Smart Helmet With Alcohol Sensor

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SMART
HELMET WITH ALCOHOL SENSOR

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
by
Name: Md. Khalid Hasan
(ID: 152-33-2752)
Name: Md. Atikur Rahman

(ID: 152-33-2748)
Supervised by
Md. Mahmudur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
Daffodil International University
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

December 2018
© Daffodil International University

LETTER OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that this project and thesis entitled “Design And Construction Of Smart Helmet
With Alcohol Sensor” is done by Md. Khalid Hasan, ID No: 152-33-2752 and Md. Atikur
Rahman, ID No: 152-33-2748, under my direct supervision and this work has been carried out by
them in the laboratories of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering under the
Faculty of Engineering of Daffodil International University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The
presentation of the work was held on 13 December 2018.
Signature of the Candidate
Md. Atikur Rahman

ID: 152-33-2748
Md. Khalid Hasan

ID: 152-33-2752
Supervisor by
Md. Mahmudur Rahman

Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
Faculty of Engineering
Daffodil International University

DEDICATION
We dedicate this Project to our parents.

.

CONTENTS
Acknowledgment i
Abstract ii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background Study 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Scopes 3
1.6 Methodology 4
Chapter 2: ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM COMPONEN 5-22
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Components 5
2.2.1 Arduino Board
6
2.2.1a Function of Different pin
6
2.2.2 Power Supply
9
2.2.2.a Transformer
10
2.2.2.b Working of this transformer
10
2.2.2.c Diode 10
2.2.2.d Characteristic 11
2.2.2.e Full-Wave Rectifiers 12
2.2.2.f Working of a Bridge Rectifier 12
2.2.2g Capacitor 14
2.2.2.h Theory of Operation 14
2.2.2.i Voltage Regulator 15

2.2.2.j Voltage Regulator Output Voltages 15
2.2.3 LDR 15
2.2.4 Resistor 16
2.2.4.a Resistor in Parallel 17
2.2.4.b Resistors in Series 17
2.2.4.c Resistors Color Code 17
2.2.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 18
2.2.6 Connecting Wires 19
2.2.7 Vero Board Copper DIL Strip Board 19
2.2.8 Alcohol Senor 20
2.2.9 RF Transmitter Receiver module 21
2.2.10 Motor 21
2.3 Summary of chapter 22
Chapter 3: HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 23-28
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Block Diagram 23
3.3 Circuit Diagram and Description 24
3.4 Working Principle 26
3.5 Image of Project 27
3.6 Flow Chart 28
3.7 Summary of chapter 28
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 29-30
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Results 29
4.3 Advantages 29
4.4 Limitation 30

4.5 Cost Estimation of The Project 30
4.6 Application 31
4.7 Summary of the chapter 31
Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 32-33
5.1 Conclusion 32
5.2 Future Scopes of modification 33
References 34
Appendix 35-41

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO
2.2.1 Arduino UNO Board 6

2.2.2 Function of Different Pin. 6
2.2.3 AC-DC Power Supply & Circuit Diagram. 9
2.2.4 Transformer circuit representation 10
2.2.5 Diode and symbol 10
2.2.6 Junction diode symbol and static I-V characteristics 11
2.2.7 Bridge rectifier circuit 12
2.2.8 Input sine wave 13
2.2.9- Pulsating DC output 13
2.2.10 Filtered output 13
2.2.11 Capacitors & Capacitor symbols. 14
2.2.12 Internal constriction of capacitors 14
2.2.13 Voltage regulator output voltages. 15
2.2.14 LDR 16
2.215 Resistor 16
2.2.16 Different types of resistors symbol 17
2.2.17 Resistors in parallel 17
2.2.18 Resistors in series 17
2.2.19 Resistor color code chart 17
2.2.20 Light emitting diodes symbol and circuit representation 18
2.2.21 Connecting wire 19
2.2.22 Vero board copper DIL strip board 20
2.2.23 Alcohol Sensor 20
2.2.24 RF Transmitter Receiver module 21
2.2.25 Motor 22
3.2.1 Block diagram of Transmitter by Smart helmet 23
3.2.2 Block diagram of Receiver by Smart helmet 24
3.3.1 Circuit diagram of Transmitter unit 24
3.3.2 Circuit diagram of Receiver 25
© Daffodil International University i

3.5 Image of Project 27
3.6 Flowchart of Smart helmet 28
© Daffodil International University ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we give thanks to Allah. It is a great pleasure for authors to express their unfettered
gratification, sincere appreciation and profound respect to our respective supervisor Md.
Mahmudur Rahman, Assistant professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Daffodil International University, for his constructive suggestion, scholastic guidance, constant
inspiration, valuable advices and kind cooperation for the successful completion of work on
“Design And Construction Of Smart Helmet with Alcohol Sensor”. This could not be possible
without his help. Space does not allow us to mention each person by name, but we are deeply
grateful to everyone associated with this project and thesis. We also wish to complement all
our respective concern teachers & staffs of our department of their direct and indirect assistance
at different times.
© Daffodil International University i

