Formation Evaluation in Indonesia SPWLA-1973-AA

SPWLA FOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6-9, 1973
FORMATION EVALUATION IN INDONESIA
BY
C. Dadrian, Schlumberger Technical Service, Paris, France

H. Brown, Schlumberger Limited, Houston, Texas
J. Goetz, Schlumberger Technical Services, Paris, France
B. Marchette, Schlumberger Overseas, S. A. - Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks of Indonesia cover a wide range of

lithologies and include clean carbonates and sandstones as well as formations
of variable or very high clay content. Their evaluation is also sometimes
complicated by the presence of impurities of volcanic origin. Many of the
quantitative log-interpretation techniques developed in other areas of the
world are applicable to the solution of Indonesian problems. However, in
the very shaly reservoir formations sometimes encountered in Indonesia,
existing methods for shaly formations require additional refinements in order
to obtain reliable porosity, water- saturation, and lithology information.
The purpose of this paper is to broadly cover the wireline methods applied to
formation evaluation in Indonesia today, and to demonstrate the corresponding
techniques with actual field examples. The paper begins with a discussion of
the geology of Indonesia’s oil basinal areas and the lithology of their sediments.
It continues with the presentation of examples of the use of logging techniques
as an aid to the geologist. The following chapters deal with the various aspects
of formation evaluation through wireline methods of logging, sampling, and
testing. The last chapter illustrates the use of all the outlined techniques in
the complete evaluation of a typical Indonesian well.
SPWLA FOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6.9, 1973
Symbols McRning Customary “nits
a ............... Coeffrcienl in F- 0 relation
CFl ............ Computer Processed Interpretation
F .............. Formati”” res,stivity factor
h .............. Thick”es* (bed, mud-cake, etc,. ..... feet. meters. inches
k .............. Permeability ....................... millidarcies
M .............. Quantity used in M-N Plot*.......... M= 01x (Art -At)

(pb - Pf)
m .............. Cementation exponent
N c?uantity used in M-N Plot.. . . N= (ONf - 0,.&l

(Pb - Pf)
” .............. saturat,on exponent
p .............. Pressure .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . plri
R .............. Resiativity ... ......... . . . . . . . . . ohm-meters
SPI ............ Secondary Porosity Index . . . . . . . . . SPf = QND - OS
v ............... Bulk volume fraction
a .............. Porosity . . .. .. . .. .. ...., . fraction (or bulk

volume,. or percent
a, bulk volume (po*o-
*ity units)
At ............. Sonic interval transit tnne .. . . . . . . microseconds/foot

A0 Nex”‘-“” .,. ... porosityunita,or
Excavation effect
fraction of bulk volume
p .............. Density ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . gram8percubic ccnti-

meter
Subscripts Expianation Example
b ............... Bulk. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pb(from Density LO&
clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay. .................. . . . . V,+. Relay

co,,............ ..Corrected ........................ QNcorr
1. fluid ............ Fluid ............................

pf
h ................. Hydrocarbon ..................... ,,,,
hr................. Residual hydrsxarbon............ Shr
m................. Mud ........................... R,
ml ................ Mud filtrate .................... R,f
rf ................. Recc.vcred fluid ................ R,f
SP................ spontaneous Potential
w ................. Formation WPLCI ................ S,. R,.,

wa................ Formation water, apparent ....... R,, - Rt I F
X0................. Flushed zone .................... Rx,. S,,
IL ................. From Induction Log .............. R,L
Ll, ..... ......... From Laterolog*. ............... RLL
MLL .............. From Microlaterologt ............. RMLL
D. FDC........... From Density Log, FDCIDcnsily

lOS ............................. 0D. 0Fx
N, SNP,CNL...... From Neutron LO& SliPNeutron,

CNlH'kutron.................... ‘dN. 0SNP. OCNL
s ................. From Sonic Log. ................ 0,

ND................ From Neutron and Drns,ty Logs .... QND
CHAPTER I
GEOLOGIC OUTLINE OF THE MAIN OIL BASINS OF INDONESIA
Exploration for petroleum in Indonesia has been known since the end of the nine-
teenth century. Up to 1966, the activity was principally confined to the land areas
of western Indonesia, namely Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawe si. Explora-
tion in the eastern part of the archipelago had ceased in 1959.
Starting in 1966, a continuously increasing interest in oil exploration by foreign

companies has developed. Meanwhile all the existing state oil companies have
been integrated into a single one, Pertamina. At the same time, exploration
extended offshore where five companies discovered oil in commercial quantities
three of these discoveries have already been put into production. Onshore dis-
coveries also multiplied. Oil production in Indonesia continuously increased AA
exceeding 1 million barrels/day in early 1972. A production of 1. 5 million barrels/
day is projected for 1974.
Whereas oil has been playing the greater part in Indonesia’s development programs
over the years, lately, the building of a number of petrochemical plants by the
Government has directed the search for hydrocarbons towards gas as well as oil.
The increased exploration activities in Indonesia have resulted in the accumulation

of large amounts of data concerning onshore as well as offshore sedimentary
basins. This has led to a new understanding of the geology of the Archipelago,
especially concerning the offshore basins. Modern studies revealed the validity
and applicability of the new global tectonics to Indonesia, which promises to
supply answers to many of the problems of Indonesian tectonics (Ref. 1).
The geological setting of the western part of the Indonesian Archipelago has been
recognized to be fundamentally different from that of the eastern part. The major
tectonics features of western Indonesia consist of (see map) :
- the outer Island Arc, represented by the offshore islands of west Sumatra,
a submarine ridge flanking the Java trench South of Java, and some sedimentary strata west of Sumatra
- a Foredeep Basinal Complex represented by several sedimentary basins between the outer arc and the isles
of Sumatra and Java
- an inner VolcanicArc representedby the Sunda Mountain System which forms

the backbone of Sumatra,Java and the LesserSunda Isles
- a BackdeepBasinalComplexrepresentedby a seriesof oil-productivebasins

of Tertiary age in eastern Sumatra, northern Java and eastern Kalimantan, with offshore
extensions
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- and the Sunda Shield or Sunda Platformwhich is regardedas the continental

core of western Indonesiaand consistsof stronglytectonizedsedimentary
and crystallinerocks,mainly of pre-Tertiaryage.
The tectonic setting in eastern Indonesia is different in that it is in part associated

with the Sahul Shelf of Arafura Platform which belongs to the subcontinent of
Australia. Whereas western Indonesia is chiefly an area of Tertiary sedimentary
deposition, eastern Indonesia was the site of the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic
sedimentation; some places there are still prospects for hydrocarbons.
Most of the oil exploration in eastern Indonesia is being carried out in West Irian;
the two main basins are both situated in the Vogelkop area with extensions offshorr
Oil accumulations have been proven in the Tertiary in these two basins, the Salawati and Bintuni
Basins.
AA
The Tertiary sedimentary strata in the main oil-basinal areas in Indonesia over-
lie unconformably the basement formation which is generally of pre-Tertiary age.
Thicknesses of these Tertiary “infillings” in the various basins vary up to a
maximum of about 8000 meters (26, 000 ft) in North Sumatra. On one structure
in the Barito basin, a basement high at about 1200 meters (4, 000 ft) is associated
with an uplifted basement block. The onshore portion of the West Java basin
contains an estimated 6000-8000 meters (20,000 - 26,000 ft) of Upper Tertiary
sediments and volcanic s. Basement seems to rise rapidly further north in the
offshore portion of the basin, where several wells have penetrated the pre-
Tertiary basement at about 1500 meters (4, 500 ft).
Oil-productive pre-Tertiary formations are so far known only in Southeast

Kalimantan and on the isle of Ceram. Although the possibility of finding hydro-
carbons in pre-Tertiary formations is still remote, the Mezozoic of eastern Indonesia is not yet to be
excluded.
Recent extensive marine seismic investigations and subsequent drilling have

contributed considerably to the geology of Indonesia. They have changed the
basic concepts of geotectonics and sedimentation history of the region as well
as the basin mechanism. Faulting apparently plays an important role in sedi-
mentation history, and although additional data is still needed concerning the
east Indonesian oil-basins, it can be said that fault-control of basin mechanism is convincing.
The bulk of Indonesia’s oil production comes from the Tertiary, namely from
the young Tertiary in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java
(onshore and offshore), East Kalimantan and West Irian; production in the Barito
Basin is obtained from the Eocene and from pre-Tertiary formations.
Sandstones form most of the prolific reservoirs, but the importance of carbonates
as reservoir rocks becomes more obvious, especially in the western Java Sea Basins and in West Irian.
- 3 -
Concerning stratigraphy, in the backdeep basins of western Indonesia, where

most of the oil fields are, rapid sedimentation occurred during the Tertiary in
partially closed marine environments. Moderate to strong folding followed at
the end of the period. Development of individual basins may have differed in
the timing of tectonic events, but a similar basin-evolution and sedimentation
cycle may be inferred for each basin. Similarity in the stratigraphic succession
is apparent.
Sediments were initially deposited on an eroded paleo-topographic surface cut

into late Cretaceous strata. Early Tertiary faulting and contemporaneous faulting
also governed erosion and deposition throughout Tertiary time (obvious in South
Sumatra and the Java Sea Basins). At the ‘end of the Tertiary, the deposits were
generally followed by sedimentation in the regressive environments resulting in
basin filling. An exception is the East Java Basin which is characterized by a
high carbonate content.
In eastern Indonesia, the Mesozoic sediments of the Salawati and Bintuni Basins
in West Irian consist mainly of shales and claystones with minor quartzite and
pelagic limes tone intercalations . Barrier reefs exist along the eastern edge of the Salawati Basin and along
the western edge of the Bintuni Basin.
Although most of the oil production today comesfrom the Central Sumatra Basin,
the East Kalimantan basinal complex is by far the largest oil province in Indone s ia.
- 4 -
CHAPTER II
GEOLOGICAL AIDS
CORRELATION
In deep marine sequences in Indonesia, correlation between wells using the

Induction Electrical log is usually straightforward and positive. Correlation,
however, becomes extremely difficult in deltaic and distributary formations.
In such cases, the Dipmeter (Fig. la) is an important asset in tying in corre-
lative beds. Especially useful in this regard is the Stick Plot (Fig. lb). In
this representation the apparent dips in a preselected cross section are plotted
as dipping line segments intercepting a vertical line corresponding to the well-
bore. Such plots may be made for as many cross sections as desired.
AA
Correlation can also be problematical in deviated holes. This task is simplified
by the use of a True Vertical Depth log which utilizes a digitized log recording
corrected to true vertical depth (Fig. lc).
STRUCTURAL MAPPING
Structural dip, as determined by HDT:: Dipmeter results (Ref. Z), is an invalu-

able aid in contour mapping. Using the dip data, contours can be placed in a
realistic manner with only minimal depth control information, For structural-
dip purposes, HDT Dipmeters in Indonesia are normally computed using a rel-
atively long correlation interval such as twelve feet or four meters. In those
cases where the Dipmeter arrow plot shows a high degree of scattering, such
as is normally found in beds deposited under high-energy conditions, the use of
an auxiliary presentation such as the Schmidt Equal Area plot (Ref. 3) is recomm-
ended for determining the magnitude and direction of structural dip. In some
cases, a dip-averaging technique, performed by computer, may be preferred.
Drawing structural maps with data from deviated holes is also complicated by
the necessity to correct measured depths to true depths. This complication is
eliminated by the use of True Vertical Depth logs. Such logs, in addition to
showing formations at their true depth, also continuously record versus depth,
the drift coordinates of the hole. In this manner, the true position in space of
the point at which a borehole penetrates a given formation in readily available for mapping.
DETECTION OF UNCONFORMITIES
Unconformities are most easily detected on the HDT Dipmeter arrow plot. An-
gular unconformities are manifested by an abrupt change in the dip trend. Minor
unconformities are often revealed by bedding-plane distortion due to weathering
immediately below the unconformable surface.
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DETECTION AND MAPPING OF FAULTS
Normal faulting in Indonesia is usually detected on the HDT Dipmeter arrow plot
through bedding plane distortion caused by drag in the vicinity of the fault plane.
By measuring the direction and magnitude of this distortion, the Dipmeter reveals
the direction of displacement and strike of the fault plane. These parameters
greatly enhance the validity of a structural map.
Thrust faulting is also detected on the HDT Dipmeter arrow plot by means of drag
distortion. However, mapping is more difficult because distortion is often so
severe that bedding planes are destroyed in the vicinity of the fault.
MAPPING OF REEFAL STRUCTURES
Dip distortion due to differential compaction over reefal buildups can be measured AA
to a precise degree by modern Dipmeter surveys. This distortion or draping
is readily visible on the Dipmeter arrow plot and servesto pinpoint the direction
of local buildup. Such draping is measured in the beds immediately overlying
the reef surfaceand can extend upwards severalhundred feet depending on the
magnitude of the reef growth. Reefs, because of their abruptly changing form,
are notoriously difficult to map. The Dipmeter survey, in determining the local
strike of the reef front and providing a minimum estimate of the buildup angle of
the reef front is an important factor in drawing accurate contour maps.
DELINEATION AND MAPPING OF STRATIGRAPHIC SAND DEPOSITS
The majority of HDT Dipmeters run in Indonesia today are for the purpose of
delineating stratigraphic sand deposits. Many of the sands of interest are off-
shore-bar types, deltaic channels, and deltaic distributary fronts. All of these
are extremely limited lateral extent and are therefore very difficult to follow.
The multiplicity of sands further complicates the picture. In this difficult sit-
uation, the Dipmeter results serve to identify the type of sand geometry, that is
differentiate bars from channels, and to point out the direction of thickening and
the direction of flongation. With this information, follow up wells in development
work can be placed in optimum locations. Mapping of individual sand bodies, a
very difficult task, can be markedly improved with the addition of Dipmeter data.
Stratigraphic applications require a much more detailed study of the dip data
than structural work (Ref. 4). For deltaic sands in Indonesia, a correlation
interval of one foot is recommended for the computation of HDT dipmeters. For
the delineation of stratigraphic sand deposits, structural dip should be first re-
moved from the arrow plot by the process of vector rotation. This operation can
be performed by computer. An example will be shown.
- 7 -
INTERPRETATION
For interpretation, the dip symbols are grouped on the plot

