Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A RC
BUNGALOW
Name Student ID
YONG KANG SENG 0331857
YAP YUEN THONG 0326557
YONG MAY SIA 0327724
YONG SHI QI 0327539
YOONG AI TENG 0328347
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief Description of Bungalow ----------------------------------------------- 3
1.2 Design Brief of Bungalow ---------------------------------------------------- 5
1.3 Relevant Floor Plan ------------------------------------------------------------ 7
2. BEAM ANALYSIS
2.1 Yap Yuen Thong --------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2 Yong Kang Seng -------------------------------------------------------------- 43
2.3 Yong May Sia ------------------------------------------------------------------ 72
2.4 Yong Shi Qi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 110
2.5 Yoong Ai Teng ----------------------------------------------------------------- 148
3. COLUMN ANALYSIS
3.1 Yap Yuen Thong ---------------------------------------------------------------- 173
3.2 Yong Kang Seng --------------------------------------------------------------- 183
3.3 Yong May Sia ------------------------------------------------------------------ 195
3.4 Yong Shi Qi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 207
3.5 Yoong Ai Teng ----------------------------------------------------------------- 217
2
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BUNGALOW
The proposed one storey bungalow has an estimated total built up area of 244 square
meters. This bungalow is built to satisfy the needs of a family.
The interior space in this bungalow includes the basic area for a house which includes a
master bedroom, 2 bedrooms or guest rooms, 1 master bathroom and 2 bathrooms, a walk-
in closet connected to the master bedroom, spacious kitchen, dining area, living room,
laundry, maid room, storage room.
Besides, this bungalow also includes extra facilities such as a recreation room, music room
and also a gym room.
The structure of this bungalow is same as a typical residential house which consists of the
components of columns and beams which function to support its own weight and the
weight of the bungalow.
This structural proposal which includes the beam and column analysis is done to ensure
the bungalow structural integrity and the safety of its inhabitants. This is a basic procedure
of designing the building structure before it can be executed and implemented.
3
LOCATION OF BUNGALOW
The bungalow is located at Subang Jaya, connection to major highways and easy access
to Federal Highway and New Klang Valley Highway make traveling easier, thus
expanding its catchment area. It’s a majority for housing area, public transport such as
LRT station surrounded in CGC -Glenmarie, which provide resident in the area easy
access to any other area. Also, Kelana Business Centre located around, strongly provide
investment value for the property.
LOCATION PLAN
SITE PLAN
4
DESIGN BRIEF
Basic Materials
Floor Finishes
Corridor 2.0
Laundry 3.0
Bedrooms 1.5
Walk in closet 1.5
Maid room 2.0
6
RELEVENT FLOOR PLAN ARCHITECTURE DRAWING
Laundry
Dining/ Bath
Kitchen
Store Bath
Recreation
room
Bath
Music
room Guest Guest Bath
room room
Gym room
Living area
Walk in
Master closet
Study
bedroom Master
room
bath
7
RELEVENT FLOOR PLAN ARCHITECTURE DRAWING
ROOF PLAN
8
RELEVENT FLOOR PLAN STRUCTURAL DRAWING
9
RELEVENT FLOOR PLAN STRUCTURAL DRAWING
200 THK.
200 THK.
10
RELEVENT FLOOR PLAN STRUCTURAL DRAWING
ROOF PLAN
All slab to be 150mm thick unless otherwise stated.
11
BEAM
ANALYSIS
REPORT
12
13
STRUCTURAL PLAN
14
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PLAN
YAP YUEN THONG
0326557
15
BEAM 1: L/5-6
Structural Plan
5 6
2.00 m
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
5 6
2.00 m
31.68 kN/m
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6(Live Load)
= 1.4(16.63) +1.6(5.25)
= (23.28 + 8.40) kN/m
= 31.68 kN/m
63.36 kN
To Point Load
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 31.68 kN/m x 2.00m
= 63.36 kN
5 6
2.00 m
ƩM5= 0 63.36 kN
63.36(1.0)-2.0R6= 0
R6= 63.36/2
= 31.68 kN
ƩFx = 0
R5 R6
ƩFy = 0
R5+R6-63.36= 0
R5= 63.36-31.68
R5= 31.68 kN
31.68
BENDING MOMENT (BEAM L/5-6)
Ratio
V:H
2 : 63.36 0
x : 31.68
31.68
x= x2 x
63.36
= 1.00m
31.68
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (positive)
= 1/2 x 1.00m x 31.68 kN
= 15.84 kNm
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (negative)
= 1/2 x 1.00m x 31.68 kN
= 15.84 kNm
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
Structural Plan
4 6
3.00 m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall self-weight
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density of 9.98 kN/m
brick
= (0.15m x 3.50)m² x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
4 6
3.00 m
Slab G-J/4-6 (triangle form)
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) x (2/3) 1.50 kN/m
= 1.5 kN/m² x (3/2)m x (2/3)
= 1.50 kN/m
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6 (Live Load)
= 1.4(18.58) + 1.6(3.50)
= (26.01 + 5.60) kN/m
= 31.61 kN/m
4 6
3.00 m
ƩM4= 0
94.83(1.50)-3R6= 0
R6= 142.25/3 94.83 kN
= 47.42 kN
ƩFx = 0
ƩFy = 0
R4+R6-94.83= 0
R4 + 47.42= 94.83 R4 R6
R4= 47.41 kN
Ratio
V:H
3 : 94.83
x = 47.41 47.41
47.41
x= x3
94.83 15.80
x = 1.50m
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (positive)
= 1/2 x 1.50m x 47.41 kN x 15.81
= 35.56 kNm
Ratio
V:H
3 : 94.83
47.42
x = 47.41
47.41
x= x3
94.83
x = 1.50m
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (negative)
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
= 1/2 x 1.50 x 47.42
= 35.57 kNm
Structural Plan
K L M
1.50 m 1.50 m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
9.98 kN/m
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density of
brick
= (0.15 x 3.50m)² x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
4.50 kN/m
Slab K-M/3-5 (trapezoidal form)
= (Thickness of slab x Density of
concrete) x (Lx/2)
= (0.15m x 24 kN/m³) x (2.5/2)m
= 4.50 kN/m
1.80 kN/m
Slab K-L/5-6 (triangle form)
= (Thickness of slab x Density of
concrete) x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= (0.15m x 24 kN/m³) x (1.5/2)m x (2/3)
= 1.80 kN/m 1.80 kN/m
K L M
1.50 m 1.50 m
Floor Finishes K-M/3-5
= (Density of finishes) x (Lx/2) 0.06 kN/m
= 0.05 kN/m² x (2.5/2)m
= 0.06 kN/m
For L-M/5
= (1.08 + 4.50 + 1.80 + 0.06 + 0.03) kN/m
