Middle Technical University

Electrical Engineering Technical college

Introduction to Single-Chip
Microcomputer
(Microcontroller)
Lecture No.6
Mohammed D. Ali
3rd stage
2018-2019
Objects
• Overview
• Applications.
• Types of Microcontrollers.

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Microcontrollers Overview
• Microcontrollers - a key impact technology for the 21st century.
• Microcontrollers.com:
“In the aggregate, PC microprocessors are responsible for less than 1%
of all processors sold. Embedded processors outsell PC processors by
more than 99%.”
CPU
Memory

Peripherals

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
• designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and
I/O ports.
• expensive
• versatility
• general-purpose
• High processing power
• High power consumption
• Instruction sets focus on
processing- intensive
operations
• Typically 32/64 – bit
• Typically deep pipeline (5-20
stages)
Mohammed D. Altamemi
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
are all on a single chip
• fixed amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
• single-purpose (control-oriented)
• Low processing power
• Low power consumption
• Bit-level operations
• Instruction sets focus on control
and bit-level operations
• Typically 8/16 bit
• Typically single-cycle/two-stage
pipeline
4
 General-purpose microprocessor:

• CPU for Computers

• Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself

Many chips on motherboard

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

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 Microcontroller :

• A single-chip computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller

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Applications of Microcontroller
 There are many applications made using Microcontrollers such as:
oLine Following Robots.

oWireless keyboards, mouse, and headphones.

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 Suppose we want to make a Line following Robot. What do we do ?
 Use a computer with 2.4Ghz Intel core I7 with 4 Gb RAM , 500 Gb Hard
disk , 1 Gb Graphics Card ??
 Why not a Computer ?
PC is a general purpose computer.
Can run thousand of softwars
Microsoft ppt in which you are seeing this
presentation, Games (NFS , AOE , Call of Duty)
Highly expensive
 Why MCU
Small reflected by the word “MICRO”
Inexpensive
Ideal for doing repetitive tasks
Easy to use
Highly Efficient and fast
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Applications of Microcontroller
• Personal products: Cell phone, pager, watch, recorder,
calculator.
• Laptop components: mouse, keyboard, modem, fax card,
sound card, battery charger
• Home appliances: door lock, alarm clock, thermostat, air
conditioner, tv remote, hair dryer, small refrigerator, exercise
equipment, washer/dryer, microwave oven
• Toys; video games, cars, dolls, etc.
• Cars: they are about 20-30% silicon today, mostly microcontrollers
($4b/yr)
• Smart cards: Mohammed D. Altamemi 9
Microcontroller Families

• Most manufacturers offer a wide range of devices for low

end to higher end applications.

• Microchip shipped its 1 billionth microcontroller in the fall of

1999, the 2 billionth in spring of 2002, and its 3 billionth in
winter of 2004.

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Microcontroller Manufacturers
• Analog Devices
• Atmel
• Dallas Semiconductor
• Freescale Semiconductor
• Hitachi Semiconductor
• Intel
• Microchip
• National Semiconductor
• Renesas
• STMicro
• Texas Instruments
• Zilog

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Some Popular Microcontrollers…
• Major Players: Microchip 16Fxx, Intel 8051, Motorola MC68HCXX,
National COP800, SGS/Thomson ST62, Zilog Z86Cxx

Microchip 16Fxx Intel 8051 Motorola MC68HCXX

National COP800 SGS/Thomson

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Microcontroller Market
• Processing power: 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit
• 2003 market share

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Homework-1
• What are the main differences between a microprocessor and a
microcontroller in terms of
Architecture
Applications
Instruction set

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Homework-2
One page [no more] written assignment to be handed in.
oFind a microcontroller based device or product [i.e. from your
home].
oDetermine what specific microcontroller is used in the device
[i.e. PIC 16F874].
oExplain the function or functions of the microcontroller in the
device [i.e. send IR to TV.].
oBe prepared to present in class.

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References:
• John A. Chandy, “L1: Microcontroller Introduction”, university of
Connecticut.
• Dimitar Ivanov, “Introduction to programming with microcontrollers”,
Software University Foundation, (http://firmwareninja.blogspot.com/)
• Dr. Konstantinos Tatas, “L1: Introduction to Microcontrollers”,
Frederick University.
• Rajat Arora, “Introduction to Microcontrollers”, Electronics Club,
IIT Kanpur (http://students.iitk.ac.in/eclub/).

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