into green, red, and blue patterns (Ref. 5). These patterns
may be
formed by various phenomena. Geological

knowledge as well as experience in an area will dictate
INTERPRETATION
which of the potential interpre-
tations can be applied to each case. The
TRUE DIP
0’ 10- aw JO’
interaction between structural dip (and al-
800 tered structural dip) and sedimentary dip must also be
STRUCTURAL DIP
taken into account before
FAULTS BARS
CHANNELS REEFS. meaningful interpretations can be made.
UNCONFORMITIES
Green patterns are formed by groups of

STRUCTURAL DIP
dips having consistent magnitude and direction. Red
RANDOM EVENTS patterns are formed by dips of consistent
FAULTS
aximuth and increasing dip magnitude with
CURRENT BEDDING depth. Blue patterns have consistent azimuth
UNCONFORMITIES
and decreasing dips with depth.
oI = ( ( 1 STRUCTURAL DIP
Structural dip in many of the major oil pro-

ducing fields in Indonesia is frequently very
high. Many of the structures are associated
with high-angle faulting so that dips up to
70 degrees are not uncommon. On the other
hand, structural dip may also be very small;
sedimentary features may produce the only dips
recorded.
EXAMPLE II- 2
Example II-2 illustrates a case of structural mapping. Five wells from a prospec-
tive structure are included in the study. The top of the main prospective sand body in Well A is taken as
the zero reference.
Dipmeter log were run in two of the fire wells, Well D and Well E.
The relative positions of the wells are shown in Fig. Z-la. A WSW-ENE cross
section of the structure is shown in Fig. 2-lb. The Dipmeter on Well D (Fig. 2-1~)
shows a westerly dip of 2O. Correlation shows that the sand in Well D is 145 ft
lower than in well A. This corresponds to approximately 2’ dip.
In Well B, the sands are about 40 ft lower than in Well A.
On the North-South line, Well C has the sand top about 130 ft lower than A. This
suggests a two degree dip in a southerly direction.
- 8 -
EXAMPLE II-1
AA
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WELI
40
- 9 -
EXAMPLE II-1
Fig. 2-le
WELL WELL WELL
C A E
Fig. 2-lf
STRUCTVRE MAP CONTOURED ON TOP OF SAND
- 10 -
The analysis of Well E is more complicated. A section of the Dipmeter in Well

E is shown in Fig. 2-ld. The depths indicated are relative to the top of the sand
in Well A. The interval presented is -350 to -560 ft. Well E penetrated a sand
body below -450 ft.
Throughout the interval presented, the dip direction is slightly East of North.
Dip magnitude varies in this direction from less than ten degrees to more than
70 degrees. However, most of the computations concentrate in the range of 60
degrees. Structural dip is therefore interpreted as 60 degrees, slightly East of
North.
Several red and blue patterns, which could be the result of faulting, occur in this
interval. The most interesting pattern is found around -520 ft, where there is a
reversal of dip direction. From about -450 ft to about -510 ft, a red pattern exists
with northerly dips increasing from about 40 degrees to more than 70 degrees;
this is followed immediately by a blue pattern containing southerly dips; below this
is a red pattern with southerly dips, followed by a reversal of dip direction back
to northerly dips in the form of a blue pattern. This sequence of patterns is
characteristic of dip alteration along a thrust fault, with the dip of the fault plane
being opposite in direction to the structural dip. The well apparently crosses a
thrust fault at around -520 ft; the fault plane strikes approximately East-West,
and dips in a southerly direction; the southerly block is upthrown. Well E should
again encounter the sand in the downthrown block. Patterns around -390 ft and
-450 ft probably result from minor adjustements associated with the thrust fault.
In Fig. 2-le, a North-South cross section of the structure through wells C-A-E
is shown. Finally, the contour map so defined is shown in Fig. 2-lf.
EXAMPLE II- 2
About 450 feet of the geologic column, including two producing sands, at 344-360
and 377-393 ft, is shown on the I-ES log of Fig. 2-2a. Also shown is the Con-
tinuous Dipmeter, Fig. 2-2b, on which a series of dips of nearly consistent
azimuth and magnitude is clearly seen. Structural dip is interpreted from this plot as 27O at 270° aximuth.
Between 200 and 400 ft on Fig. 2-2b, interspersed between structural dips, are
many computation results of differing aximuth and magnitude. These dips are
thought to be related to the primary sedimentary structures created during the
deposition of this sand-shale sequence. However, since the system apparently
was tilted to the West after deposition, that tilt has been superimposed on the
sedimentary dip, obscuring its true direction and magnitude.
Fig. 2-2~ presents the dip information from the same interval after 27O of dip
at 270° azimuth (i. e., the structural dip) has been vectorially subtracted from
each of the computation results shown on Fig. 2-2b. This operation is called vector rotation.
- 11 -
EXAMPLE II-2
Fl0. 2-2 b
FIG. 2-2 c
BEFORE ROTATION FIG. 2-2 d
ALL DIPS ALL DIPS
AFTER ROTATION
DIPS LESS THAN 3’ ONLY ALL DIPS
AZIMUTH FREQUENCY PLOTS
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SPWLA FOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6.9, 1973
EXAMPLEII-3
Note the random azimuths of the low-magnitude dips (less than 3 degrees) in the
interval above 200 ft on Fig. 2-2c, indicating that about the right amount of
structural dip was removed. This interval now has the typical appearance of
deposition on a flat surface. The Dipmeter log below 200 ft has been changed dramatically.
The Aximuth Frequency diagram, fig. 2-2d, contains all the dips from this in-
terval. The upper two diagrams are for the results before vector rotation, the
bottom two after rotation. Note, in the lower right-hand diagram (below 160 ft)
the strong concentration of data in the southeast quadrant. This direction is
associated with red and blue patterns of short vertical duration on the standard
presentation (Fig. 2-2~). The direction of transport of the sediments encountered
between 200 and 400 ft is therefore interpreted as towards the Southeast. This
probably parallels the axis of the trough in which the deposition occurred, and
the direction of elongation of the producing sands.
AA
EXAMPLE II- 3
The use of the Dipmeter to define both structural and stratigraphic trends is
demonstrated in Example H-3, in which two High Resolution Dipmeter Logs (HDT)
were recorded in adjacent wells. In each case the HDT computation was made
with two correlation intervals, 3 ft and 12 ft.
Fig. 2-3a shows the-results for Well X using the long correlation interval. It
shows clearly the structural dip, which increases from near zero at 1, 200 ft to
i’O at 4, 600 ft, always in a southeasterly direction.
In Well Y, which is east of Well X, the long-correlation-interval plot again shows

the structural dip clearly (Fig. 2- 3b). The indication is of 3 degrees East-
Southeast at 1,100 ft increasing to 16O East-Southeast at 4, 000 ft. One conclusion
that could be drawn is that structural dip in this area is southeasterly, and that
a given horizon in Well Y will be structurally lower than the same zone in Well X.
However, the main sand bodies in Well X occur below 3,100 ft whereas the
corresponding sands in Well Y are below 2, 800 ft.
Between 1, 800 and 2, 300 ft in Well Y, a reversal of dip direction is evident,

increasing to a high angle to the Northwest at 2, 300 ft. This is a strong red
pattern. It is followed by a blue pattern of short duration. This characterizes
a normal fault striking NE-SW, downthrown to the Northwest, crossing the
borehole between the structural-dip interpretation and the correlation between Wells X and Y. See Fig. 2-
3~.
The stratigraphic trend of the main sands can be demonstrated through polar
plots made on the short-correlation-interval results (3 ft in this case). The
lower part of the sand body is considered in each well.
Well X 4,140 to 4, 240 ft (Fig. 2-3d)

Well Y 3, 190 to 3, 430 ft (Fig. 2-3e)
- 15 -
Each of these intervals includes a clean sand body with a shale section above.
The short-correlation interval results presented have been interpreted using the
traditional red and blue patterns.
The Aximuth Frequency Plot of the Well X section is shown in Fig. Z- 3f. A strong
trend of red patterns towards the Northeast and a minor blue pattern trend towards
the Southeast is evident. This bimodal form is typical of channel or trough fill.
The blue patterns represent current or foresetbedding and hence the direction
of transport. Therefore, in this case we can say that the sediments were trans-
ported from the Northwest towards the Southeast, which is the axial direction of
the trough. The direction of sand thickening is shown by the red patterns.
The Azimuth Frequency Plot of the Well Y section is shown in Fig. Z-3g. Again
a bimodal red and blue plot is seen, suggesting a channel or trough fill. The
blue patterns (current bedding) confirm the transport of sediments from the
Northwest to Southeast. The red patterns are to the Southwest, which suggests
a thickening in that direction over this short vertical interval.
In conclusion, we can see that in this area, there is a strong northwest to south-
east trend with such lateral extension that both wells are well within main sand bodie s, on either side of
the local trough axis.
This example, as well as the previous ones, demonstrates some of the uses of
High Resolution Dipmeter data by the geologist in Indonesia. The examples stress
the importance of using all the available computation and presentation techniques
to derive full benefit of the recorded Dipmeter curves.
- 16 -
EXAMPLE II-3
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CHAPTER III
FORMATION EVALUATION AT THE WELLSITE
One of the primary purposes of well logging is the detection of potential

hydrocarbon producers. However, no logging method presently available provides
direct hydrocarbon detection Such detection can be performed only indirectly through
the interpretation of measurements of the various electrical, acoustical, and
radioactive properties of the formations.
The newest logging tools which have been introduced in Indonesia to produce
the best possible measurements respond not only to the parameters of primary
interest, such as presence of hydrocarbons or formation, density, or velocity,
but also to other factors such as lithology, clay content, or properties of
the hydrocarbons (Ref 6). Constant research into the responses of these
tools has led to a better understanding of various secondary effects and hence
to the development of improved interpretation techniques. Use of these tech-
niques is however too complicated and time consuming to be done manually
for
more than a few levels.
As wells in Indonesia frequently penetrate many horizons, which might produce

hydrocarbons, the need for quick answers to come basic questions has to be
satisfied through the use of wellsite log interpretation methods which are at
the same time rapid and reliable. Two such methods are well established today in
Indonesia, and their results can be quickly confirmed by sidewall sampling or
wireline formation testing. The complete formation evaluation is usually made at
a later date with the help of computers.
In most Indonesian formations, the use of compatible-scale overlays provides an

effective detection of the potential reservoirs, as well as differentiation between
oil and gas. Overlays can also be used for acceptable quantitative evaluation of
both formation porosity and water saturation. Although the quantitative evaluation
loses some of its validity in very shaly formations, hydrocarbon detection through
the overlay of resistivity logs recorded on logarithmic scales remains reliable
even in the presence of substantial amounts of clay in the formations. Presence of
gas poorly detected on the Density-Neutron Overlay may need to be confirmed by
independent means such as wireline sampling or testing or by Density-Neutron
comparsion after correction of the Neutron for shaliness effects.
RESISTIVITY OVERLAY
In clean formations, the water saturation Sw can be expressed by the well known
Archie relationship:
r
FRtJ (1)
SW = Rt
where Rt is the resistivity of the formation, Rw the resistivity of the connate

water, and F the formation resistivity factor, essentially a function of the
formation porosity.
- 18 -
where Rt is the resistivity of the formation, Rw the resistivity of the connate

water, and F the formation resistivity factor, essentially a function of the
formation porosity.
A similar expression can be written for the part of the formation close to the
borehole which has been flushed of formation fluids by mud filtrate during the
drilling of the well. The mud-filtrate saturation, Sxo, of this flushed zone will
then be
= (2)
S x0
where Rxo is the resistivity of the flushed zone, R,f the resistivity of the mud
filtrate and F the same formation factor as in Eq. 1,
Dividing Eq. 1 by Eq. 2, we obtain
Rxox R,
s,
--
=
- J- Rt Rmf (3)
The flushing of formation fluids by mud filtrate depends on many variables.