ABSTRACT
As the bikers in our country are increasing, the road mishaps are also increasing day by day,
due to which many casualties, most of them are caused due to most common negligence of not
wearing the helmets, and also many deaths occur due to lack of prompt medical attention
needed by the injured person. This motivates us to think about making a system which ensures
the safety of biker, by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per government guidelines, also
to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. The proposed
system is an intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync
with the module affixed on bike and will also ensure that biker has not con-summed alcohol.
Additional feature of accident detection module will be installed on the bike, which will be
able to detect accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room
and in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort
switch.
© Daffodil International University ii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
A smart helmet which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. The point of this task is to
give data at mischance to rescue vehicle N relatives. This is executed utilizing Arduino. This
paper shows the keen head protector that ensures that the rider can't begin the bicycle without
wearing it. This head protector replaces the link associations for remotely exchanging on a
bicycle, so the bicycle would not begin without both the key and the cap. A LED pointer is
utilized to show the working of the model. The framework is a straightforward telemetry
framework, which is enacted with the assistance of a weight that is connected to the inward
side of the protective cap when the rider wears it. The structure display utilizes a DPDT
electromechanical hand-off and consequently there is some time slack in wearing the head
protector and exchanging on of the circuit. The framework naturally checks whether the
individual is wearing the head protector and has non-alcoholic breath while driving. There is a
transmitter at the protective cap and a beneficiary at the bicycle. There is a change used to
beyond any doubt the wearing of protective cap on the head. The information to be exchanged
is coded with RF encoder and transmitted through radio recurrence transmitter. The beneficiary
at the bicycle gathers the information and disentangles it through RF decoder. MCU controls
the capacity of hand-off and consequently the start; it controls the motor through a transfer and
a hand-off interfacing circuit. Shrewd Helmet equipment utilized in this framework is Arduino
board, RF module, Alcohol sensor, LDR.
1.2 Background Study

After reading various literature papers that were based on smart helmet, we found this topic
(smart helmet) as the most useful technology in the present growing technology. After reading
many papers relative to this concept we found one paper that was very much helpful to us in
leading the project. In this technical paper smart helmet explains how to establish a safety
© Daffodil International University 1

society and secure society. This smart helmet has various application like useful for school
students, Useful for bike and scooters, help to protect life in accident case, number of cases of
violated traffic rules can be reduced. In all the above mention application we will use RF
module, but with a little change in the hardware. Along with this I will explain you how these
application is used to enhance the wellbeing of motorcyclists, to build up a Smart security head
protector for finish rider, and to ponder and comprehend the idea of RF Transmitter and RF
Receiver circuit in executing the venture. This specialized paper assumes a vital job in security
reason.
1.2.1 Main Concluding Points from Paper

This paper very briefly explains us about the working of RF module and how to create a
working environment for this module. This also explains us about the serial communication
technique used in this concept of information transmission.
1. Smart Helmet Using Arduino: This is a report about a shrewd cap which makes cruiser
driving more secure than previously. The point of this undertaking is to give data at mishap to
emergency vehicle N relatives. This is executed utilizing Arduino. This savvy cap was
actualized by putting vibrations sensors in better places of protective cap where the likelihood
of hitting is more which are associated with belligerence board. The equipment utilized in this
framework is Arduino board, Alcohol sensor and cell phone.
2. Smart Helmet for Bike Rider: This paper shows the shrewd protective cap that ensures that
the rider can't begin the bicycle without wearing it. This protective cap replaces the link
associations for remotely exchanging on a bicycle, so the bicycle would not begin without both
the key and the head protector. A LED pointer is utilized to show the working of the model.
The framework is a basic telemetry framework, which is actuated with the assistance of a
weight that is connected to the inward side of the head protector when the rider wears it. The
system display utilizes DPDT electromechanical hand-off and thus there is some time slack in
wearing the head protector and exchanging on of the circuit.
3. Alcohol Detection Using Smart Helmet System: The system automatically checks whether
the person is wearing the helmet and has non- alcoholic breath while driving. There is a
transmitter at the protective cap and a collector at the bicycle. There is a change used to beyond
any doubt the wearing of cap on the head. The information to be exchanged is coded with RF
encoder and transmitted through radio recurrence transmitter. The beneficiary at the bicycle
gathers the information and deciphers it through RF decoder. MCU controls the capacity of

hand-off and along these lines the start; it controls the motor through a hand-off and a transfer
interfacing circuit
1.3 Problem Statement

Helmets are the first line of defense against injuries due to road accidents for motorists. In
Bangladesh 70-85% deaths of motorists, due to accidents, happen because of not wearing a
helmet. We cannot control the occurrences of accidents but taking precautions to avoid life-
threatening injuries due to road accidents is in our hands by wearing helmets The major reason
people don’t wear helmets in Bangladesh, is because of their compromising attitude. They
prefer Comfort over Safety. Therefore, the problem is to tackle this stubborn attitude of people
and make sure that they wear helmets always. This was the problem that leads to the
development of the ideal of a Smart helmet
1.4 Objectives
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build a
Smart helmet with Alcohol Sensor. In this project sensors are place at different level of the
helmet and with the aid of these sensors, the IC monitors the level alcohol and recheck wearing
helmet, some of the objectives are
1. To design a smart helmet with features like road hazard warnings, and alcoholic detection.
2. To design the circuit that can improve the safety of motorcyclists
3. To develop a Smart safety helmet for complete rider.
4. To study and understand the concept of RF Transmitter and RF Receiver circuit in
implementing the project.
5. To Reduce Bike accident.
1.5 Scopes
In this paper we have examined about building up a "Smart Helmet: A Next Generation Smart
Gadget" by fusing numerous highlights like Alcohol discovery, crisis ready framework and
start control unit, that are needed in the regular head protectors. Particularly the brilliant
protective cap is intended to give security, well-being and solace adventure to the rider. The
structure of smart protective cap has demonstrated the acceptable outcomes and functions
admirably by liquor discovery. A crisis and mishap ready framework functions admirably to
battle the most exceedingly awful circumstances. In future the protective cap can be upgraded

by including some different highlights like, GPS framework and rider’s weakness identification
framework to give a superior well-being and security to the rider.
1.6 Methodology
Here we designed a system which checks the two conditions before ignition of the engine. The
first condition is whether the rider is wearing helmet or not and it is detected by a LDR sensor.
The second condition is detection of alcohol content in rider’s breath with the help of an alcohol
sensor. If any of the two or both the conditions are violated, then the bike will not start. If the
rider is wearing helmet and the alcohol content is not detected, then ignition of engine starts.
During the preparation of the report help from supervised by faculty Md. Mahmudur Rahman
of Daffodil International University. Although there were several sources but here some are
mentioned as for the proper references