= 7.47 kN/m
K L M
1.50 m 1.50 m
Slab K-M/3-5
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) 6.25 kN/m
= 5.0 kN/m² x (2.5/2)m
= 6.25 kN/m
Slab K-L/5-6
1.00 kN/m
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= 2.0 kN/m² x (1.5/2)m x (2/3)
= 1.00 kN/m
For L-M/5
= (6.25 + 2.50) kN/m
= 8.75 kN/m
K L M
Ultimate Load K-L/5 1.50 m 1.50 m
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6 (Live Load)
= 1.4(17.51) + 1.6(7.25) 36.11 kN/m 24.46 kN/m
= (24.51 + 11.60) kN/m
= 36.11 kN/m
To Point Load
For K-L/5
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 36.11 kN/m x 1.50m
= 54.17 kN
For L-M/5
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 24.46 kN/m x 1.50m
= 36.69 kN FORCE (BEAM K-M/5)
REACTION
ƩMK= 0
54.17(0.75) + 31.68(1.50) +
36.69(2.25)- RM= 0
RM= 170.70/3
= 56.90 kN
54.17 kN 36.69 kN
ƩFx = 0 31.68 kN
ƩFy = 0
RK + RM - 54.17 - 31.68 - 36.69= 0
RK + 56.90= 122.54
RK= 65.64 kN
RK RM
K L M
1.50 m 1.50 m
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (positive) 65.64
65.64
= 1/2 x (65.64 + 11.47) kN x 1.50m
= 1/2 x 77.11 kN x 1.50m
= 57.83 kNm 29.53
29.53
11.47
11.47
Maximum
Bending Moment = Area (negative)
= 1/2 x (20.21 + 56.90) kN x 1.50m
= 1/2 x 77.11 kN x 1.50m
= 57.83 kNm -20.21
- 20.21
- 44.67
-44.67
- 56.90
-56.90
Structural Plan
I J K
0.50 m 2.00 m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density of 9.98 kN/m
brick
= (0.15 x 3.50)m² x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
I J K
0.50 m 2.00 m
Floor Finishes G-J/4-6
0.15 kN/m
= (Density of finishes) x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= 0.15 kN/m² x (3/2)m x (2/3)
= 0.15 kN/m
For J-K/4
= (1.08 + 3.00 + 2.40 + 0.14 + 0.11) kN/m
= 6.73 kN/m
I J K
0.50 m 2.00 m
Slab G-J/4-6 (triangle form)
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) x (2/3) 1.50 kN/m
= 1.50 kN/m² x (3/2)m x (2/3)
= 1.50 kN/m
For J-K/4
= (1.67 + 1.33) kN/m
= 3.00 kN/m
I J K
Ultimate Load I-J/4
0.50 m 2.00 m
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6 (Live Load)
= 1.4(17.95) + 1.6(3.17)
= (25.13 + 5.07) kN/m
30.20 kN/m 14.22 kN/m
= 30.20 kN/m
47.41 kN
ƩMI= 0
15.10(0.25) + 47.41(0.50) +
28.44(1.50) -2.5RK= 0 15.10 kN 28.44 kN
RK= 70.15/2.5
= 28.06 kN
ƩFx = 0
ƩFy = 0 RI RK
RI+RK-15.10-47.41-28.44= 0
RI + 28.06= 90.95
RI= 62.89 kN
I J K
Ratio
0.50 m 2.00 m
V:H
2 : 28.44
x = 0.38
0.38 62.89
62.89
x= x2
28.44
47.79
47.79
x = 0.03m
0.38
0.38
Maximum Bending Moment
y
= Area (positive)
= [1/2 x (62.89 + 47.79) kN x 0.50m] +
[1/2 x 0.03m x 0.38 kN] x
= (27.67 + 0.01) kNm - 13.84
= 27.68 kNm -13.84
- 28.06
Ratio -28.06
V:H
2 : 28.44
x = 28.06
28.06
x= x2
28.44
x = 1.97m
Structural Plan
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density of 9.98 kN/m
brick
= (0.15 x 3.50)m² x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
Floor Finishes I-K/2-4
= (Density of finishes) x (Lx/2) 0.21 kN/m
= 0.17 kN/m² x (2.5/2)m
= 0.21 kN/m
For K/4-5
= (1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 3.00 + 0.17 + 0.04)
kN/m
= 17.87 kN/m
For K/5-6
= (1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 2.70 + 0.17 + 0.13)
kN/m
= 17.66 kN/m
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
Slab I-K/2-4 (trapezoidal form)
2.50 kN/m
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2)
= 2.0 kN/m² x (2.5/2)m
= 2.50 kN/m
For K/4-5
= (2.00 + 4.17) kN/m
= 6.17 kN/m
For K/5-6
= (2.00 + 1.50) kN/m
= 3.50 kN/m
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
Ultimate Load K/3-4
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6 (Live Load)
= 1.4(18.81) + 1.6(6.67)
= (26.33 + 10.67) kN/m 34.89 kN/m
= 37.00 kN/m 37.00 kN/m 30.32 kN/m
To Point Load
For K/3-4
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 37.00 kN/m x 1.50m 55.50 kN 60.64 kN
= 55.50 kN
34.89 kN
For K/4-5
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 34.89 kN/m x 1.00m
= 34.89 kN
For K/5-6
= Ultimate Load x Length of Beam
= 30.32 kN/m x 2.00m
= 60.64 kN
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
ƩM3= 0
55.50(0.75) + 28.06(1.50) +
34.89(2.00) + 65.64(2.50) + 55.50 kN 65.64 kN 60.64 kN
60.64(3.50) - 4.5R6= 0
R6= 529.84/4.5 34.89 kN
= 117.74kN
28.06 kN
ƩFx = 0
ƩFy = 0
R3+R4-55.50-28.06-34.89-
65.64-60.60= 0 R3 R6
R3+117.74= 244.73
R3= 126.99 kN
3 4 5 6
1.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
- 57.10
-57.10
- 87.42
-87.42 - 117.74
43
BEAM 3/K-M
2.5m 2.5m
3.5m 3.5m
= 0.05kN/m2 x (2.500/2)
Floor Finishes K-
= 0.06kN/m M/3-5
= 6.25kN/m
Slab K-M/3-5
Ʃ MK = 0
123.42 (1.5) – 3 RM = 0 K M
3.000m
RM = 185.13/3
= 61.71 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 RK RM
RK + RM - 123.42 = 0
61.71kN 61.71kN
RK + 61.71 = 123.42
RK = 61.71 kN
BENDING MOMENT
61.71
x 20.57
1 41.14
20.57
x 20.57
41.14 x 1
= 0.50m
𝑥
Maximum
bending moment = Area -20.57
(positive) =1/2 (61.71)(1+0.5)
= 46.28kNm
#
-61.71
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2 (61.71)(1+0.5)
= 46.28kNm
#
47
Beam L/5-6
2.0m 2.0m
48
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
= 0.05kN/m2 x (1.500/2)
Floor Finishes L-
= 0.04kN/m M/5-6
=5.25kN/m
Total Live Load
Ʃ M5 = 0
63.36 (1.0) – 2R6 = 0 5 6
2.000m
R6 = 63.36/2
= 31.68 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 R5 R6
R5 + R6 - 63.36 = 0
31.68kN 31.68kN
R5 + 31.68 = 63.36
R5 = 31.68 kN
BENDING MOMENT
31.68
0
𝑥
Maximum
bending moment = Area -31.68
=1/2 (31.68)(1)
= 15.84 kNm
#
51
BEAM 5/K-M
POINT LOADS IMPOSED ON THIS BEAM:
FROM BEAM L/5-6 = 31.68kN
2.0m 2.0m
2.5m 2.5m
Sturctural Plan
Load Distribution Plan
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
= 1.08+2.70+0.04+1.80+0.03
=5.65kN/m Total Dead Load
K L M
Ʃ MK = 0 1.50 m 1.50 m
44.36 (0.75)+ 31.68 (1.50)+26.87
31.68kN
(2.25)- RM (3.00) = 0
29.57kN/m x 1.5m 17.91kN/m x 1.5m
RM = 141.25/3 =44.36kN =26.87kN
= 47.08 kN
ƩFx = 0
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
RK + RM -44.36-31.68-26.87 = 0 RK 55.83kN RM 47.08kN
RK + 47.08 = 102.91
RK = 55.83 kN
55.83
BENDING MOMENT
26.26
Maximum 11.47
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2 (55.83 + 11.47)(1.50)
=50.48 kNm #
1.50 m
Maximum
bending moment = Area -20.21
(negative) =1/2 (20.21 + 47.08)(1.50) -38.12
=50.47 kNm -47.08
#
57
Beam I-K/2
2.0m
2.0m
1.5m 1.5m
2.0m
2.0m
58
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
= 0.17kN/m2 x (2.000/2)
Floor Finishes I-
= 0.17kN/m K/1-2