However, we can reasonably assume that in average or normal conditions, there
exists a certain relationship between S,, and SW. One such relationship pro-posed
many years ago (Ref. 7) is:
S
x0- L sw l/5
(4)
has proved to be suitable to Indonesian conditions Combininb Eqs. 3 and 4 we
obtain:
(5)
Evaluation of the formation water saturation with this single equation involves, of
course, the assumption of relation (4) between SW and S,,. Experience showed that
assuming slightly different relationships modified neither the principle of the
method nor its practical results in Indonesia.
The direct use in Eq. 5 of the measurements taken with a microresistivity

device, such as a Microlaterolog'k, or Proximity Log*, and those of a basic
resistivity device, such as an Induction Log or Deep Laterolog*, provides in many
cases, a fairly reliable and quick determination of the water saturation SW.
Because clay content usually affects all of the resistivity measurements
*Trademark of Schlumberger
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SPWLAFOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6-9, 1973
in a comparable manner, the equation remains valid in moderately shaly for-

mations. The practical way to use it requires the recording of the resisti-vity
logs on logarithmic scale and the use of a special grid (Fig. 3-l), as will be
demonstrated.
I I i~lllll I I I ~‘I”~ I I I )Ull~ I I I 1’

.05 .l .5 1 5 10 60
FOUR DECADE GRID INDEX EXPONENT 518
Fig. 3-l
Scales for division with exponentiation to the 5/8 power
Use of the logarithmic scale for the recording of resistivity logs has been
found to be particularly convenient in Indonesia, where producing formation
resistivities are sometimes very low, between 1 and 10 ohm-m. Around such
values, a small resistivity change is more visible and produces a larger
deflection on a logarithmic scale than on the usual linear scales. The
logarithmic scale also facilitates the arithmetical operations of division and
exponentiation on the log data, frequently used in the course of quanti-tative
evaluation of resistivity logs.
Here is a review of the rules which help Eq. 5 by use of the logarithmic
scale, and without any calculation:
-The result of a division is represented logarithmically by a separation between

curves. Assuming we have a Laterolog and a Microlaterolog recorded on logari-thmic
scales, we may overlay the two logs as in Fig. 3-3 and write:
1% -Rxo = log R X0 - log Rt

Rt ’
Since the ratio, Rx0 Rt, is equal to Rmf Rw in invaded, water-bearing zones
9from Eqs. 1 and 2 with SW = S,, = 100 percent, the value R,f Rw can be evaluated by
measuring the separation between RMLL Rx0 and RLL Rt. This measurement can
be done using the grid of Fig. 3-2, and placing its INDEX on RLL. In the example, R,f
Rw is quickly found to be equal to 2.2 (Fig. 3-3A).
I I lpll~ I I ipl~ I I l)llll~ I 1 rpq II I~llll~ IIII-
.005 .Ol .05 .l .5 1 5 10 50 100 500
FOUR DECADE GRID INDEX EXPONENT 1
Fig. 3-2
Scales for ordinary division problems
The possibility of recording the microresistivity at the same time as the basic
resistivity log (DLL-R,, tool, Ref. 8) will make application of the method even
easier in the near future.
-The result of the exponentiation of a ratio is represented logarithmically

by some multiple of the separation between curves. This multiple is the power
- 20 -
FIG. 3 A
LOGARITHMIC RESISTIVITY OVERLAY
lh
r-
1
FIG. 3 B
1 LOGARITHMIC RESISTIVITY OVERLAY
I I l~llll~ Ill1
-5 10 60
f EXPONENT5/n
_e- --
RMLL ~__+__----MG+ RLL
to which the ratio is raised. For example in Eq. 5, if Rmf were equal to h,
Rmf/Rw would be equal to 1, and RMLL would be equal to RLL in the water zone
(Fig. 3-3B), and
518
in the hydrocarbon zone. Hence
R x0 518
log SW = log fRt- 1 = 5/8 (log log Rt)
The proper grid for the solution of this equation is the one on Fig. 3-l. Placing
the INDEX over the log reading corresponding to the denominator (RLL), we shall
read SW at the point where RMLL crosses the scale of the grid (Fig.
3-3B).
-In more usual case, where Rmf/Rw is not equal to 1, the division and exponen-
tiation operations have to be combined to remove the effects of the difference
between Rmf and Rw. This is accomplished at the wellsite by placing the value
corresponding to the ratio Rmf/Rw on the microresistivity scale directly onto
the 1 ohm-m grid line of the basic resistivity log, and carefully aligning
the two grids. The operation eliminates the separation between Rxo and Rt due
to the difference between Rmf and Rw or, in other words, "normalizes" the two
resistivity logs in the water bearing formations. Naturally, using the above
described SW evaluation method with the grid of Fig. 3-1, SW in the water zone
after "normalization' will be 1.0 (or 100 percent).
EXAMPLE III-I
The Resistivity Overlay reproduced on Fig. 3-4 corresponds to a well in carbo-nate

rocks from Indonesia, where Rmf = Rw. The natural radioactivity or Gamma Ray Log
corresponding to the section shows that the formation below 0020 ft. has a rather low
radioactivity and hence is probably fairly clean and clayfree. The fact that both
flushed zone resistivity (RMLL) and basic formation resisti-vity (RLL) are equal
below 0095 ft., combined with the knowledge that Rmf = Rw, indicates that if any
flushing has taken place in the formation, it can corres-pond only to replacement of
formation water by mud filtrate; there is no evidence ofdisplacement of hydrocarbons;
use of the SW calculation just described would give: SW = 100 percent.
Over interval 0020-0095 ft. on the contrary, the large separation between the
curves must be interpreted as the result of the flushing of hydrocarbons from the
zone investigated by the Microlaterolog; making the assumption that S,, = SW l/5,
and using the grid of Fig 3-1, we can obtain a first approximation of Sw by
placing the INDEX of the grid on RLL and reading SW at the point where RMLL
crosses the scale. This first approximation gives SW 7 percent and is probably
quite accurate since the formation is clean.
- 22 -
EXAMPLE III-2
This example is from a sand-shale sequence in Indonesia, with the Gamma Ray Log
showing varying degrees of shaliness (Fig. 3- 5). Rmf is again equal to G, and
comparison of the Proximity Log (RpL) with the Induction Log (RIL) over intervals
0270-0347 and 0520-0587 ft. suggests that these intervals are water-bearing. In
several other zones, however, visible separation between the curves, with RIL higher
than RpL, clearly indicates the presence of hydrocarbons. The level at 0270 ft. in
particular can obviously be interpreted as a hydrocarbon-water contact. An
approximation of the water saturation, SW, can best be made
in the cleanest zones, such as between 0050 and 0070 ft.; using the proper
grid (Fig. 3-l) there, we find SW = 40 percent. This value is probably fairly
correct since the assumptions which have gone into its calculation seem to hold
true. On the other hand, any attempt to evaluate Sw from the Resistivity Overlay in
such shaly intervals, as the one at 0120-0140 ft. would certainly not be realistic.
A
EXAMPLE III-3
Fig. 3-6 shows a set of logs in a typical shaly sand section, where some
carbonates are present. Again Rmf = Rw. Qualitative detection of potential
hydrocarbon-bearing zones remains easy in spite of the considerable shaliness
indicated by the Gamma Ray Log. Quantitatively however, and using the SW grid
(Fig. 3-l), we find that all water saturations in the interval are higher than 45
percent. These saturation values are probably pessimistic due to the in-fluence of
the clay on the resistivity measurements. In development drilling in such
formations, experience from nearby wells may sometimes permit one to judge of
formation productivity on the sole basis of the apparent saturation values from
the Resistivity Overlay. It is more usual, though, that the qualitative
hydrocarbon indications are further evaluated by sidewall coring, formation
testing, or more detailed quantitative analysis.
DENSITY-NEUTRON OVERLAY
Interpretation techniques based on cross-plotting Density and Neutron Log data are
commonly used throughout the world to determine matrix lithology, total porosity, and
hydrocarbon type. But crossplots are not easy to construct manually at the well site,
and faster methods of evaluating the Density and Neutron Logs are often desirable.
The simplest and most direct qualitative Density-Neutron

interpretation method
consists in analyzing the overlay of the Density and Neutron porosity logs run
on compatible scales. This solution is adopted when the available measurements
are the Compensated Formation Density (FDC);kand the Sidewall Neutron Porosity
(SNP);k. A better solution consists in running the Density and Neutron Logs
simultaneously; this possibility has been made available in Indonesia with the
introduction of the Compensated Neutron Log (CNL)*. Thanks in part to the
greater sensitivity of the CNL to the presence of gas and its better compensation
for borehole effects (Ref. 9), the FDC-CNL combination log, produced on a
single run in the hole, has proven to be an extremely powerful and reliable well-
site evaluation tool in Indonesia.
- 23 -
The following examples demonstrate the utilisation of the Density-Neutron

Overlay technique in some typical Indonesian formations.
EXAMPLE III-4
Fig. 3-8 shows the Density-Neutron Overlay corresponding to Example III-1 and Fig.
3-4. The formation is a known carbonate. The bulk density measured by the downhole
FDC tool has therefore been routinely converted to limestone porosity in the
surface panel, using a grain density of 2.71 gm/cc and a fluid density ofl.0
grm/cc. The Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log is presented on the same scale.
Interpretation of the resistivity logs already led to the con-clusion that the
formation was 100 percent water saturated below 0095 ft., with hydrocarbons
present between 0020 and 0095 ft.
From all available information, it can be reasonably assumed that the whole
formation below 0020 ft. is a fairly uniform and clay-free, single reservoir
unit. The fair agreement of the two porosity measurements over the water-bearing
section indicates that no gross errors have been made concerning the lithology
assumptions or the scaling of the logs. In view of all this, the striking
separation (10 to 15 porosity units) between the two porosity curves over the
hydrocarbon-bearing section unmistakably indicates the presence of gas throughout
the section. Presence of oil would have been indicated by a much smaller
separation (Ref. 10).
In the absence of clay and hydrocarbon effects, the water bearing section be-low
0095 ft. can be interpreted for lithology using Chart CP-la (Fig. 3-7). Entering
the scale at the right side of the chart with Density Log limestone porosity, and
at the bottom of the chart with Neutron Log limestone porosity, the following can
be seen: The lithology will be limestone when !&NP b FDC,
dolomite when dSNP dFDC + 10 porosity units, and quartz when 6SNP 4FDC - 6 p.u,
Pure limestone intervals can be seen at 0145-0180 or 0235-0255 ft. No pure

dolomite is in evidence, but &NP does get as much as 7 to 8 porosity units
higher than mFDC. The interpretation would be that the formation matrix is a
limestone-dolomite mixture ranging from pure limestone in some places to about 75
percent colomite in others. Presence of quartz and sandstones may be dis-
carded in a first evaluation, since the only place where &S P is less than dFDC is
over the the hydrocarbon-bearing section; also it is ratfler improbable
that the lithology changes dramatically and exactly at the gas-water contact.
Chart CP-la can also be used for an accurate estimation of porosity in the
water-bearing zone. At 0136 ft. for instance, 6*VP = 30 p .u. and 4FDC = 26
p.u. The lithology is 50 percent limestone and percent colomite, and the
porosity is 29 percent (Fig. 3-7).
An approximate porosity in the gas zone can be calculated through the use of
formulae such as (Ref. 10).
m =
- 24 -
CHART CP-la
POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY DETERMINATION FROM

FORMATION DENSITY LOG AND
SIDEWALL NEUTRON POROSITY LOG (SNP)
MAY ALSO BE USED WITH GNT F, G, or H NEUTRON LOGS
FRESH WATER, LIQUID-FILLED HOLES
SNP NEUTRON INDEX (&& (APPARENT LIMESTONE POROSITY)

