, September 15, 1989, TIT SCRA 580... Merritt v. Gov't of the Phil. Islands, 34 Phil. S11 Metropolitan Bank and Trust Comapany v. Reynada, G.R. No, 164538, August 9, 2010, 627 SCRA 88... ‘Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company v. Tobias, G.R. ‘No, 177780, January 25, 2012, 664 SCRA 165, Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, Miguel v. Honorable Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 172035, Suly 4, 2012, 675 SCRA 560. ‘Mijares v. Ranada, G-R. No. 199835, April 12, 200s, 455 SCRA 397. ‘Ministerio v. City of Cebu, 40 SUKA 46a, ‘Miranda v. Abaya, G.R. No. 186351, July 28, 1999, S1LSCRA 617, ‘No, 149086, April 2, 2002, atx 473 387, Baa 589 208, ua 78 656 401, woe 112 61, 78 766 154 "104 153 61 661, 666‘TABLE OF Cases Page Mitra v. COMELEC, G-R. No. 191988, July 2, 2010, 622 SCRA 744. 191, 216 Mitra v. COMELEC, Gt No. 191938, October 19, 2010, 683 SCRA 580. 191, 216 ‘Mizvaki Takenouchi v. Cristi, @.R. No, 82292, July 25, 1988 (Minute Resolution)... 437 MMDA v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, February 15, 2011, 648 SCRA 90, 127, 473, Mobil Phil. Exploration, Ine. v. Customs Arrastre Service, 18 SCRA 1120. ™ ‘Mocorro v. Ramirez, G.&. No. 178866, July 28, 2008, 560 SCRA 362. i] ‘Molen, Jr. v. Commission on Audit, 498 Phil. 874 (2005). 724 ‘Mondana v. SiWvasa, 97 Phil. 143 “381, 410 Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 443 Montemayor v. Bundalian, GR. No, 149995, July 1, 2003, 405 SCRA 264 719 Montenegro v. Castaneda, 91 Phil. 882 . 150, 436 Morrero w. Bocar, 66 Phil. 429, 258 ‘Moya v. del Fierro, 69 Phil. 199 80 ‘Mun, of Moncada v. Cajuigan, 21 Phil. 184 mene TD ‘Munder v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 194076, October 19, 2011, 659 SCRA 256... : ‘Municipality of Malabang v. Benito, G.R. No, L-28113, 658, 676 ‘March 28, 1969, 27 SCRA 533 529 Municipality of San Fernando, La Union v. Firme, 195 SCRA 692.. 8 ‘Mutue v. Commission on Elections, 190 Phil. 603, 672 (1968) 267 ‘Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 381 N Nacionalista Party v. Bautista, 85 Phil. 101 Nacionalista Party v. De Vera, 35 Phil. 126. Nadeco v. Tobias, 7 SCRA 692 : NASECO v. NLRC, GR. No. L-69870, November 29, 1988, 250 Phil. 129 (1988), 168 SCRA 122. National Airports Corp. v. Teodoro, 91 Phil. 203. National Amnesty Commission v. Commission on Audit, 481 Phil. 279, 204 (2004) 303 National Electrification Administration v. Commission. ‘on Audit, 427 Phil. 464, 481 (2002), nt‘TABLE oF Cases Page National Electrification Administration v. Morales, G.R. ‘No. 154200, July 24, 2007, 528 SCRA 79.......60, 68, 610, 720 ‘National Housing Authority v. City of Moilo, G.R. No. 172267, August 20, 2008, 562 SORA 237 a4 ‘National Housing Corporation v. Juco, 134 SORA 172. 609 National Service Corp. v. NLRC, 168 SCRA 122 : 608 ‘Nava v. National Bureau of Investigation, Regional Office No. X1, Davao City, GR. No. 134509, April 12, 2008, 455 SCRA 377. 167 Navarro v. Ermita, G.R, No, 180050, April 12, 2011, (648 SCRA 400, : 202 Navarro v. Ermita, G.R. No. 180080, February 10, 2010, 612 SCRA 131. 202 Navia v. Pardico, G.R. No. 184467, June 19, 2012, 673 SCRA 618. sonnntne Nazareth v. Villar, GR. No. 188635, January 29, 2015, 689 SCRA 885 ron soon 804, 811, 312 Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers, G.R. No. 180843, March 25, 2008, 549 SCRA 77... 