Ʃ MI = 0
77.58 (1.25) – 2.50 RK = 0 I K
2.500m
RK = 96.98/2.50
=38.79 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 RI RK
RI + RK -77.58 = 0
38.79kN 38.79kN
RI + 38.79 = 77.58
RI = 38.79N
BENDING MOMENT
38.79
𝑥 38.79
=
2.5 77.58
38.79 7.76
𝑥= x 2.5
77.58
= 1.25m
𝑥
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2 (38.79)(1.25) -23.27
=24.24kNm
# -38.79
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2 (38.79)(1.25)
=24.24kNm #
61
BEAM K/1-3
1.5m
2.0m
62
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
= 0.21kN/m
Floor Finishes I-
K/2-4
Floor Slab K-M/1-3
= (Thickness of slab x Density of concrete) x (Lx/2)
5.40kN/m
= (0.150 m x 24kN/m³) x (3.000/2)
=5.400kN/m
Slab K-M/1-3
Floor Finishes K-M/1-3
=Density of Floor Finishes x (Lx/2)
0.26 kN/m
= 0.17kN/m2 x (3.000/2)
= 0.26kN/m Floor Finishes K-
M/1-3
Total Dead Load
For Beam K/1-3
21.43 kN/m
= 1.08+9.98+4.50+0.21+5.40+0.26
=21.43kN/m Total Dead Load
1 2 3
Ʃ M1 = 0 2.00 m 1.50 m
70.10 (1.00)+ 38.79 (2.00)+60.00
(2.75)- R3 (3.50) = 0 38.79kN
35.05kN/m x 2.0m 40.00kN/m x 1.5m
R3 = 312.68/3.5 =70.10kN =60.00kN
= 89.34 kN
ƩFx = 0
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
R1 + R3 -70.10-38.79-60.00 = 0 R1 79.55kN R3 89.34kN
R1 + 89.34 = 168.89
R1 = 79.55 kN
79.55
BENDING MOMENT 44.50
9.45
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2 (79.55 + 9.45)(2)
=88.95 kNm #
2.00 m
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2 (89.34 + 29.34)(1.50) -29.34
=89.01 kNm
#
-69.34
-89.34
67
PRIMARY BEAM I-M/1
POINT LOADS IMPOSED ON THIS BEAM:
FROM BEAM I-K/2 =
FROM BEAM K/1-3 =
1.5m 1.5m
2.0m 2.0m
= 0.17kN/m2 x (2.000/2)
Floor Finishes I-
= 0.17kN/m K/1-2
I K M
Ʃ MI = 0 2.50 m 3.0 m
62.05 (1.25)+ 79.55 (2.50)+76.86
(4.00)- RM (5.50) = 0 79.55kN
24.82kN/m x 2.5m 25.62kN/m x 3.00m
RM = 583.88/5.5 =62.05kN =76.86kN
= 106.16 kN
ƩFx = 0
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
RI + RM -62.05-79.55-76.86 = 0 RI 51.64kN RM 166.82kN
RI + 106.16 = 218.46
RI = 112.3 kN
Maximum
bending moment =Area
(negative) =1/2 (29.30 + 106.16)(3)
=203.19kNm # -29.30
-54.92
-80.54
-106.16
71
PRIMARY BEAM M/1-6
POINT LOADS IMPOSED ON THIS BEAM:
FROM BEAM K-M/5 =
FROM BEAM K-M/3 = 61.71kN
2.0m
2.5m
3.5m
Structural Plan
Load Distribution Plan
72
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
x (2/3)
= (0.150 m x 24kN/m³) x (2.500/2) x (2/3) Slab K-M/3-5
=3.00kN/m
=16.67kN/m
Total Dead Load
For Beam M/3-5
= 1.08+9.98+3.00+0.04
=14.10kN/m
For Beam M/5-6
= 1.08+9.98+2.70+0.04
=13.80kN/m
LIVE
LIVELOAD
LOAD(BEAM
(BEAMI-M/1)
M/1-6)
=3.75kN/m x 1.6
= 6.00kN/m 29.34 kN/m 26.41 kN/m 25.32 kN/m
Total ultimate load
Total
=23.34+6.00 Ultimate Load
= 29.34kN/m
1 3 5 6
Ʃ M1 = 0 3.50 m 2.50 m 2.00 m
102.69 (1.75)+ 61.71 (3.50)+66.03
61.71kN 47.08kN
(4.75)+ 47.08(6.00)+50.64(7.00)+ R6
29.34kN/m x 3.5m
(8.00)= 0 =102.69kN 26.41kN/m x 2.5m 25.32kN/m x 2.0m
R6 = 1346.30/8.0 =66.03kN =50.64kN
= 168.29 kN
ƩFx = 0
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
R1 + R6 -102.69-61.71-66.03-47.08- R1 159.86kN R6 168.29kN
50.64 = 0
R1 + 168.29 = 328.15
R1 = 159.86 kN
159.86
130.52
BENDING MOMENT 101.18
71.84
57.17
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2 (159.86 + 57.17)(3.50)
=379.80 kNm
#
Maximum
bending moment = Area
-4.54
(negative) =[1/2 (4.54 + 70.57)(2.50)] +
[1/2 (117.65 + 168.29)(2.00) -30.95
-57.36
=93.89 + 285.94 -70.57
=379.83 kNm
# -117.65
-142.97
-168.29
76
YONG MAY SIA
0327724
77
BEAM 1: G/4-6
78
DEAD LOAD (BEAM G/4-6) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4 3.000m
6
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24kN/m³
=1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density 9.98 kN/m
of brick
= 0.150 x 3.500 x 19kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
92.34 kN
To Point Load
= Ultimate Load x Length
= 30.78 kN/m x 3.00
= 92.34 kN
4 6
Ʃ𝐹𝑥 = 0 3.000m
Ʃ𝑀4 =0 92.34 kN
0 = 92.34(1.50) - 3R6
3𝑅6 = 138.51
𝑅6 = 46.17 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 =0
0 = 𝑅4 + 𝑅6 - 92.34
𝑅4 + 𝑅6 = 92.34
𝑅4 = 92.34 - 46.17 R4 R6
= 46.17 kN
Ratio
15.39
V:H
3 ∶ 92.34
𝑥 ∶ 46.17
46.17
𝑥= ×3
92.34 X
𝑥 = 1.50
-15.39
Bending Moment (positive)
= 1/2 x 46.17 x 1.50
= 34.63 kNm 46.17
Ratio
V:H
3 ∶ 92.34
𝑥 ∶ 46.17
46.17
𝑥= ×3
92.34 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
𝑥 = 1.50
82
DEAD LOAD (BEAM E-I/4) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
E G I
3.000m 2.500m
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density of 9.98 kN/m
brick
= 0.150 x 3.500 x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
E G I
3.000m 2.500m
0.15 kN/m
Floor Finishes for G-J/4-6 (triangle)
= Density of finishes x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= 0.15 kN/m² x (3/2) x (2/3)
= 0.15 kN/m
1.50 kN/m
Slab G-J/4-6 (triangle)
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= 1.5 kN/m² x (3/2) x (2/3)
= 1.50 kN/m
E G I
3.000m 2.500m
Ultimate Load E-G/4
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6 (Live Load) 29.50 kN/m 29.50 kN/m
= 1.4(17.64) + 1.6(3.00)
= 24.70 + 4.80
= 29.50 kN/m
88.50 kN
To Point Load E-G/4 73.75 kN
= Ultimate Load x Length
= 29.50 kN/m x 3.00
= 88.50 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 =0
0 = 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐼 - 88.50 – 46.17 – 73.75
RE RI
𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐼 = 208.42
𝑅𝐸 = 208.42 – 106.31
= 102.11 kN
102.11
BENDING MOMENT 72.61
43.11
-32.56
-62.06
-91.56
-106.31
88
DEAD LOAD (BEAM E/3-5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
3 4 5
1.500m 1.000m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density 9.98 kN/m
of brick
= 0.150 x 3.500 x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
3 4 5
1.500m 1.000m
16.70 kN/m
TOTAL DEAD LOAD E/3-4
= 1.08 + 1.80 + 0.09 2.97 kN/m
= 2.97 kN/m
3 4 5
1.500m 1.000m
Live load in Guest Bedroom 1
= 1.5 kN/m
Live load in Living Room = 2.0 kN/m
3 4 5
To Point Load E/3-4 1.500m 1.000m
= Ultimate Load x Length
= 5.76 kN/m x 1.50
27.38 kN
= 8.64 kN
8.64 kN
To Point Load E/4-5
= Ultimate Load x Length
= 27.38 kN/m x 1.00
= 27.38 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑥 = 0
Ʃ𝑀3 = 0
102.11 kN
0 = 8.64(0.75) + 102.11(1.50) +
27.38 kN
27.38(2.00) – 2.50 𝑅5
2.50𝑅5 = 6.48 + 153.17 + 54.76 8.64 kN
𝑅5 = 214.41/2.50
= 85.76 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 =0