Fig. 3-7
- 25 -
EXAMPLE III-5
The Density-Neutron Overlay of Fig. 3-9 corresponds to the sand-shale

sequence of Example 111-2. The Neutron Porosity reads much higher than
the Density Porosity over many intervals, which indi-cates high clay
content (Ref. 11). The Gamma Ray Log confirms this indication. This
example is interesting in two respects.
Many levels in the water bearing shaly sand from 0520 to 0587 ft. show
Density-Neutron separations typical of quartz or sand, accord-ing to
the criteria just outlined in Example 111-4. The separation over 0550
to 0560 ft. however, is reduced from about 6 porosity units to zero
while the Gamma Ray curve indicates a slight increase of shaliness.
Had we not known that the formation is a shaly sand, we could have
assumed at least a partial change of lithology from sandstone to
limestone. This demonstrates how sensitive the lfth-interpretation is
to even small changes in clay content.
The zones at 0005-0009, 0048-0082, 0147-0176 and 0246-0270 ft. ex-

hibit strong gas effects, which confirm the hydrocarbon indications
of the Resistivity Overlay (Fig. 3-50.
Example III-6
Fig. 3-11 shows the Induction-Electrical Log and FDC-CNL Combination

log run in a development well in Indonesia. The lithology was known to
be sand and shale, and sandstone porosities were computed and recorded
by the logging surface panel. Hydrocarbons were expected in the
reservoir at 023-069 ft., and the Induction Log is suffi-cient to
confirm this. Once the presence of hydrocarbons is con-firmed,
pinpointing the gas-oil contact from the FDC-CNL combina-tion log does
not take long. After running only two logging tools in the hole, the
operator already knows that he has gone from 023 to 045 ft. and oil
from 045 to 069 ft. Such "quick look" wellsite interpretations are
becoming more and more common in Indonesia as the use of the FDC-CNL
tool is expanding.
EXAMPLE III-7
The Induction-Electrical log of Fig. 3-12 comes from an area where oil,
gas, and water may be produced erratically from independent lenticular sand
bodies. Visual interpretation of the Induction resis-tivity and the SP
curves shows that the sand from 061 to 089 ft. has a hydrocarbon-water
contact at 071 ft.; hydrocarbon saturations from 061 to 068 ft. seem
excellent in spite of the presence of another water-bearing sand
immediately above (at 050ft). The sand at 161-165ft., much below the water
table at 071 ft. also appears to contain hydro-carbons, although in lesser
amounts than at 065 ft. The Density
- 26 -
EXAMPLE III-1 EXAMPLE III-2 EXb.Ml?LEIII-3
. FIG. 3-3
-
,. r,:
2
!
f
IL
< RI L
1
)
7.
cc:
._I
? :’
_.
!
AA
_
_-
- _
_
- -
- - -
- -
Fig. 3-6
_
- - ___
_.
- -
Fig. 3-4
Fig. 3-5
- 27 -
EXAMPLE III-4 EXAMPLE III-5 EXAMPLE III-8
-
-m
---II: -
!
-
Fig. 3-10
Fig. 3-8 Fig. 3-9
- 28 -
SPWLA FOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY C-9, 1973
i%iEF GARllMA RAY
-I I+ API Units a0 SANDSTONE UNITS %I

I
10mv
WI b 1l.D 4
: ____J!-_ --y___+
1 tarslzt
I
-.
-
._
_
_.
_..
Fig.
- 29 -
n n
Fig. 3-12
- 30 -
Neutron Overlay clearly indicates gas production for the lower sand, and
probable oil production for the upper sand; this upper sand however seems to
have its own small gas cap.
It is noted that the Density and Neutron porosities match fairly well in the
cleanest water sands such as at 052 and 085 ft.; this is a good indica-tion that
the logs are correctly calibrated and that the gas indications can be relied
upon. The increase of shaliness over such intervals as 048-050 and 098-103 ft.
results in the Neutron porosity reading higher than the Density porosity.
EXAMPLE III-8
Fig. 3-10 shows the Density-Neutron Overlay for the same interval as on Fig.
3-6. This interval is described on the geologist's records as a sand-shale
series with streaks of limestone and dolomite. With very few exceptions,
dSNp exceeds &DC by many porosity units, indicating a high clay content AA
nearly everywhere. The Gamma Ray Log confirms this indication.
In three places however, at 0072-0081, 0101-0105 and 0242-0244 ft., (ISNP

is less than dFDG. The large separation in the upper zone is as clear
an indication of gas as can be expected; like in Example III-5 the gas effect
has more than offset the clay effect. In the two zones, presence of gas is
still probable, as increased shaliness could account for the reduced separa-
tion. But a reliable answer cannot be obtained without a more complete ana-
lysis, and further evaluation is necessary. A wireline formation test at 0104
ft. recovered gas.
Many formations in Indonesia are similar to the one just described. Although the
Resistivity and Density-Neutron Overlays give reliable indications on the presence
and type of hydrocarbons, quantitative analysis is obscured by shale effects or
gas effects, and a complete evaluation of porosity and water satura-tion can
rarely be performed at the wellsite. Nevertheless, the indications of hydrocarbons
given by the overlay techniques in Indonesia are clear and positive enough that
they deserve further evaluation in case of doubt. Such an evaluation could be
performed through computer processing at a later date, but more usually takes
place right at the wellsite using wireline sampling and testing techniques.
SIDEWALL SAMPLING
The wireline method of sampling or coring provides a rapid and accurate means of
confirming the potential of reservoirs detected by wellsite log interpreta-tion in
Indonesia. Sidewall samples often provide the first palpable evidence of the
presence of oil in a formation, and this evidence is usually the key to the
decision of whether or not to make a formation test.
Sidewall samples also provide the first physical lithology description which can
be made with good depth accuracy, and they can be conveniently used to investigate
particular log indications or to pinpoint oil-water and gas-oil contacts. In
addition, many laboratories, specialized in the analysis of side-wall samples,
obtain from the cores representative measurements of formation characteristics and
valuable other information such as on micropaleontology,
- 31 -
palynolow, or oil gravity.
Several factors affect the recovery and size of sidewall cores in Indonesia.
Generally speaking, it is difficult to recover cores from loosely compacted
sands, since even when such cores are successfully retrieved, the sand re-
maining in the bullets may wash out while bringing the core gun out of the
borehole. Also, the harder the formation, the more difficult it is to obtain a
sizeable sample. Shales and shaly sands are however easily penetrated by the
bullets and because of their plasticity, such formation samples fill the core
barrel completely and can be brought to surface in ideal condition. Re-covery of
sidewall samples in Indonesia is usually excellent, with the most recent
statistics showing near 90 percent success in the ratio "recovered" over
"attempted" in soft-to-medium hard formations.
Examination of the logs and of the geological information available at the

wellsite is necessary to choose sample depth and equipment type. up to 51 cores,
about an inch in diameter and one to two inches long, can be success-fully
recovered in one run in the hole. Positioning or centering of the core gun with
special devices, and careful choice of equipment, improve chances of recovery in
such extreme case as5 in. or 25 in. diameter boreholes.
The following table lists a description of the sidewall samples taken in the
well discussed in Excmples III-3 and 111-8.
SIDEWALL SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Depth Porosity Remarks

0076 Excellent No show
0079 Excellent No show

008 1 Good No show
Good Slight show oil
0103
0105 Excellent Slight show oil
Show oil
0107 Good
Good show oil
0109 Good
0122 Moderate Slight show oil
Good Good show oil
0124
0126 Good Good show oil
Ki Moderate
Good
Slight
Show
show
oil
oil
Slight show oil

0151 Good
0159 Good Show oil
0163 Good Slight show oil
0170 Good Slight show oil
0186 Excellent Trace oil
0244 Good Trace oil
0248 Excellent Good show oil
0287 Good No show
Good Trace oil
00% Excellent Good show oil
TABLE 4-1
Oil shows are reported for most cores, and comparison with the Resistivity Overlay
(Fig. 3-4) shows that all the "Good Oil." indications on the samples correspond
indeed to positive hydrocarbon identification (RPI RIL). Four cores, however, at
(0076, 0079, 0081, and 0287 ft) are listed as "No Show" in spite of the hydrocarbon
indication of the Resistivity Overlay. This discrepancy is easily explained for
the top three cores by the strong gas effect seen on the Density-Neutron Overlay of
Fig. 3-8; presence of gas in interval 0072-0081 ft. is thus confirmed. The core at
0287 ft. corresponds to "No Separation" on the Density-Neutron Overlay, which,
because of the shaliness of the formation, may
- 32 -
be considered as a weak indication of possible gas.
This example demonstrates the two most important uses of sidewall-sample analysis
at the wellsite in Indonesia: confirmation of the hydrocarbon shows indicated by
the quick-look interpretation of the well logs, and additional evidence for gas-
oil differentiation. Further analysis in the laboratory helps determine, at a
later date and with higher precision, the lithology, as well as the other
properties of the formations and their fluids.
The new information brought by the sidewall samples may lead to the decision to set
pipe and run production tests. In cases, however, where the evidence is still not
positive enough, or where the productivity, gas-oil ratio,(GOR), or pressure of the
formation are judged to be important or decisive factors, ad-ditional evaluation is
necessary. Wireline Formation Testing is one convenient way, frequently chased in
Indonesia, to proceed with such evaluation.
WIRELINE FORMATION TESTING
Wireline Formation Testing (FT)ikhas proved to be an extremely useful and con-

venient method of obtaining essential information at the wellsire in Indonesia.
Continued improvement of the testing equipment and of its operation have led to
greater reliability in the interpretation of test results 9 using generally
accepted interpretation techniques (Ref. 12).
After selecting the zone to be tested on the basis of a study of the logs and
sidewall samples, the Formation Tester tool is lowered into the well, accurately
positioned in depth by means of SP or Gamma Ray correlation, and then anchored.
Opening of a flow-line valve allows the formation fluids to flqw into the tool's
sample chamber where they remain. When the test is completed, usually after the
sample chamber is full, the tool is brought back to surface. The operation is
controlled electrically from a surface panel, and a continuous recording of the
flowline pressure is made during the test. The total rig time per test is around 2
to 3 hours depending on depth.
Examples of pressure recording can be seen on Firs. 3-18 through 3-21. Track 1 on
the left shows the pressure in the tool's hydraulic system, and a record of the
various steps of the testing. Tracks 2 and 3 on the right display the flowing,
shut-in, and hydrostatic pressures.
The sample chamber brought to surface is usually bledoff and the recovered fluids are
analysed. Recovery in Indonesia usually includes sufficient amounts of oil,
water/filtrate, gas, or condensate to permit an immediate evaluation of GOR, nature
of gas, oil gravity, and water cut. When the sample chamber is full and hydrocarbons
have been recovered, interpretation is made using Chart FT-1 (Fig.
3-13). If the test data plots above the appropriate shut-in curve, the interval
will produce gas and/or oil.
If the sample appears to be without hydrocarbons, the recovered fluid is centri-

fuged and checked for fluorescence. In such cases, it is helpful to determine
exactly the proportions of formation water and mud filtrate in the sample; this
usually might be done by comparing the resistivity of the recovered fluid, R,f with
Rmf and Rw. However, when Rw and R,f are greater than 0.1 ohms, it is
- 33 -
Chart FT-1
Fig. 3-14
Fig. 3-13
FT/Fll iNlERPRElAliON
FOR -IMus
Cbort FT.8
Fig. 3-16 '-cL*-c

Fig. 3-15
Chart PT.12
Fig. 3-17
- 35-
likely that bicarbonate ions, streaming potentials, and desalting by mud cake
will be effective. When the amount of water is known, the water cut can be
estimated as a percentage of total formation fluids recovered. Experience in
Indonesia indicates that a water cut of under lo percent can generally be
ignored, while a water cut above 25 percent will usually condemn the tested zone.
A large amount of information can be obtained from the pressure record alone. The
average flow rate q can be determined from either Chart FT-6 or FT-7 (Fig. 3-14).
Chart FT-8 (Fig. 3-15) entered with q and the pressure drawdown (dif-ference
between shut-in and flowing pressures) gives the Specific Productivity Index, JFT,
in psi-ft. Chart FT-9A (Fig. 3-16) relates JFT to Rt/h, deter-mined from
resistivity-log analysis, to predict fluid production in Indonesia.
Chart FT -9A has been drawn from statistical comparison of wireline formation
tester data analysis with production tests, Drill-Stem Tests and Computer
Processed Log Interpretations throughout Indonesia. It is generally assumed that
it compensates, at least in part, for the effects of the average clay content of
Indonesian formations. Use of these charts will be demonstrated on actual
examples.
The tested formation's permeability can also be derived from the pressure
recording. The method, based on Darcy's fluid-flow equation for radial flow
(Ref. 12), is the one generally used in Indonesia Chart FT-12, Fig. 3-17. It
requires an estimation of the average viscosity of the recovered sample.
- 36 -
fES,DEVTH - -~ 96
Q.-_ ‘f
AA
:tOW LINE OPENED