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
COMPONENT
2.1 Introduction
The proposed framework is a keen protective cap. The framework guarantees the security of
the biker, by making it important to wear the Hel-met, according to the administration rules,
additionally to get legitimate and provoke restorative consideration, subsequent to meeting
with a mischance. A module is appended in the head protector, to such an extent that, the
module will adjust with the module joined on the bicycle. The framework will bear following
functionalities:
A. It will ensure that the rider has worn the helmet. If he fails to do so, the bike won’t start.
B. It will also ensure that biker has not consumed alcohol. If the rider is drunk, the bike
won’t start. It will consist of two parts:
• Module on helmet and
• Module on the bike.
Data from the helmet will be transmitted wirelessly to the bike. According to the various sensor
input the micro-controller will decide the actions of other blocks
2.2 Components
The Smart Helmet has the following main components: -
i. Arduino.
ii. Power Supply.
iii. Voltage Regulator IC.
iv. LDR
v. Resistor.
vi. Connecting wire.

vii. Breadboard.
viii. Alcohol Sensor
ix. LCD Display
x. Motor
xi. RF Transmitter Receiver module
2.2.1 Arduino Board
The most well-known board in the Arduino board family. Also, it is the best board to begin
with gadgets and coding. A few sheets appear to be somewhat unique from the one given
beneath however most Arduinos share lion's share of these parts practically speaking.
Fig: 2.2.1 Arduino UNO Board
2.2.1a Function of Different Pin
Fig: 2.2.2 Function of Different Pin.

Pin 1 Power USB
Arduino board can be fueled by utilizing the USB link from your PC. You should simply
associate the USB link to the USB association (1).
Pin 2 Power (Barrel Jack)
Arduino sheets can be controlled straightforwardly from the AC mains control supply by
interfacing it to the Barrel Jack (2).
Pin 3 Voltage Regulator
The capacity of the voltage controller is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
balance out the DC voltages utilized by the processor and different components.
Pin 4 Crystal Oscillator
The precious stone oscillator helps Arduino in managing time issues. How does Arduino figure
time? The appropriate response is, by utilizing the precious stone oscillator. The number
imprinted on top of the Arduino precious stone is 16.000H9H. It reveals to us that the
recurrence is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz
Pin (5,17) Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., begin your program from the earliest starting point.
You can reset the UNO board in two different ways. To start with, by utilizing the reset catch
(17) on the board. Second, you can associate an outside reset catch to the Arduino stick marked
RESET (5).
Pins 6,7,8,9 (3.3v, 5v, GND, Vin)
3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volts
GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used
to ground your circuit
Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source,
like AC mains power supply.

Pin 10 Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into
a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
Pin 11 Main microcontroller

Each Arduino board has its very own microcontroller (11). You can expect it as the cerebrum
of your board. The principle IC (incorporated circuit) on the Arduino is somewhat not quite the
same as board to board. The microcontrollers are normally of the ATMEL Company. You
should recognize what IC your barricade has before stacking another program from the Arduino
IDE. This data is accessible on the highest point of the IC. For more insights about the IC
development and capacities, you can allude to the information sheet.
Pin 12 ICSP pin

Generally, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a little programming header for the Arduino comprising of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. Usually alluded to as a SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface), which could be considered as a "development" of the yield. All things considered,
you are slaving the yield gadget to the ace of the SPI transport.
Pin 13 Power LED indicator

This LED should illuminate when you plug your Arduino into a power source to demonstrate
that your block is fueled accurately. In the event that this light does not turn on, at that point
there is some kind of problem with the association.
Pin 14 TX and RX LEDs

On your board, you will discover two names: TX (transmit) and RX (get). They show up in
two places on the Arduino UNO board. To start with, at the advanced pins 0 and 1, to show the
pins in charge of sequential correspondence. Second, the TX and RX drove (13). The TX drove
flashes with various speed while sending the sequential information. The speed of glimmering
relies upon the baud rate utilized by the board. RX flashes amid the accepting procedure.
Pin 15 Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 computerized I/O pins (15) (of which 6 give PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) yield. These pins can be arranged to fill in as information advanced pins to

peruse rationale esteems (0 or 1) or as computerized yield pins to drive distinctive modules like
LEDs, transfers, and so on. The pins marked "~" can be utilized to create PWM.
Pin 16 AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
2.2.2 Power Supply

A power supply is an electronic gadget that provisions electric vitality to an electrical load. The
essential capacity of a power supply is to change over one type of electrical vitality to another.
Subsequently, control supplies are some of the time alluded to as electric power converters.
Some power supplies are discrete, remain solitary gadgets, while others are incorporated with
bigger gadgets alongside their heaps. Models of the last incorporate power supplies found in
PCs and customer gadgets. The wellspring of this power can originate from various source like
the fundamental AC voltage, a battery or even from a sustainable power source like sun based
board wind turbine or energy component to give some examples. The most well-known
wellspring of intensity is normally the principle AC
Fig: 2.2.3 AC-DC Power Supply & Circuit Diagram.