164, 198, 298, 369, 375 Neri v. Senate Committoc on Accountability of Public Officers, G.R. No. 180843, September 4, 2008, 664 SCRA 152.. 197, 298, $04, 972, 487 New Frontier Mines v. NLRC, 129 SCRA 502. “587 NHMEC v. Abayari, G.R. No, 166508, October 2, 2009, 602 SORA 242 720 Nicolas v. Romulo, @.R. No. 175888, February 11, 2009, 578 SCRA 438 . 458, 557 ‘Nicolas-Lewis v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 162759, ‘August 4, 2006, 497 SCRA 619. 221 ‘Nicos Industrial Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 206 SCRA 127 BT1, 572 ‘Nieves v. Blanco, G.R. No. 190422, June 19, 201 (675 SCRA 638. 1 840 ‘Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 286.. : 585 Noblejas v. Salas, 67 SCRA 47 .. : cal Noblejas v. Teehankee, 28 SCRA 405 nnn IBA Noceda y, Arbize Direct, G.R- No. 78406, July 26, 2010, 625 SCRA 472. et Norton v. Shelby County, 118 US. 425 526‘Taos oF Casts ° Ocampo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-18168, Dee. 6, 1957. Ocampo v. House of Representatives Electoral ‘Tribunal, G.R, No, 168466, June 15, 2004, 482 SCRA 144 .curnnnnmnnnnn campo v. See. of Justice, L-7918, Jan. 18, 1955, BLOG. 1 : Oceena v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 755, . Odchigue-Bondoe v. Tan Tiong Bio, G.R. No. 186652, October 6, 2010, 682 SCRA 457 Office of the Court Administrator v. Javellana, {481 Phil, $15 (200) nr Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Fuentes, ‘AM, No, RTU-13-2342, March 6, 2013, 692 SCRA 429... Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Indar, ‘AM, No, RTJ-10-2232, April 10, 2012, 669 SCRA 24. Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Usman, ‘AM, No, SCC-08-12, October 19, 2011, 659 SCRA 41D on Office of the Ombudsman v. Andutan, GR. No. 164679, July 27, 2011, 654 SCRA 599. Office of the Ombudsman w. Apolonio, G-R. No. 165132, March 7, 2012, SCRA 883 Office of the Ombudsman v. Civil Service Commis- sion, 451 SCRA 570 nn Office of the Ombudsman v. Cordova, G.Rt. No. 188650, October 6, 2010, 682 SCRA 465 Office of the Ombudsman v. Court af Appeals, G-R. 'No. 159395, May 7, 2008, 654 SCRA 75, Office of the Ombudsman v. Court of Appeals, G-R. 'No. 167844, November 22, 2006, 507 SCRA 593.. Office of the Ombudsman v. Court of Appeals, G.R. ‘No. 168079, July 17, 2007, 527 SCRA 798. Office of the Ombudsman v. de Sahagun, G-R. No, 167952, August 18, 2008, 562 SCRA 122 Office of the Ombudsman v. Delijero, Jr G.R. No. 172835, October 20, 2010, 684 SCRA 135. Office of the Ombudsman v. Evangelista, G:R. No. 177211, March 18, 2009, 581 SCRA 360 . 136, 623, 565 Page or 664 823 519 588 568, 730 7168 768 782 115 730,778 769 769 730, 769 168, 771, 775 718‘TABLE OF Cases Page Office of the Ombudsman v. Galicia, G.R. No 167711, October 10, 2008, 538 SCRA 327 ™ Office of the Ombudsman v. Lucero, G.R. No, 168718, November 24, 2006, 508 SCRA 108 768 Office of the Ombudsman v. Masing, G.R, No. 165416, January 22, 2008, 642 SCRA 253 768, 771 ‘Office of the Ombudsman v. Medrano, G.K. No. 177580, October 17, 2008, 539 SCRA 747 ™ Office of the Ombudsman v. Redrguer, GR. No. 172700, July 23, 2010, 625 SCRA 209, 758, 762, 768, 769, 774 Office of the Ombudeman v. Samaniego, GR. No, 175678, October 5, 2010, 632 SCRA 140. 11,719 Office of the Ombudsman v. Santiago, G.R. No. 161098, September 13, 2007, 583 SCRA 305 768, 769 Office of the Ombudsman v. Torres, G-R. No. 168309, January 29, 2008, 543 SCRA 46 730 Office ofthe President v. Cataquiz, G.R. No, 183445, September 14, 2011, 657 SCRA 681 672 Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144... 