Fig. 3-18 shows the Wireline Formation
Tester pressure and recovery data from a
test at about 5800 ft. The amount of
recovered water is small and can be
ignored, since Chart FT-1 Fig. 3-13,
entered with the amounts of recovered gas
and condensate, indicates gas produc-tion
with GOR = 70,000. The tested zone should
thus produce gas and condensate with
negligible, if any, water cut.
The pressure record can be analysed to

confirm this first interpretation. The
flow rate, q, is determined by entering
Chart FT-6 Fig. 3-14 with full chamber
recovery (10,250 cc) and fill-up time (5.5
minutes); these give q = 29 cclsec.
(entering FT-7 with choke size and samp-
ling pressure would give q = 26 cc/set).
Pressure drawdown LIP = 2625 - 2550 = 75
psi. Chart FT-8 Fig. 3-15, now gives JFT
between 0.25 and 0.30 B/D psi ft, and
Chart FT-9A Fig 3-16 entered with JFT and
Rt/Rw = 350 (from the logs) indicates
with-out any doubt production of
hydrocarbons and eliminates the
possibility of a water cut.
UlCLE SEAILED
a*(
-
Fig. 3-18
X)L CLOSED
-12-
- 37 -
It may seem unusual that the viscosities of the recovered fluids are not enter-ed
into Charts FT-6 and FT-7, or that JFT is indicated in B/D/psi-ft even though gas
is recovered. The explanation is that formation fluids flowing in-to the sample
chamber push on a piston which displaces a water cushion, and the choke is actually
acting on the cushion and not directly on the flow line. Hence the flow rate in
cc/set is in fact the rate at which the water (of known viscosity) is pushed
through the choke, and JFT is in B/D/psi-ft.
For the determination of formation permeability with Chart FT-12 Fig. 3-17, the
viscosity of the recovered mixture must be estimated. Assuming a gas viscosity
of 0.02 cp and a liquid viscosity of 0.5 cp, 1200 cc of liquid and 9000 cc of
gas, the viscosity p of the sample will be approximately:
p = pgas X volume of gas + pliq X volume of liquid y 0.08 cp

Total volume (10,250 cc)
Chart FT-12 then gives k 25 md.
- 38 -
NTEWWATIONDATA
mRMAnml nE!xH RECOVERYAND I 7
fm.Car __ - -.__.ruk
oil
AN Gmri* “@ Of 1
GON TOOL DATA
We
Ed wmudl -.-@I-..-“f
cQho*m cl - ~_ppm
famwlm wlr %
* The test of Fig. 3-19 was taken around

3800 ft. The amount of recovered water
is relatively large, but Chart FT-1 in-
AA
1DDLSET d
dicates without any doubt production of
oil (with a GOR around 1200). Charts
FT-6 or FT-7 give q = 12 ccfsec.
LOW LINE OCENED
o- Chart FT-8 gives JFT = 0.06 B/D/psi-ft,
- -
using Rt&, = 30 from the logs, Chart
I- FT.-9Apredicts hydrocarbons with possibly
a low water cut. Because of the very
I- clear
indication of Chart FT-1, we must assume
3-
- -
that Chart FT-9A is pessimistic, probably
because of en even higher formation shali-
.-
ness than it accounts for.
sr
This zone was put on production and gave
oil with a GOR of 2000 (no water).
(I-
Fig. 3-19
SW r-w n
I. -
WE LEALCC
lODL CLDSEDI rr.IN
15 -1 IE
-
- 39 -
PI.1 YI! OPkNCO

e-IL 1, 4 !dL
a 0-F
- DL- set -
,-
2-
- a-___-_
The test shown in Fig. 3-20 is typical

a*
of deeply invaded formations. The
salinity of the recovered "water" is
0, exactly that of the mud filtrate, with
- no indication of the presence of real
o*
formation water. The hydrocarbon show
hence becomes extremely significant,
and the prediction from the recovery
T-
should be that the formation will
produce at least some hydrocarbons.
- .*__._._
Utilization of the pressure record gives

o- = 9 cc/set (from either Chart FT-6 or
I*yLINo
PRESWRE kChart-7) FTandg)FTJ = 0.025 B/D/psi-ft
IO -
(from -. The prediction from Chart
-
FT-9A is hydrocarbons with low water cut.
This confirms the sample analysis.
-
II -
A conventional test of this formation re-

11 - sulted in a flow of oil with about 50 per-
cent water cut, showing that in spite of the
- IS-___ - rather pessimistic appearance of the
recovered sample, careful analysis is
I. *
necessary to avoid passing up any potential
production.
I6 -
- -
IO -
17 *
Fig. 3-20
- IO *_ -
IO -
- -._ I HUY-IN
PIREEEURL
II .
WPLE emI I! NVDM#tAtlC

I I
PRESSURE
rooL CLOO
- 40 -
Fig. 3-21
AA
T- The sample recovered in the test of Fig,

21 is, at first glance, almost the same
as that of Example III-11 just examined.
3-
However, comparison of sali-nities of

recovered fluid, formation water, and
mud filtrate indicates this time the
presence of some formation water. To
estimate the proportion, VW, of this
water, we can assume that the
conductivity of the recovered fluid, 1
Erf, is the sum of the conductivities
of its two components, or
1 (l-VW)
q=;+,q
Using the values from Fig. 3-21, we ob-

tain VW = 39 percent. The recovery of
this large amount of water and the ab-
sence
of any hydrocarbon show should
condemn the zone.
The pressure-record interpretation, with

= 14 cc/set. (from Chart FT.-6)and np=
:50cl- 500 = 1000 psi, gives JFT = 0.009
B/D/psi-ft. Rt/Ew derived from the logs is
10. On Chart FT-9A, the zone plots well
into the water area. The pressure record
thus confirms the sample analysis. The
Y rnfsmJRE
zone is interpreted as being water bearing.
The formation-test analysis was convincing
enough that no conventional testing
was performed on this zone.
OL CDLLAf
IDL FREE
- iii&- - 41 -
t NEEllRE
CHAPTER IV
COMPUTER-PROCESZiED INTERPRETATION
Wellsite evaluation of logs by quick-look methods is only one aspect of log inter-
pretation in Indonesia. Detailed quantitative analysis is frequently needed,
especially for complex, very shaly, or marginal reservoirs. Rugose borehole
conditions or excessive mud cakes or invasion may also alter the responses of
logs to the point where straightforward application of the basic interpretation
relationships leads to unrealistic answers. Every piece of available log or other
information must be taken into account in such cases if a reliable quantitative
evaluation is desired.
The correct handling of the large amounts of data, parameters, and equations
available for final log interpretation in Indonesia involves as many iterations
and cross-verifications as possible. It is not uncommon that pay zones extend
over many thousands of feet. In addition, the statistical approach may be necessary
to determine some of the parameters or to extrapolate relationships through
zones where part of the data is recognized as defective. Therefore, the great
usefulness that computer processing has for the final log interpretations in
Indone s ia.
The application of computer techniques to log interpretation created the need to

transform field-recorded log measurements into digital form; this is currently
done in most parts of Indonesia by recording the logs simultaneously on magnetic
tape as well as in the traditional analog form. Logs which are not taped are
eventually digitized by optical methods.
Two important additional benefits of the use of computers have been the possibility
of matching computerized logs in depth with utmost precision through automatic
correlation procedures, and the possibility of fine tuning log calibrations through
intensive cross-plotting or through comparisions with nearby wells.
The fundamentals of log interpretation are defined and examined in other publi-
cations (Refs. 6 and 13). In brief, the main objectives of log evaluation in In-
donesia are the determination of effective porosity and hydrocarbon saturation.
Secondary objectives are lithology definition especially shaliness), and gas-oil
differentiation. All these objectives can be reached after correct values of Rt,
R w, and Vclay are obtained. The value of Vclay is needed in order to be able
to eliminate clay effects from the various measurements.
DETERMINATION OF Rt
There is no major difficulty in determining the true formation resistivity, Rt,

in Indonesia, and a fairly good approximation can usually be obtained directly
from the Induction log or Deep Laterolog readings. When possible, correction
for invasion is made but this requires a microresistivity log (Microlaterolog or
Proximity log) and a knowledge or estimation of the invaded-zone diameter. An
imporved R, evaluation can be made when both Induction log and Laterolog are
available together with a microresistivity log.
- 42 -
.._..______.~_____.__.__.-__.__~___~_~._~~_~-.~~..~.~~.~~.,~~..-~~~~~~-.-.~~~~~~~~..-~~.~.-~~. . ~.~~.~~-~~~~~.,
1 . : R/d. 10 ;
.0.000- . .
I
:With GAMMA RAY cut off
t
.
.
j*
::
::
Fig. 4-l
The recently introduced Dual Laterolog, when used with a microresistivity log,
permits a better direct evaluation of Rt when R,f/R, does not exceed 2 or 3.
The use of this tool may, in the future, provide s ome explanation for the extremely
low resistivities sometimes observed on the Induction Log in productive shaly sands.
DETERMINATION OF R,..
Connate water salinities may vary appreciably from well to well in Indonesia,
and all available approaches (Ref. 6) must be used to determine R, from the logs.
In water-bearing intervals, when the SP shows R to be constant, crossplots of

Rt versus pb or @N often give the most reliable Rww values . Although the accuracy
is better when the lithology is simple, satisfactory results are obtained with this
method in more complex lithologies. An example will be shown.
Plots of R,, versus depth with (R wa preferably derived from R, and bND)also
give good R, values oppositeclean,water-bearing formations. This method
complements fairly well the one described above.
The SP is usually a good indicator of R in Indonesia. When the SP deflection

from the shale base line is substantially different from zero, an estimation of
R, from the SP will help verify the other R, evaluations. Of course, when the
SP deflection is around zero, the measured value of R,f becomes a good appro_
ximation for R,,
Rw
In many cases in Indonesia, rather erratic variations are observed within a
single geological unit or horizon. Fortunately, in most of these cases, the
lithology of the involved formations remains rather simple and uniform, and it is
possible to establish an empirical relationship between Rwa in the water sands
and the SP. This relationship may or may not follow the theoretical SP-R
relationship. A crossplot of SP versus Rwa for the hydrocarbon zones way
derived from the SP in front of each one of the variousreservoirs.
A fourth method to determine R, is the use of the ratio R,,/R,. This ratio is
maximum and equal to Rmf/Rw in water-bearing formations. Crossplots of
R,,/R, versus SP or Gamma Ray Log permit evaluation of this ratio in the
cleanest intervals. Fig. 4-2 shows the crossplot of this ratio versus SP for the
same well as on Fig. 4-l ; the trend is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical
charts (Chart SP-2, Ref. 14).
Experience in Indonesia shows that formation-water salinity seldom exceeds 30,000 ppm NaCl.
-DETERMINATION OF V,]
Clay minerals are very common in Indonesia, and are encountered in varying
- 44 -
Fig. 4-3
,wl”Oi Equation (1)
AA
amounts in most formations. Since they affect all log readings to an appreciable
extent, the quantitative evaluation of formations of possible interest for hydro-
carbon production requires a reliable estimation of the clay content, V clay’ as

well as a good knowledge of the logging-tool responses to that clay.
Intuitively, it would seem logical that the clay deposited during the various
phases of a continuous sedimentation cycle has the same composition over the
whole cycle. The physical properties of a given clay will of course vary slightly
with depth. Also, differences in hole condition sometimes affect the responses
of the logging tools to clay. However, general experience in Indonesia shows
that it is very reasonable to assume that the clay parameters needed for the
interpretation of all the formations within one geological unit can be derived from the log readings in the
shale beds of this unit.
It is however advisable to limit the length of a “computation unit” to say 600 to

1000 ft when geological units (as often occurs) are several thousand feet thick.
In the method to evaluate Vcla in Indonesia, seven clay indicators (described

in detail in Ref. 11) are consid z red simultaneously and calibrated so that every
one of them gives, under favourable conditions a good approximation of V clay ( see table).
- 46 -
The calibration of each indicator is, at the same time, done in such a way that
when conditions deviate from the ideal for that particular indicator, the derived
V clay is too high. Using this principle at every level of computation, it can be
logically considered that the lowest V clay value found at that level is a good app-
roximation of the real clay content there. Experience in Indonesia shows that in
the great majority of cases, two to four of the clay indicators agree very closely on the adopted (lowest) value
of Vclay.
EVALUATION OF POROSITY
Presence of clay in water-bearing formations generally increases the apparent

Neutron porosity by an amount proportional to oNclay and the clay content, V clay
The effect on the Density Log is proportional to pbclay and Vclay, and that on the Sonic transit time to t
clay and V clay’

