Comparison of programming languages

(object-oriented programming)
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Programming language comparisons

 General comparison

 Assignment

 Basic syntax

 Basic instructions

 Comments

 Control flow

 Foreach loops

 While loops

 For loops

 Do-while

 Exception handling

 Enumerated types

 Anonymous functions

 Conditional expressions

 Functional instructions

 Arrays

 Associative arrays

 Scope

 String operations

 String functions

 Higher-order functions

 Type systems

 List comprehension

 Object-oriented programming

 Object-oriented constructors

 Operators

 Evaluation strategy

 List of "Hello World" programs

  Languages with dependent types

 Comparison of type systems

Comparison of individual languages [show]

 v
 t
 e

This comparison of programming languages compares how object-oriented

programming languages such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Object Pascal, Perl, Python, and
others manipulate data structures.

Contents

 1Object construction and destruction

 2Class declaration
 3Class members
o 3.1Constructors and destructors
o 3.2Fields
o 3.3Methods
o 3.4Properties
 3.4.1Manually implemented
 3.4.2Automatically implemented
o 3.5Overloaded operators
 3.5.1Standard operators
 3.5.2Indexers
 3.5.3Type casts
 4Member access
 5Member availability
 6Special variables
 7Special methods
 8Type manipulation
 9Namespace management
 10Contracts
 11See also
 12References and notes

Object construction and destruction[edit]

construction destruction

data variable type ref to class .

ABAP create object variable [2][3]

Objects
«exporting parameter = argument». [1]
 class variable«(parameters)»; or
C++ (STL) class *variable = new class«(parameters delete pointer;
)»;

variable.Dispose
C#
(); [3]

Java class variable = new class(parameters); [3]

destroy(variable
D
);

class «instance
handle» { «properties/data members delete instance
eC
assignments, instance method handle;
overrides»}

class *variable = [[class alloc ]

init]; or
Objective- [variable releas
class *variable = [[class alloc
C (Cocoa) e];
] initWithFoo:parameter «bar:parameter
...»];

Swift let variable = class(parameters)

del variable [3] (No

Python variable = class(parameters)
rmally not needed)

Visual variable.Dispose
Dim variable As New class(parameters)
Basic .NET () [3]

Xojo Dim variable As New class(parameters) variable = Nil

create variable or
[3]
Eiffel create «{TYPE}» variable.make_foo
«(parameters)» or
 variable := create {TYPE} or
variable := create {TYPE}.make_foo
«(parameters)»

unset($variable)
PHP $variable = new class«(parameters)»;
; [3]

«my »$variable = class- undef($variable)

Perl 5
>new«(parameters)»; ;

«my »$variable = class.new«(parameters) $variable.undefi

Perl 6
»; ne;

Ruby variable = class.new«(parameters)» [3]

Remove-
Windows $variable = New-Object «-TypeName»
Variable «-Name»
PowerShell class ««-ArgumentList» parameters»
variable

let variable = new class «parameters» or

OCaml
let variable = object members end [4]
[3]

let variable = «new »class(«parameters»

F#
)

The class is an Object.

Just send a message to a class, usually #new or #new: ,
and many others, for example:
Smalltalk

Point x: 10 y: 20.
Array with: -1 with: 3 with: 2.

var variable =
new class«(parameters)» or [3]
JavaScript
var variable =
{ «key1: value1«, key2: value2 ...»»}
Object ClassVar := ClassType.ConstructorName(p
Pascal(Del ClassVar.Free;
arameters);
phi)

val obj = new Object // no parameters

val obj = new Object(arg0, arg1,
arg2...)
val obj = Object(arg0, arg1, arg2...) // [3]
Scala
case class
val obj = new Object(arg0, arg1, param1
= value1, ...) // named parameters

INVOKE class "NEW" RETURNING variable or

COBOL
MOVE class::"NEW" TO variable

Cobra variable «as class» = class(parameters) variable.dispose

(setq variable (create (class <some-

ISLISP class> [:field-1 value-1 [:field-2 [3]

value-2] ..])))

Class declaration[edit]

class protocol namespace

class name definition «inheriting

from parentclass». «interfaces: inte
AB rfaces.» interface name
AP method_and_field_declarations endcla . membersendin N/A
Obj
ects ss. terface.
class name implementation. method_im
plementations endclass.