427, 528, Ombudsman v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 172224, January 28, 2011, 640 SCRA 544. 1 Ombudsman v. Pelifo, G.R, No, 179261, April 18, 2008, 552 SORA 208... 76 Ombudsman v. Racho, G.R. No, 185685, January 81, 2011, 641 SORA 148 nnn 760, 794 ‘Ondoy v. Ignacio, 97 SCRA 252... ul Ople v. Torres, G.R. No, 127685, July 23, 1998, 364 Phil. 948 (1998), 298 SCRA 141. sn 9, 988 Oposa v. Pactoran, G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993, 224 SCRA 792... 36, 88, 127 Orap v. Sandiganbayan, 139 SCRA 252 "754, 769, 790 Orosa v. Roa, 527 Phil. 847, 358-954 (2008) . 418, Osmetia v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 188818, May 81, 2011, 649 SCRA 654... 724 ‘Osmetia v. Orbos, G.R. No, 99886, March 81, 1993, 220 SCRA 703. 729, 727 ‘Osmena v. Pendatun, 108 Phil. 863. 147, 230, 244 Oxales v. United Laboratories, Ine, GR. No. 152991, July 21, 2008, 559 SCRA 26. a2‘TABLE oF Cases Page P PLB, Domingo & Co. v. Zari, 159 SCRA 171 552 Pacete v. Commission on Audit, 185 SCRA 1 1622, 719) Pacifieador v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 178259, March 13, 2009, 581 SCRA 372 vn 886, 704 Pacoy v. Cajigal, G.R. No. 157472, September 28, 2007, 534 SCRA 338. 539 PACU v. Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 48 Pagano v. Nazarvo, G.R No. 149072, September 21, 2007, 538 SORA 622... 506 PAGCOR v. Aumentado, G3. No. 173684, July 22, 2010, 625 SORA 241, 604 PAGCOR v. BIR, G.R. No. 172087, March 16, 2011, ‘645 SCRA 838. . 323 Paguia v. Office of the President Gt. No. 176278, Tune 25, 2010, 621 SCRA 600. ses BOB Palafox v. Province of Hocos Norte, 10% nnn) Palmares v. Commission on Elections, G.R. Nos. ‘8617-78, Minute Resolution dated August 81, 1988. 699 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maymila v. IAC, 140 ‘SORA 22. 401 Pangasinan Transportation Co, vs. Public Service ‘Commission, No. 47065, June 26, 1940, 70 il. 221. ssn 188, 184, 175 Pascual v. See. of Publie Works & Communications, 10 Phil. 331 PCGG Chairman v. Jacobi, GR. No. 155986, June 27, 2012, (675 SCRA 20... Pelacz vs. Auditor General, No, L-2885, December 24, 1965, 122 Phil. 985, 15 SCRA 569, Polobello v. Palatino, 72 Phil. 441... Pefiera v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 181613, November 25, 2008, 605 SCRA B74... 102 People v. Alban, G.R. Nos. 1-45876-77, duly 26, 1088, 163 SCRA 611 153 People v. Bello, GR. Nos, 166048-59, August 29, ‘2012, 679 SCRA 208, 752 People v. Benipayo, G.R. No, 154473, April 24, +2009, 686 SORA 420... on 138 People v. Bosi, G.R. No. 198686, June 25, 2012, (674 SCRA 411. : 85, 105 liv"TABLE OF CasHs Page People v. Casido, 396 Phil. 344 (1997)... 455 People v. Delgado, 189 SCRA 718 . sw 709 People v. Fernandez, CA-G.R Ne. L-1128 (1945) 316 People v. Gutierrez, 39 SCRA 173 549 People v. Jacinto, G.R. No, 182289, March 16, 2011, 645 SORA 590. i 108 People v. Lagman, 380.6. 1676 People v. Mantalaba, G.R. No. 186227, July 20, 2011, 654 SCRA 188. 108, 278 People v. Monticalvo, G.R. No. 1£3507, January 30, 2013, 689 SCRA 715... svn 108, 278 People v. Mfunar, 58 SCRA 678 oon... 54 People v. Pacificador, 406 Phil. 774, 782 (2001) 191 People v. Patriarea, 395 Phil.690 2000). 455 People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887 rovasonnon . 1,46 People v. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635 550 People v. Pomar, 48 Phil. 440.0000 ' 805 People v. Ritter, 194 SCRA 690. . 