AA
Corrections of the log readings for clay content follow the general form:
ONcorr = ‘N - ‘Nclay ’ Vclay
Presence of hydrocarbons in the formations usually creates an additional effect

on the log readings, depending on the amount and density of the hydrocarbons.
The Sonic Log is usually unaffected although interval transit time is sometimes
increased. Corrections for hydrocarbon effects on the Neutron and Density Logs
have been thoroughly documented (Ref. 10).
The general equations relating the porosity, clay content, and hydrocarbon
effects to the Density and Neutron measurements will be given later on.
EVALUATION OF WATER SATURATION
In shaly formations, the clay network is known to affect the true formation
conductivity to an extent which depends on the resistivity of the clay R clay’
the amount of clay Vcl , and also, as established by measurements and theoretical
considerations (Ref s. ?J, lb), on the water saturation SW. A formula of the type:
1
- = -( VclayFSyy~ 0 m swn
%
R clay a Rw (1)
is often used for the determination of SW ‘in shaly formations. The exponent, c,
is usually between 1 and 2, and m and n are around 2.
Use of this type of equation in Indonesia led, however, to cases where many com-
puted water saturations were clearly too high. The problem was investigated
and the conclusion of the investigation was that to obtain satisfactory SW values
in Indonesia, a different relationship had to be used (Ref. 17).
- 47 -
RW
laJ
ii
20
10
2
1
:nm
:m
05
-u)
02 M -40
40-
0.1 30. m
0.05 20.-20
15--15
0.02
Il.01 (o--m
6--6
6--6
4--4
2--2
l--l
it
I Vcby
w
1.
rzo.9
0.6
01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 10.
1 ENTER B-
Fig. 4-5
Many Rt - Sw r elationships were tried before the equation:

(1 - VI-la& 1
cdm/2 1
= V clay
1 2 t SW n/2
/- Rt J Relay FG ( 2)
was selected for use in Indonesia. Figs. 4-3 and 4-4 show crossplots of Vclay
versus SW derived using Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively, over an intervalof sand-
stones, shales, and limestones in an Indonesian well. There were few hydro-
carbon shows over this interval, and it was expected to have a concentration of
SW
values close to 100 percent, with moderate scatter above and below 100 percent,
over the whole range of variation of Vclay. In other words, the points corres-
ponding around SW = 100 percent. Of course, some points on both plots show
lower SW values, since there are a few hydrocarbon-bearing formations. How-
ever, many of the SW values obtained with Eq. 1 exceeded 130 percent (Fig.4-3).
Clearly this indicates overestimation. With Eq. 2(Fig. 4-4), the scatter above AA
100 percent is definitely reduced, and although this equation was derived empiri-
cally, it form seems consistent with observations concerning the relationship
between Vclay and the ratio Rclay/Rt (Ref. 11). Up to now its use has been very
satisfactory.
i
(Fig. 4-5) is the graphical solution to the Indonesian saturation equation (Eq. Z),
It is a three-step process, as follows:
1. DetermineA = 0Rt/R,by entering Rt at the left and proceedingthrough

R, to the turning line ; projectionthrough C$ gives A.
Example: Rt = 16, R W- 0.1, and a=30 percent give A = 3. 7
2. Determine B = Vclay Rt/Rclay by a similar oper.ation. Enter Rt and

R to obtain the pivot point, then project through Vclay to obtain B.
Ez%ple: Rt = 16, R clay = l9 and Vclay = 15 percent give B = 0.6.
3. Enter B at bottom of chart at right,on line correspondingto the coefficient

a (of F = a/ 0 2, chosen. Use preferably a = 0. 8 for sands, a = 1 for car-bonate s
Proceed vertically from there to value A and read SW.
In the example: A - 3. 7, B - 0. 6 and for a = 0. 8, SW = 23 percent.
COMPUTATION METHODS
The formation parameters and the various usual log measurements are related
by a number of equations. These equations are (Refs. 6 and 18):
V clay
For Basic Resistivity
clay
0
1 - - 1 b, m/2 n/2
CI 2 SW
R clay f
J- Rt a Rw
1
- 49 -
For Microresistivity mz sxo

For Density
t amI
J n/2
(3)
Pb (J (SXO Pmf + Shr ph) + Vday Pbclay + (1 - @ - Vclay)Pma

(4)
For Neutron Porosity
ON = 0 (1 - B Shr) - @Nex t Vclay @Nclay + (1 - 0 - Vclay) a Nma

where B is a coefficient depending mostly on the value of ph. (5)
For the Sonic Log, secondary-porosity and hydrocarbon effects cannot be evaluated
with precision, and it is impossible to write a general mathematical equation
which relates Sonic transit time to all the factors that affect it. However, in
consolidated formations, when pore size and pore-size distribution are uniform
an empirical equation that is widely accepted as being fairly representative of
Sonic tool response is:
At = 0s 4tf + V,lay Atclay •t (1 - O, - V,lay) atma (6)
Let us temporarily forget Eq. 6 since, besides being empirical, it does not cover
v clay
all cases. If and Rw are determined by the methods outlined at the beginn-
ingof this chapter, we can consider Eqs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 as a system of four
equations with the five unknowns, a, SW, Sxo, ph, and the nature of the matrix
(pma, ONma). ThGystem can obviously not be solved mathematically unless
one of the unknowns becomes known or is eliminated. Another way to solve it
would be to add one new equation or measurement, but such measurement is not
yet available ( Sonic transit time cannot be this measurement, because the effects
of hydrocarbons on it are generally not quantifiable, and it introduces an addition-
al unknown (secondary porosity) in fractured or vugular formations). The only
solution to the system for the time being seems to be the elimination of one of the
unknowns.
We have seen, in Examples IV - 4 through 111-8, that even in complexlithologies

or relatively shaly formations, differentiation between oil and gas can be reason-
able accurate in Indonesia. In addition, gas-detection records made during drilling
as well as sidewall-sample and formation-test data, are often available when the
final Computer Processed Interpretation is being done. It can thus be assumed,
in a first computation, that the hydrocarbon density ph is no longer an unknown.
Using the estimated value for ph, the system of equations can be solved for 0,
s Sxo and matrix parameters. The results of this first computation can then
bzkvaluated in the light of certain logical assumptions such as were made in
Example 111-4, and the chosen hydrocarbon density can be modified if necessary,
as has been demonstrated by several authors (Refs. 6 and 19).
- 50 -
On the other hand, in many cases in Indonesia, the clean matrix may be well
known and have a fairly constant grain density. This is particularly true for
sand-shale sequences when no carbonates or volcanics are present. In such
cases, the nature of the matrix being known, the four equations, (Eqs. 2-5),
can be solved for 0, SW, Sxo, and ph after replacing pma and Q)Nma by the
values corresponding to the known matrix.
Summing up the above,we can see the need to have two different approaches
to the mathematical solution of the basic set of equations. In the simplest case,
when the formation matrix has a fairly constant mineral composition such as
occurs in sand-shale series, the porosity, water saturation, residual-hydrocarbon
saturation as well as hydrocarbon density can be calculated. In the case of complex
lithologies such as mixtures of limestone and dolomite, silica and volcanic ash,
the hydrocarbon density has to be known or assumed and the nature of the matrix
has to be determined as accurately as possible before the porosity and water
AA
saturation can be calculated.
In both cases, a good value of V clay must be obtained from the clay indicator,
system as already discussed., Also in both cases, the Sonic-Log data can be
used, after adequate calibration against the Neutron-Density porosity QIND in
clean, water-bearing formations, to control the final porosity values when ad-
verse borehole conditions affect the Density and/or Neutron readings. The Sonic
is also used, after correction for clay content, to derive a secondary-porosity
index (SPI) in fractured or vuggy formations (SPI = GND - 0s).
The following two examples of CPI (Computer Processed Interpretation) are

representative of the results obtained in Indonesia using the two described
computation methods.
EXAMPLE OF CPI IN COMPLEX LITHOLOGY
Fig. 4-6 shows the complete set of logs run in an Indonesian well in which sands,
carbonates, and shales were encountered. This interval has already been discussed
in Examples III- 3 and III- 8. The log data are also displayed in a series of cross-
plots (Figs. 4-7 to 4-10) from which the various parameters needed for the CPI
can be obtained. After these Parameters (R,, Relay, pbclay, ONclay andAtclay)
were introduced into the computer program together with the estimated value of
hydrocarbon density, Eqs.2, 3, 4, and 5 were solved for 0, SW, S,, and matrix
parameter s.
In this case, R, is best determined from the crossplot of a)N versusl/ JRIL,
after eliminating the levels for which presence of hydrocarbons might affect the
Neutron readings. Hydrocarbon levels are eliminated by rejecting levels where
R wa exceeds a cut-off valve. (R,, = Rt/F, where F - 0.8/Q) ND2.) The manner
in which the value of R, (= 0. 095 ohm-m) is attained is shown on Fig. 4-9.
- 51 -
- _-.-. -
n
f
_
.
““
.
_
- 52 -
___
w
w
R cla has been derived from the crossplot of pb versus l/ RIL (Fig. 4-10); it
coul B have come from other plots such as M versusl/ \#- RIL or Gamma Ray
versus Conductivity. pbclay is of course the same on the Density-Neutron (Fig, 4- 71,
Density-Resistivity (Fig. 4-9) and Density-Sonic (Fig 4-8) crossplots. ONc lay
and d tclay have been determined in a similar manner by cross-checking their
value s on as many plots as available.
The results of the computation are displayed on the analog playback seen on
Fig. 4-11. From right to left, the display shows the bulk-volume analysis of
the formation, the porosity with its water-filled (white) and residual-hydrocarbon-
filled (black) portions, the water saturation and the average grain density. On
the porosity curve, the difference between residual hydrocarbon and water is
shown in fine stippling, and represents the amount of hydrocarbon flushed by
mud-filtrate invasion. The amount of this “moved” hydrocarbon, is frequently
correlated to the permeability of the reservoir.
The general correlation between the CPI and the Resistivity Overlay(Fig.3-6)
is quite striking. All the zones shown on the Resistivity Overlay with positive
separation also show moved hydrocarbon on the CPI ; the zones with only resi-
dual hydrocarbons on the CPI show no separation on the Resistivity Overlay
(0164 to 0187 ft for instance). The zones which have low porosity and high clay
content on the CPI, such as 0000 to 0070, 0187 to 0240 and 0253 to 0284 ft, show
large negative separation on the Resistivity Overlay. Since only two zones in
the iaterval are really clayfree, quantitative evaluation by quick-look means is
generally pessimistic, and only after correcting for clay and hydrocarbon effects
can the values of porosity and water saturation be relied upon.
By the same token, evaluation of either the porosity or lithology on the Density-
Neutron Overlay (Fig 3-10) is masket by the clay and hydrocarbon effects. On the other hand, the average
grain density curve of the CPI is usually accurate enough to permit a refined definition of the matrix in the
cases whe re the lithology
is a mixture of two specified minerals, plus clay. Also, due to a unique feature of chart CP-la (Fig. 3 - 7)
explained in Ref. 18, the CPI porosity in usual reservoir
rocks remains essentially the same for a given computed average matrix density
regardless of the percentages of the three most common minerals (silica, limestone, and dolomite).
The computed porosity and oil saturation are frequently used for reserve calcula-
tions in Indonesia ; the “pips” pointing to the left in the depth column of the CPI
display indicate units of porosity-feet and those pointing to the right indicate hydrocarbon-feet.
- 54 -
Fig. 4-11
-EXAMPLE OF CPI IN SIMPLE LITHOLOGY
Fig. 4-12 shows a simplified CPI run in the Indonesian well described in Example
III-6 (Fig. 3-11). In this case, the clean matrix is uniform and well known, and
its density (2. 65 gm/cc) becomes an imput. The hydrocarbon density is unknown.
The calculations are done using always the same equations, Eqs. 2-5. R, and
the clay parameters are selected in the same manner as described in the previous
example. The analog display shows this time the hydrocarbon density in the left
track, instead of the average matrix density. The gas-oil contact can be clearly
seen at 046 ft, with ph averaging under 0.2 gm/cc above that depth and 0.8 to
0.9 gm/cc below. The apparent variations of the ph curve are due to the
statistical variations of the various log measurements involved, and only the
average value of ph or the variations in its trend should be considered as signi-ficant.
One of the advantages of a continuous computation such as this one is to simplify