2.2.2a Transformer
Fig: 2.2.4 Transformer circuit representation

A transformer is a device consisting of two closely coupled coils called primary and secondary
coils. An AC voltages applied to the primary appears across the secondary with a voltage
multiplication proportion to the turn ratio of the transformer and a current multiplication
inversely proportional to the turn ratio power is conserved turn ration = VP/VS=NP/Ns and
power out = power in or Vs
2.2.2.b Working of this Transformer
The two voltages, between line 1 and nonpartisan and among impartial and line 2 can be named
as VA and VB separately. At that point the scientific connection of these two voltages
demonstrates that they are needy upon the essential voltage and also the turn proportion of the
transformer.
VA = (NA/NP) * VP/VB = (NB/NP) * VP
One thing that ought to be noted here is that both the yields VA and VB individually are
equivalent in greatness however inverse in course, which implies that they are 180 degrees out
of stage with one another. For this reason, we likewise utilize a full wave rectifier with an inside
tapped transformer, to make both the voltages in stage with one another
2.2.2.c Diode
Fig: 2.2.5 Diode and symbol

The term diode more often than not infers a little signal device with current normally in the
milliamp go. A semiconductor diode comprises of a PN unction and has two (2) terminals, an
anode (+) and cathode (- ) current streams from anode to cathode inside the diode. Diodes are
semiconductor gadget that may be portrayed as passing current one way as it were. The last
piece of that announcement applies similarly vacuum tube diodes. Diodes anyway are
unmistakably to a great degree flexible truth be told. Diode can be utilized as rectifier, voltage
controllers, turning gadgets in radio recurrence tuned circuit, recurrence increasing gadget in
radio recurrence circuit, blending gadgets application or can be utilized to settle on rationale
choice in advanced circuit.

2.2.2.d Characteristics
Fig: 2.2.6 Junction diode symbol and static I-V characteristics
There are two working districts and three conceivable "biasing" conditions for the standard
Junction Diode and these are:
• 1. Zero Bias – No outside voltage potential is connected to the PN intersection Diode.
• 2. Turn around Bias – The voltage potential is associated negative, (- ve) to the P compose
material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material over the diode which has the impact of
Increasing the PN intersection diode's width.
• 3. Forward Bias – The voltage potential is associated positive, (+ve) to the P compose material
and negative, (- ve) to the N-type material over the diode which has the impact of Decreasing
the PN intersection diodes width.
2.2.2.e Full-Wave Rectifiers

A rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage. It can be
implemented using a capacitor diode combination. The unique property of diodes, permitting
the current to flow in a single direction is utilized in here. It converts an ac voltage into a
pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. Bridge rectifier is a full
wave rectifier circuit using the combination of four diodes to form a bridge. It has the advantage
that it converts both the half cycles of AC input into DC output.

Fig: 2.2.7 Bridge rectifier circuit
2.2.2.f Working of a Bridge Rectifier

• During the positive half cycle of auxiliary voltage, diodes D2 and D3 are forward one-sided
and diodes D1 and D4 are turn around one-sided. Presently the current moves through D2–
>Load– >D3.
• During the negative half cycle of the optional voltage, diodes D1 and D4 are forward one-
sided and rectifier diodes D2 and D3 are turn around one-sided. Presently the current courses
through D4– >Load>D1.
• In both the cycles, stack current streams a similar way. Subsequently we get a throbbing DC
voltage as appeared in fig (3.5,3.6).
Fig: 2.2.8 Input sine wave
Fig: 2.2.9 Pulsating DC output

• Addition of a capacitor at the yield changes over the throbbing DC voltage to settled DC
voltage.
• Up to a day and age of t=1s input voltage is expanding, so the capacitor energizes to top
estimation of the information. After t=1s input begins to diminish, at that point the voltage over
the capacitor turn around inclinations the diodes D2 and D4 and in this way it won't direct. No
capacitor releases through the heap, at that point voltage over the capacitor diminishes.
• When the pinnacle voltage surpasses the capacitor voltage, diodes D2 or D4 forward
inclinations and accordingly capacitor again charges to the pinnacle esteem. This procedure
proceeds. Consequently, we get relatively smooth DC voltage as appeared in fig
Fig: 2.2.10 Filtered output

2.2.2.g Capacitor
Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric

field. The types of reasonable capacitors differ broadly, however all contain no less than two
conductors isolated by a non-conductor. Capacitors utilized as parts of electrical frameworks,
for instance comprise of metal soils isolated by a layer of protecting film. A capacitor is aloof
electronic part comprising of a couple of conduits isolated by a dielectric (separator) when
there is a potential contrast (voltage) over the recognized on one plate and negative charge on
the other plate. Vitality is put away in the electrostatic field and is estimated in farads.
Fig: 2.2.11 Capacitors & Capacitor symbols.

2.2.2.h Theory of Operation
Fig: 2.2.12 Internal constriction of capacitors

A capacitor comprises of two conductors isolated by a non-conductive area. The non-
conductive area is known as the dielectric. In less difficult terms, the dielectric is only an
electrical encasing. Precedents of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a
semiconductor exhaustion district artificially indistinguishable to the conveyors. A capacitor is
thought to act naturally contained and segregated, with no net electric charge and no impact
from any outside electric field. The conduits in this manner hold equivalent and inverse charges
on their confronting surfaces, and the dielectric builds up an electric field. In SI units, a
capacitance of one farad implies that one coulomb of charge on each.
2.2.2.i Voltage Regulator
A voltage controller additionally called a "controller" has just three legs give off an impression
of being a nearly basic gadget however it is really a complex in coordinated circuit. A controller
changes over differing input volt and produces a steady "directed" yield voltage. Voltage
controllers are accessible in an assortment of yield. Last two digits in the name show the yield
voltages in the table underneath.
2.2.2.j Voltage Regulators Output Voltages
Fig: 2.2.13 Voltage regulator output voltages.

