13 - (Seismic) Lateral Loads Effects (Eng. A. Farghal)

( Lateral Loads ) Seismic &Wind
By: Eng. Ahmed Farghal.
Table of Contents.
Introduction. Page 2
Equivalent static load method. Page 12
Steps of Calculating Seismic Load. Page 25
Wind Loads. Page 37
Systems resisting lateral loads. Page 48
Design of Shear wall. Page 57
Drift of structures due to seismic loads Page 66
Examples. Page 70
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Lateral Loads
Introduction.
1- Seismic loads.
2- Wind loads.
1. Seismic Loads:
( )
Seismic sources
1- Movements of tectonic plates
2- Movements of faults
3- Volcanoes
4- Failure of roof of large cave
5- Mankind effect (explosion, fill and in-fill of dams ..... etc.)
6- Undefined reasons

Types of surface waves
Love wave
Rayleigh wave
Love wave Rayleigh wave

Di Di
re c re c
tio tio
no no
fp fp
rop rop
ag ag
ati ati
on on
Pa
rti Pa
cle rti
mo cle
tio mo
n tio
n
Classification of earthquakes
1- Deep focus earthquakes Epicentral

distance
Focal depth > 300 km Epicenter
2- Intermediate focus earthquakes l

n tra
300 km > Focal depth > 70 km Focal
o ce nce
depth yp ta
H dis
3- Shallow focus earthquakes
Focal depth < 70 km
Focus
or Hypocenter

Methods of measuring earthquakes magnitude
The Richter Scale

- The magnitude of most earthquakes is measured on richter scale.
- It was invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934.
- The richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the
largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter what
type of wave was the strongest.
The Mercalli Scale

- It is another way to measure the strength of an earthquake.
- It was invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902.
- This scale uses the observations of the people who experienced
the earthquake to estimate its intensity.

Methods of analysis of structures under seismic load
1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).
2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method.
3- Time History Analysis.

1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).
Fundamental period (T1)
T1 < 4 T C and T1 < 2.0 Seconds

where:
TC = Response Spectrum Curve
1 H 60 m
H =
H
2 L 4.0
B B L
L =
B=
H

3 Uniform shape
4 Uniform statical system
Sec 4
Sec 3
H Sec 2
Sec 1
Sec 1 Sec 2
Core Shear wall
Sec 3 Sec 4
Solid Slab Flat Slab

(Lx / L y )
(e o )
(x , y
e > 0.15 L

L2
L1
H
L3 L1
L > 0.15 H
L1 - L 2 L1 + L 3
< 0.20 < 0.20
L1 L

L2
L1
H
L3 L1
L L < 0.15 H
L - L2 L 1+ L3
< 0.30 < 0.50
L L
L1 - L 2
< 0.10
L1

2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method
Sd (T)
Response Spectrum
Curve
Time (Sec)
Response Spectrum Curve

( Rotation Displacement
3- Time History Analysis.

Equivalent static load method:
(Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method)
Fb Fb
1 2
L B
Elevation Side View
Y
X
re
Mo tical
Fb Cri
B
L ( More Critical )
Fb
2
Plan
X ,Y
Manual
More Critical
Y X
0.3 E Fx E Fx
E Fy 0.3 E Fy
ET = 0.3 E Fx + E Fy ET = E Fx + 0.3 E Fy

Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
where:
Fb = Ultimate base shear force
g = Gravitational acceleration
Sd (T1) = Response Spectrum (T1)
Sd (T)
2.5 ag S g1
Response Spectrum
ag S g1
Curve
Sd (T)
1
TB TC T1 TD 4.0 Time (Sec)
Response Spectrum Curve

( Rotation Displacement
Response Spectrum
2.5 h - 2 )
0 < T < TB : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 32 + T
TB ( R 3
TB < T < TC : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5

R
h
TC h
TC < T < TD : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T
> 0.20 a g g1
TC TD h
TD < T < 4.0 Sec : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R
> 0.20 ag g1
T2
where:
T = Periodic time of different mode shapes
(Different mode shapes)

TB,TC ,TD , S , a g
ag =
Design acceleration
Zone (a g )
Zone 1 0.10 g
Zone 2 0.125 g
Zone 3 0.15 g
Zone 4 0.20 g
Zone 5A 0.25 g
Zone 5B 0.30 g

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 50
32 32 Zone 1
2
MEDITERRIAN SEA Damietta 100
Alexandria Kosetta
Salum Zone 2
Matruh Damanhur Port Said El Arish 125
31 El Mansura 31
C Copyright
Alamein Zone 3
Tanta Ismailia 150
Bahariya
Zone 4
Cairo 200
S IN
30 Giza 30 Zone 5A
AI
Al Fayum
250
Siwe Zone 5B
GU
L
Beni Suef
FO
29 29
FSU
EZ
G
El Minya
Commercial use of these notes is not allowed.

Bahariya
) ces/ mc( AGP
Oasis
FLU
28 Ras Muhammad
28
AF O
U
(
Asyut Hurghada
AB A
27 27
Safaga
. All copyrights reserved.

RE
Sohag
D

Qena Quseir
S
26 26
EA
Dakhla Luxor
Oasis
)
EA
Kharga Marsa Alam
S
Idfu
WE
T
25 Oasis 25
S
D
Kom Ombo
TD
ES
E
E
Aswan Ras Banas
S
24 24
RT
ER
T
23 23
Halaib
Page No.
22 22
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
T B ,TC ,TD , S
TB ,TC = elastic response spectrum

TD = spectrum
S = Soil Factor
Subsoil Soil
Class Type
Soil Description
A Rock
Dense
B Soil
C Meduim
Soil
Loose
D Soil
For Type (1)
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20
C 1.50 0.10 0.25 1.20
D 1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20
For Type (2)
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1.00 0.15 0.40 2.00
B 1.20 0.15 0.50 2.00
C 1.25 0.20 0.60 2.00
D 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.00
g1 = Importance factor
Importance Importance
Type of Structures
Category Factor (g1)
I 1.40
II 1.20
III 1.00
IV 0.80

R = Response modification factor
R
4.50 :
3.50
2.00
5.00 :
4.50
4.50
:
7.00
5.00
6.00
5.00 :
3.00 :
3.50
5.00 Response modification factor (R)

R = Response modification factor R
C Copyright
4.50 :
3.50
2.00
5.00 :
4.50
4.50
Frames with Bracing R.C. Shear Walls or Cores
Commercial use of these notes is not allowed.

R = 4.5 R = 5.0
:
7.00
NO R.C. Shear Walls
(
5.00
or Cores or Bracing
. All copyrights reserved.

Ductile Frames

6.00 R = 7.0
5.00 :
)
Non Ductile Frames
R = 5.0
Ductile Frames
Frames with Bracing R = 6.0
3.00 : +
Page No.
3.50 OR
Non Ductile Frames
R = 5.0
R.C. Shear Walls or Cores

h= Damping factor corrected for horizontal response spectrum
Type of Structure h
Steel with Welded Connections 1.20
Steel with Bolted Connections 1.05
Reinforced Concrete 1.00
Prestressed Concrete 1.05
Reinforced Masonry Walls 0.95
1.00 Damping factor (h)
Prestressed Concrete

Response Spectrum
Fb
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
where:
g = Gravitational acceleration
Sd (T1) = Response Spectrum (T1)
T1 = Fundamental period of the building
3/4
T1 = Ct H
where:
H = Height of the building from foundation level H
Ct = Factor depend on structural system and material
Structural System Ct
Steel moment resisting frames 0.085
Reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
(Space frames)
0.075
Ductile frames (beams & columns)
Non-ductile frames (flat slabs)
All other buildings
Cores or Shear walls 0.050
Combinations of (cores or shear walls)
& frames
Shear wall + Core ( Ct = 0.05) Frames + Shear wall (C t = 0.05)
Non-ductile frames (Flat Slab) Ductile frames (Beams + Slab)

( C t = 0.075) ( C t = 0.075)
T1 Range
Response Spectrum Sd (T1)
0 < T < TB T ( 2.5 h - 2 )

: Sd (T) = a g g1 S 32 + T
B R 3
TB < T < TC : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5

R
h
TC h
TC < T < TD : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T > 0.20 a g g1
TC TD h
TD < T < 4.0 Sec : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R 2 > 0.20 ag g1
T
TB ,TC ,TD , S , a g
1.00 Damping factor (h)

Prestressed Concrete
Importance factor (g1)

l = Correction factor
If T1 < 2 TC l = 0.85
If T1 > 2 TC l = 1.00
W = Total weight of the structure above foundation level

W = S (w i )
wi = ( i )
wi = ( D.L. + a L.L.) Floor Area + O.W. of beams and columns
+
wi = ( g s + a Ps ) Floor Area + O.W. of beams and columns

+
a=
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
NOTE
- D.L. ( g s ) & L.L. ( Ps ) are working loads
( working loads ) ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ‬
g s = t s gc + F.C. + walls
2
P s = L.L. If given in kN/m

NOTE

Steps of Calculating Seismic Load:
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
3/4 Structural System Ct
1 Calculate T1 = Ct H Reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
(Space frames)
0.075
Ductile frames (beams & columns)
Non-ductile frames (flat slabs)
H All other buildings
Cores or Shear walls 0.050
Combinations of (cores or shear walls)
& frames
2
Subsoil Soil
Class Type Soil Description
A Rock
Dense
B Soil
Meduim
C Soil
D Loose
Soil
3 Sd (T1 ) R , h ,g1 ,TB ,TC ,TD , S , a g

For Type (1) For Type (2)
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD Subsoil Class S TB TC TD

A 1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20 A 1.00 0.15 0.40 2.00
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20 B 1.20 0.15 0.50 2.00
C 1.50 0.10 0.25 1.20 C 1.25 0.20 0.60 2.00
D 1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20 D 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.00
Importance Importance Design acceleration

Category
Type of Structures Factor (g1 )
Zone (a g )
Zone 1 0.10 g
Zone 2 0.125 g
I 1.40
Zone 3 0.15 g
Zone 4 0.20 g
Zone 5A 0.25 g
Zone 5B 0.30 g
II 1.20
1.00 (h)
III 1.00 5.00 (R)
IV 0.80

4 T1 Range
Sd (T1)
0 < T < TB T ( 2.5 h - 2 )

: Sd (T) = a g g1 S 23 + T
B R 3
TB < T < TC : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5

R
h
TC h
TC < T < TD : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T > 0.20 a g g1
TC TD h
TD < T < 4.0 Sec : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5
R > 0.20 ag g1
T2
5 Get l = 0.85 T1 < 2 TC
l = 1.00 T1 > 2 TC
6 Calculate W
W = S (w i )
wi = ( i )
+

+
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
NOTE
- D.L. ( g s ) & L.L. ( Ps ) are working loads
( working loads ) ‫ﻊ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿ‬

Distribution of lateral force on each floor
( In Elevation)
( In Plan)
sw 1
sw 2 F1-5 F2-5
sw 3 F1-4 F2-4
F5 sw 4
F1-3 F2-3
F4 F1-2 F2-2
F3
Fb F1-1 F2-1
F2
F1 sw1 sw2
F3-5 F4-5
F3-4 F4-4
w i Hi F3-3 F4-3
Fi = Fb F3-2
+
i=n F4-2
i=1
wi Hi F3-1 F4-1
where: sw3 sw4

Fi = ( i )
h8
Fb = Ultimate base shear force h7
h6
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
H5 h5
+
H4 h4
H3 h3
Hi = ‫ ( ﻣﻘﺎﺳ ﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴ ﻮب اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺎت‬i ) ‫ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﺑﻼﻃ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪور رﻗ ﻢ‬
H2 h2
H1 h1
wi = ( i )
+