the detection of the zones of irreducible water saturation. The amount of irre-
ducible water in the gas zone is &SW Z 7 porosity units, and the whole zone could
be assumed to be above the water table (Ref. 20). The formation at 150 appears
on the contrary to be clearly in a transition zone, or below the water table. The
same reasoning applied to the previous example (Fig. 4-11) suggests that per-
forations above 0162 ft will not produce any water, that the same could be true
for the zone at 0290 ft, but that the zone at 0250 ft is at best marginal in spite
of its low water saturation.
- 56 -
DEP
‘h
Fig. 4-12
CHAPTER V
ILLUSTRATION OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUES
This complete example illustrates the use of the various techniques outlined in
Chapters III and IV, in the evaluation of several pay intervals of a typical well of Indonesia.
Fig. 5-l shows the open-hole logs over the interval which was analyzed. The SP
was practically flat, suggesting Rw= Rmf, Fig. 5-2 is the “normalized” Resisti-
vity Overlay, the normalization coefficient being R,f/R,, or the ratio R,,/Rt in
water-bearing zones. This ratio has been found to be 1.1 in the wettest-looking
zones such as 0165-0205 ft and 0440-046Oft. The approximation is obviously
sufficient as after normalization, many zones standout with relatively large
separation between Rx0 and R,: 0040-0051 ; 0060-0090 ; 0114-0118 ; 0127-0134 ;
0354-0366 ; 0420-0438 ; and 0538-0550 ft. Each of these zones can, therefore,
be qualitatively interpreted as a potential hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir in spite
of the fact that few of them appear clayfree on the Gamma Ray Log.
The interval 0542-0550 ft has the lowest radioactivity of any zone in the well.
Using the SW overlay scale of Fig. 3-l there, SW is estimated as 40 percent at
0544 ft. Due to the presence of clay in the remaining intervals, quantitative
evaluation using this scale will overestimate water saturation. But as discussed
in Chaper III, the primary purpose of the Resistivity Overlay is more qualitative
than quantitative, and the example shows how quickly the depth and thickness of the
possible pay zones can be determined. It still remains to make a more exact
evaluation of the potentialof these zones.
The Density-Neutron Overlay (Fig. 5-3) shows that with few exceptions, GSNP
reads higher than O)FDc by as much as t23 p. u. Such separation is a strong
indication of high clay content, confirming that practically every zone contains
clay as suggested by the Gamma Ray Log.
In the cleanest zone, at 0542-0550 ft, the separation, ON - OD, is between zero
and 3 p. u. The lithologic interpretation from this separation is : limestone and
slightly dolomitic limestone. About 30 percent porosity is obtained using Chart
CP-la (Fig. 3-7). Elsewhere, the presence of clay masks both the porosity and lithology interpretation.
In two zones at 0025-0028 and 0076-0084 ft, d, is less than OD. Although this
could be due to only a slight change in lithology towards quartz, the fact that the
Gamma Ray Log indicates an appreciable clay content over these two zones would
make one suspect the presence of gas (as was seen in Examples III-5 and 111-8,
small amounts of clay are sufficient to completely mask the presence of quartz,
but may not overcome gas effects). The other zones appear to be oil bearing.
- 58 -
CALIPER
Incha 7-
RESISTIVITY MICRDLATEROLDG COMPENSATED SIDEWALL NEUl
II lndvstlon Ohms m*/m FORMATIONDENSITV Limmamm Pomsi
Ohms d/m
1 10 Irn 1 I 10 100 Irn , 1 %” Y) 45 30
i
,. LimpnewPosos~~v 9
6
-+
1
_
I/
/
I-
, -
I-
Fig. 5-l
- 59 -
i
z
c
Italready appears that more sophisticated methods than the overlays will be
necessary to evaluate better these potential reservoirs. Nevertheless, a quick
way to confirm their possibilities and to verify the qualitative hydrocarbon shows
is to take sidewall samples. The following table lists the wellsite analysis of
the 27 cores taken over the interval, 0000-0600 ft.
Depth Lithology Remarks
0027 Ls No Show
0048 Good Show Oil
0065 :ss Slight Show Oil
0068 Good Show Oil
Good Show Oil
%o” Good Show Oil
0088 Show Oil
Show Oil
81’:: Slight Show Oil
0126 Slight Show Oil
0172 No Show A
Show Oil
::“2: Slight Show Oil
0429 Show Oil
0438 Show Oil
0460 Good Show Oil
0480 Trace Oil
0541 Show Oil
0544 Good Show Oil
0547 Show Oil
0548 Show Oil
0559 No Show
Only three cores have “No Show” ” 0027 ft, which is from one of the intervals
which had “gas” separation on the Density-Neutron Overlay ; 0172 ft, which had
only a small positive separation on the Resistivity Overlay ; and 0559 ft for
twenty-four cores correspond to hydrocarbon indications on the Resistivity Over-
lay ; all had oil shows. Surprisingly, the two cores over the second suspected
“gas ” zone 0076-0084 ft, were clay-free and had good oil shows. This apparent
contradiction will be discussed later.
Limestone lithology was confirmed in four samples in the zone, 0541-0548 ft.
The core taken at 0027 ft was also limestone ; the reason for the negative separa-
tion on the Density-Neutron Overlay is then gas rather than quartz. All other cores
showed quartz as the clean matrix. The samples thus confirmed the hydrocarbon
shows indicated on the Resistivity Overlay, as well as the gas at 0027 ft, and
they showed the need for further evaluation of the zone around 0080 ft.
On the basis of the confirmed hydrocarbon indications, a wireline Formation

Testing program was outlined ; tests were made at 0545 ; 0483 ; 0428; 0123;
0115, and 0087 ft. In two tests, at 0483 and 0123 ft, very small amounts of
filtrate and mud were recovered, indicating formations of very low permeability.
Fig. 5-4 is the pressure recording at 0123 ft. It is presented to demonstrate what a valid “dry” test looks like.
- 61 -
Recorded on Fig. 5-4 in the usual manner is the flowline pressure.
FORMATION TESTER RECOVERV AND lNlRRPRElAllON DATA
: fORMATION TEST NO. RECOVERY DATA
I_
OPENED
.I
lES1 C4FlH
OfEN HOLE TEST

M33
‘gg
Gas rlalol) 049
CASED HOLE TEST 0
fRESSURE DATA RECOVERY ANALVYS MUD flURATE DATA

ln,tial Shut ,n - ,i frm Gas cdl Rmt da.2 .@Lx._Of
Shut In Time min, Oil EqqvivakrnClzuMc_._~pprn
Sampling -loo@ Af, Grov6~ _-“@_“f
Sampling Tinw 16mms WI TOO, DATA
fin4 Shut In pi WOW
Shut ,n Th. Dmins Rd (filnrd AmL@23__-~f
lifd,OMlk
-J=Q---p*
Swbu chamber -Lpi
At Time 0, the flow1 .ne valve was opened; this was accom-
panied by the increase in pressure on the flowline pressure
record. The tool had been opened to the mud column and mud
was entering the tool. About three seconds later, the packer was applied to
the formation with the sample chamber open
-_
to the flow line and therefore to the formation. (The water cushion and
choke system allows the tool to fill very slowly
so that only a small amount of mud enters the sample chamber; this procedure
allows the tool to be set against the formation
with no differential pressure across the packer). In a “good” test, fluids from
the formation would enter the tool. During the next sim minutes of this test
however, the pressure in the sample chamber decreased rather quickly to
about 100 psi. Fluids appeared to be entering the tool at a very low
rate. The pressure remained at 100 psi until a shaped charge

was fired after 16 minutes. (Use of the shaped charge fre-quently
established flow into the tool in cases of extreme
formation damage, by penetrating through the damaged zone. ) The flowline
pressure increased as a result of the explosion, but the sampling pressure again
declined to about 150 psi in
a short time; this indicated that no appreciable flow into the
‘LINI
tool had been established. The abrupt increase in flowline
pressure to the hydrostatic pressure value as the tool be-
came free is a positive indication that the flowline remained open and was
not plugged by formation debris.
1000 cc of mud and mud filtrate were recovered in this test,

with no hydrocarbon show. The average flow rate is very
low, about 0. 7 cc/set; JFT is, therefore, of the order of
0. 0003 B/D/psi-ft. These results are typical of a very
low-permeability formation.
I-
DUAPSEI
I\Y S&T STAT P
- E Fig. 5-4
- 62 -
Fig. 5-5 shows the pressure and recovery data for the wireline formation test made at 0545 ft.
FORMATIONTESTERRECOVERY AND INTERPRETATION DATA
FORMATION TEST NO ___~___ RECOVERY DATA

co, ITc.tol) ~_c%__ rub
I FORMATIONAND
FOWl~,,00
LOG DATA
lES1 DEPTH 0545 __
OPEN HOLE TEST zc

FLOW LINE
CASED HOLE TEST
PRESSUREDATA RECOVERYANALYSIS MUD FILTRATEDATA

Initw,l Shut an
Chart FT-1 (Fig. 3-13) permits one to predict oil production with a GOR of
500. The oil gravity was measured as 39O
API. The amount of recovered water being high, confir-mation of the
water cut must be made with the help of pressure analysis.
Chart FT-6 or FT-7 (Fig. 3-14) gives q = 7 cc/set; Chart

FT-8 (Fig. 3-15) gives JFT = 0.01 B/D/psi-ft, and with
Rt/Rw - 94, the test plots in the hydrocarbon zone of Chart
FT-9A (Fig. 3-16), slightly inside the low-water-cut area.
Combining both interpretations, we may conclude that this formation will

HO
produce 39 o API oil with GOR - 500 and a low water cut.
RE
!
Fig. 5-5
‘LE SE
A I-
FINAl
PR
: Pf
HYI -
- 63 -
Fig. 5-6 shows the Formation Tester data for the test taken at 0428 ft.
FLOW .INE t
- - -
The recovery indicates moderate invasion. Sample analysis
suggests oil production with GOR = 1300 (Chart FT-1). Oil gravity was
measured as 38O API at 60’ F. Water cut may
- --be high and the pressurerecord must be used again for
confirmationof the water cut.
Chart FT-6 gives cl = 9 cc/set. With p = 250 psi, Chart

FT-8 gives 0. 02 B/D/psi-ft. From the open-hole logs,
RIL’RW - 35,
and Chart FT-9A predicts
hydrocarbon pro-duction with a low water fraction.
The interpretation is thus that the formation at 0428 ft should
produce oil of 38.2O API gravity with a GOR of
WLINQ FN
1300, possibly with a low water fraction.
Fig. 5-6
.-- __2
FINAL SH IN
CREEsuRE
.ED
$ I I
NrORosTATIC Fn
t--t--
- 64 -
Fig. 5-7 shows the data for the test at 0115 ft. This test must be analyzed care-
fully if a meaningful interpretation is to be obtained.
Because Rmf = R -Rrf, it is impossible to determine with accuracy the

fracyion of formation water recovered in this
sample. However, from experience in Indonesia, the
hydrocarbon show must be considered as quite significant, and samply
analysis should be interpreted as indicating hydrocarbon production
(probably oil with some gas) with an undetermined water cut.
The Pressure Record interpretation does not clarify the

picture at all; with a flow-rate of about 10 cc/set, and RIL/Rw around
22, the test plots right on the separation
-
line between hydrocarbonsand water. The interpretation remains
hydrocarbon production with undetermined water cut.
Fig. 5-7
UNA
Y PR
IRE
- 65 -
SPWLA FOURTEEN -H ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6.9, 1973
Fig. 5-8 shows a similar deep-invasion type recovery from 0087 ft.
-- FORMATION TESTER RKOVERY AND INTRRPRETATlON DATA

PSI. mm
FORMATION TEST NO. RECOYm DATA QOMATION AND LOO DATA
OrlTmn
nn MITn - unrr --Y
oil -C h - _*I
OFSN HOI4 TESl ?4 W&M lDMClCC SW -f-o,
Mud DCC
CASED HOLE TEST 0 sod OCC
PWSSUMDATA REcxYMY AMALYSIS MUD FllTRATE DATA

lnilinl Shut in pl FmD(hs .1Cuh Id &@2&-OF
Shvttnnm - OW Squi4mtCI _3zmL__pQm
AW G~N@F --‘a-“F
DOS TOOl DATA
Final Shut In WW Typn lad
ShutIn Tii -m&t, Lt (fillwad) a@sZ’F T~pmSonple She+=
Sam+ unil Siu -xwc+-s
Qz: w ChebSim m
Looking at this recovery, the test appears nearly identical to the previous
one. We can say again that from the sample
analysis, this zone should produce oil with gas, with an
undetermined water cut. Chart FT-9A, however, gives a different result
than for the test at 0115 ft; both the sampling pressure and RIL are slightly
higher, and the prediction is
hydrocarbon with a low water fraction. The interpretation is that

this zone has much better production possibilities than the one right
below it.
PRE JRE
The three zones corresponding to these wireline tests were

production tested through casing. The lowest zone was perforated between
0540 and 0550 ft and produced 600 BOPD of 33O API with a GOR of 650 and a
water cut of 20 percent.
Perforations at 0424-0440 ft flowed about 700 BOPD, of 42O API with a
GOR of 500 plus a very small amount of water . A third test at 0114-0136 ft
yielded 800 BOPD with a low water cut. The se tests agree well with the
wireline results; the third test suggests (as in Example III-IO) that Chart
FT-9A takes into account only average clay effects
of Indonesian formations, and should be interpreted in a more optimistic

manner if clay content of the tested zones seems higher than usual.
Fig. 5-8
1HUT PRE:
IYDQ
-
- 66 -
In spite of the wealth of information available at this time, the evaluation of the
well cannot be considered as completed yet. Some particularities, such as the
dry wireline test at 0123 ft in the middle of an 800 BOPD producer, must be
explained. Net pay, effective porosity, and saturation must be determined. It
is difficult to imagine a solution other than a Computer Processed Interpretation
for the difficult problem presented by this combination of a large number of pay
zones with high and varying shaliness.
Fig. 5-9 shows the CPI for the whole interval. The porosities are to the right,
saturations in the middle, V clay and average matrix density (dotted) on the left.
Several potential producing horizons are readily apparent, in a much more striking
manner than on the Resistivity Overlay.
The deepest zone of interest is 0535-0551 ft. From about 0538 to 0548 ft, the
clay content is near zero and the matrix density between 2. 75 and 2. 80 gm/cc, A
the range expected for a lime-dolomite mixture (confirmed by sidewall sample).
Porosity (30-32 percent) and hydrocarbon saturation (75 percent) are good. Moved
hydrocarbons are shown, indicating permeability.
In a second zone, at 0420-0438 ft, V clay ranges from 0 to 20 percent, porosity