2.2.3 LDR
A LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell, photoconductor.
It is a one sort of resistor whose opposition shifts relying upon the measure of light falling on
its surface. At the point when the light falls on the resistor, at that point the opposition changes.
These resistors are regularly utilized in numerous circuits where it is required to detect the
nearness of light. These resistors have an assortment of capacities and obstruction. For
example, when the LDR is in murkiness, at that point it tends to be utilized to turn ON a light
or to kill a light when it is in the light. A run of the mill light ward resistor has an opposition
in the obscurity of 1MOhm, and in the splendor an obstruction of a few KOhm
Fig: 2.2.14 LDR
2.2.4 Resistor
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The resistor's capacity to
lessen the current is called opposition and is estimated in units of ohms (image: Ω). This is
each of the somewhat dubious for a subject like gadgets, which requires exact control of electric
flows. That is the reason we characterize obstruction all the more definitely as the voltage in
volts required making a current of 1-amp move through a circuit. On the off chance that it takes
500 volts to make 1-amp stream, the obstruction is 500 ohms (composed 500 Ω). You may see
this relationship worked out as a numerical condition: V = I × R this is known as Ohm's Law
for German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789– 1854).
Fig: 2.2.15 Resister

Fig: 2.2.16 Different types of resistors symbol
2.2.4.a Resistor in Parallel
Fig: 2.2.17 Resistors in parallel

2.2.4.b Resistors in Series
Fig: 2.2.18 Resistors in series
The total equivalent resistance of resistors in series R Total is the sum of the resistance values:
So when you add resistors in series, the total resistance is increased
2.2.4.c Resistors Color Code
Fig.Resistor color code char
Fig: 2.2.19 Resistor color code chart

2.2.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is mix of two
conditions of issue, the strong and the fluid. LCD utilizes a fluid precious stone to deliver an
unmistakable picture. Fluid precious stone showcases are super-thin innovation show screen
that are for the most part utilized in PC, TVs, mobile phones and convenient computer games.
LCD's advances permit showcases to be substantially slenderer when contrasted with cathode
beam tube (CRT) innovation. LCD's innovations permit presentations to be significantly
slenderer when contrasted with cathode beam tube (CRT) innovation. Fluid precious stone
showcase is made out of a few layers which incorporate two energized board channels and
terminals. LCD innovation is utilized
for showing the picture in scratch pad or some other electronic gadgets like smaller than normal
PCs.
Fig: 2.2.20 Light emitting diodes symbol and circuit representation.
Light is anticipated from a focal point on a layer of fluid precious stone. A LCD is either
comprised of a functioning network show framework or an inactive showcase lattice. The
greater part of the Smartphone's with LCD show innovation utilizes dynamic lattice show,
however a portion of the more seasoned shows still make utilization of the latent showcase
network structures. The vast majority of the electronic gadgets basically rely upon fluid gem
show innovation for their presentation. The fluid has a one of a kind favorable position of
having low power utilization than the LED or cathode beam tube. Fluid gem show screen chips
away at the rule of blocking light instead of radiating light. LCD's requires backdrop
illumination as they don't emanate light by them. We generally utilize gadgets which are
comprised of LCD's showcases which are supplanting the utilization of cathode beam tube.
Cathode beam tube attracts more power contrasted with LCD's and are additionally heavier and
greater.

2.2.6 Connecting Wires
A wire is a solitary, typically round and hollow, adaptable strand or pole of metal. Wires are
utilized to manage mechanical burdens or power and broadcast communications signals. Wire
is normally framed by illustration the metal through an opening in a bite the dust or draw plate.
Wire measures come in different standard sizes, as communicated as far as a check number.
The term wire is likewise utilized all the more freely to allude to a heap of such strands, as in
'multi stranded wire', which is all the more accurately named a wire rope in mechanics, or a
link in power.
Fig: 2.2.21 Connecting wire
2.2.7 Vero Board Copper DIL Strip Board

Strip board is the nonexclusive name for a generally utilized sort of gadgets prototyping board
portrayed by a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) ordinary (rectangular) lattice of openings, with wide parallel
segments of copper cladding running one way the distance crosswise over one side of the board.
It is usually additionally known by the name of the first item Vero board, which is a trademark,
in the UK, of British organization Vero Technologies Ltd and Canadian Organization Pixel
Print Ltd. In utilizing the board, breaks are made in the tracks, for the most part around
openings, to partition the strips into different electrical hubs. With consideration, it is
conceivable to break between openings to take into account segments that have two stick
pushes just a single position separated, for example, twin column headers for IDCs. Strip board
isn't intended for surface-mount segments, however it is conceivable to mount numerous such
segments on the track side, especially if tracks are cut/formed with a blade or little cutting circle
in a rotational device.

Fig: 2.2.22 Vero board copper DIL strip board
2.2.8 Alcohol Senor

This module is made using Alcohol Gas Sensor MQ3. It is a minimal effort semiconductor
sensor which can identify the nearness of liquor gases at focuses from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L.
The delicate material utilized for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is bringing down in
clean air. It's conductivity increments as the convergence of liquor gases increments. It has
high affectability to liquor and has a decent protection from unsettling influences because of
smoke, vapor and gas. This module gives both computerized and simple yields. MQ3 liquor
sensor module can be effortlessly interfaced with Micro controllers, Arduino Boards,
Raspberry Pi and so on. This liquor sensor is appropriate for identifying liquor fixation on your
breath, much the same as your regular breathalyzer. It has a high affectability and quick
reaction time. Sensor gives a simple resistive yield dependent on liquor focus. The drive circuit
is extremely basic all it needs is one resistor. A straightforward interface could be a 0-3.3V
ADC
Fig: 2.2.23 Alcohol Sensor