+
D.L. ( g s ) & L.L. ( Ps ) are working loads

( working loads ) ‫ﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿ‬

F8
F7
F6
F5
Fb F4
F3
F2
F1
Total seismic load Story Forces
F8
h8
F7
h7
F6
h6
F5
H5 h5
F4
H4 h4
F3
H3 h3
F2
H2 h2
F1
H1 h1
Load Diagram
Q 8 = F8
Q 7 = Q 8+ F7
M8 = Q 8 h8
+
Q 6 = Q 7+ F6
M7 = M 8 + Q 7 h 7
+
Q 5 = Q 6+ F5
M6 = M 7 + Q 6 h 6
+
Q 4 = Q 5+ F4
M5 = M 6 + Q 5 h 5
+
Q 3 = Q 4+ F3
M4 = M 5 + Q 4 h 4
+
Q 2 = Q 3+ F2
M3 = M 4 + Q 3 h 3
+
Q 1 = Q 2+ F1
Fb = S F i M2 = M 3 + Q 2 h 2
+
Mbase U.L.= M 2 + Q1 h 1
+
Shear Diagram Overturning Moment
Mbase U.L.= M2 + Q 1 h 1
+
=S Fi H i = F1 H 1 + F2 H 2 + F3 H 3 + ...............
+

Floor wi (kN) Hi (m) wi Hi Fi (kN) Q i (kN) M i (kN.m)
+
No.
8 w8 H8 w8 H 8 F8 Q8 = F8 M8 = Q 8 h 8
+
7 w7 H7 w7 H 7 F7 Q 7 = Q 8 + F7 M7 = M 8 + Q 7 h 7
+
6 w6 H6 w6 H 6 F6 Q 6 = Q 7 + F6 M6 = M 7 + Q 6 h 6
+
5 w5 H5 w5 H 5 F5 Q 5 = Q 6 + F5 M5 = M 6 + Q 5 h 5
+
4 w4 H4 w4 H 4 F4 Q 4 = Q 5 + F4 M4 = M 5 + Q 4 h 4
+
3 w3 H3 w3 H 3 F3 Q 3 = Q 4 + F3 M3 = M 4 + Q 3 h 3
+
+
2 w2 H2 w2 H 2
+ F2 Q 2 = Q 3 + F2 M2 = M 3 + Q 2 h 2
+
1 w1 H1 w1 H 1 F1 Q 1 = Q 2 + F1 M base U.L.= M 2 + Q 1 h 1
+
+
SH i S wi H i S Fi SQ i
+
where:
Floor No. = ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺎت و ﻟﯿ ﺲ ﻟ ﻸدوار ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺑ ﺪروم ﺗﺄﺧ‬ ‫ﺮﻗﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃ‬ ‫ھﻮ ﺗ‬
( ) ‫ﺑﻼﻃ ﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺪروم رﻗ ﻢ‬
wi = ( i )
+

+
h8
h7
Hi = ‫ ( ﻣﻘﺎﺳ ﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴ ﻮب اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺎت‬i ) ‫ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﺑﻼﻃ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪور رﻗ ﻢ‬ h6

H5 h5
h4
wi H i = ‫و ﯾﺘ ﻢ ﺣﺴ ﺎﺑﮭﺎ‬w i & H i ‫ھﻮ ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺿ ﺮب اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮدﯾﻦ‬ H4
+
H3 h3
w i Hi ‫ﻹﯾﺠ ﺎد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ H2 h2
i=n
w i Hi H1 h1
i=1
w i Hi ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷدوار اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬base shear (F ) ‫ﺒﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻰ ﯾﺘ ﻢ ﺑﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾ ﻊ‬ ‫و ھﻲ اﻟﻨﺴ‬
i=n = b
w i Hi
i=1
‫و ذﻟ ﻚ ﻷن‬ wi & wi H i - ‫ﻮدﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺎوي وزن اﻷدوار ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤ‬
+
w i Hi H
i=n = i=n i
w i Hi Hi
i=1 i=1

Fi = ( i )
Fi = Fb wi H i
+
i=n
i=1
wi Hi
Fb = Sd (T1) l W g +
Q i = ‫ﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻗ ﻮى اﻟﻘ ﺺ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗ‬
Mi = ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺰوم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗ‬
‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﺮﯾﻖ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن اﻵﺗ ﻲ‬Q ‫ﺎب‬

i ‫ ﺑ ﺪون ﺣﺴ‬M - ‫ﺎب‬
i ‫ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺣﺴ‬
Mbase U.L.=S Fi H i = F1 H 1 + F2 H 2 + F3 H 3 + ....................
+
Check Overturning
F8
+
F7
Mbase U.L. S Fi H i
+
Moverturning = 1.40 = 1.40 F6

F5
F4
Mstability = W B F3
Fb
+
2 F2
F1 W Moverturning
where:
W = Total weight of structure B
‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬
Factor Of Safety = Stability Moment

Overturning Moment
Mstability
F.O.S. = < 1.5
Moverturning
‫( ﻛ ﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬M overturning ) - ‫ﺔ ﺣﺴ ﺎب‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘ‬
2H Mbase U.L.
Mbase U.L. = ( Fb ) Moverturning = 1.40
+
3
‫و ذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺸ ﺮط أن ﯾﻜ ﻮن وزن ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ‬ 2H ‫ﺎً ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﺆﺛ ﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ‬ ‫ﺎر أن اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫و ذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒ‬
3
‫ﻣﺘﺴ ﺎوي‬. (wi) ‫اﻷدوار‬

Check Sliding
Fb
Sliding Force =
1.40
Fb
Resisting Force = m W
+
where: W
W = Total weight of structure ‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬
m W
+
m = Coefficient of friction
Resisting Force
Factor Of Safety = < 1.5
Sliding Force
NOTE
Ultimate loads
Working loads 1.40 Mbase U.L. & Fb
Check sliding and Check overturning
Mbase U.L.
Moverturning =
1.40
Fb
Fsliding =
1.40

Example.
A ten floor hospital located in Cairo with dimensions (20 x 40 m).
Height of each floor is 4.0 m. Soil below the building is very dense
sand and its coeff. of friction is 0.3. All floors are flat slab of average
thickness equal 0.3 m. Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
1- Calculate the ultimate base shear force .
2- Calculate the story shear and overturning moment at each floor
level and draw its distribution on the height of the building.
3- Find the bending moment and shearing forces acting at base
level of the building and draw distribution of shear forces.
4- Check The Stability of the building against silding and
overturning.
Given that :
F.C. = 2.0 kN/m 2
Walls = 3.0 kN/m 2
4 +10 = 40 m
L.L. = 3.0 kN/m 2
Elevation
40 m
0.30
20 m
Plan
Solution
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
According to Soil type and building location
Map Table
Cairo Page (8)
Zone (3) Page (7)
a g = 0.15 g
Table
Very dense sand Page (9) Soil type (B)
Soil type (B) S = 1.35

Table TB = 0.05
Response spectrum curve Type (1) Page (9)
TC = 0.25
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
Table
Shear wall Page (13)
C t = 0.05
Total Height of building (H) = 40 m
3/4
T1 = 0.05 40 = 0.795 sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 TC = 1.0 sec.) O.K.

Sd (T) T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
2.5 ag S g1
Response Spectrum
ag S g1
Curve
Sd (T)
1
TB TC T1 TD 4.0 Time (Sec)

TC < T1 < TD
Page (14)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1 > 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table g1 = 1.40
Page (10)
2.5 0.25
Sd (T1) = 0.15 g 1.40 1.35 1.00
+
+
5.00 0.795
= 0.0446 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.15 g 1.40 = 0.042 g < Sd (T1)
+
O.K.
T1 > 2 TC = 0.50 sec l = 1.00
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+
ws = ( t s gc + F.C. + Walls ) + a L.L.

+
Table a = 0.50
Page (15)
ws = ( 0.30 25 + 2.0 + 3.0 ) + 0.50 3.0 = 14.0 kN/m2

+
wFloor = 14.0 20 40 = 11200 kN

+
+
wTotal = 11200 10 = 112000 kN

+
NOTE
t av t av
Fb = Sd (T1 ) l W
g
+
= 0.0446 g 1.0 112000

g
+
Fb = 4995.2 kN
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
w i Hi H
i=n = i=n i ‫ﻷن وزن اﻟ ﺪور ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ‬
i=1
w i Hi i = 1 Hi
i = 10
H = 40 + 36 + 32+ 28 +24+ 20 +16 + 12 + 8 + 4
i=1 i
= 220 m 40
Fi = ( 4995.2 ) 1 H i
36
32
220 24
28
20
16
Fi = 22.705 H i 8
12
4
Floor H (m) F (kN) Q (kN) Mi (kN.m)

No. i i i
10 40.0 908.22 908.22 3632.87

9 36.0 817.40 1725.62 10535.33
8 32.0 726.57 2452.19 20344.09
7 28.0 635.75 3087.94 32695.85
6 24.0 544.93 3632.87 47227.35
5 20.0 454.11 4086.98 63575.27
4 16.0 363.29 4450.27 81376.35
3 12.0 272.47 4722.74 100267.29
2 8.0 181.64 4904.38 119884.80
1 4.0 90.82 4995.20 139865.60
Shearing force at base = 4995.2 kN

908.22 908.22
817.40 1725.62 3632.87
726.57 2452.19 10535.33

3087.94 20344.09
635.75
3632.87 32695.85
544.93
454.11 4086.98 47227.35
363.29 4450.27 63575.27
4722.74 81376.35
272.47
4904.38 100267.29
181.64
4995.20 119884.80
90.82
139865.60
Load Diagram Shear Diagram Moment Diagram
3- Check sliding
Fb
Sliding Force = = 4995.2 = 3568 kN
1.40 1.40
Resisting Force =m W = 0.30 112000 = 33600
+
Resisting Force 33600

Factor Of Safety = Sliding Force = 3568 = 9.4 > 1.5
Safe
4- Check overturning
Mbase U.L. = 139865.6 kN.m
Mbase U.L.
Moverturning = 1.40 = 139865.6
1.40 = 99904 kN.m
Resisting Moment = WTotal B 112000 20 1120000 kN.m
2 = 2 =
+
+
Resisting Moment 1120000

Factor Of Safety = Over Turning Moment = 11.2 > 1.5
99904 =
Safe

2. Wind Loads.
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛ ﺮ ﺑﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺠ ﺎه ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄت‬
Ce = - 0.8
Pressure Suction
Ce = + 0.8
Ce = - 0.5
(0.00) (0.00)
Wind load acting on the structure Elevation
Ce = - 0.7
Pe = C e k q kN/m
2
+
+
Ce = - 0.5
C e = + 0.8
where:
Pe = ‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح اﻟﻤﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ ﺎً ﻋﻠ ﻰ وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﺣﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬
Ce = - 0.7
Ce = ‫( أو ﺳ ﺤﺐ‬Pressure) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾ ﻊ ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
Plan
‫( اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿ ﺔ‬Suction)
C e = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3

k = Factor of exposure
Ground Roughness Length

Zone (A): Open exposure
Zone (B): Suburban exposure
Zone (C): City center exposure

Zone A B C
Ground roughness
0.05 0.30 1.00
length
Height (m) k
0 - 10 1.00 1.00 1.00
10 - 20 1.15 1.00 1.00
20 - 30 1.40 1.00 1.00
30 - 50 1.60 1.05 1.00
50 - 80 1.85 1.30 1.00
80 - 120 2.10 1.50 1.15
120 - 160 2.30 1.70 1.30
160 - 240 2.50 1.85 1.55
NOTE (Most critical case)
(Open exposure or Suburban exposure or City center exposure)

(Ground roughness length = 0.05 or 0.30 or 1.00)
(Zone A) k
(Most critical case)
q (kN/m ) 2
2
q 0.5 r V C t Cs kN/m
2
=
1000
where:
V (m/sec)

V (m/sec)
42
39
36
33
30
r= 1.25 kg/m 3
C t = Factor of topography
Ct
1.00
1.20 :
1.40
1.60
1.80
1.80
1.00
1.80
NOTE
1.00 Ct

C s = Structural factor
Turbulence
: 1.00
1.00 Cs
NOTE
C s & Ct
V
2
q = 0.5 r V C t Cs = 0.5 1.25 1.00 1.00 V 2
+
1000 1000
q = 6.25 10-4 V 2
+
q (kN/m) 2
1.10
0.95
0.81
0.68
0.56