0 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅5 – 8.64 – 102.11 – 27.38
𝑅3 + 𝑅5 = 138.13
𝑅3 = 138.13 – 85.76
= 52.37 kN 𝑅3 𝑅5
3 4 5
1.500m 1.000m
52.37
46.61
43.73
Maximum Bending Moment (positive)
= 1/2 (52.37 + 43.73)(1.50)
= 72.08 kNm
-85.76
94
DEAD LOAD (BEAM H/1-3) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
1 3
3.500m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Density of concrete 1.08 kN/m
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
9.98 kN/m
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density
of brick
= 0.150 x 3.500 x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
Slab H-I/1-3
= Thickness of slab x Density of concrete 2.70 kN/m
x (Lx/2)
= 0.150 x 24 kN/m³ x (1.5/2)
= 2.70 kN/m
18.25 kN/m
TOTAL DEAD LOAD
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 4.20 + 2.70 + 0.18 + 0.11
= 18.25 kN/m
1 3
Live load in Master Bedroom 3.500m
= 1.5 kN/m
Live load in Walk-in Closet = 1.5 kN/m
1.75 kN/m
Slab D-H/1-3 (triangle)
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2) x (2/3)
= 1.5 kN/m² x (3.5/2)m x (2/3)
= 1.75 kN/m
1.13 kN/m
Slab H-I/1-3
= Live load (UBBL) x (Lx/2)
= 1.5 kN/m² x (1.5/2)
= 1.13 kN/m
2.88 kN/m
105.56 kN/m
To Point Load
= Ultimate Load x Length
= 30.16 kN/m x 3.00
= 105.56 kN
1 3
Ʃ𝐹𝑥 = 0 3.500m
Ʃ𝑀1 =0 105.56 kN
0 = 105.56(1.75) – 3.50 𝑅3
3.50𝑅3 = 184.73/3.50
𝑅3 = 52.78 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 =0
0 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 – 105.56
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 = 105.56
𝑅1 = 105.56 – 52.78 R1 R3
= 52.78 kN
Ratio
V:H 22.62
3.5 ∶ 105.56
𝑦
𝑥 ∶ 52.78
52.78
𝑥= × 3.5
105.56 𝑥
𝑥 = 1.75
-7.54
Maximum Bending Moment (positive)
-37.70
= 1/2 (1.75)(52.78)
= 46.18 kNm -52.78
Ratio
V:H
3.5 ∶ 105.56
𝑦 ∶ 52.78
52.78
y= × 3.5
105.56
𝑦 = 1.75 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
98
DEAD LOAD (BEAM D-I/3) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
D E H I
1.000m 4.000m 1.500m
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
9.98 kN/m
= Wall thickness x Wall height x Density
of brick
= 0.150 x 3.500 x 19 kN/m³
= 9.98 kN/m
D E H I
1.000m 4.000m 1.500m
Floor Finishes D-H/1-3 (trapezoidal)
= Density of finishes x (Lx/2) 0.26 kN/m
= 0.15 kN/m² x (3.5/2)
= 0.26 kN/m
D E H I
Live load in Master Bedroom
= 1.5 kN/m 1.000m 4.000m 1.500m
Live load in Corridor = 2.0kN/m
D E H I
To Point Load D-E/3
= Ultimate Load x Length 1.000m 4.000m 1.500m
= 28.88 kN/m x 1.00
= 28.88 kN
140.96 kN
To Point Load E-H/3
= Ultimate Load x Length 32.78 kN
28.88 kN
= 35.24 kN/m x 4.00
= 140.96 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑥 = 0
Ʃ𝑀𝐷 = 0
0 = 28.88(0.50) + 52.37(1.00) + 140.96 kN
140.96(3.00) + 52.78(5.00) + 52.37 kN 52.78 kN
32.78(5.75) – 6.50 𝑅𝐼 32.78 kN
6.50𝑅𝐼 = 14.44 + 52.37 + 422.88 + 28.88 kN
263.90 + 188.49
𝑅𝐼 = 942.08/6.50
= 144.94 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝐼 – 28.88 – 52.37 –
140.96 – 52.78 – 32.78 RD RI
𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝐼 = 307.77
𝑅𝐷 = 307.77 – 144.94
= 162.83 kN
D E H I
1.000m 4.000m 1.500m
Ratio
V:H 162.83
4 ∶ 140.96
𝑥 ∶ 81.58
81.58
𝑥= ×4 133.95
140.96
𝑥 = 2.31
Maximum Bending Moment (positive) 81.58
= [1/2 (162.83 + 133.95)(1.00)] + [1/2 46.34
(81.58)(2.31)] 11.10 𝑦
= 148.39 + 94.22
= 242.61 kNm 𝑥
-24.14
Ratio -59.38
V:H
4 ∶ 140.96 -112.16
𝑦 ∶ 59.38
59.38 -134.01
y= ×4
140.96
𝑦 = 1.69 -144.94
Maximum Bending Moment (negative)
= [1/2 (112.16 + 144.94)(1.50)] + [1/2
(59.38)(1.69)]
= 192.83 + 50.18
= 243.01 kNm
104
DEAD LOAD (BEAM D/1-5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
1 3 5
3.500m 2.500m
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= 0.150 x 0.300 x 24 kN/m³
= 1.08 kN/m
Slab D-E/3-5
= Thickness of slab x Density of concrete 1.80 kN/m
x (Lx/2)
= 0.150m x 24 kN/m³ x (1/2)
= 1.80 kN/m
1 3 5
3.500m 2.500m
1 3 5
Ultimate Load D/1-3 3.500m 2.500m
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6(Live Load)
= 1.4(25.38) + 1.6(5.75)
44.73 kN/m
= 35.53 + 9.20
26.07 kN/m
= 44.73 kN/m
Ʃ𝐹𝑥 = 0
Ʃ𝑀1 = 0 162.83 kN
156.56 kN
0 = 156.56(1.75) + 162.83(3.50)
+ 65.18(4.75) – 6.00 𝑅5 65.18 kN
6.00𝑅5 = 273.98 + 569.91 + 309.61
𝑅5 = 1153.50/6.00
= 192.25 kN
Ʃ𝐹𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅5 – 156.56 – 162.83 –
65.18
𝑅1 + 𝑅5 = 384.57
𝑅1 = 384.57 – 192.25 R1 R5
= 192.32 kN
1 3 5
3.500m 2.500m
192.32
147.59
102.86
Maximum Bending Moment (positive)
58.13
= 1/2 (192.32+35.76)(3.50)
= 399.14 kNm 35.76
-127.07
-153.14
-179.21
-192.25
110
BEAM 1: C/7-9
111
DEAD LOAD (BEAM C/7-9 ) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
112
LIVE LOAD (BEAM C/7-9 ) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
113
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM C/7-9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
114
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM C/7-9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ʃ 𝑀7 = 0
27.49(2) – 2𝑅9 = 0 7 9
2.00m
𝑅9 = 54.98/2
= 27.49kN
ƩFx = 0 54.98kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅7 + 𝑅9 - 54.98= 0 𝑅7 𝑅9
𝑅7 + 27.49 = 54.98 27.49kN 27.49kN
𝑅7 = 27.49kN
BENDING MOMENT
27.49
Maximum bending moment
= Area (Positive)
=1/2 (27.49)(1)
= 13.75kNm
0
Maximum bending moment
= Area (Negative)
=1/2 (27.49)(1)
= 13.75kNm #
-27.49
115
BEAM 2: B-E/9
116
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C E
1.50 m 3.50 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
117
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C
1.50 m
118
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C
1.50 m
Beam (B-C)
Ultimate dead load
29.72kN/m
= 21.23kN/m x 1.4
= 29.72kN/m
119
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B-E/9 ) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C E
1.50 m 3.50 m
120
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C E
3.50 m
121
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C E
3.50 m
Beam (C-E)
Ultimate dead load
18.38kN/m
= 13.13kN/m x 1.4
= 18.38kN/m
122
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM B-E/9) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ΣMB = 0 B C E
0=58.98(0.75)+27.49(1.50)+103.53(3.25)- 1.50 m 3.50 m
5RE
RE=(44.24 +41.24+336.47) / 5 27.49kN
RE= 84.39kN 39.32kN/m
29.58kN/m
ƩFx = 0
ΣFʏ = 0
0 = RB + RE- 39.32(1.50) – 27.49 –
29.58(3.50) RE 84.39kN
RB 105.61kN