2.2.9 RF Transmitter Receiver module
In generally, the remote frameworks architect has two abrogating limitations: it must work over
a specific separation and exchange a specific measure of data inside an information rate. The
RF modules are little in measurement and have a wide working voltage extend i.e. 3V to 12V.
Essentially the RF modules are 433 MHz RF transmitter and collector modules. The transmitter
draws no power when transmitting rationale zero while completely stifling the bearer
recurrence accordingly expend fundamentally low power in battery activity. At the point when
rationale one is sent bearer is completely on to about 4.5mA with a 3volts power supply. The
information is sent sequentially from the transmitter which is gotten by the tuned collector.
Transmitter and the beneficiary are properly interfaced to two micro-controllers for information
exchange.
Fig: 2.2.24 RF Transmitter Receiver module
2.2.10 Motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric engines work through the cooperation between the engine's attractive
field and twisting flows to create drive as pivot. Electric engines can be controlled by direct
flow (DC) sources, for example, from batteries, engine vehicles or rectifiers, or by exchanging
flow (AC) sources, for example, a power lattice, inverters or electrical generators. An electric
generator is mechanically indistinguishable to an electric engine, yet works in the turnaround
heading, tolerating mechanical vitality, (for example, from streaming water) and changing over
this mechanical vitality into electrical vitality.
engines might be grouped by contemplations, for example, control source compose, inward
development, application and kind of movement yield. Notwithstanding AC versus DC
composes, engines might be brushed or brushless, might be of different stage (see single-stage,

two-stage, or three-stage), and might be either air-cooled or fluid cooled. Universally useful
engines with standard measurements and qualities give advantageous mechanical capacity to
modern utilize. The biggest electric engines are utilized for ship drive, pipeline pressure and
pumped-stockpiling applications with appraisals achieving 100 megawatts. Electric engines
are found in modern fans, blowers and pumps, machine instruments, family apparatuses,
control devices and plate drives. Little engines might be found in electric watches. In specific
applications, for example, in regenerative braking with footing engines, electric engines can be
utilized backward as generators to recuperate vitality that may somehow or another be lost as
warmth and contact
Fig: 2.2.25 Motor
2.3 Summary
The components used are studied individually. Their purpose in the system is explained along
with their ratings and connections

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND ABRICATION
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will be explaining about the construction of three main section of this project.
i. Power Supply Unit: Explain the construction of a regulated power supply.

ii. Transmitting Unit: Explain the construction of Transmitting system in helmet
section
iii. Receiver Unit: Explain the construction of Receiving system in motorbike section.
3.2 Block Diagram

Block Diagram of Transmitting system in helmet section
Fig: 3.2.1 Block diagram of Transmitter by Smart helmet

Block Diagram of Transmitting system in helmet section
Fig: 3.2.2 Block diagram of Receiver by Smart helmet
3.3 Circuit Diagram and Description
Transmitter unit Circuit Diagram:
Fig: 3.3.1 Circuit diagram of Transmitter unit

It fundamentally comprises of a LDR Sensor, Alcohol Sensor, Microcontroller and
Transmitter. LDR Sensor: A LDR sensor comprises of a producer, locator and related
hardware. The producer is essentially a LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the identifier is just a
whole circuit and the projects will be sustained into it. As indicated by LDR photoresist or
which is touchy to light of a similar wave-the information it will get from the module on bicycle
it will control the length as that transmitted by the LED. The LOW or HIGH yield of
outstanding parts. In view of the yield of both the of the LDR sensor decides whether the
protective cap is worn or not worn.
Alcohol Sensor: Used for identifying liquor fixation in breath. It gives a simple yield dependent
on liquor fixation. On the off chance that the measure of liquor surpasses the limit esteem it
won't enable the bicycle to begin.
Microcontroller: All the simple yields from every one of the sensors on the protective cap are
sent to this microcontroller as information. As indicated by the edge set for liquor sensor,
accelerometer and the low or high yield of the LDR sensor, a choice is made and sent to the
module on bicycle remotely.
Transmitter: A RF transmitter working at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is utilized to transmit the
sequential information to the recipient over remote media.
Receiver unit Circuit Diagram
Fig: 3.3.2 Circuit diagram of Receiver Unit

It essentially comprises of a Receiver, Microcontroller and Motor. Beneficiary: A RF recipient
working at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is utilized to get the information over remote media.
Microcontroller: This is the real basic leadership unit of the whole circuit and the projects will
be encouraged into it. As per the information it will get from the module on bicycle it will
control the yield of outstanding segments. In view of the yield of both the accelerometers on
bicycle and cap, and dependent on the yields of liquor sensor and LDR sensor, it will send a
hand-off yield to the motor
Table: 1- Parts list of Smart helmet
Name Range Quantity

1. Arduino uno (7 - 12V) 2
2. Alcohol Sensor 0-3.3V 1
3. LDR 1
4. RF transmitter & Receiver 433 MHz 1 pair
5. Motor 6.5 to 15V 1
DC
6. Potentiometer 10K 1
7. 16:2 LCD Display 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) 1
8. Vero Board 1
9. Helmet 1
10. Power Supply 0-12V 1
3.4 Working Principle

In the wake of gathering the framework, what remains is to watch its task and proficiency. this
shrewd protective cap completely an Arduino based framework. the shrewd head protector that
ensures that the rider can't begin the bicycle without wearing it. This head protector replaces
the link associations for remotely exchanging on a bicycle, so the bicycle would not begin
without both the key and the cap. all the procedure we are demonstrating the LCD Display We
likewise endeavor to legitimize how a framework as straightforward as our own can contend
with those accessible business.
Step-By-Step Operation
The flowchart appeared in Fig clarifies the work process of the framework