C+
+ class name« :
namespac
(ST public parentclasses [5] » { members };
e name {
L)
members
}
C#
 interface name
module n
class name« : «parentclass»«, interf « :parentinter
D ame;
aces»» { members } faces»
members
{members }

class name« : base class» { «default

namespac
eC member values assignments»
e name;
«members» }

package
Jav name;mem
a
interface name bers
class name« extends parentclass»« im « extendsparen
plements interfaces» { members } tinterfaces»
{members } namespac
PH e name;m
P
embers

@interface name« : parentclass» [6] «< p

@protocol name
Obj rotocols >» { instance_fields }metho
ecti «<parentprotoc
d_and_property_declarations @end [8]

ve- ols >»

C @implementation name
members @end
method_implementations @end [7]

protocol name«
Swi class name« : «parentclass»«, protoc :parentprotoc
ft ols»» { members } ols» {members
}

__all__
=
Pyt class name«(parentclasses[5])»: [9]
[member1
hon Tab ↹ members
,member2
,... ]

Class name« Inherits parentclass»« I

Namespac
Vis mplements interfaces» Interface name
ual e name
members « Inheritspare
Bas members
ic End Class ntinterfaces»
End
.NE members Namespac
T End Interface e

Interface name Module n

Class name« Inherits parentclass»« I
« Inheritspare ame
Xoj mplements interfaces»
ntinterfaces» members
o members
members End
End Class
End Interface Module

class name« inherit parentclasses[5]»

Eiff members N/A
el
end

package
package name; «@ISA =
Perl name;mem
qw(parentclasses[5]);» members 1;
bers

role name
class name «is parentclass «does role module n
Perl [5]
«is parentclass ... »» «does role «does role ame {mem
6
«does role ...»» {members } ...»» {members bers }
}

module n
class name« < parentclass»
Ru ame
members
by members
end
end

Wi
ndo
ws
Po N/A
wer
She
ll

class name «parameters» =

module n
OC object «(self)» «inherit parentclass
ame
aml «parameters» «inheritparentclass
members
«parameters» ...[5]»» members end
 type name«(parameters)» «as this» =
class «inherit parentclass«(paramete
rs)» «as base»» members type name = namespac
F# «interface interface with implementa interfacemembe e name
tion rs end members
«interface interface withimplementat
ion ...»» end

Sm
[10] [11]
allt
alk

Jav
aSc class name
ript
«extends parentclass» { members }
(ES
6)

'ClassName = Class' «(ClassParent,

Interfaces)»
private
Obj // Private members(include Methods
ect and Fields)
Pas package
public
cal name;mem
// Public members
(De bers
lphi protected
) // Protected members
published
// Published members
end;

trait TraitName
extends
class ConcreteClass(constructor
OtherTrait1
params)
with
extends ParentClass package
Sca OtherTrait2
la with Trait1 with Trait2 with Trait2 { name
with
// members
OtherTrait3 {
}
// members
}
 CLASS-ID. name« INHERITS« FROM»
parentclasses». INTERFACE-
ID.name« INHER
FACTORY« IMPLEMENTS interfaces».
ITS« FROM»
class-members
CO interfaces».
END FACTORY.
BO members N/A
L OBJECT« IMPLEMENTS interfaces».
END
instance-members
INTERFACE name
END OBJECT.
.
END CLASS name.

namespac
interface name
class name «inherits parentclass» e name
Co «inheritsparen
«implements interfaces» T ab
bra tinterfaces»
T ab ↹ members ↹ membe
T ab ↹ members
rs

(defclass name (base-class)

ISL ((x :initform 0 :accessor get-
ISP
x :initarg x)) (:abstractpnil))

Class members[edit]
Constructors and destructors[edit]

constructor destructor finalizer[12]

methods
constructor «importing parameter
ABAP = argument»
Object N/A
method
s
constructor. instructions endmeth
od. [13]

~class()
C++ class(«parameters») «: initialize
{ instructions
(STL) rs [14] » { instructions }
}

void ~class()
class(«parameters»)
C# Dispose(){ ins { instruc
{ instructions }
tructions} tions}
 ~this()
this(«parameters»)
D { instruc
{ instructions }
tions }