105 People v. Rosenthal, 68 Phil. 328 : 179 People v. Salle, 250 SCRA 681 445; People v. Sandiganbayan, 451 SCRA 113... 11 People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 156394, January 21, 2005, £49 SCRA 205 156 People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 164185, July 23, 2008, 559 SCRA 449. 64s, People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 169004, Sep- ‘tember 15, 2010, 630 SCRA 489 751 People v. Sarcia, G.R. No. 169641, September 10, 2008, 699 SCRA 20. 1108, 273, People v. Sesbreno, G.R. No. L-62449 July 16, 1984, 190 SCRA 465, 563 People v. Vora, 65 Phil. 6. 71, 173, 176, 180, 507, 521 People v. Zosa, 38 0.G. 1676 . 93 PEPSICO, Inc v. Lacanilao, 524 Phil. 147 (2006).. 588 Peralta v. Auditor General, 148 Fhil. 261 (1971)... 648 Peralta v. COMELEC, 82 SCRA $0 .... 702, Peralta v. Director of Prisons, 75 Phil. 285 44, 45 ener: Commission on Elston 975 Pil 1108, 1116-1116 (1999) o sane 987 Perfecto v. Meer, 85 Phil 552... 7 585, Perkins vs. Haywood, 31. E., 670, 672. 585, PERTCPM Manpower ExponentCo., Ine. v. Vinuya, G.R. No. 197528, September 5, 2012, 680 SCRA 284. 273‘TABLE OF Cases Page Potition for Leave to Resume Practice of Law, Benjamin 'M, Dacanay, B.M. No, 1678, December 17, 2007, 540 SCRA 424 556 Petitioner Organizations v. Bxecutive Secretary, GR. Nos. 147036-37, April 10, 2012, 669 SCRA 49 so Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association v. Health Secretary, G.R-No, 173034, October 9, 2007, 535 SCRA 265... Phil. Bar Association v. COMBLEC, GR. No. 72915, Dec. 20, 1985. Phil. National Bank v. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595. Phil. National Railways v. IAC, 217 SCRA 401. = Phil. Press Institute v, COMELEC, 244 SCRA 272 sss 674 Phileomsat Holdings Corporation v. Senate, G.R. ‘No. 180308, June 19, 2012, 678 SCRA 611 PHILCONSA v. Gimenea, 15 SCRA 479. PHILCONSA v. Villareal, 52 SCRA 477, Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation v 88, 157, 478, 889, 725 ‘Angara, 475 SCRA 41. 622 Philippine Amucoment and Gamaing Corporation v Court af Appeals, G-R. No. 98396, September 80, 1991, 202 SCRA 191.. 610 Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation vs. Rilloraza, GR. No. 141141, June 25, 2001, 359 SCRA 525... 622 Philippine Banking Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G-R. No. 170574, January 30, 2009, 577 SCRA 366. nes BM Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office Board of Directors v. Lapid, G.R. No, 191940, April 12, 2011, 648 SCRA 546... 637 Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, ‘ne. v. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. ‘Nos, 177857-58, January 24, 2012, 663 SORA 514 sven 582, 546, 724, 728, 755 Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Ine. v. ‘Republic, G.R. Nos. 177857-58, September 17, 2008, 600 SCRA 102... 132, 148 Philippine Coconut Producers Feeration, Ine. v. ‘Republic, G.R. Nos. 177857-58, February 11, 2010, 612 SCRA 255. 1 B82 wi‘Tanta cP Cases Page Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113108, August 19, 1994, 235 SCRA 506... 155, 311, 912 Philippine Export Processing Zone Authority v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No, 189767, July 3, 2012, 675 SCRA 518... Philippine Fisherios Development Authority v. Central Board of Assessment Appeals, G.R, No. 178030, December 15, 2010, 638 SCRA 644, ss 828 Philippine Guardians Brotherhood, Ine. (PGBI) v. ‘Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 190529, 29 April 2010, 619 SCRA 585, 582 Philippine International Air Terminals Co, Ine. v. ‘Takenaka Corporation, G-R. No. 180245, July 1384 4, 2012, 675 SCRA 674. 