Wind load (F) = Pe area kN
+ +
= C e k q area kN
+
+
where:
area = Area subjected to wind ‫اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﯾ ﺎح‬
NOTE
‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟ ﺰﻟﺰال و اﻟﻌﻜ ﺲ و ذﻟ ﻚ ﻷن ﺣ ﺪوﺛﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺄﺧ ﺬ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﻓﺈﻧﻨ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺄﺧ ﺬ ﺗ‬
ً‫ﻣﻌ ﺎً ﻧ ﺎدر ﺟ ﺪا‬.
Distribution of wind
Pe = C e k q kN/m
2
+
+
( P ) kN\m 2
h4
(Most critical case) 4
Zone A ( P ) kN\m 2
h3
3
P4 = Ce k4 q k 4 = 1.60 H
+
+
P3 = Ce k3 q k 3= 1.40 ( P2 ) kN\m 2
h2
+
+
P2 = Ce k2 q k 2= 1.15
+ +
+ +
P1 = Ce k1 q k 1 = 1.00 ( P1 ) kN\m 2
h1

b
F= Ce k q area
+
+
+
F4 kN
F4 = P4 (h4 b ) h 4
+
F3 = P3 + (h3 b ) F3 kN
h H
+
3
F2 = P2 (h2 b ) F2 kN H4
+
+ H3
h
2
F1 = P1 (h1 b )
+
+
H2
F1 kN
h 1
H1
Total Moment at base = S Fi H i
+
M overturning = F1 H 1 + F2 H 2 + F3 H 3 + ....................
+
+
NOTE
Working loads
Difference between wind & seismic loads:

Wind loads Seismic loads
‫ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺠ ﺎه واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﻮة أﻓﻘﯿ‬- ‫ ﻗ ﻮة ﺗﮭ ﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھ ﺎت‬-
‫ ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﯾﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺴ ﻄﺢ‬- ‫ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﺰﻟﺰال ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ وزن اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄ‬-
‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ ﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬
‫ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﺗﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﺣ ﺘﻰ‬- ‫ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﺰﻟﺰال ﺗﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ﺘﻮى اﻟﺒﻼﻃ ﺎت ﺣ ﺘﻰ‬-
‫ﻣﻨﺴ ﻮب ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬ ‫ﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴ ﻮب اﻟﺘﺄﺳ‬
Working loads ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺮﯾ ﺎح ﺗﻜ‬- Ultimate loads ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ أﺣﻤﺎل اﻟ ﺰﻻزل ﺗﻜ‬-
(0.00)
Wind load distribution Storey forces due to seismic load

Factored loads of Ultimate Limit Design Method:
Ultimate Load (U)
:
0.8 [1.4 D.L. + 1.6 L.L. + 1.6 W.L.]
U=
1.12 D.L. + a L.L. + S.L.
1.4 D.L. + 1.6 L.L. (U)
where:
D.L. = Dead load
L.L. = Live load
S.L. = Seismic load
W.L. = Wind load
a=
a
0.25
0.50
1.00

Example.
The shown figure of a store house which lies at Cairo. The building
consist of a ground , mezzanine and 16 repeated floors and two
basements. It is required to :
1- Calculate the wind load acting on the building .
2- Check The Stability of the building against sliding and
overturning.
3.0 +16 = 48 m
Given that :
t s average= 0.20 m
F.C. = 2.0 kN/m 2
Walls = 3.0 kN/m 2
L.L. = 3.0 kN/m 2
3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0
Sec . Elevation
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Plan
Solution
Ce = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3
2
0.5 r V C t Cs -4 2 2
q= = 6.25 10 33 = 0.68 kN/m
+
+
1000
Zone A ( More Critical )
Pe = Ce k q (kN/m2 )
+
+
2
P1 = Ce k1 q = 1.3 1.0 0.68 = 0.884 kN/m
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
P2 = Ce k2 q = 1.3 1.15 0.68 = 1.017 kN/m2

+
+
P3 = Ce k3 q = 1.3 1.40 0.68 = 1.238 kN/m2

+
+
P4 = Ce k4 q = 1.3 1.60 0.68 = 1.414 kN/m2

+
+ +
+
+ +
P5 = Ce k5 q = 1.3 1.85 0.68 = 1.635 kN/m 2

+
+
294.3 kN 1.635
F5 = P5 ( h b) 2 6m
+
+
kN/m
= 1.635 6 30 = 294.3 kN
+
+
F4 = P4 ( h b)
+
+
848.4 kN 20 m
1.414
= 1.414 20 30 = 848.4 kN kN/m2
+
+
F3 = P3 ( h b)
56 m
+
+
=1.238 10 30 = 371.4 kN 371.4 kN 1.2382

+
+
kN/m 10 m
F2 = P2 ( h b)
+
+
= 1.017 10 30 = 305.1 kN 305.1 kN 1.017

+
+
kN/m2 10 m
F1 = P1 ( h b)
+
+
0.884
=0.884 10 30 = 265.2 kN 265.2 kN
kN/m2 10 m
+
+
7m
Total wind force = 265.2 + 305.1 + 371.4 + 848.4 + 294.3

= 2084.4 kN

294.3 kN 1.635
kN/m
2 6m
848.4 kN 20 m
1.414
kN/m2
56 m
371.4 kN 1.2382
60 kN/m 10 m
47
305.1 kN 1.017
kN/m2 10 m
32
265.2 kN 0.884
22 kN/m2 10 m
12
7m
Check overturning
Total Moment at base ( Overturning Moment ) = Fi H i
+ +
= F1 H1 + F2 H2 + F3 H3 + F4 H4 + F5 H5
+
= 265.2 12 + 305.1 22 + 371.4 32 + 848.4 47 + 294.3 60

+
+
= 79312.2 kN.m
Resisting Moment = WTotal B
2
+
ws = t av gc + F.C. + Walls + L.L.

ws = 0.20 25 + 2.0 + 3.0 + 3.0 = 13.0 kN/m2
+
wFloor = 13.0 30 30 = 11700 kN

+
+
wTotal = 11700 20 = 234000 kN

+
Resisting Moment = 234000 30 3510000 kN.m

2 =
+

Factor Of Safety = Over Turning Moment = 79312.2 = 44.2 > 1.5
Safe
Check sliding
Sliding Force = wind force = 2084.4 kN
Resisting Force =m W = 0.30 234000 = 70200
+
Resisting Force 70200
Factor Of Safety = Sliding Force = 2084.4 = 33.7 > 1.5
Safe
NOTE
Working loads

Systems resisting lateral loads.
‫ﺔ و ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻘ ﺎوم اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋﺪة أﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ إﻧﺸ‬
1- Shear walls or cores
Shear walls Core (Tube)

2- Coupled shear walls
3- Frames
Ductile frames (Beams + Columns)
4- Combination between different systems

- Frames + Shear walls Core
- Frames + Core
- Core + Shear walls Shear Frames
wall
- Frames + Shear walls + Cores

Center of Mass (C.M.) & Center of Rigidity (C.R.)
( Columns - Core - Shear Walls )

( Slabs - Beams )
- ‫ﺔ ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎھﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻘ ﺎوم اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ ﻞ دراﺳ ﺔ اﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻹﻧﺸ‬
‫ﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬
Center of mass (C.M.):
It is the center of gravity of area and it is the point of application
of ( Fb ).
X C.M.= wi Ai x i Datum
+
+
wi A i
+
where: x2
XC.M.= Distance between C.M. & datum x1
x i = Distance between C.G. of A i & datum w1 A1 w2 A2
+
+
C.G. C.M. C.G.
wi = Weight of floor at this part of floor A i
w A x + w2 A 2 x 2 X C.M.
+
+ +
+ +
X C.M.= 1 1 1
w1 A1 + w2 A2
Center of rigidity (C.R.):

It is the point where the force ( Fb ) is resisted.
( Stiffness )
NOTE ( Columns - Core - Shear Walls )
( C.R.) (C.M.)

(C.R. ) (C.M.)
(Shear wall ) (Core)
(C.R. ) ( C.M.)
(Torsion ) ( C.R. )
Fb Fb
(Torsion)
C.R. C.M. C.R. C.M.

1- Shear walls or cores
Case (a): Symmetrical shear walls (C.M. = C.R.)
Lateral Force (F b ) C.R. C.M.
( Inertia ) ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﺋﻂ ﺑﻨﺴ‬Bending Moment ‫ أو‬Shear force
Ii Ii
Fi = Fb & M i = M base
+
+
i=n i=n
i=1
Ii i=1
Ii sw1 sw2 sw2 sw1
I1 I2 C.M. I2 I1
I1
F1 = F C.R.
2I1 + 2I 2 b
+
x2 x2
I2 x1 x1
F2 = Fb
+
2I1 + 2I 2
where:
Fb
F b = Force acting at the base
Fi = Force acting on the shear wall no. ( i )
I i = Moment of inertia of the shear wall no. ( i )
M base= Bending Moment acting at the base
M i = Bending Moment acting on the shear wall no. ( i )
Case (b): Unsymmetrical shear walls in one direction (C.M. = C.R.)
C.R. C.M.
To Get C.R. L
Datum
sw2
1 X Ii xi sw4
=
C.R. Ii sw1 MT sw3
I1 x 1+ I 2 x 2 + I 3 x 3 + I 4 x 4 C.R. C.M.
+
X C.R.= I1 + I2 + I 3 + I 4 I1 I2 I3 I4
xC.R. e
2 e = X C.M. X C.R. xC.M.
x1
where: x2 Fb
x3
e = Distance between C.M. & C.R. x4
3 e *= e + 0.05 L M T = Fb e*
+
‫ ( ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﺋﻂ ﻛ ﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬F ) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
b
Fi = i = In i Fb + Ii xi
i=n MT
+
+
2
i=1
Ii I (xi )
i=1 i
where:
x = (C.R.) ‫ھﻮ ﺑﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺤ ﺎﺋﻂ ﻋﻦ‬
i
Fb
sw2
MT sw4
sw1 sw3
C.R. C.M.
I1 I2 e I3 I4
x3
x2 x4
x1
Ii
i=n Fb
+
i=1
Ii
Ii xi
i=n MT
+
i=1
I i ( x i )
I1 I1 x 1
F1 = Fb - MT
+
+
2 2 2 2
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 I 1( x1) + I2 (x2) + I 3 (x3) + I 4 (x4)
I2 I2 x 2
F2 = Fb - MT
+
2 2 2 2
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 I 1( x1) + I2 (x2) + I 3 (x3) + I 4 (x4)
I3 I3 x 3
F3 = Fb + MT
+
2 2 2 2
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 I 1( x1) + I2 (x2) + I 3 (x3) + I 4 (x4)
I4 I4 x 4
F4 = Fb + MT
+
2 2 2 2
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 I 1( x1) + I2 (x2) + I 3 (x3) + I 4 (x4)