RB + RE = 58.98 +27.49 +103.53 =190
RB= 190- 84.39
= 105.61kN
105.61
BENDING MOMENT
66.29
𝑥 84.39
= 3.50 −
1 29.58 46.63
84.39 19.14
𝑥 = 3.50 − 2.85 m
29.58
1.50 m 𝑥
= 0.65m -10.44
-40.02
123
BEAM 3: B-E/7
3.00m 3.00m
5.00m 5.00m
124
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C E
1.50 m 3.50 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
125
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C
1.50 m
126
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C
1.50 m
Beam (B-C/7)
Ultimate dead load
26.05kN/m
= 18.61kN/m x 1.4
= 26.05kN/m
127
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B C E
1.50 m 3.50 m
128
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C E
3.50 m
129
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C E
2.00 m
Beam (C-E)
Ultimate dead load
14.71kN/m
= 10.51kN/m x 1.4
= 14.71kN/m
130
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM B-E/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ΣMB = 0 B C E
48.68(0.75)+27.49(1.50)+79.49(3.25)- 1.50 m 3.50 m
5RE
RE=(36.51+41.24+258.34) / 5
RE= 67.21kN 27.49kN
32.45kN/m
22.71kN/m
ƩFx = 0
ΣFʏ = 0
0 = RB + RE - 32.45(1.50) – 27.49 –
22.71(3.50) RB 88.44kN RE
RB + RE = 48.68 +27.49 + 79.49
=155.66
RB= 155.66 – 67.22
88.44
= 88.44kN
55.99
BENDING MOMENT
39.76
1 22.71 12.27 2.96 m
=
x 12.28
12.28 𝑥
𝑥= -10.44
22.71 1.50 m
= 0.54m
-33.15
Maximum -55.86
bending moment = Area (Positive)
=[1/2 x (88.44 + 39.77) x 1.50]
+[1/2 x 12.28 x 0.54) ] -67.21
= 96.16+3.32
= 99.48kNm #
Maximum
bending moment = Area (Negative) MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
=[1/2 x 67.21 x 2.96]
= 99.47kNm #
131
BEAM 4: B/5-10
1.50m 3.50m
3.00m
3.00m
Structural Plan
132
BEAM 4: B/5-10
5.00m
1.50m 3.50m
133
DEAD LOAD (BEAM A-B/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A B
3.00 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
18.48kN/m
Total dead load
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 3.60 + 0.17 + 0.05
= 18.48kN/m
134
LIVE LOAD (BEAM A-B/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A B
3.00 m
135
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM A-B/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A B
3.00 m
Beam (A-B/7)
Ultimate dead load
25.87kN/m
= 18.48kN/m x 1.4
= 25.87kN/m
136
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM A-B/7) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ΣMA = 0
=35.47(3.00)(1.50)-3RB A B
3.000m
RB= 53.21kN
ƩFx = 0 106.41kN
ΣFʏ = 0
0 = RB + RE- 35.47(3.00)
RA + RB = 106.41kN
𝑅𝐴 53.20kN 53.21kN 𝑅𝐵
RA= 106.41-53.21
= 53.20kN
BENDING MOMENT
53.20
17.73
137
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
9 10
1.00 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
27.26kN/m
Total dead load
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 12.00 + 0.17 + 0.43
= 27.26kN/m
138
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
9 10
1.00 m
139
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
9 10
1.00 m
Beam (B/9-10)
Ultimate dead load
38.16kN/m
= 27.26kN/m x 1.4
= 38.16kN/m
140
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
18.48 kN/m
141
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
142
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7 9
2.00 m
Beam (B/7-9)
Ultimate dead load
9.44kN/m
= 6.74kN/m x 1.4
= 9.44kN/m
143
DEAD LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5 7
3.00 m
Beam self weight 1.08kN/m
= Beam size x Density of concrete
= (0.15 x 0.30)m² x 24kN/m³
= 1.08kN/m
18.48kN/m
Total dead load
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 3.60 + 0.17 + 0.05
= 18.48kN/m
144
LIVE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5 7
3.00 m
145
ULTIMATE LOAD (BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5 7
3.00 m
Beam (B/5-7)
Ultimate dead load
25.87kN/m
= 18.48kN/m x 1.4
= 25.87kN/m
146
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM B/5-10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ΣMB = 0 10 9 7 5
53.36(1.00)(0.50) – 141.65(3.00) – 1.00 m 2.00 m 3.00 m
14.24(2)(2) – 105.61(1.00) –
35.47(3.00)(4.50) - 6R5 105.61kN
141.65kN
R5=1093.05/6
R5= 182.18kN 53.36kN/m
14.24kN/m 35.47kN/m
ƩFx = 0
ΣFʏ = 0
0 = R10 + R5 - 53.36(1.00) – 141.65 –
14.24(2) – 105.61 – 35.47(3.00)
R10 R5
R5 + R10 = 435.51
R10= 435.51 – 182.18
= 253.33kN
253.33
BENDING MOMENT
199.97
Maximum bending moment = Area
94.36
(Positive)
80.12
=[1/2 (253.33+199.97) x 1] + [1/2 65.88
(94.36+65.88) x 2]
= 226.65 + 160.24
= 386.89kNm
-75.77
Maximum bending moment = Area -111.24
(Negative)
-146.71
=[1/2 (75.77+182.18) x 3.0] -182.18
= 386.93kNm
#
147
YOONG AI TENG
0328347
148
BEAM 1: E-G/13
149
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM E-G/13) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
E 3.00m G
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Weight
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 24
= 1.08 kN/m
17.64 kN/m
TOTAL DEAD LOAD
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 2.70 + 3.60 + 0.13 + 0.15
= 17.64 kN/ m
150
LIVE LOAD ( BEAM E-G/13) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
E 3.00m G
Slab E-G/13-14(trapezoidal form)
= Live load (UBBL) x Lx/2 2.25 kN/m
= 3.0 x 1.5/2
= 2.25 kN/m
151
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM E-G/13) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ʃ 𝑀𝐸 = 0
92.10 (1.5) – 3𝑅𝐺 = 0 E G
3.00m
𝑅𝐺 = 138.15/3
= 46.05 kN
ƩFx = 0 92.10 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 =0
𝑅E + 𝑅 - 92.10 = 0
𝐺 𝑅E 𝑅𝐺
𝑅E + 46.05 = 92.10
𝑅E = 46.05 kN
BENDING MOMENT
46.05
𝑥 15.35
=
1 30.70
15.35
𝑥= x1 15.35
30.70
= 0.50m
𝑥
-15.35
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2(46.05)(1+0.5) -46.05
= 34.54 kNm
Maximum #
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2(46.05)(1+0.5)
= 34.54 kNm
152
BEAM 2: G/11-14
With Point load from beam E-G/12 & E-G/13
153
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM E-G/12) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Beam self-weight
1.08 kN/m
= Beam size x Weight
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 24
= 1.08 kN/m
18.58 kN/m
TOTAL DEAD LOAD
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 3.60 + 3.60 + 0.15 + 0.17
= 18.58 kN/ m
154
LIVE LOAD ( BEAM E-G/12) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
E 3.00m G
Slab E-G/12-13(trapezoidal form)
1.50 kN/m
= Live load (UBBL) x Lx/2