503 Philippine International Trading Corporation v. Commission on Audit, 461 Phil. 787 (2003) 24 Philippine Judges Association v, Prado, G.R. No. 105371 November 11, 1993, 227 SCRA 208 . 247, 286 Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co, v. NLRC, 247 Phil. 641 (1988)... us Philippine National Bank v. Palme, G.R. No. 157279, August 9, 2005, 466 SCRA 307 sone 520, 622 Philippine Rock Industries, Inc. v. Board of Liquidators, 259 Phil. 650, 655-656 (1989)... : n Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement v. Virgilio B, Pulgar, GR. No, 169227, culy 5, 2010, 623 SCRA 244 uz Philippine Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to ‘Animals v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 169752, September 25, 2007, 534 SCRA 112 278 Philippine Veterans Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. ‘No. 192561, June 30, 2005, 452 SCRA 336 520 Phillips Seafood (Philippines) Corporation v. Board of Investments, G.R. No, 175787, February 4, 2009, 578 SCRA 113. 412 Pichay v, Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary {for Legal Affairs Investigative and Adjudica- tion Division, GR. No. 196425, July 24, 2012, 677 SCRA 408. nnn 31S, 985, 421, 462 Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 262 U.S. 390... 104 Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. No, 132938, July 19, 2000, 886 SCRA 201... 493‘TaBLE OF Cases Page Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. No. 164978, October 13, 2005, 472 SCRA 587 272, 398, 504 Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No, 158088, ‘uly 16, 2008, 482 SORA 622. rors t 460 Pinero v. Hechanova, 18 SCRA 417... 622 PIRMA v, COMELEC, G.R. No, 129754, Sept. 23, 1997, 826 Planas v. Commission on Elections, 19 Pail. 06, 512 (2006) ae snes 58. Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 62 380 Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, GR. No. 166006, March 14, 2008, 548 SCRA 485. Pleyto v. Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation and Detection Group, G.R. No. 819, 516, 528, 546 169982, November 28, 2007, 538 SCRA 534 se TI. Plintv. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107. . 276 Pobre v. Defensor Santiago, A.C. No. 7398, ‘sagas 25, 2009, 597 SCRA Toc ase 280 Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 US. 270 vn 88 Pormento v. Ustrada, G.R. No. 191988, August 81, 2010, 629 SCRA 530. non SAT, 496 Presbiterio v. COMELIG, GI No, 1788854, June 30, 2008, 556 SCRA 816... snne OTB Primicias v. Ocampo, 98 Phil. 451 852 Protacio v. Laya Mananghaya & Co., G.R. No, 168654, March 25, 2009, 582 SCRA 411... 578 Prudente v. Genuino, GR. No. 1-5222, Nov. 6, 1951. 655, Prudential Bank v. Castro, 158 SCRA 646. eT Public Interest Center, Inc. v. Elma, G.R. No. 138965, June 30, 2008, 494 SCRA B8.....c.nse 643 Public Interest Center, Inc. v. Elma, G-R. No. 188965, March 5, 2007, 617 SORA 396. 504, 644 Pundaodaya v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179313, September 17, 2009, 800 SCRA 178, 191 Puyat v. De Guzman, 118 SCRA 33... 238 PVTA v. CIR, 65 SCRA 416 35 Qa Quarto v. The Honorable Ombudsman Simeon ‘Marcelo, G-R, Nu, 109042, October 5, 2011, 58 SCRA 580. . 271, 981, 168 wii