Fb
NOTE
sw2
MT sw4
sw1 sw3
C.R. C.M.
(- ve) (+ ve)
Zone ( 2 ) Zone ( 1 )
C.M. ‫ و اﻟ ﺘﻰ ﺑﮭ ﺎ‬Zone ( 1 ) ‫ إذا ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺤ ﺎﺋﻂ ﯾﻘ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬+ ve - ‫ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن اﻹﺷ ﺎرة ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
.Zone ( 2 ) ‫ إذا ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺤ ﺎﺋﻂ ﯾﻘ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬- ve ‫و ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻹﺷ ﺎرة‬
.C.R. ‫ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺎر ﺑـ‬Zone ( 1 ) & Zone ( 2 ) - ‫ﻞ ﺑﯿ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻔﺎﺻ‬
(Shear wall) ‫ ( ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إﯾﺠ ﺎد ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻟﻤﺆﺛ ﺮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻛ ﻞ‬F = 1 kN ) - ‫ﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
b
% of each Shear Wall = i = In i 1 + Ii xi

i=n (1 e* )
+
+
+
2
i=1
Ii I (x i)
i=1 i
M i = % of each Shear Wall M base

+
Case (c): Unsymmetrical shear walls in both direction

(ey ) & (ex ) ( Eccentricity )
( I y ) & ( Ix ) ( C.R.)
y (I)
Lx
sw3
sw1 Fby e *x
+
xC.M.
xC.R. sw4
Fbx
ey C.R.
C.M.
y3
Ly
x1 Fbx e *y
+
sw2 ex
x4 yC.R. yC.M.
y2
x
F by
(sw4 ) & (sw1) ( Fby )
X = Ix i xi = Ix1 x 1 + Ix 4 x 4
+
1 C.R. Ix i Ix1+ Ix4
2 e x = X C.M. - X C.R.
3 e x* = e + 0.05 L x M T y = Fby e*x
+
(sw3 ) & (sw2) ( Fbx)
Y = Iy i yi = I y2 y2 + Iy3 y3 +
+
1 C.R. Iy i Iy2 + Iy3
2 e y = Y C.M. - Y C.R.
3 e y* = e + 0.05 L y M T x = Fbx e*y
+
y
Lx
sw3
sw1
x1
x4 sw4
Fbx y
ey
C.M. 3
Ly
C.R.
y2 ex
sw 2
i=n 2 2 2
x
i=1
Ix i (x i) = I x1 (x1) + Ix 4 (x4) Fby
i=n 2 2 2
i=1
Iy i (y i) = I y2 (y2 ) + Ix 3 (y3 )
Fy = i = In xi Fby + Ix i xi
i=n M Ty
+
i 2 2
i=1
Ix i i=1
[ I x i ( x i ) + I y i ( y i)
Fx = i = In yi Fbx + Iy i yi
i=n M Tx
+
i 2 2
i=1
Iy i i=1
[ I x (
i ix ) + I y (
i iy )
( C.M. ) ( Shear wall ) (+ )

( C.M. ) ( Shear wall ) ( )

NOTE
e min = 0.05 L Symmetric
e *= 0.05 L M T = Fb e*
+
sw1 sw2 sw2 sw1 sw1 sw2 sw2 sw1
I1 I2 I2 I1 I1 I2 I2 I1
D.L. T.L. T.L. D.L.

T.L. C.M. T.L. C.M.
sw1 sw2 sw2 sw1 sw1 sw2 sw2 sw1
I1 I2 I2 I1 I1 I2 I2 I1
C.R. C.R.
e min C.M.
OR C.M. emin
= 0.05L = 0.05L
x2 x2 x2 x2
x1 x1 x1 x1
Fb Fb
‫ ( ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﺋﻂ ﻛ ﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬F ) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
Fi = i = In i Fb + Ii xi b
i=n MT
+
+
i=1
Ii I
i=1 i
( x i )
where:
x = (C.R.) ‫ھﻮ ﺑﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺤ ﺎﺋﻂ ﻋﻦ‬
i
e min
More Critical
I1 I1 x 1
F1 = Fb + ( 0.05 L Fb )
+
2 ( I1 + I2 ) 2 2
2 [ I 1( x1) + I 2 (x2) ]
I2 I2 x 2
F2 = Fb + ( 0.05 L Fb )
+
2 ( I1 + I2 ) 2 2
2 [ I 1( x1) + I 2 (x2) ]
Illustrative Example
For the shown figure , if the thickness of all shear walls = 25 cm .
It is required to :
1- Calculate the percentage of force ( P ) acting on each wall
Solution 3.5 2.5
sw1 sw2
3
Isw1 = 0.25 (3.5) = 0.8932 m4
+
12 sw3 4.0
3
I sw2 = 0.25 (2.5) = 0.3255 m4
+
12 Fb 15
3
I sw 3 = 4.0 ( 0.25 ) = 0.0052 m4
+
12 sw3 4.0
i=6
sw1 sw2
i=1
I = 2 ( 0.8932 + 0.3255 + 0.0052 )
4
= 2.4478 m 3.5
10.0 m
2.5
Isw 1 0.8932
i=6 = 2.4478 = 36.50 %
i=1
I
I sw 2 0.3255
i=6 = 2.4478 = 13.3 %
i=1
I
Isw 3 0.0052
i=6 = 2.4478 = 0.20 %
i=1
I
( Inertia ) ( sw3 )
NOTE
Shear wall
Fb

Design of Shear wall.
Shear walls solved as a cantilever totally fixed in foundation and
subjected to moment (M ) due to lateral force and normal force
( N ) due to own weight ,weight of walls and floors .
2
sw F6
1 F5
sw
F4
sw 3
F6 sw 4 sw 6 F3
F5 sw 5 F2
F1
F4
F3
F2 Elevation
F1
sw1 sw2
sw3
Fi
F 6-2
sw4
F 5-2 sw5 sw6
F 4-2
Plan
F 3-2
F 2-2 I sw i
Fsw = Fi
+
i=n
F 1-2 i
I sw i
i=1
Shear Wall 2

MS.L.= % of each Shear Wall M = % of each Shear Wall Fi H i
+
Base Seismic U.L.
M W.L.= % of each Shear Wall M Base Wind Working = % of each Shear Wall Fi H i
+
N = O.W of shear wall + The Normal Force Due to Seismic or Wind Loads
load
+ The part from the floor which it carry number of floors
+
Cases of Load Combinations
N = 1.4 N D.L.+ 1.6 N L.L.
Case (1)
D.L.+L.L.
M = 1.4 M D.L.+ 1.6 M L.L.
N = 0.8 [1.4 ND.L.+ 1.6 N L.L.+ 1.6 NW.L.]

Case (2)
D.L.+L.L.+W.L.
M = 0.8 [1.4 MD.L.+ 1.6 M L.L.+ 1.6 M W.L.]
N = 1.12 ND.L.+ a N L.L.+ N S.L.

Case (3)
D.L.+L.L.+S.L.
M = 1.12 M D.L.+ a M L.L.+ M S.L.
where:
a=
a
0.25
0.50
1.00

NOTE Working MW.L. Ultimate MS.L.
Manual Seismic & Wind
SAP
N W.L.= Zero and N S.L.= Zero
D.L. & L.L. Moments
Flat Slabs Frames
Cases of Load Combinations
Case (1) N = 1.4 N D.L.+ 1.6 N L.L.
Case (2) N = 0.8 [1.4 ND.L. + 1.6 N L.L.] & M = 0.8 [1.6 M W.L.]
Case (3) N = 1.12 ND.L.+ a N L.L. & M = M S.L.
Design of Shear wall under M & N Mu.l.

e= N u.l.
1 e <
0.5 2
e < 0.5
t e s = e + 2t - c t
Using interaction diagram
Msu = N u.l. es
+
take x = 0.9 As = As\

d = C1 Mus N u.l.
Fcu b C1 J Get =
Fcu b t
+
M us Nu.l. Get
As = - M u.l.
J d Fy ( Fy / s ) =
+
+
Fcu b t 2
Fcu -4
0.225 b d > 1.1 b d
Fy Fy As= As = ( \
cu 10 ) b t
As min= 1.3A s req
F
As = 0.6 Ac
0.25 b d st. 240/350 min
100 100
0.15 b d st. 360/520
100
As As
b
t
2- Rigid frames
frames ‫ﺾ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ھﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻤ ﺮات و اﻷﻋﻤ ﺪة ﻣﺘﺼ ﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌ‬
‫ﺔ و ﻓ ﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﺼ ﻤﻢ اﻟﻮﺻ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬frames ‫ﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه‬ ‫و ﺗﺴ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﺴ‬. (rigid frames) ‫ﺑﯿ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد و اﻟﻜﻤ ﺮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﻧﮭ ﺎ‬
point of
zero
moment
B.M.D due to Hz. loads Rigid Frames
Fb
Rigid Frames
Plan
‫‪NOTE‬‬
‫ﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫‪ (L d= 60‬أي وﺻ ﻼت ﺷ ﺪ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن أﻃﻮال ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ وﺻ ﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﯾ ﺪ )‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺗﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻌ ﺰوم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬
‫ﯾﺠ ﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ وﺻ ﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻟﻸﻋﻤ ﺪة ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ ﻒ اﻟ ﺪور )‪(point of zero moment‬‬
‫دور و ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ ﺎم )‪ (rigid frames‬ﯾﺼ ﻠﺢ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل ﺣ ﺘﻰ‬

‫ﺒﯿﺎً ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺠ ﺐ ﺣﺴ ﺎﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯿﺮة ﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻛﺒ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬
‫وﺻ ﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻟﻸﻋﻤ ﺪة‬

‫‪Ld = 60‬‬ ‫‪Ld = 60‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ ﻒ اﻻرﺗﻔ ﺎع‬
‫‪Ld = 60‬‬
‫‪Ld = 60‬‬
‫‪Details of RFT of a rigid joint‬‬
‫ﺔ ) ‪Base shear ( Fb‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ‪Core & Shear walls‬ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬
‫و اﻟﻌ ﺰوم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋﻨﮭ ﺎ‪ M base‬ﺗ ﻮزع ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟ ﺔ ) ‪Inertia ( I‬‬
‫ﺔ )‪Base shear ( Fb‬‬ ‫ﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ‪ Rigid frames‬ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤ‬
‫و اﻟﻌ ﺰوم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋﻨﮭ ﺎ‪ M base‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟ ﺔ ) ‪Stiffness ( K‬‬
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Case (a): Symmetrical rigid frames (C.M. = C.R.)
Lateral Force (Fb ) C.R. C.M.
(stiffness of each frame) ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫( ﺑﻨﺴ‬Frames) ‫ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬Bending momen ‫ أو‬Shear force
To get stiffness of each frame:

For typical story Fb
1
12EI F1 F2 F2 F1
K int.= 3 c1 2I c1
h 1+
h ( Ibb1 + Ibb2 ) C.M.
1 2 C.R.
K1 K2 K2 K1
1
12EI c2 2I c2
K ext.= 1+
h3
h ( Ibb1 )
1 h Ic2 Ib1 Ic1 Ib2 Ic2
where: h Ic2 Ic1 Ic2

h = ‫ارﺗﻔ ﺎع اﻟ ﺪور‬ b1 b2
E = 4400 Fcu
K = SK +int.
SK ext. K ext. K int. K ext.
Fi
KF1= 2Kext.+ Kint. ( stiffness for frame F1 )

KF2= 2Kext.+ 2K int. ( stiffness for frame F2 )
(Stiffness of each frame) ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫( ﺑﻨﺴ‬Frames) ‫ ( ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬F ) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
b
K Fi
Fi = Fb & M i = i =K Fi M base
+
i=n n
i=1
K Fi i=1
KFi
‫ﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺎس ﺛﺒ ﺎت ﻗﻄ ﺎع اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد ﻓ ﻲ ﻛ ﻞ اﻷدوار‬ ‫ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎدﻻت اﻟﺴ‬.