1. The rider wears the head protector. At the point when the protective cap is worn, the LDR
sensor distinguish a hindrance and gives LOW yield. The liquor sensor computes the liquor
content in the rider's breath.
2. All these sensor yields are sent as contribution to the microcontroller. The microcontroller
forms the information and sends it to the module on the bicycle through RF module comprising
of RF transmitter and RF beneficiary.
3. The recipient sends the information to the microcontroller on the bicycle module. On the off
chance that the LDR sensor is LOW, it infers that the head protector is worn and consequently
the bicycle will run easily else it won't enable the bicycle to begin.
4. If liquor fixation is more than the limit, it won't enable the bicycle to begin else the bicycle
will run easily.
5. All the procedure demonstrating the LCD Display.
3.5 Image of Project
Fig:3.6 Image of Project

3.6 Flowchart:
Fig: 3.6 Flowchart of Smart helmet
3.7 Summary
A circuit diagram (electrical diagram, elementary diagram, electronic schematic) is a graphical
representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit graph utilizes basic pictures of parts,
while a schematic outline demonstrates the segments and interconnections of the circuit
utilizing institutionalized emblematic portrayals. The introduction of the interconnections
between circuit segments in the schematic chart does not really compare to the physical courses
of action in the completed gadget.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
Most protective cap advancements today center around a couple of things like including a MP3
player or remote telephone or even a glimmer light over it. In any case, none of these highlights
give ensure that they are intended to be utilized for bicycle rider's wellbeing. The brilliant head
protector, then again depends on one single thought i.e. to make it by one way or another
compulsory to wear it while riding a motorbike by the assistance of some innovation. This
protective cap, by and by, goes about as a second key to the vehicle and thus expands security.
Also, as the rider can neither begin nor run the vehicle without wearing a cap, it guarantees that
the rider needs to wear the protective cap every one of the occasions while riding a vehicle.
The second step is liquor discovery. Alcohol sensor is utilizing as breath analyzer which
identify the nearness of liquor in rider breath in the event that it is surpasses start can't begin.
It will send the message to enroll number. MQ3 sensor is utilized for these condition.
This section will introduce every one of the outcomes and computations and important
exchanges.
4.2 Results
The test show was made by the circuit outline and the outcomes were obviously, If the LDR
sensor is LOW, it suggests that the cap is worn and thus the bicycle will run easily else it won't
enable the bicycle to begin, if liquor fixation is more than the limit, it won't enable the bicycle
to begin else the bicycle will run easily
4.3 Advantages
1. It does not cause any environmental pollution
2. Small size
3. Safety monitoring of the environment
4. Providing Wireless connection security

5. Prevent from the high temperature, humidity and harmful gases
6. Quick Searching and can able to give the warning
7. Low maintenance cost
8. All the components required are easily available
9. Reduce Bike accident
4.4 Limitation
1. initial cost high
2. Install process difficult
4.5 Cost Estimation of the Project
Table: 2- Cost Estimation
Sr. No. Particulars Cost in TK

01 Arduino 2 p 850
02 Connecting wire 60
03 Power supply 150
04 Resistors 2
05 Variable Resistor 15
06 RF Transmitter & Receiver 350
07 LDR 15
08 LED 5
09 LCD 120
10 Vero Board 40
11. Alcohol Sensor 145
12. Helmet 1000
13. Motor 60
Total 2792
4.6 Application
1. Helmet will warn the rider when road hazard is ahead.
2. Drunken driven detection

3. Can be applied to the persons who are working in the underground.
4. Can be applied at any weather Conditions
4.7 Summary
The ordinary controllers in market generally utilize capacitive sensors and microcontrollers.
These expansions the expense and in addition the unpredictability of the framework. We have
built up a fairly less difficult however proficient model of a shrewd head protector

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1. If can be real time safety system, we can implement the whole circuit into small module
later.
2. Less power consuming safety system
3. This safety system technology can further be enhancing into four wheelers also by replacing
the helmet with seat belt.
The goal of the Smart Helmet project is to significantly increase safety and awareness for
motorcycle drivers. With an accessible and convenient way for drivers to stay aware of their
blind spots, the Smart Helmet will be a vital asset for any motorcyclist interested in adding a
blanket of safety while on the road. While not intended to be a replacement for any existing
road safety practices, the Smart Helmet gives drivers an added assurance of safety. The Smart
Helmet team spent the majority of their time researching and designing a system that was
capable of performing accurate LDR readings and communicating to its subsystems with
minimal delay. The limited budget proved to be the limiting reagent to this project. The cheaper
LDR sensors unfortunately did not have the wide angle reading that was required by the
requirements. Because of this, the Smart Helmet team had to design a daisy-chain solution that
used multiple LDR sensors for each blind spot. As the implementation process continues into
next semester, the Smart Helmet team will need to focus on developing an accurate LDR
measurement algorithm that will take in multiple LDR sensor measurements and consolidate
them into one final measurement. From this project, the Smart Helmet team has learned how
to incorporate smaller subsystems into one greater project. Concepts such as power
management, wireless communication, visual displays, and LDR sensor readings were all
researched and implemented from scratch. On top of the engineering aspects learned, the Smart
Helmet team gained valuable communication and teamwork skills that will be valuable in the
future. Moving forward, the Smart Helmet team plans to adhere to the milestone schedule
discussed in the previous section. If the Smart Helmet team is able to properly create a working
model ahead of schedule they can attempt to incorporate bonus features such as a live visual

feed so the user can see what is behind them, and a brightness dimmer so that the use can dim
or brighten the visual display.
5.2 Future Scopes of modification

