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Abstract— The purpose of this thesis is to determine the mineral Raub
composition of thin black shale units, its depositional environment Suture
as well as to construct and interpret the maps of black shale units Zone
from the Belata Formation. Fieldwork, outcrop description and
sample analyses were done on the Belata Formation. SEM and
XRD were carried out on the shale samples to reveal the
mineralogy and the textural features of the shale samples. Base Eastern
Map were created on the project area to fulfill the fieldwork data Western Belt
analysis. SEM studies show different types of surface Belt
Central
morphologies, pores and pore shapes in the organic matter. SEM
Belt
studies also specify intimate mixing of organic matter and mineral
matter in shales even at submicroscopic levels. In addition to
quartz, illite and kaolinite were identified within the shales
through XRD. The presence of kaolinite is due to weathering
product of feldspar. Quartz has hexagonal crystal system which
means it is not transported far away due to its angularity. The
organic matter represents it may be deposited in oxygen deficiency
environment.
Figure 1: An image of stratigraphic zones of Peninsular Malaysia marked with study area location.
X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX).” Based on Figure 6, clear structure of illite (calloped, curled
edges of relatively large, flat-lying platy crystals) and
3.3 X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) ANALYSIS structured organic matter can be seen. Illite is typically deficient
in alkalies and have less Al substitution for Si. This is proved
“The bulk mineralogy of the shales is determined using X- in table where the content of Si content is much higher than Al.
ray diffraction (XRD) method (powder). Powder XRD is
preferred for its homogeneity and a perfect method for
determining and characterizing crystalline minerals such as
quartz and clays. The samples is milled in the milling machine
for both bulk mineralogical analysis. Then, the powdered Element Wt%
samples is mounted into the X-ray holder for bulk O 28.53
mineralogical analysis. There are three oriented mounts need to Si 71.47
be arranged for each samples. The first slide is allowed to dry
by air. The second one is saturated with ethylene glycol and
place in the oven for an hour at 60°C. The third slide is heated
for three hours at 550°C. Oriented samples were analyzed using Figure 7: Scanning Electron Micrograph with EDX of SPL 1 from Outcrop 1 of Spectrum 5 showing
HighScore software which only can be accessible at the hexagonal Quartz grains..
Centralized Analytical Laboratory (CAL), Universiti Hexagonal structure of quartz can be seen clearly together
Teknologi PETRONAS.” with illite on top of the grain (Figure 7). Spectrum 5 indicates
the presence of Si and O which only can be inferred as Quartz
(SiO2) mineral.
4.4 SURFACE TEXTURE AND MINERALOGY
Element Wt%
C 8.54 “Based on SEM results, the picture shows the surface
O 58.38 textures of quartz present in the black shale together with clays.
Al 2.26 From the textural analysis of the quartz grains in the shales, it
Si 29.77 could be deduced that these all the mineral present in the shale
K 0.48 were mechanically formed. The angularity of these quartz may
Fe 0.58 be as a result from source to depositional environment. Quartz,
muscovite, feldspar and clay minerals (illite and kaolinite) are
Figure 8: Scanning Electron Micrograph with EDX of SPL 1 from Outcrop 1 of Spectrum 7 showing detected in the samples from the Belata black shale.
hexagonal plates of kaolinite, illite and organic matter.
Based on XRD results, the most abundant mineral
Based on Figure 8, hexagonal plates of kaolinite is visible composition in the Belata black shale is Quartz. Clay minerals
together with illite and organic matter. Spectrum 5 is identified are second dominant in the mineralogy. Silicate minerals in the
as kaolinite mixed with organic matter as the O content is shales are mostly detrital and the quartz are of the detrital
higher following by the rest of minerals. source. Quartz, muscovite and some clay minerals are mainly
terrigenous. From the SEM images, the quartz mineral are
4.3 X-RAY DIFFRRACTION angular in shape due to shorter distance of transportation. The
clay mineral (kaolinite and illite) appear as finely dispersed
Minerals that can be identified in SPL 3 was quartz, illite particles in organic matter. Kaolinites may have been produced
and kaolinite. Quartz exhibit hexagonal crystal structure while from the weathering of the feldspar mineral.”
illite and kaolinite possess monoclinic and anorthic system
respectively.
Vijaya, 2002; Madden and Wilson, 2013; Arosi and Wilson,
2015).
CONCLUSION
The Belata black shale mainly composed of quartz, feldspar,
muscovite and clay minerals such as illite and kaolinite. The
presence of kaolinite is due to weathering product of feldspar.
Quartz has hexagonal crystal system which means it is not
transported far away due to its angularity. Black shale is
deposited in oxygen-deficient deposition environment such as
lake.
FURTHER STUDY
FIGURE 9: XRD result for Sample 3 at Outcrop 3. The mineral content in this sample are Quartz, Illite, In depth study of black shale in Belata Formation needs to
and Kaolinite
be analyzed and it could be good hydrocarbon potential due to
high organic content. Better machines for TOC, Rock-Eval
In SPL 4, quartz and illite is the most abundant minerals. Pyrolysis and thermal maturation need to be provided to
Quartz and illite possess hexagonal and monoclinic crystal determine the hydrocarbon potential.
system respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 10: XRD result for Sample 4 at Outcrop 3. The mineral content in this sample are Quartz and
Illite.
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