= 1.5 x 2/2
= 1.5 kN/m
3.50 kN/m
TOTAL LIVE LOAD
= 1.50 + 2.00
= 3.50 kN/m
155
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM E-G/13) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ʃ 𝑀𝐸 = 0
94.83 (1.5) – 3𝑅𝐺 = 0 E G
3.00m
𝑅𝐺 = 142.25/3
= 47.42 kN
ƩFx = 0 94.83 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 =0
𝑅E + 𝑅 - 94.83 = 0
𝐺 𝑅E 𝑅𝐺
𝑅E + 47.42 = 94.83
𝑅E = 47.41 kN
BENDING MOMENT
47.41
𝑥 15.81
=
1 31.61
15.80
𝑥= x1 15.80
31.61
= 0.50m
𝑥
-15.81
Maximum
bending moment = Area -47.42
=1/2 (47.41)(1+0.5)
= 35.56 kNm
#
156
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM G/11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Weight 1.08 kN/m
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 24
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
9.98 kN/m
= Wall thickness x Height x Weight
= 0.15 x 3.5 x 19
= 9.98 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
Slab E-G/12-13 (triangular form)
= Slab thickness x Density x Lx/2 x 2/3
= 0.15 x 24 x 2/2 x 2/3
= 2.40 kN/m
0.10 kN/m
Floor finishes for E-G/12-13
= Density x Lx/2 x 2/3
= 0.15 x 2/2 x 2/3
= 0.10 kN/m
157
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM G/11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
For 12-13
13.56 kN/m 13.56 kN/m 12.95 kN/m
= 1.08 + 9.98 + 2.40 + 0.10
= 13.56 kN/m
For 13-14
= 1.08 ++9.98+ 1.80 + 0.09
= 12.95kN/m
1.33 kN/m
Slab E-G/11-12 (triangular form)
= Live load (UBBL) x Lx/2 x 2/3
= 2.0 x 2/2 x 2/3
= 1.33 kN/m
1.00 kN/m
Slab E-G/12-13 (triangular form)
= Live load (UBBL) x Lx/2 x 2/3
= 1.5 x 2/2 x 2/3
= 1.00 kN/m
158
ULTIMATE LOAD( BEAM G/ 11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
Ultimate load
21.11 kN/m
For 11-12
= 1.4(13.56) + 1.6(1.33)
= 21.11 kN/m
20.58 kN/m
For 12-13
= 1.4(13.56) + 1.6(1.00)
= 20.58 kN/m
20.53 kN/m
For 13-14
= 1.4(12.95) +1.6( 1.5)
= 20.53 kN/m
To point load
For 11-12 42.22kN
= 21.11 x 2
= 42.22 kN
For 13-14
= 20.53 x 1.5 30.80 kN
= 30.80 kN
159
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM G/11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ʃ 𝑀11 = 0 11 12 13 14
42.22(1)+47.71(2)+41.16(3)+ 2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
46.05(4)+30.80(4.75)–5.5 𝑅14 = 0
𝑅14 = 591.02/5.5
= 107.46 kN
42.22 kN 41.16 kN 30.80kN
ƩFx = 0 47.71 kN 46.05 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅11 + 𝑅14 -42.22-47.71-41.16
𝑅11 𝑅14
-46.05-30.80 = 0
𝑅11 + 183.35 = 207.64
𝑅11 = 100.18 kN
BENDING MOMENT
100.18
79.07
𝑥 10.55
=
1 20.58
59.96
10.55
𝑥= x1
20.58
= 0.51m 10.55
𝑥
Maximum -10.03
bending moment = Area -30.61
(positive) =1/2(100.18+10.55)(2)
+ ½(10.55)(0.51) -76.66
= 158.10 + 2.69
= 160.79kNm # -97.19
-107.46
Maximum
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2(1.49)(30.61) +
½(76.66+107.46)(1.5)
= 22.80 + 138.09 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
= 160.89kNm
160
BEAM 3: E/11-14
With Point load from beam E-G/12 & E-G/13
161
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM 11-14/E) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
Beam self-weight
= Beam size x Weight 1.08 kN/m
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 24
= 1.08 kN/m
12.00 kN/m
Slab B-E/9-14 (trapezoidal form)
= Slab thickness x Density x Lx/2
= 0.20 x 24 x 5.0/2
= 12.00 kN/m
162
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM 11-14/E) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
For 13-14
= 1.08 ++9.98+ 1.80 + 0.09 + 12 + 0.43
= 25.38kN/m
163
LIVE LOAD ( BEAM E/11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
For 13-14
= 1.50 + 7.50
= 9.00 kN/m
164
ULTIMATE LOAD( BEAM E/ 11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
11 12 13 14
2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
Ultimate load
36.54 kN/m
For 11-12
= 1.4(16.01) + 1.6(8.83)
= 36.54 kN/m
49.99 kN/m
For 12-13
= 1.4(25.99) + 1.6(8.50)
= 49.99 kN/m
49.93 kN/m
For 13-14
= 1.4(25.38) + 1.6(9.00)
= 49.93 kN/m
165
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM E/11-14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ʃ 𝑀11 = 0 11 12 13 14
73.08(1)+47.71(2)+99.98(3)+ 2.00m 2.00m 1.50m
46.05(4)+74.90(4.75)–5.5 𝑅14 = 0
𝑅14 = 1007.82/5.5
= 183.24 kN
73.08 kN 99.98 kN 74.90 kN
ƩFx = 0 47.71 kN 46.05 kN
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅11 + 𝑅14 -73.08-47.71-99.98
𝑅11 𝑅14
-46.05-74.90 = 0
𝑅11 + 183.35 = 341.42
𝑅11 = 158.18 kN
121.64
𝑥 37.69
= 85.10
1 49.99
37.69
𝑥= x1
49.99
37.69
= 0.75m
𝑥
-12.30
Maximum
-62.29
bending moment = Area
(positive) =1/2(158.18+85.10)(2)
-108.34
+ ½(37.69)(0.75)
= 243.28 + 14.13 -158.27
= 257.41kNm #
Maximum -183.24
bending moment = Area
(negative) =1/2(1.25)(62.29) +
½(108.34+183.24)(1.5)
= 38.93 + 218.69
= 257.62kNm MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
166
BEAM 4: B-G/14
With Point load from beam E/11-14
167
DEAD LOAD ( BEAM B-G/14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B E 3.00m
G
Beam self-weight 5.00m
= Beam size x Weight
1.08 kN/m
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 24
= 1.08 kN/m
Brickwall load
9.98 kN/m
= Wall thickness x Height x Weight
= 0.15 x 3.5 x 19
= 9.98 kN/m
= For E-G/14
= 1.08+9.98+2.70+0.13
= 13.89 kN/m
YOONG AI TENG 0328347
168
LIVE LOAD ( BEAM B-G/14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B E 3.00m
G
5.00m
67.05 kN
To point load
For E-G
= 22.35 x 3
= 67.05 kN
175.40 kN
For B-E
= 35.08 x 5
= 175.40 kN
169
REACTION FORCE ( BEAM B-G/14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
B E 3.00m
G
Ʃ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 5.00m
174.5(2.5) +183.24(5)
+ 67.05(6.5) – 8 𝑅𝐺 = 0
𝑅𝐺 = 790.53/8 175.40 kN
183.24 kN
= 223.82 kN 67.05 kN
ƩFx = 0
Ʃ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝐺
𝑅B
𝑅B + 𝑅𝐺 -175.4-183.24-67.05 = 0
𝑅B + 223.82 = 425.69
𝑅B = 201.87 kN
Maximum
bending moment = Area -156.77
(negative) =1/2(156.77+223.82)(3)
= 570.89 kNm -179.10
-201.47
-223.82
170
COLUMN
ANALYSIS
REPORT
171
172
YAP YUEN THONG
0326557
173
COLUMN AT A/1
COLUMN 1 (A/1) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Concrete slab
= 4.8 kN/m² x (3.5 x 3.0)m²
= 50.4 kN
Beam self-weight
= 1.08 kN/m x (3.5 + 3.0)m
= 7.02 kN
Brickwall load
= 9.98 kN/m x (3.5 +3.0)m
= 64.87 kN
Column self-weight
= 0.54 kN/m x 1.0m
= 0.54 kN
175
COLUMN 1 (A/1) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Roof Level
Roof slab
= 4.8 kN/m² x (3.5 x 3.0)m²