~class()
eC class() { instructions } { instructions
}

void
finalize(
class(«parameters»)
Java )
{ instructions }
{instruct
ions }

[15] [16]
Eiffel

- (id)init
{ instructions... return self; -
-
Object } or
(void)dealloc (void)fin
ive-C - (id)initWithFoo:parameter
(Coco {instructions alize
a) «bar:parameter {instruct
}
...» { instructions... return ions }
self; }

deinit
init(«parameters»)
Swift { instructions
{ instructions }
}

def
__del__(s
Pytho def __init__(self«, parameters»): elf):
n T ab ↹ instructions T ab
↹ instru
ctions

Overrides
Visual Sub New(«parameters») Sub Dispose()
Sub
Basic instructions instructions
.NET Finalize(
End Sub End Sub
)
instructi
 ons
End Sub

Sub
Sub Constructor(«parameters»)
Destructor()
Xojo instructions
instructions
End Sub
End Sub

function
function
__destruct()
PHP __construct(«parameters»)
{instructions
{ instructions }
}

sub new { my
sub DESTROY {
($class«, parameters») = @_; my
my ($self) =
Perl $self = {}; instructions
@_; instructio
... bless($self, $class); return
ns }
$self; }

submethod BUILD
{ instructions } or submethod
«multi » method DESTROY
Perl 6
new(««$self: »parameters») { {instructions
self.bless(*, field1 =>value1, }
...); ... instructions }

def initialize«(parameters)»
Ruby instructions N/A
end

Windo
ws N/A
Power
Shell

OCam initializer instructions [17] N/A

l
 override
member this.Fina
do instructions or
F# this.Dispose() lize()
new(parameters) = expression [18]
=instructions = instruc
tions

JavaSc function name(«parameters») { ins

N/A
ript tructions } [19]

JavaSc constructor(«parameters»)
ript
{ instructions }
(ES6)

COBO N/A[20] N/A

L

def dispose
cue init(parameters)
T ab
Cobra T ab ↹ base.init
↹ instruction
T ab ↹ instructions
s

(defmethod initialize-object
ISLIS
((instance <class-name>)
P
initvalues)

Fields[edit]

public private protected friend

private protected
AB public
AP section. [21 ]
data section.[21 ] d
section.[21 ] data fie [22]

Obje field type type atafield typ

cts ld type type.
. e type.

C++ private: type protected: t

(ST public: type field; [23]

field; ype field;

L)
 internal
protected ty type
C# pe field field
«=value»; «= value
»;

package
public type field private type type
D «= value»; field «=value»; field
«=value»
;

type
protected ty
field
Java pe field
«=value»
«=value»;
;

private type
eC public type field;
field;

feature feature
feature feature {NONE} {current_cla {FRIEND}
Eiffe
l field: TYPE field: TYPE ss}
field:
field: TYPE
TYPE

Obje @package
@private type @protected t
ctive @public type field; type
field; ype field;
-C field;

Swif N/A
t

Sma
[24]
lltal N/A N/A
k

Pyth self.field = value [25] N/A[26] N/A

on
Visu Public field As typ Private field A Protected fi Friend f
al e «= value» s type «=value» eld As type ield As
Basi
«=value» type
c
.NE «= value
T »

Xojo Public field As typ Private field A Protected fi

e «= value» s type «=value» eld As type N/A
«=value»

protected
public $field private $field
PHP $field
«= value»; «= value»;
«= value»;

$self->{field}
Perl N/A
= value; [25]

Perl has« type »$.field« has« type »$!fi

N/A
6 is rw» eld

Rub @field = val

N/A
y ue [25]

Add-Member
«-
Win MemberType »NotePro
dow perty
s «-Name »Bar «- N/A
Pow
erSh Value »value
ell -
InputObject variabl
e

val «mutable
OCa »
N/A N/A
ml field = valu
e
 let «mutable»
F# N/A N/A
field = value

Java this.field = value

Scri this["field"] =
pt value [25]

CO level-number field
N/A N/A N/A
BOL clauses. [27]

var __field var _field

Cobr var field «as type»
«as type» «as type»
a «= value»
«=value» «=value»

(field :initform va
lue :accessor acces
ISLI sor-
SP
name :initarg keywo
rd)

Python

Visual
Basic
.NET

Xojo

Windo
ws [cls]::member
Power
Shell

N/
F# A
cls.member