Case (b): Unsymmetrical rigid frames in one direction (C.M. = C.R.)
C.R. C.M.
L
To Get C.R. Datum
F1 F2 F3 F4
x
1 XC.R. = K Fi i
+
MT
K Fi
C.R. C.M.
K F1 x1 + KF2 x 2 + KF3 x 3 + K F4 x4
+
+
X C.R.= K F1 + KF2 + K F3 + K F4
K1 K2 K3 K4
xC.R. e
2 e = X C.M. - X C.R. xC.M.
x1
where: x2 Fb
x3
e = Distance between C.M. & C.R. x4
3 e * = e + 0.05 L M T = Fb e*
+
‫ ( ﻛ ﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬Frames ) ‫ ( ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬F ) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
b
Fi = i = K Fi KFi xi
Fb + MT
+
n i=n
+
+
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i)
where:
x = (C.R.) ‫( ﻋﻦ‬frames) ‫ھﻮ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‬
i
Fb
NOTE F1 F2 F3 F4
MT
C.R. C.M.
(- ve) (+ ve)
Zone ( 2 ) Zone ( 1 )
C.M. ‫ و اﻟ ﺘﻰ ﺑﮭ ﺎ‬Zone ( 1 ) ‫ ﯾﻘ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬frame ‫ إذا ﻛ ﺎن‬+ ve - ‫ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن اﻹﺷ ﺎرة ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬

.Zone ( 2 ) ‫ﯾﻘ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬frame ‫ إذا ﻛ ﺎن‬- ve ‫و ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻹﺷ ﺎرة‬
.C.R. ‫ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺎر ﺑـ‬Zone ( 1 ) & Zone ( 2 ) - ‫اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻔﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺑﯿ ﻦ‬

(Frame) ‫( ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إﯾﺠ ﺎد ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻮى اﻟﻤﺆﺛ ﺮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻛ ﻞ‬F = 1kN) - ‫ﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
b
% of each Frame = i = K KFi xi

Fi
1 + (1 e* )
+
+
+
n i=n 2
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i)
M i = % of each Frame M base
+
‫ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﻼدوار اﻟﻤﺘﻜ ﺮرة أﻣﺎ ﻟﻠ ﺪور اﻷول‬ ‫ﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺴ ﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘ‬stiffness (K) -
‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺴ ﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺪور‬stiffness (K) ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﮭﯿﻞ ﻧﺴ‬ ‫و اﻷﺧ ﯿﺮ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﻗﯿ ﻢ آﺧﺮى و ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺴ‬
.(typical story)‫ﺮر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜ‬
For top story

I b1 I b2
1
24EI 3I c1 h Ic2 Ic1 Ic2
K int.= 3 c1 2+
h
h ( Ibb1 + Ibb2 ) b1 b2
1 2
1
24EI 3I c2 ‫ﻟﻠﻘ ﺮاءة ﻓﻘ ﻂ‬
K ext.= 3 c2 2 +
h
h ( Ibb1 )
1
For bottom story

1 h Ic2 Ic2
24EI Ib1 Ic1 Ib2
K int.= 3 c1 3I c1
h 2+ I Ic2
h ( Ibb1 + Ibb2 ) h c2 Ic1
1 2
b1 b2
1
24EI c2 3I c2
K ext.= 2+
h3
h ( Ibb1 )
1
- If I b >>> I c The column considered as a fixed column

12EI c
K=
h3
NOTE
e min = 0.05 L Symmetric
e *= 0.05 L M T = Fb e*
+
F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 F2 F1
K1 K2 K2 K1 K1 K2 K2 K1
D.L. T.L. T.L. D.L.

T.L. C.M. T.L. C.M.
F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 F2 F1
K1 K2 K2 K1 K1 K2 K2 K1
C.R. C.R.
OR
emin C.M. C.M. e min
= 0.05L = 0.05L
x2 x2 x2 x2
x1 x1 x1 x1
Fb Fb
‫ ( ﻛ ﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬frames ) ‫ ( ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬F b) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻮزع اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
Fi = i = K Fi KFi xi
Fb + MT
+
n i=n
+
+
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i )
where:
x i= (C.R.) ‫( ﻋﻦ‬frames) ‫ھﻮ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‬
e min
More Critical
K1 K1 x1
F1 = Fb + ( 0.05 L Fb )
+
2 ( K 1 + K2 ) 2 2
2 [ K1( x 1) + K 2 (x 2) ]
K2 K2 x2
F2 = Fb + ( 0.05 L Fb )
+
2 2
2 ( K 1 + K2 ) 2 [ K1( x 1) + K 2 (x 2) ]
Drift of structures due to seismic loads
Importance of drift:
Is to satisfy serviceability requirements.
The drift should be limited to fulfill the safety requirements for
non-structural elements.
‫ﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﻮح ﺑﮭ ﺎ ﻃﺒﻘ ﺎً ﻟﺤ ﺪود اﻟﺘﺸ‬ ‫ﺄ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﺤﺎدﺛ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬ ‫ﯾﺠ ﺐ أﻻ ﺗﺰﯾ ﺪ اﻹزاﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿ‬
‫ﺎﺋﯿﺔ (واﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫ﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻐ ﯿﺮ إﻧﺸ‬ ‫ﺒﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻮﻟ ﺪ أﺣﻤﺎل إﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ و ذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴ‬
‫ ﺗ ﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺸ ﺮﺧﮭﺎ و اﻧﮭﯿﺎرھ ﺎ‬................) - ‫ ﺣ ﻮاﺋﻂ‬- ‫زﺟﺎج‬
Total Drift = Web Drift + Chord Drift
1- Web drift
Shear ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺄ ﻧﺘﯿﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬ ‫ھﻲ إزاﺣﺔ أﻓﻘﯿ‬
web drift
Q8 D8
Q7 D7
Q6 D6
Q5 D5
Q4 D4
Q3 D3
Q2 D2
Q1 D1
Load diagram Shear diagram Drift diagram
% of each frame Qi
+
Web drift for each frame ( D i ) = K Fi

Total web drift for each frame ( SD i ) = S Q i % of each frame
+
K Fi
where:
Di = Story drift of each frame
Q i = Shear force acting on the story
K Fi
% of each Frame = i=n (For Symmetrical Rigid Frames)
i=1
K Fi
K Fi 1 + KFi xi e* )
% of each Frame = (1
( For Unsymmetrical
)
+
+
+
i=n i=n 2
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i) Rigid Frames
Case (a): Web drift for symmetrical rigid frames

Qi % of each frame
+
K Fi
Qi i=n
+
i=1
K Fi Qi
= K Fi = i=n
i=1
K Fi
i=n
as K s = i=1
K Fi where K s = Story stiffness
Q
Web drift ( D i) = Ki
s
S Qi
Total web drift ( SD i) = Ks
‫ﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﺴ‬frames ‫ﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻹزاﺣ ﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄت اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠ‬
D1 D2 D2 D1
Fb
F1 F2 F2 F1
C.M.
C.R.

Case (b): Web drift for unsymmetrical rigid frames
% of each frame Qi
+
Total web drift for each frame ( SD i ) = S Q i % of each frame
+
K Fi
where:
K Fi 1 + KFi xi ( 1 e* )
% of each Frame =
( For Unsymmetrical
rigid frames )
+
+
+
i=n i=n 2
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i)
‫ ﻋﻼﻗ ﺔ‬frames ‫ﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑﯿ ﻦ اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄت اﻟﻐ ﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠ‬

‫ﺧﻄﯿ ﺔ‬
D1
D2
D3
straight line D4
F1 F2 F3 F4
MT
C.R. C.M.
NOTE Fb
‫ ﻓﺄﻧ ﮫ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ‬wind load ( w ) ‫ ( ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬uniform load ) ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗﻌ ﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﺄ إﻟ ﻰ‬
w
‫ ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ‬web drift ) ‫ﺣﺴ ﺎب‬
h
ww KN/m
2
H y(x) y (x) = ww ( x H - 2x )
h Ks
x

2- Chord drift
Bending ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺄ ﻧﺘﯿﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸ‬ ‫ھﻲ إزاﺣﺔ أﻓﻘﯿ‬
Chord drift
we KN/m
Mbase
B Moment Diagram Drift diagram
4
we H
Chord drift (D c) = 8EI
e
where:
I e = Composite moment of inertia of columns at C.G.
C.G
A1 A2
L1 I1 I2
L2
2 2
Ie = 2 [ I1 + A1 ( L1 ) ] + 2 [ I2 + A2 ( L 2 ) ]
+
2
M Fi = % of each frame M base = we H get we
+
NOTE
‫ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‬web drift ‫ﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة ﺟ ﺪاً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ‬chord drift ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬
H
DTotal = D web + D chord > D allowable = 500 600
Serviceability Requirements

Example.
For the shown figure of a residential building lies at Aswan . The
building consist of ( 8 ) repeated floors . L. L. = 2.0 kN/m 2&
2
F.C. = 1.5 kN/m and the soil is loose sand.
Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
1- Calculate the story shear at each floor level and draw its
distribution on the height of the building.
2- Find the bending moment and shearing forces acting at base
level of the R.C. columns and draw distribution of shear force
and bending moment.
3- Check Stability of the building against over turning
Given that :
All beams = 25 60
+
4 + 8=32 m
All columns = 25 80
+
Slab thickness = 160 mm
Elevation
7 3 = 21 m
+
7 +3 = 21 m
Plan
Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Fig. (8-1) Table (8-2)
Aswan P. (1/5 code)
Zone (2) P. (2/5 code)
a g = 0.125 g
Table (8-1)
Loose sand P. (2/5 code)
Soil type (D)
Soil type (D) S = 1.80

Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
Response spectrum curve Type (1) P. (3/5 code)
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
Beams + Columns R.C. Frames
P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.075
3/4
T1 = 0.075 32 = 1.01sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K.

Sd (T) T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
Sd (T1 )
Time (Sec)
TB TC T1 TD 4.0
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1
> 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.125 g 1.00 1.80 1.00
+
+
5.00 1.01
= 0.0334 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.125 g 1.00 = 0.025 g < Sd (T1)
+
O.K.
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+

+
Table (8-7) a = 0.25

P. (5/5 code)
ws = ( 0.16 25 + 1.5 ) + 0.25 2.0 = 6.0 kN/m2

+
slab beams columns

wFloor = 6.0 21 21 + 0.25 0.6 25 ( 21 8) + 0.25 0.8 4 25 (16)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
= 3596 kN
wTotal = 3596 8 = 28768 kN
+
NOTE
ts
t av

Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
28768
= 0.0334 g 1.0 g
+
F b = 960.85 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
w i Hi H
i=1
w i Hi i = 1 Hi
i=8
H = 32 + 28 + 24 + 20 +16 + 12 + 8 + 4
i=1 i
= 144 m
Fi = ( 960.85 ) 1 H i 32
144 24
28
20
16
Fi = 6.6726 H i 8
12
4
Floor H (m) F (kN) Q (kN) Mi (kN.m)

No. i i i
8 32.0 213.52 213.52 854.09

7 28.0 186.83 400.35 2455.51
6 24.0 160.14 560.50 4697.49
5 20.0 133.45 693.95 7473.28
4 16.0 106.76 800.71 10676.11
3 12.0 80.07 880.78 14199.23
2 8.0 53.38 934.16 17935.87
1 4.0 26.69 960.85 21779.27

213.52 213.52
400.35 854.09
186.83
560.50 2455.51
160.14
133.45 693.95 4697.49
800.71 7473.28
106.76
80.07 880.78 10676.11
53.38 934.16 14199.23
960.85 17935.87
26.69
21779.27
Load Diagram Shear Diagram Moment Diagram
Shearing force at base = 960.85 kN

Bending moment at base = 21779.27 kN.m
Mbase U.L. = 21779.27 kN.m
Mbase U.L. 21779.27
Moverturning = 1.40 = 1.40 = 15556.62 kN.m
Resisting Moment = WTotal B 28768 21 302064 kN.m
2 = 2 =
+
+

Factor Of Safety = Over Turning Moment = 15556.62 = 19.4 > 1.5
Safe

Example.
The shown figure of a building which lies at Cairo. The building
consist of two basements, ground floor and mezzanine used as
hospital and 8 repeated floors used as residential building.Live load
and floor heights are shown in elevation, the average slab thickness
2
is 215 mm and Floor cover + walls = 2.5 kN/m . The soil is weak.
1- Calculate the equivalent seismic load acting on the building .
2- Draw lateral load ,shear and over turning moment diagram over
the height of the structure.
2
L.L = 2.0 kN/m
2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
3.0 +8 = 24 m
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
6.0 L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
6.0 2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m
6.0 Void
2 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0
L.L = 8.0 kN/m
6.0 2
L.L = 8.0 kN/m
2
L.L =10.0 kN/m
6.0 2
L.L =10.0 kN/m
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Plan Sec . Elev

Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Fig. (8-1) Table (8-2)
Cairo P. (1/5 code)
a g= 0.15 g
Table (8-1)
Weak soil P. (2/5 code)
Soil type (D)

Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
Cores P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.05
3/4
T1 = 0.05 39 = 0.78sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K.