averages 27 percent and hydrocarbon saturation 50 to 65 percent. Grain density
is lower than at 0550 ft and corresponds to limy sand or silty lime, which allows
for a higher irreducible water saturation than in the limy dolomite at 0550 ft.
Moved hydrocarbons indicate qualitatively that this zone also is per meable.
A third section, at 0112-0134 ft, appears to be pretty much broken up. High clay
content (around 50 percent) and low porosity (averaging 12 percent) extend from
0116 to 0126 ft, with only residual hydrocarbons shown. Above and below, at 0112-
0116 and 0126-0134 ft, better porosities, saturations, and moved hydrocarbons can be observed.
These three zones are the ones which were wireline tested as well as production
tested; comparison of the test results is much easier now after a look at the CPI. The wireline tests of the two
lower zones were very similar to the production
tests because the two lower zones are essentially uniform in terms of porosity,
saturation and moved hydrocarbon. The dry test as 0123 ft becomes perfectly
understandable in view of the 12 percent porosity and nearly 50 percent clay there.
The oil test at 0115 ft is normal. The CPI, especially through the zone 0112-0136 ft,
- 67 -
gives a much clearer picture of the reservoirs’ capabilities in quantitative terms

than previously available information.
Another zone indicated on the Resistivity Overlay and wireline tested, at 0074-
0090 ft, looks extremely interesting on the CPI. Vcla is very low and grain
density corresponds to quartz, confirming the sidewal K sample analysis. The
“gas ” separation noticed on the Density-Neutron Overlay (Fig. 5-3) was indeed
a quartz matrix separation. The high radioactivity (which was misleading when
doing the wellsite log interpretation) is just an anomaly, such as are encountered
sometimes in similar formations in Indonesia.
Two more zones catch the eye on the CPI : 0356-0366 ft, could be considered as
marginal because of its lack of thickness, and 0025-0030 ft is limestone, confirming
the sidewall core at 0027 ft. Excellent general agreement was found throughout
the well when comparing the computed matrix density with the cuttings log and A
sidewallsample analysis.
In conclusion, the example demonstrates the integration of the various individual

interpretation techniques discussed into a complete well evaluation system for Indonesia.
The use of a basic resistivity measurement, such as Induction log or Laterolog

recorded on a logarithmic scale, compared directly with a similarly scaled
micro resistivity curve, such as Microlaterolog or Proximity Log, appropriately
compensated for R,f/R has been shown to provide a quick and accurate method
W’
of detecting potential hydrocarbon-productive zones at the wellsite, even in shaly
formations.
It was also shown, in this as in previous examples, that the s imultane ous running
of compatibly scaled Density and Neutron Porosity logs permits rapid evaluation
of porosity and lighology in clean formations, and the detection of light hydro-
carbons, even in shaly formations.
The use of these quick-look interpretation methods, while only qualitative in

extreme cases, has proven to be very reliable in Indonesia, besides being ex-tremely helpful in the
planning of Sidewall Sampling and wireline Formation Testing.
Production tests have shown that because of the occasional deep invasion and
high shaline s s of Indonesian formations, wireline tests need to be analyzed very
carefully, and using a special chart which takes into account the average Indon-e s ian conditions.
Finally, formation evaluation has been completed and clarified by the Computer
Processed Interpretation, which gives a detailed quantitative foot-by-foot analysis
of the logs, and which is frequently used in the final estimation of hydrocarbon
reserves in Indonesia.
- 69 -
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and assistance given by

Dr. A. Pulunggono of P.N. Pertamina in the writing of the chapter on the geology of
Indonesia. They also express their sincere appreciation to the managements
of various oil companies which contributed the logs and other supporting infor-
mation, as well as to the many geologists and engineers who gave their advice, the
criticism and support to paper.
REFERENCES
1. PULUNGGONO, A. : "Geologic outline of the Main Oil-Basins in Indonesia",

1972.
2. Allaud, L.A. and Ringot, J. : "The High Resolution Dipmeter Tool," The Log
Analyst, Vol. 10, No. 3 (May-June, 1969).
3. "Fundamentals of Dipmeter Interpretation", Schlumberger Limited, 1970.
4. Campbell, R. L. Jr. : "Stratigraphic Applications of Dipmeter in Mid-Continent"

Bull. AAPG, Vol. 52, No. 9 (September, 1968).
5. Gilreath, J. A. and Maricelli, J. J. : "Detailed Stratigraphic Control Through Dip

Computations", Bull. AAPG, Vol. 48 No. 12 (December, 1964).
6. Cox, J. W. : "The High-Resolution Dipmeter Reveals Dip-Related Borehole and

Formation Characteristics," Trans. SPWLA Eleventh Annual Logging Symposium,
May 3-6, 1970.
7. Poupon, A., Loy, M. E., and Tixier, M.P. : "A contribution to Electrical Log
Interpretation in Shaly Sands", J. Petitech, June, 1954.
8. Suau, J., Grimald., P., Poupon, A., and Souhaite, P. : "The Dual-Laterolog R
xo Tool", SPE of AIME, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11, 1972, Paper SPE 4018.
9. Truman, R. B., Alger, R.P., Connell, J. G., and Smith, R. L. : "Progress Report
on Interpretation of the Dual Spacing Neutron Log (CNL) in the U.S.", Trans.
SPWLA Thirteenth Annual Logging Symposium, Tulsa, 1972.
10. GAYMARD, R. and POUPON, A. : "Response of Neutron and Formation Density Logs in
Hydrocarbon Bearing Formations", The Log Analyst (SPWLA), Vol. 9, No. 5,
(September-October 1968).
11. POUPON A. and GAYMARD R. "The Evaluation of Clay Content from Logs", Trans.
SPWLA Eleventh Annual Logging Symposium, Los Angeles, May 3-6, 1970.
12. Schlumberger Formation Tester Interpretation Methods and Charts, Schlumberger

Well Services, 1966.
13. "Log Interpretation, Volume I--Principles", Schlumberger Limited, 1972.
14. "Log Interpretation Charts", Schlumberger Limited, 1972.
- 70 -
15. Simandoux, P. : "Measures Dielectriques en Milieu Poreux, Application a Mesure des

Saturations en Eau, Etude du Comportement des Massifs Argileux",
(Dielectric Measurements in Porous Media and Application to Shaly Formations),
Revue de l'institut Francais du Petrole, Supplementary Issue, 1963.
16. Waxman, M, H. and Smits, L. J. M. : “ElectricalConductivitiesin Oil-

Bearing Sands”, Sot. Pet. Eng. J., June, 1968.
17. POUPON, A, and LEVEAUX, J. : “Evaluation of Water Saturation in Shaly Formations” ,

Trans. SPWLA Twelfth Annual Logging Symposium, Dallas,
May 2-5, 1971.
18. Poupon, A., Hoyle, W. R., and Schmidt, A. W. : "Log Analysisin Formations
with Complex Lithologies”,J. Pet. Tech., Aug., 1971.
19. SCHMIDT, A. W. et al : “Applicationsof the CORIBAND Technique in Complex

Lithologies”, Trans. SPWLA Twelfth Annual Logging Symposium, Dallas, May
AA
2-5, 1971.
20. MORRIS, R. L. and BIGGS, W. P. : "Using Log-Derived Values of Water

Saturation and Porosity", Trans. SPWLA Eighth Annual Logging Symposium,
Denver, June 11-14, 1967.
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS
CHRISTIAN E. DADRIAN is presently in charge of Interpretation Development

at Schlumberger ‘s Eastern Hemisphere Headquarters in Paris. A native of
Marseille (France), he graduated from Ecole Polytechnique of Paris in 1957
and joined Schlumberger the same year. He served in various capacities in
his company’s divisions in Europe, South America and the United States be-
fore assuming his present responsibilities.
HARRY BROWN is Equipment Coordinator for Schlumberger Limited, based

in Houston, Texas. He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Louisiana Polytechnical Institute in 1948. Following his graduation he was em-
ployed by Schlumberger as a field engineer in South Louisiana. He worked the
eighteen years in South America, serving as log analyst, district and division
manager, and sales manager. He is the author of several papers and is a mem-
ber of SPWLA, AIME, and API.
JOSEPH FRANCIS GOETZ graduated in Engineering Physics from the University

of Toronto, and joined Schlumberger of Canada in 1957. He worked in Canada
until 1965, then for Schlumberger Surenco in South America from 1965 to 1972.
He is currently in charge of Dipmeter Processing and Interpretation at Schlum-
berger’s Eastern Hemisphere Headquarters in Paris.
BUDWICK MARCHETTE is sales manager of Schlumberger’s Indonesian Div-

ision based in Jaskarta. He has worked nine years with Schlumberger in the United States and the Far
East.
- 71 -

Formation Evaluation in Indonesia SPWLA-1973-AA

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Formation Evaluation in Indonesia SPWLA-1973-AA

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SPWLA FOURTEENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, MAY 6-9, 1973

FORMATION EVALUATION IN INDONESIA

C. Dadrian, Schlumberger Technical Service, Paris, France

The hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks of Indonesia cover a wide range of

Symbols McRning Customary “nits

a ............... Coeffrcienl in F- 0 relation

CFl ............ Computer Processed Interpretation

F .............. Formati”” res,stivity factor

h .............. Thick”es* (bed, mud-cake, etc,. ..... feet. meters. inches

k .............. Permeability ....................... millidarcies

M .............. Quantity used in M-N Plot*.......... M= 01x (Art -At)

m .............. Cementation exponent

N c?uantity used in M-N Plot.. . . N= (ONf - 0,.&l

” .............. saturat,on exponent

p .............. Pressure .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . plri

R .............. Resiativity ... ......... . . . . . . . . . ohm-meters

SPI ............ Secondary Porosity Index . . . . . . . . . SPf = QND - OS

v ............... Bulk volume fraction

a .............. Porosity . . .. .. . .. .. ...., . fraction (or bulk

At ............. Sonic interval transit tnne .. . . . . . . microseconds/foot

p .............. Density ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . gram8percubic ccnti-

Subscripts Expianation Example

b ............... Bulk. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pb(from Density LO&

clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay. .................. . . . . V,+. Relay

1. fluid ............ Fluid ............................

hr................. Residual hydrsxarbon............ Shr

m................. Mud ........................... R,

ml ................ Mud filtrate .................... R,f

rf ................. Recc.vcred fluid ................ R,f

SP................ spontaneous Potential

w ................. Formation WPLCI ................ S,. R,.,

X0................. Flushed zone .................... Rx,. S,,

IL ................. From Induction Log .............. R,L

Ll, ..... ......... From Laterolog*. ............... RLL

MLL .............. From Microlaterologt ............. RMLL

D. FDC........... From Density Log, FDCIDcnsily

N, SNP,CNL...... From Neutron LO& SliPNeutron,

s ................. From Sonic Log. ................ 0,

GEOLOGIC OUTLINE OF THE MAIN OIL BASINS OF INDONESIA

Starting in 1966, a continuously increasing interest in oil exploration by foreign

The increased exploration activities in Indonesia have resulted in the accumulation

- an inner VolcanicArc representedby the Sunda Mountain System which forms

- a BackdeepBasinalComplexrepresentedby a seriesof oil-productivebasins

- and the Sunda Shield or Sunda Platformwhich is regardedas the continental

The tectonic setting in eastern Indonesia is different in that it is in part associated

Oil-productive pre-Tertiary formations are so far known only in Southeast

Recent extensive marine seismic investigations and subsequent drilling have

Concerning stratigraphy, in the backdeep basins of western Indonesia, where

Sediments were initially deposited on an eroded paleo-topographic surface cut

In deep marine sequences in Indonesia, correlation between wells using the

Structural dip, as determined by HDT:: Dipmeter results (Ref. Z), is an invalu-

DETECTION AND MAPPING OF FAULTS

MAPPING OF REEFAL STRUCTURES

DELINEATION AND MAPPING OF STRATIGRAPHIC SAND DEPOSITS

For interpretation, the dip symbols are grouped on the plot

formed by various phenomena. Geological

Green patterns are formed by groups of

Structural dip in many of the major oil pro-

In Well B, the sands are about 40 ft lower than in Well A.

STRUCTVRE MAP CONTOURED ON TOP OF SAND

The analysis of Well E is more complicated. A section of the Dipmeter in Well

BEFORE ROTATION FIG. 2-2 d

ALL DIPS ALL DIPS