= 50.4 kN
Beam self-weight
= 1.08 kN/m x (3.5 + 3.0)m
= 7.02 kN
Column self-weight
= 0.54 kN/m x 3.5m
= 1.89 kN
Live Load
= 0.5 kN/m² x (3.5 x 3.0)m²
= 5.25 kN
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(59.31) + 1.6(5.25)
= (83.03 + 8.4) kN
= 91.43 kN
3.0m
3.5m
176
COLUMN 1 (A/1) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
3.0m
3.5m
Column 1
177
COLUMN AT G/11
COLUMN 2 (G/11) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Concrete slab
= 3.6 kN/m² x [(0.75 + 2.00 + 2.25) x
1.5]m²
= 27.0 kN
Beam self-weight
= 1.08 kN/m x (0.75 + 2.00 + 2.25+ 1.5 m
1.5 + 1.5)m
= 8.64 kN
Brickwall load
5.0 m
= 9.98 kN/m x (0.75 + 2.00 + 2.25+
1.5 + 1.5)m
= 79.84 kN
179
COLUMN 2 (G/11) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Live Load
For E-G/12-13
= 1.5 kN/m² x (1.5 x 0.75)m²
= 1.69 kN
For E-G/11-12
= 2.0 kN/m² x (1.5 x 2.0)m² 1.5 m
= 6.0 kN
For F-G/8-11
= 2.0 kN/m² x (1.5 x 2.25)m²
5.0 m
= 6.75 kN
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(116.73) + 1.6(14.44) Column 2 Ground Level
= (163.42 + 23.10) kN
= 186.52 kN
180
COLUMN 2 (G/11) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Roof Level
Roof slab
= 3.6 kN/m² x [(0.75 + 2.0 + 2.25) x
1.5]m²
= 27.0 kN
Beam self-weight
= 1.08 kN/m x (0.75 + 2.00 + 2.25 + 1.5 m
1.5 + 1.5)m
= 8.64 kN
Column self-weight
5.0 m
= 0.54 kN/m x 3.5m
= 1.89 kN
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(37.53) + 1.6(3.75)
= (52.54 + 6.0) kN
= 58.54 kN
181
COLUMN 2 (G/11) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
182
YONG KANG SENG
0331857
183
COLUMN AT M/1
DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Slab K-M/1-3
=Density of Concrete x (Area of Slab)
=[(0.15 x 24kN/m) x (1.25x1.75)+ (0.15 x
24kN/m) x (1.50x4.00)]
=7.88kN + 21.60kN 4.00m
=29.48kN
Slab K-M/3-5
=Density of Concrete x (Area of Slab)
=(0.15 x 24kN/m) x (1.50x1.00)
=25.40kN
Roof Level
Slab K-M/1-3
=Density of Concrete x (Area of Slab)
=[(0.15 x 24kN/m) x (1.25x1.75)+ (0.15 x
24kN/m) x (1.50x4.00)]
=7.88kN + 21.60kN
=29.48kN
Ground Level
Slab J-M/4-6
=Density of Concrete x (Area of Slab)
=[(0.15 x 24kN/m) x (4.00 X 2.75)+ (0.15 x
24kN/m) x (1.50x1.25)]
=39.60kN + 6.75kN
=46.35kN
4.00m
Floor Finishes K-L/5-6
=Density of Finishes x (Area of Slab)
=0.17kN/m2 x (1.50 X 2.00)
=0.51kN
4.00m
Floor Finishes L-M/5-6
=Density of Finishes x (Area of Slab)
=0.05kN/m2 x (1.50 X 2.00)
=0.15kN
Column 2 Ground Level
Floor Finishes J-K/4-6
=Density of Finishes x (Area of Slab)
=[0.17kN/m2 x (1.00 X 1.50) + 0.17kN/m2
x (0.75 x 1.25)
=0.26kN + 0.16kN
=0.42kN
=17.01kN
Roof Level
Slab J-M/4-6
=Density of Concrete x (Area of Slab)
=[(0.15 x 24kN/m) x (4.00 X 2.75)+ (0.15 x
24kN/m) x (1.50x1.25)]
=39.60kN + 6.75kN
4.00m
=46.35kN
195
COLUMN AT D/1
DEAD LOAD COLUMN (D/1) – ROOF LEVEL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Roof Slab
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 6.75 x 3.00
= 72.90 kN
Roof Slab
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 0.50 kN/m² x 6.75 x 3.00
= 10.13 kN
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6(Live Load)
= 1.4(85.32) + 1.6(10.13)
= 119.45 + 16.21
= 135.66 kN
Brickwall Load
= Density of Brick x Wall Area x Length of
Wall
= 19 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 3.50 x (3.00 + 6.75)
= 19 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 3.50 x 9.75
= 97.26 kN
Slab A-D/1-5
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.20 x 3.50 x 3.00
= 50.40 kN
Slab D-H/1-3
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 3.25 x 3.00
= 35.10 kN
Total Load
= Roof Level Ultimate Load + Ground
Level Ultimate Load
= 135.66 + 332.92
= 468.58 kN
Roof Slab A
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x (1.75 + 1.50 + 1.25) x
2.50
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 4.50 x 2.50
= 40.50 kN
Roof Slab B
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x (1.25 + 0.25) x 1.75
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 1.50 x 1.75
= 9.45 kN
Roof Slab A
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 0.50 kN/m² x (1.75 + 1.50 + 1.25) x 2.50
= 0.50 kN/m² x 4.50 x 2.50
= 5.63 kN
Roof Slab B
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 0.50 kN/m² x (1.25 + 0.25) x 1.75
= 0.50 kN/m² x 1.50 x 1.75
= 1.31 kN
Ultimate Load
= 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.6(Live Load)
= 1.4(66.96) + 1.6(6.94)
= 93.74 + 11.10
= 104.84 kN
Brickwall Load
= Density of Brick x Wall Area x Length of
Wall
= 19 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 3.50 x (2.50 + 2.50 +
1.25 + 1.75 + 6.00)
= 19 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 3.50 x 14.00
= 139.65 kN
Slab D-H/1-3
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 1.75 x 2.50
= 15.75 kN
Slab H-I/1-3
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 1.50 x 2.50
= 13.50 kN
Slab I-K/2-4
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 1.25 x 0.50
= 2.25 kN
Slab K-M/1-3
= Density of Concrete x Volume of Slab
= 24 kN/m³ x 0.15 x 0.25 x 1.75
= 1.58 kN
Slab D-H/1-3
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 1.5 kN/m² x 1.75 x 2.50
= 6.56 kN
Slab H-I/1-3
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 1.5 kN/m² x 1.50 x 2.50
= 5.63 kN
Slab I-K/2-4
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 2.0 kN/m² x 1.25 x 0.50
= 1.25 kN
Slab K-M/1-3
= Live Load (UBBL) x Area of Slab
= 2.5 kN/m² x 0.25 x 1.75
= 1.09 kN
Total Load
= Roof Level Ultimate Load + Ground
Level Ultimate Load
= 104.84 + 328.70
= 433.54 kN
207
COLUMN AT A/10
COLUMN 1 (A/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Roof Level
Dead Load
Roof slab
= Density of concrete x ( area of the slab )
= (0.15 x 24kN/m3) x (3.00 x 1.50)m
= 16.20kN
Live Load
= Live load on slab A-B/7-10
= Live load (UBBL) x area of slab
= 0.50 x 3.00m x 1.50m
= 2.25kN
209
COLUMN 1 (A/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Dead Load
Concrete Slab
= Density of concrete x ( area of the slab )
= (0.15 x 24kN/m3) x (3.00 x 1.50)m
= 16.2kN
Live Load
= Live load on slab A-B/7-10
= Live load (UBBL)
= 2.00kN/m² x 3.00m x 1.50m Column 1 Roof Level
= 9.00kN
210
COLUMN 1 (A/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
N = (0.4 x 35 x 22500) +
(0.75 x 460 x 452.45)
= 471095.25
= 471.10kN Column 1 Roof Level
Suggested column size is 150mm x
150mm with 4T12 reinforcement .