T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)

P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1
> 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
g1 = 1.40
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.40
P. (4/5 code)
NOTE More critical g1
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.15 g 1.40 1.80 1.00 = 0.0727 g
+
+
5.00 0.78
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.15 g 1.40 = 0.042 g < Sd (T1)

+
O.K. +
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+

+
Table (8-7) a = 0.25

P. (5/5 code)
Table (8-7) a = 0.50
P. (5/5 code)
wfloor = ( D.L. + a L.L. ) area

+
D.L. = t s gc + F.C. + Walls = ( 0.215 25 + 2.5) = 7.875 kN/m2

+
Area = 30 30 - 6.0 6.0 = 864 m2

+
void
Floor 1 wfloor = ( 7.875 + 0.50 10.0 ) 864 = 11124 kN

+
Floor 2 & 3 wfloor = ( 7.875 + 0.50 8.0 ) 864 = 10260 kN

+
Floor 4 11 wfloor = ( 7.875 + 0.25 4.0 ) 864 = 7668 kN

+
Floor 12 wfloor = ( 7.875 + 0.25 2.0 ) 864 = 7236 kN

+
WTotal = ( 11124 1 + 10260 2 + 7668 8 + 6912 1 )

+
= 100224 kN
NOTE
L.L.
~
a
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
= 0.0727 g + + 1.0
100224
g
+
F b = 7286.28 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
Floor
No. Hi (m) wi (kN) wi H i Fi (kN) Q i (kN) Mi (kN.m)
12 39.0 7236 282204 993.30 993.30 2979.90
11 36.0 7668 276048 971.63 1964.93 8874.68
10 33.0 7668 253044 890.66 2855.59 17441.46
9 30.0 7668 230040 809.69 3665.28 28437.30
8 27.0 7668 207036 728.72 4394.01 41619.32
7 24.0 7668 184032 647.75 5041.76 56744.60
6 21.0 7668 161028 566.78 5608.54 73570.24
5 18.0 7668 138024 485.82 6094.36 91853.31
4 15.0 7668 115020 404.85 6499.21 117850.14
3 11.0 10260 112860 397.24 6896.45 145435.94
2 7.0 10260 71820 252.79 7149.24 170458.28
1 3.5 11124 38934 137.04 7286.28 195960.26
i=n i=n
i=1
w i Hi i=1
Fi
= 2070090 = 7286.28

993.30 993.30
12
1964.93 971.63
11
2855.59 890.66
10
3665.28 809.69
9
4394.01 728.72
8
5041.76 647.75
7
5608.54 566.78
6
6094.36 485.82
5
6499.21 404.85
4
6896.45 397.24
3
7149.24 252.79
2
7286.28 137.04
1
Shear Diagram Load Diagram
12
2979.90
11
8874.68
17441.46 10
9
28437.30
8
41619.32
56744.60 7
6
73570.24
5
91853.31
4
117850.14
3
145435.94
2
170458.28
195960.26 1
Moment Diagram
Example.
The shown figure of a student house which lies at Alexandria. The
building consist of 15 repeated floors & Floor height = 3 m. The
building consist of flat slab with average thickness 200 mm and
shear walls 300 mm thickness .The soil is medium dense sand.
It is required to :
1- Calculate the static wind load acting on the building in
Y - direction and show its distribution over the height .
2- Calculate the equivalent seismic load acting in Y- direction.
3- Draw lateral load ,shear and over turning moment diagram over
the height of the structure due to the critical lateral load .
4- Design the cross-section at the base of the Shear wall on axis 3
and draw its details of reinforcement .
Given that :
L.L. = 4.0 kN/m 2 F.C. = 1.5 kN/m 2 Walls = 1.5 kN/m2
1 2 3 4 5 6
12.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 6.0

Y
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Plan
Solution
1- The static wind load
Alexandria V = 36 m/sec Ce = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3
2
0.5 r V C t Cs -4 2 2
q= = 6.25 10 36 = 0.81 kN/m
+
+
1000
Zone A ( More Critical )
Pe = Ce k q (kN/m2 )
+
+
2
P1 = Ce k1 q = 1.3 1.00 0.81 = 1.053 kN/m
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
P2 = Ce k2 q = 1.3 1.15 0.81 = 1.211 kN/m2

+
+
P3 = Ce k3 q = 1.3 1.40 0.81 = 1.474 kN/m 2

+
+
P4 = Ce k4 q = 1.3 1.60 0.81 = 1.685 kN/m2

+
+
+
F4 = P4 ( h b)
+
+
=1.685 15 30 = 758.25 kN 758.25 kN

+
+
1.685 15 m
F3 = P3 ( h b) kN/m 2
+
+
=1.474 10 30 = 442.20 kN
+
+
F2 = P2 ( h b) 1.4742
45 m
442.20 kN
+
+
kN/m 10 m
=1.211 10 30 = 363.30 kN
+
+
37.5
F1 = P1 ( h b)
+
+
363.30 kN 1.211
kN/m2 10 m
=1.053 10 30 = 315.90 kN
+
+
25
Total wind force = 315.90 + 363.30 315.90 kN

15
1.053 10 m
2
+ 442.20 + 758.25 5 kN/m
= 751.86 kN
Total Moment at base ( Overturning Moment ) = Fi H i

+
= F1 H1 + F2 H2 + F3 H3 + F4 H4
+
= 315.90 5 + 363.30 15 + 442.20 25 + 758.25 37.5

+
= 46518.375 kN.m
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Fig. (8-1) Table (8-2)
Alexandria P. (1/5 code)
a g= 0.125 g
Table (8-1)
Medium dense sand P. (2/5 code)
Soil type (C)
Soil type (C) S = 1.25

Table (8-3) TB = 0.20
TC = 0.60
TD = 2.00
3/4
T1 = Ct H
Shear walls P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.05
3/4
T1 = 0.05 45 = 0.87sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 2.4 sec.) O.K.

T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1
> 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.60
Sd (T1) = 0.125 g 1.00 1.25 1.00
+
5.00 0.87
= 0.0539 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.125 g 1.00 = 0.025 g < Sd (T1)
+
O.K.
T1 < 2 TC = 1.20 sec l = 0.85
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+

Table (8-7) a = 0.25 +
P. (5/5 code)
ws = ( 0.20 25 + 1.5 + 1.5 ) + 0.25 4.0 = 9.0 kN/m2

+
wFloor = 9.0 12 30 = 3240 kN

+
+
wTotal = 3240 15 = 48600 kN

+
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
48600
= 0.0539 g 0.85 g
+
F b = 2226.61 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
w i Hi H
i=1
w i Hi i = 1 Hi
i = 15
H = 45 + 42 + 39 + 36 +33 + 30 + 27+ 24 + 21+ 18 + 15+ 12 + 9 + 6
i=1 i
+ 3 = 360 m
Fi ) 1 H
= ( 2226.61 360 i
Floor H (m) F (kN) Q i (kN) Mi (kN.m)
Fi 6.185 H i No. i i
= 15 45.0 278.33 278.33 834.98
14 42.0 259.77 538.10 2449.27
13 39.0 241.22 779.31 4787.21
12 36.0 222.66 1001.97 7793.14
11 33.0 204.11 1206.08 11411.38
10 30.0 185.55 1391.63 15586.27
9 27.0 167.00 1558.63 20262.15
8 24.0 148.44 1707.07 25383.35
7 21.0 129.89 1836.95 30894.21
6 18.0 111.33 1948.28 36739.07
5 15.0 92.78 2041.06 42862.24
4 12.0 74.22 2115.28 49208.08
3 9.0 55.67 2170.94 55720.92
2 6.0 37.11 2208.05 62345.08
1 3.0 18.56 2226.61 69024.91
Mbase U.L.
Moverturning = 1.40 = 69024.91
1.40 = 49303.51 kN.m
Overturning Moment ( Seismic ) = 49303.51 kN.m

Overturning Moment ( wind ) = 46518.375 kN.m
The case of seismic load is the critical one

278.33 278.33
15
538.10 259.77
14
779.31 241.22
13
1001.97 222.66
12
1206.08 204.11
11
1391.63 185.55
10
1558.63 167.00
1707.07
9
148.44
8
1836.95 129.89
1948.28 7
111.33
6
2041.06 92.78
2115.28 5
74.22
4
2170.94 55.67
3
2208.05 37.11
2
2226.61 18.56
1

15
834.98
14
2449.27
13
4787.21
12
7793.14
11
11411.38
10
15586.27
9
20262.15
25383.35 8
30894.21 7
36739.07 6
42862.24 5
49208.08 4
55720.92 3
62345.08 2
1
69024.91
Moment Diagram
4- Design of shear wall 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
Isw2 = 0.30 ( 6.0 ) 4
= 5.40 m = Isw5 sw2 sw3 sw4 sw5
+
12
3 C.R.
Isw3 = 0.30 ( 4.0 ) = 1.60 m4 = Isw4

+
C.M.
12 e min
i=4 4
i=1
I = 2 ( 5.4 + 1.6 ) = 14.0 m
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
For Shear Walls on Axis 3
e min = 0.05 L = 0.05 30 = 1.5 m
+
% of each Shear Wall = i = In i 1 + Ii xi
(1 emin)
+
i=n
+
+
2
i=1
Ii I ( xi)
i=1 i
% of Sw3 1.6 1.6 3.0
+
= 2 ( 1.6 + 5.4 ) 1+ 1 1.5
+
+
+
2 2
2 ( 1.6 3.0 + 5.4 9.0 )
+
+
= 0.1223 = 12.23 %
Msw = % of Sw3 M base 3
+
= 0.01223 69024.91 = 8438.56 kN.m

+
By Area Method get the Normal force

8.0 4.0
ND.L. = g s Area + o.w No of floors
+
g s = ( t s gc + F.C. + Walls )
6.0
2
= ( 0.20 25 + 1.5 + 1.5 ) = 8.0 kN/m
+
ND.L. = g s Area + o.w No of floors

+
ND.L. = 8.0 (6.0 8.0 ) + (0.3 4.0 3.0 25 ) 15 = 7110 kN

+
NL.L = Ps Area No of floors

+
= 4.0 (6.0 8.0 ) 15 = 2880 kN

+

Nult = 1.12 ND.L.+ a N L.L.+ N S.L.
= 1.12 7110 + 0.25 2880 + 0 = 8683.2 kN
+
M ult = 1.12 M D.L.+ a M L.L.+ M S.L.
= 0 + 8438.56 = 8438.56 kN.m
Nu = 8683.2 10 3 = 0.289 + + + +
Fcu b t 25 300 4000
+
6
Mu 8438.56 10 0.0703
2 = 2 =
Fcu b t 25 300 4000
+
x = 0.9 Get = 2.0

-4
As = A s = ( Fcu 10 ) b t
+
+
\
-4
= 2.0 25 10 300 4000 = 6000 mm2
+
+
As = 0.6 Ac= 0.6 ( 300 4000 ) = 7200mm2

+
min 100 100

12 28
5 8/m 5 10 / m \ 5 16 / m \
12 28
12 28 0.3
4.0

Example.
For the given plan of a residential building, located in Hurghada
(Seismic Zone 5A). The building consists of ground floor and
5 typical floors. The building is constructed on a weak soil.
It is required to :
1- Calculate the shear base at ground floor level
2- Draw the lateral load & shear distribution diagrams
3- Calculate the seismic loads acting on the frame (F1)
Given that :
Fcu = 25 N/mm 2 St. = 360/520
F.C. + Partitions = 3.0 kN/m 2 t s av = 250 mm
All columns are (300 800)
+
The stiffness of exterior frames is twice the stiffness of interior

frames
7.0 7.0 7.0 L.L. = 2.0 kN/m 2
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m 2

4.0
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m 2

8.0
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m 2
L.L. = 7.0 kN/m 2

6.0
F4 F3 F2 F1 L.L. = 7.0 kN/m 2

8.0
8.0
8.0 8.0
Plan Sec . Elev

Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Table (8-2)
Hurghada (Zone 5A) P. (2/5 code)
a g = 0.25 g
Table (8-1)
Soil type (D)

Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.075
3/4
T1 = 0.075 30 = 0.96 sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K.