211
COLUMN AT B/10
COLUMN 2 (B/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Roof Level
Dead Load
Concrete Slab
A: (0.15 x 24kN/m3) x (1.50 x 3.00)m
= 16.20kN
Live Load
= Live load (UBBL)
A: 0.50kN/m² x 1.50m x 3.00m = 2.25kN
B: 0.50kN/m² x 2.50m x 4.00m = 5.00kN
C: 0.50kN/m² x 1.50m x 2.00m = 1.50kN
D: 0.50kN/m² x 1.00m x 2.00m = 1.00kN
213
COLUMN 2 (B/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ground Level
Dead Load
Concrete Slab
A: (0.15 x 24kN/m3) x (3.00 x 1.50)m
= 16.20kN
Floor Finishes
= (Density of finishes x area of slab
A: 0.17kN/m² x 3.00 x 1.50 = 0.77kN
B: 0.17kN/m² x 2.50 x 4.00 = 1.70kN
C: 0.17kN/m² x 1.50 x 2.00 = 0.51kN
D: 0.17kN/m² x 1.00 x 2.00 = 0.34kN
214
COLUMN 2 (B/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Dead Load
Column self weight
= [(Size of the column x Density of
concrete) x depth of column stump]
= 0.15m x 0.15m x 24kN/m3 x 1.00m
= 0.54kN
B
Live Load
= Live load (UBBL)
A: 2.00kN/m² x 3.00m x 1.50m = 9kN A CD
B: 3.00kN/m² x 2.50m x 4.00m = 30kN
C: 2.00kN/m² x 1.50m x 2.00m = 6kN
D: 2.00kN/m² x 1.00m x 2.00m = 4kN
215
COLUMN 2 (B/10) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
216
YOONG AI TENG
0328347
217
COLUMN AT G/14
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN G/14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ROOF LEVEL
Column self-weight
= Column self-weight x Height
= 0.54 x 3.5
= 1.89kN
219
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
GROUND LEVEL
Column self-weight
= Column self-weight x Height
= 0.54 x 1.0
= 0.54kN
Brickwall load
= Self-weight x Length
= 9.98 x (4+3+2.75+2.75)
= 124.75 kN
Slab B-E/9-14
= Self-weight x Area
= 4.8 x (1 x 2.75)
= 13.20 kN
Slab E-G/12-14
= Self-weight x Area
= 3.6 x (3 x 2.75)
= 29.70 kN
220
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN G/14) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
221
LIVE LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ROOF LEVEL
Roof slab
= UBBL x Area
= 0.5 x (4 x 2.75)
= 5.5kN
GROUND LEVEL
Slab B-E/9-14
= UBBL x Area
= 3 x (1 x 2.75)
= 8.25kN
Slab E-G/12-13
= UBBL x Area
= 1.5 x (3 x 1.25)
= 5.63kN
Slab E-G/13-14
= UBBL x Area
= 3 x (3 x 1.5)
= 13.50kN
222
ULTIMATE LOAD( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ultimate Load
= 1.4Dead Load + 1.6Live Load
= 1.4(238.49) + 1.6(32.88)
= 386.49kN
Capacity
=0.4Fcu(Ac)+0.75Fy(Asc)
=0.4(35)(150x150) + 0.75(460)(4𝜋6²)
=315000 + 156094.56
=471094.56N
=471.09kN
223
COLUMN AT D/4
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ROOF LEVEL
Column self-weight
= Column self-weight x Height
= 0.54 x 3.5
= 1.89kN
225
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
GROUND LEVEL
Column self-weight
= Column self-weight x Height
= 0.54 x 1.0
= 0.54kN
Brickwall load
= Self-weight x Length
= 9.98 x (4/2+3+3+6)
= 139.72 kN
Slab A-B/5-7
= Self-weight x Area
= 3.6 x (3 x 3)
= 32.40 kN
Slab B-C/5-7
= Self-weight x Area
= 3.6 x (1 x 3)
= 10.80 kN
Slab A-C/1-5
= Self-weight x Area
= 4.8 x (4 x 3)
= 57.60 kN
226
DEAD LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
227
LIVE LOAD ( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ROOF LEVEL
Roof slab
= UBBL x Area
= 0.5 x (4 x 6)
= 12kN
GROUND LEVEL
Slab A-B/5-7
= UBBL x Area
= 4 x (3 x 3)
= 36kN
Slab B-C/5-7
= UBBL x Area
= 2 x (1 x 3)
= 6kN
Slab A-C/1-5
= UBBL x Area
= 2 x (4 x 3)
= 24kN
228
ULTIMATE LOAD( COLUMN A/5) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Ultimate Load
= 1.4Dead Load + 1.6Live Load
= 1.4(364.75) + 1.6(78)
= 635.45kN
Capacity
=0.4Fcu(Ac)+0.75Fy(Asc)
=0.4(35)(150x150) + 0.75(460)(6𝜋8²)
=315000 + 416252.16
=731252.16N
=731.25kN
229
CONCLUSION
From this assignment we know that if the structure is improperly fabricated or designed,
or the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the structure will fail to
perform its intended function which will caused serious consequences. The exercise not
only shows the importance of structural analysis but also allows us to know exactly on
the points where the members are actually vulnerable in order for us to think of a
solution. It is always better to have an extra measure of safety to ensure the structures are
able to withstand unpredicted events in the future or a sudden shock to certain member.
This assignment has bring exposure about the technicality and rationality about what and
how to build buildings in real life.
Last but not least, we truly appreciate the help of our lecturer for her patience and
dedication in teaching us these technical skills in this exercise and we hope that we can
get more opportunity in the future to get more hands-on knowledge.
230
231