T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)

P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1
> 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.25 g 1.00 1.80 1.00
+
5.00 0.96
= 0.0703 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.25 g 1.00 = 0.050 g < Sd (T1)

+
+
O.K.
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+
ws = ( t s gc + F.C. + Walls ) + a L.L. +
Table (8-7) a = 0.25

P. (5/5 code)
wfloor = ( D.L. + a L.L. ) area

+
D.L. = t s gc + F.C. + Walls = ( 0.25 25 + 3.0) = 9.25 kN/m2

+
Area = 16 21 - 4.0 7.0 = 308 m2

+
void
Floor 1 & 2 wfloor = ( 9.25 + 0.25 7.0 ) 308 = 3388 kN

+
Floor 3 6 wfloor = ( 9.25 + 0.25 2.0 ) 308 = 3003 kN

+
WTotal = ( 3388 2 + 10260 4 ) = 18788 kN

+
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
18788
= 0.0703 g 1.0 g
+
F b = 1320.80 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
Floor
No. Hi (m) wi (kN) wi H i Fi (kN) Q i (kN)
6 30.0 3003 90090 327.96 327.96
5 26.0 3003 78078 284.23 612.19
4 22.0 3003 66066 240.50 852.69
3 18.0 3003 54054 196.77 1049.46
2 14.0 3388 47432 172.67 1222.13
1 8.0 3388 27104 98.67 1320.80
i=6
i=1
w i Hi
= 362824
327.96 327.96
6
612.19 284.23
5
852.69 240.50
4
1049.46 196.77
3
1222.13 172.67
2
1320.80 98.67
1

3- Seismic loads acting on frame (F1)
Plan is unsymmetric as C.M. = C.R.
- C.R. is at the center of the plan as K is symmetric for frames
21
( K F1 = K F4 & K F2 = K F3 ) X C.R.= 2 = 10.5 m
- As the stiffness of exterior frames is twice the stiffness of interior

frames ( K F1 = K F4 = 2 K F2 = 2 K F3 )
Datum 7.0 14.0
4.0
A2
C.G.
A1
12.0
C.M.
C.G.
X C.M.
3.5
14.0
X C.M.= wi Ai x i = Ai x i
+
+
wi A i Ai
+
X C.M.= 7.0 12.0 3.5 + 14.0 16.0 14.0 = 11.14 m

+
+ +
7.0 12.0 + 14.0 16.0

+
NOTE
D.L. & L.L. wi
e = X C.M. - X C.R. = 11.14 - 10.5 = 0.64 m

e * = e + 0.05 L = 0.64 + 0.05 21.0 = 1.69 m
+
% of each Frame = i = K KFi xi ( 1 e* )

Fi
1 +
+
+
+
n i=n 2
i=1
K Fi i=1
K Fi ( x i )
K F1 = KF4 & KF2 = K F3

K F1 = 2 K F2
i=n
K Fi = 2 K F1 + 2 K F2 = 2 2 K F2 + 2 K F2 = 6 K F2
+
i=1

7.0 7.0 7.0
8.0
MT
0.64
C.R. C.M.
Zone (2) Zone (1)
F1
8.0
3.5
10.5
zone (1) ‫ ﯾﻘ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬frame ‫ﻷن‬
% of F1 = K F1 K F1 10.5
+
1+ 1 1.69
+
+
+
2 2
6 K F2 2 ( K F1 10.5 + K F2 3.5 )
+
2 K F2 2 K F2 10.5
+
= 1+ 1 1.69
+
+
+
2 2
6 K F2 2 ( 2 K F2 10.5 + K F2 3.5 )
+
= 0.4096 = 40.96 %
Fi = % F1 Fi = 0.4096 Fi 134.33
+
for F1
116.42
98.51
80.60
70.72
40.41
Load Diagram

Example.
The figure shows a residential building which lies at Aswan. It
consist of 15 repeated floors & Floor height = 3 m. The building
consist of prestressed slab with average thickness 200 mm and
shear walls and cores 250 mm thickness .The soil is weak.
It is required to :
1- Calculate the equivalent static load acting on the building at
each floor and show its distribution over the height .
2- Determine the center of rigidity of the structure .
3- Compute the torsion moment at the ground level.
4- Calculate the percentage of lateral load acting on each shear
wall and core.
Given that :
L.L. = 6.0 kN/m 2 F.C. = 1.5 kN/m 2 Walls = 1.5 kN/m2
1 2 3 4 5 6
A
5.0
B
5.0
C
5.0
D
5.0
E
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Fig. (8-1) Table (8-2)
Aswan P. (1/5 code)
a g = 0.125 g
Table (8-1)
Soil type (D)

Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
Shear walls + Cores P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.05
3/4
T1 = 0.05 45 = 0.87sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K.

T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)

P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1 > 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
Prestressed concrete Table (8-4) h = 1.05
P. (3/5 code)
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.125 g 1.00 1.80 1.05
+
5.00 0.87
= 0.0407 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.125 g 1.00 = 0.025 g < Sd (T1)
+
+
O.K.
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+
ws = ( t s gc + F.C. + Walls ) + a L.L. +

Table (8-7) a = 0.25
P. (5/5 code)
ws = ( 0.20 25 + 1.5 + 1.5 ) + 0.25 6.0 = 9.5 kN/m2

+
wFloor = 9.5 20 30 = 5700 kN

+
+ +
wTotal = 5700 15 = 85500 kN
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
85500
= 0.0407 g 1.0 g
+
F b = 3479.85 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
w i Hi H
i=1
w i Hi i = 1 Hi

i = 15 Floor H (m) Fi (kN)
No. i
H = 45 + 42 + 39 + 36 +33 + 30 + 27
i=1 i 15 45.0 434.98
+ 24 + 21+ 18 + 15+ 12 + 9 + 6 + 3 14 42.0 405.98
= 360 m 13 39.0 376.98
1 H 12 36.0 347.99
Fi = ( 3479.85) 360 i 11 33.0 318.99
10 30.0 289.99
Fi = 9.666 H i 434.98
9 27.0 260.99
405.98
376.98 8 24.0 231.99
347.99 7 21.0 202.99
318.99
289.99 6 18.0 173.99
260.99 5 15.0 144.99
231.99
4 12.0 116.00
202.99
173.99 3 9.0 87.00
144.99 2 6.0 58.00
116.00
87.00 1 3.0 29.00
58.00
29.00
Load Diagram
3- Center of rigidity and torsional moment

1 2 3 4 5 6
For Shear walls a
3 5.0
Ix = 0.25 10.0
+
b
12 5.0
C.R.
4 c
= 20.83 m C.M.
x x 5.0
10.0
d
5.0
e
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
0.25
For Core
x y x
5.0
y = 4.75 0.25 2 2.625 + 6.0 0.25 0.125
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
0.25
4.75 0.25 2 + 6.0 0.25
+
= 1.66 m
6.0
3
0.25 4.75 2
Ix = ( 2.625 - 1.66 )
+
+ 0.25 4.75 2
+
12
3
2 4
+ 6.0 0.25 + 0.25 6.0 ( 1.66 - 0.125 ) = 10.22 m
+
+
12
X C.R.= Ii xi = 20.83 0 + 20.83 6 + 10.22 21 + 20.83 30 = 13.26 m

+
+ +
+
Ii 20.83 3 + 10.22
X C.M.= L = 30 =15.0 m
2 2
e = X C.M. - X C.R. = 15.0 - 13.26 = 1.74 m
e * = e + 0.05 L = 1.74 + 0.05 30.0 = 3.24 m
+
4- Percentage of lateral load carried by shear walls & cores

% of each Shear Wall = i = nI i 1 + Ii xi
(1 e* )
+
i=n
+
i=1
Ii I ( x i)
i=1 i
1 2 3 4 5 6
a
5.0
b
5.0
C.R.
c
C.M.
5.0
d
(- ve) (+ ve) 5.0
Zone (2) Zone (1)
e
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

20.83 13.26
F 1 =20.8320.83 1 - ( 1 3.24 )
+
+
+
2 2 2 2
3 + 10.22 20.83 (13.26 + 7.26 + 16.74 ) + 10.22 7.74
+
+
= 20.66 %
20.83 7.26
F 2 =20.8320.83 1 - ( 1 3.24 )
+
+
+
22 2 2
3 + 10.22 20.83 (13.26 + 7.26 + 16.74 ) + 10.22 7.74
+
+
= 24.28 %
20.83 16.74
F 3 =20.8320.83 1 + ( 1 3.24 )
+
+
22 2 2
3 + 10.22 20.83 (13.26 + 7.26 + 16.74 ) + 10.22 7.74
+
+
= 38.73 %
For Core
10.22 7.74
F4 =20.8310.22 1 + (1 3.24 )
+
+
22 2 2
3 + 10.22 20.83 (13.26 + 7.26 + 16.74 ) + 10.22 7.74
+
+
= 16.34 %

Example.
The shown figure of a residential building which lies at Cairo . It
consist of a ground, mezzanine and 8 repeated floors and two
basements. Live load and floor heights are shown in elevation.
The soil below the building is weak.
1- Calculate the story shear at each floor level .
2- Calculate the total lateral drift .
3- Draw the distribution of web drift along the height of the building .
Given that :
Slab thickness = 160 mm F.C. = 1.5 kN/m 2
2
All Beams are ( 300 600 ) E = 22100 N/mm
+
All Column are ( 300 700 )

+
L.L = 2.0 kN/m 2

L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
5 6 m =30m L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
+
L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2

L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
3.0 +12 = 36 m
4+ 6m =24 m
L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2

L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
L.L = 4.0 kN/m 2
2
L.L = 8.0 kN/m
L.L = 8.0 kN/m 2
Plan
L.L = 10.0 kN/m 2
L.L = 10.0 kN/m 2
Sec . Elev
Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Fig. (8-1) Table (8-2)
Aswan P. (1/5 code)
a g = 0.125 g
Table (8-1)
Loose sand P. (2/5 code)
Soil type (D)

Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.075
3/4
T1 = 0.075 36 = 1.10sec.
+
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K.

T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1 > 0.20 a g g1
R = 5.00
h = 1.00
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.00
P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.125 g 1.00 1.80 1.00
+
5.00 1.10
= 0.0307 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.125 g 1.00 = 0.025 g < Sd (T1)
+
O.K.
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
ws = D.L. + a L.L.
+
+
Table (8-7) a = 0.25
P. (5/5 code)
ws = ( 0.16 25 + 1.5 ) = 5.5 kN/m2

+
Floor 1
slab beams
wFloor = ( 5.5 + 0.25 10.0 ) 24 30 + 0.3 0.6 25 ( 24 6)
+
+
+
+
+
+
columns
+ 0.3 0.7 25 30 4.5 = 7116.75 kN NOTE
+
+
+
+
C.L.-C.L.
Floor 2 & 3
wFloor = ( 5.5 + 0.25 8.0 ) 24 30 + 0.3 0.6 25 ( 24 6 )

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0.3 0.7 25 30 3.0 = 6520.50 kN

+
+
+
+
Floor 4 11
wFloor = ( 5.5 + 0.25 4.0 ) 24 30 + 0.3 0.6 25 ( 24 6)

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0.3 0.7 25 30 3.0 = 5800.5 kN

+
+
+
+
Floor 12
wFloor = ( 5.5 + 0.25 2.0 ) 24 30 + 0.3 0.6 25 ( 24 6)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0.3 0.7 25 30 1.5 = 5204.25 kN

+
+
+
+

WTotal = ( 7116.75 1 + 6520.50 2 + 5800.50 8 + 5204.25 1 )
+
= 71766 kN
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
71766
= 0.307 g 1.0 g
+
+
F b = 2203.22 kN

Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi
Floor
No. Hi (m) wi (kN) wi H i Fi (kN) Fi H i (kN.m)
12 36.0 5204.25 187353.00 305.63 11002.57
11 33.0 5800.50 191416.50 312.26 10304.44
10 30.0 5800.50 174015.00 283.87 8516.06
9 27.0 5800.50 156613.50 255.48 6898.01
8 24.0 5800.50 139212.00 227.09 5450.28
7 21.0 5800.50 121810.50 198.71 4172.87
6 18.0 5800.50 104409.00 170.32 3065.78
5 15.0 5800.50 87007.50 141.93 2129.02
4 12.0 5800.50 69606.00 113.55 1362.57
3 9.0 6520.50 58684.50 95.73 861.58
2 6.0 6520.50 39123.00 63.82 382.93
1 3.0 7116.75 21350.25 34.83 104.49
i = 12 i = 12
i=1
w i Hi i=1
Fi H i
= 1350600.75 = 54250.59
3- Total drift
Chord Drift
M over turning = Fi H i = 54250.59 kN.m

2 2
M =wH = 54250.59 = w 36 w = 83.72 kN/m
+
2 2
3
Ic = 0.3 0.7 = 0.0086 m4
+
6.0
12 12.0
Ie = 6 [ Ic + 2 ( Ic + A 6 2 ) + 2 ( I c + A 12 2 ) ]
+
+
= 6 [0.0086 + 2 (0.0086 + 0.3 0.7 6 ) + 2 (0.0086 + 0.3 0.7 12 )]
2 2
+
+
+
+
4
= 453.86 m
4 4
wH =
Chord drift (Dc) = 8EI 83.72 36 = 0.00175 m
+
e 8 2.21 10 7 453.86
+
= 1.75 mm
Web Drift
Assume ( K ) constant for all floors
Typical Story
3
4
Ic = 0.3 0.7 = 0.0086 m
+
12
3
4
Ib1= Ib2 = 0.3 0.6 = 0.0054 m
+
12
1
12EI c1 2I c1
K int.= 1+
h3
h ( Ibb1 + Ibb2 )
1 2
7
12 2.21 10 0.0086 1
+
+
+
K int.= 2 0.0086 = 20183.4 kN/m

( 3.0 )3 1+
+
3 (0.0054 +0.0054 )
+
6.0 6.0
1
12EI c2 2I c2
K ext.= 1+
h3
h ( Ibb1 )
1
7
12 2.21 10 0.0086 1
+
+
= + = 11460.9 kN/m
( 3.0 ) 3 2 0.0086
1+
+
3 (0.0054 )
+
6.0
ext. = 3 K int. + 2 K ext.
K = SK +int.
SK
F1
= 3 20183.4 + 2 11460.9 = 83472 kN/m
+
+
Ks = i=6
K Fi = 6 K F1 = 6 83472 = 500832 kN/m
+
i=1
Floor Qi S Qi
(mm)
No. Hi (m) Fi (kN) Q i (kN) Di = Ks
36.11
12 36.0 305.63 305.63 18083.53 36.11
35.50
11 33.0 312.26 617.88 17777.90 35.50
34.26
10 30.0 283.87 901.75 17160.02 34.26
32.46
9 27.0 255.48 1157.23 16258.27 32.46
30.15
8 24.0 227.09 1384.33 15101.03 30.15
27.39
7 21.0 198.71 1583.04 13716.71 27.39 24.23
6 18.0 170.32 1753.36 12133.67 24.23 20.73
5 15.0 141.93 1895.29 10380.31 20.73 16.94
4 12.0 113.55 2008.84 8485.02 16.94 12.93
3 9.0 95.73 2104.57 6476.18 12.93 8.73
2 6.0 63.82 2168.39 4371.61 8.73 4.40
1 3.0 34.83 2203.22 2203.22 4.40

i = 12 Web Drift
Qi
i=1
Diagram
= 18083.53
S Qi 18083.53
Total web drift ( SD i) = Ks = 500832 = 0.03611 m = 36.11 mm
Total Drift = Web Drift + Chord Drift

= 36.11 + 1.75 = 37.86 mm.
Example.
The given figures show sectional elevation and cross sections
of a minaret of 51.4 meters height constructed in Sharm El Sheikh
above loose soil. The thickness of minaret walls is 400 mm up to
level 33.4 m supporting 8 circular posts of 300 mm diameter.
The rest of the minaret is a cylindrical wall of 300 mm thickness
covered by a cone of 3.0 height. The minaret is supported on
shallow foundation,where top of footing is at 2.0 meter depth
below ground.
It is required to :
1- Calculate the equivalent base shear acting on the minaret.
2- Determine the overturning moment of the minaret.
3- Calculate the breadth of the minaret footing to ensure proper
safety against over turning.
Given that :
- No. L.L. or F.C. will be considered in calculations
- A steel stair is used inside the minaret, its weight will be neglected.
- Foundation depth is 1.0 m. (Take foundation weight into
consideration in stability calculations).
- Surface area of the cone is as follows
L Surface Area = L r
h
+
+
C.G.
h/3
r
Cone

3.00
0.40
3.00
0.40 4.00
8.00
4.00
E E
SEC. (A-A)
D D 4.00
1.66
40
0.
8.00
0.40 4.00 C C
2.60
0.40
1.66 0.3
0
4.00
SEC. (B-B) SEC. (E-E)
B B 10.00
6.00
1.76 2.49 1.76
1.66 A A
1.76 Circular Posts
1.08
0.
300mm
0.
40
1.90
40
1.08
0.30
2.49 1.90 0.91 1.08 1.08 15.00
0.91
1.76
SEC. (D-D)
SEC. (C-C)

Solution
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
Sharm El Sheikh P.Fig. (8-1)

(1/5 code)
Zone (5B) P.Table (8-2)
(2/5 code)
a g = 0.30 g
Table (8-1)
Loose soil P. (2/5 code)
Soil type (D)
Table (8-3) TB = 0.10
TC = 0.30
TD = 1.20
3/4
T1 = Ct H
R.C. Core P. (5/5 code)
C t = 0.05
Total height of minaret from foundation (H) = 50.4 m
3/4
T1 = 0.05 50.4 = 0.946 sec.
+
51.4
Check T1 < ( 4 T C = 1.2 sec.) O.K. 50.4
48.4
T1 < 2.0 sec. O.K.
TC < T1 < TD Eq. (8-13)

P. (3/5 code)
TC h
Sd (T1) = a g g1 S 2.5
R T1 > 0.20 a g g1
2.0
Table (A) R = 3.50
P. (4/5 code)
Reinforced concrete Table (8-4) h = 1.00
P. (3/5 code)
Table (8-9) g1 = 1.20

P. (4/5 code)
2.5 0.30
Sd (T1) = 0.30 g 1.20 1.80 1.00
+
+
3.50 0.946
= 0.1468 g
0.20 a g g1 = 0.20 0.30 g 1.20 = 0.072 g < Sd (T1)
+
O.K. +
T1 > 2 TC = 0.60 sec l = 1.00
P. (5/5 code)
Calculation of Minaret weight
Part (1) Part (7)

2.94
Part (6)
Weight = Volume Density
+
7.84
= ( Surface Area Thickness ) Density Part (5)
+ + +
+ +
= ( Perimeter h Thickness ) Density

+ +
3.92
Part (4)
= ( Perimeter h t w ) gc
+
Part (3) 7.84

= 4 4.0 17.0 0.40 25
+
= 2720 kN 0.39
4.0 Part (2) 50.4
4.0 9.80
0
0 .4
0.39
0.40 3.92 17.0 Part (1)

17.0
2.0
3.92
SEC. (A-A)
1.62
Part (2) ( h = 10.0 m )
Weight = ( Perimeter h t w ) gc
39
+
+ +
+
0.
= 8 1.66 10.0 0.40 25
+
0.40 3.92
= 1328 kN
1.62
3.92
SEC. (B-B)
Part (3) ( Horizontal slab t s = 0.40 m ) 1.72 2.44 1.72

Weight = ( Area t s ) gc
+
+
2 3
=8 ( 0.912.0
+ 2.49 ) 1.9 0.40 25
1
+
+
1.86
= 258.4 kN 8
1.86 2.44 0.89 4
0.89
7 5
6
SEC. (C-C)
1.06
Part (4) ( h = 8.0 m )
0.
39
Weight = ( Perimeter h t w ) gc
+
+ +
1.06
= 8 1.08 8.0 0.40 25
+
= 691.2 kN
SEC. (D-D)
Part (5) ( h = 4.0 m )

0.29
Weight = ( Area h No. of posts ) gc
+
+
2
= 0.3
4.0 8.0 25 Circular Posts
+
4 300mm
= 226.2 kN SEC. (D-D)

Part (6) ( h = 8.0 m )
Weight = ( Perimeter h t w ) gc 2.60
+
+ +
+
0.3
= 2.60 8.0 0.30 25 0
+
= 490.1 kN
SEC. (E-E)
Part (7)
3.354
Weight = Volume Density 3.0
= ( Surface Area Thickness ) Density +

+
+
3.0
L
Surface Area = L r h
+
+
(Given) r
Cone
=( L r Thickness ) Density
+
+
+ + +
+ +
= L r Thickness ) Density
+
+
= 3.354 1.50 0.30 25

+
= 118.5 kN
WTotal = WParts
WTotal = 2720 + 1328 + 258.4 + 691.2 + 226.2 + 490.1 + 118.5
WTotal = 5832.4 kN
Fb = Sd (T1) l W
g
+
5832.4
= 0.1468 g 1.0 g
+
F b = 856.2 kN

2- Distribution of lateral force on each part
Part (7)
W7 2.94 Part (6)
Fi = Fb w i Hi
+
i=n
i=1
w i Hi W6 7.84 Part (5)
W5
3.92
Part (4)
Check Overturning W4
Part (3)
7.84
W3
0.39 Part (2)
50.4
48.4
W2
43.4 9.80
37.4
Overturning Moment
31.4
27.2 Part (1)
22.0 W1
17.0
8.5
2.0
(Given) 1.0
B Overturning Point
Part Hi (m) wi (kN) wi H i Fi (kN) Hbase (m)

No. Fi H i (kN.m)
7 48.4 118.5 5735.4 42.14 49.4 2081.68
6 43.4 490.1 21270.34 156.28 44.4 6938.74
5 37.4 226.2 8459.88 62.16 38.4 2386.82
4 31.4 691.2 21703.68 159.46 32.4 5166.56
3 27.2 258.4 7028.48 51.64 28.2 1456.24
2 22.0 1328 29216 214.66 23.0 4937.10
1 8.5 2720 23120 169.87 9.5 1613.74
i=7 i=7
i=1
w i Hi i=1
Fi Hbase
= 116533.78 = 24580.89

Mbase U.L. = 24580.89 kN.m
Mbase U.L. 24580.89
Moverturning = 1.40 = 1.40 = 17557.78 kN.m
Footing Dimensions = B B
+
Footing Weight = B B 1.0 25
0.40
+
+
+
2
= 25 B 0.40
2
4.00 B
WTotal = 25 B + 5832.4
4.00
Resisting Moment = WTotal B B

2
+
+ 5832.4 ) 2B
2
= ( 25 B
+
3
= 12.5 B + 2916.2 B
Resisting Moment
Factor Of Safety = Over Turning Moment
3
12.5 B + 2916.2 B
1.50 =
24580.89
B = 9.25 m

NOTE
Overturning Moment
Soil Stresses
Counter Weight
OR
Filling Material
(Plain Concrete)
as counter weight
Piles


13 - (Seismic) Lateral Loads Effects (Eng. A. Farghal)

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13 - (Seismic) Lateral Loads Effects (Eng. A. Farghal)

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( Lateral Loads ) Seismic &Wind

By: Eng. Ahmed Farghal.

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Love wave Rayleigh wave

1- Deep focus earthquakes Epicentral

2- Intermediate focus earthquakes l

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The Richter Scale

The Mercalli Scale

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1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).

2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method.

3- Time History Analysis.

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Fundamental period (T1)

T1 < 4 T C and T1 < 2.0 Seconds

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4 Uniform statical system

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Response Spectrum Curve

3- Time History Analysis.

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TB TC T1 TD 4.0 Time (Sec)

Response Spectrum Curve

TB < T < TC : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5

(Different mode shapes)

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Aswan Ras Banas

TB ,TC = elastic response spectrum

For Type (1)

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5.00 Response modification factor (R)

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R.C. Shear Walls or Cores

1.00 Damping factor (h)

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T1 = Fundamental period of the building

Ct = Factor depend on structural system and material

Non-ductile frames (Flat Slab) Ductile frames (Beams + Slab)

0 < T < TB T ( 2.5 h - 2 )

TB < T < TC : Sd (T) = a g g1 S 2.5

5.00 Response modification factor (R)

1.00 Damping factor (h)

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W = Total weight of the structure above foundation level

wi = ( g s + a Ps ) Floor Area + O.W. of beams and columns

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3 Sd (T1 ) R , h ,g1 ,TB ,TC ,TD , S , a g

Subsoil Class S TB TC TD Subsoil Class S TB TC TD

Importance Importance Design acceleration

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