In this paper we have talked about building up a "Smart Helmet: A Next Generation Smart
Gadget" by consolidating numerous highlights like Alcohol identification, crisis ready
framework and start control unit, that are needed in the ordinary head protectors. Particularly
the savvy head protector is intended to give security, wellbeing and solace voyage to the rider.
The plan of shrewd head protector has demonstrated the palatable outcomes and functions
admirably by liquor discovery. A crisis and mishap ready framework functions admirably to
battle the most exceedingly bad circumstances. In future we have planned to construct our
intelligent system during a compact size and additionally as globally acceptable to notify the
No entry and No parking areas.
• Can be modified for four wheelers.
• GPS can be used to track the location of accident.
• Light dimmer sensors can be used to dim the light automatically when light from other
vehicles fall on it.

REFERENCES
[1] International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319‐7064 Volume
3 Issue 3, March 2014
[2] International Journal of Computer Science and Applications Vol. 6, No.2, Apr 2013
ISSN: 0974-1011 (Open Access)
[3] Article from The Hindu [online] 2011 Feb. 10 Available
from:URL:http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/10/stories/2011021063740500.htm
[4] Bishop, R (2002). The road ahead for intelligent vehicle sytem: what”s in store for riders?
8th Annual Minnesota Motorcycle safety conference
[5] William R. Reagen, (1979) ―Auto theft detection system‖ US4177466 (US Patent)
Computer”, May 2011
[6] https://www.ecstatictrends.com/smart-helmet-a-complete-life-saving-gadget-for-two-
wheeler-enthusiasts/
[7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271139060_Smart_Helmet_with_Sensors_for
_Accident_Prevention
[8] https://www.scribd.com/doc/276658389/SMART-HELMET-USING-ARDUINO-B-
Tech-Project-Report
[9] https://www.google.com/search?q=smart+helmet+project&safe=active&source=lnms&
sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1o_GWlYDeAhXEqo8KHTCQDcUQ_AUICSgA&biw=1093&
bih=534&dpr=1.25
[10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0b3bQ_n6tRY

APPENDIX
Transmitter Unit:
/*
* Khalid Hasan
* khalid18january@gmail.com
* +8801745046542
*/
#include <RCSwitch.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(8,7,6,5,4,3);
int sensor = A0;

int p = A1;
int led =13;
int s_value = 0;
RCSwitch tx = RCSwitch();
void setup()
{
pinMode(p, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
tx.enableTransmit(9); // Using Pin #9
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print("Smart Helmet and");
Serial.print("Smart Helmet and\n");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Alcohol Detector");
Serial.print("Alcohol Detector\n");
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{
if (analogRead(p)>200)
{
delay(10);
s_value=0;
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Helmet is not");
Serial.print("\nHelmet is not\n");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Detected");
Serial.print("Detected\n");
delay(3000);
}
else if(digitalRead(p)<195)
{
delay(10);
s_value=1;
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Helmet is");
Serial.print("\nHelmet is\n");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Detected");
Serial.print("Detected\n");
delay(2000);
}
if(s_value==0)
{

tx.send("10101010"); //170 engine off
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
}
else if(s_value==1)
{
lcd.clear();
float adcValue=0;
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
adcValue+= analogRead(sensor);
delay(10);
}
float v= (adcValue/10) * (5.0/1024.0);
float mgL= 0.67 * v;
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ACD: ");
Serial.print("\nACD: ");
Serial.print(mgL);
Serial.print(" mg/L\n");
lcd.print(mgL);
lcd.print(" mg/L ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
if(mgL > 0.8)
{
lcd.print("Condition:Drunk");
Serial.print("Condition:Drunk\n");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Engine will be");
Serial.print("\nEngine will be off after 10 secound\n");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Off");
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("10");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("09");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("08");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("07");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("06");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("05");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("04");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("03");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("02");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("01");
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);

lcd.print("00");
delay(1000);
tx.send("10101010"); //170 engine off
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Engine off");
Serial.print("\nEngine off\n");
delay(5000);
}
else
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ACD: ");
lcd.print(mgL,4);
lcd.print(" mg/L ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Condition:Normal");
Serial.print("Condition:Normal\n");
tx.send("10011"); //19 engine on
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
}
delay(3000);
}
}
Receiver Unit:
/*
* Khalid Hasan
* khalid18january@gmail.com
* +8801745046542
*/

#include <RCSwitch.h>
int led = 13;

int engine = 12;
RCSwitch rx = RCSwitch();
void setup()
{
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(engine, OUTPUT);
rx.enableReceive(0); // Receiver on inerrupt 0 => that is pin #2
}
void loop()
{
if (rx.available()>0)
{
int value = rx.getReceivedValue();
if (value == 170)
{
digitalWrite(engine, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else if (value == 19)
{
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
digitalWrite(engine, 150);
delay(1000);
}
rx.resetAvailable();
}
delay(100);
}


Smart Helmet With Alcohol Sensor

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Smart Helmet With Alcohol Sensor

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SMART

HELMET WITH ALCOHOL SENSOR

Name: Md. Atikur Rahman

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

© Daffodil International University

Signature of the Candidate

Md. Atikur Rahman

Md. Khalid Hasan

Md. Mahmudur Rahman

© Daffodil International University

We dedicate this Project to our parents.

© Daffodil International University

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1-4

Chapter 2: ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM COMPONEN 5-22

© Daffodil International University

Chapter 3: HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 23-28

Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 29-30

© Daffodil International University

Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 32-33

© Daffodil International University

2.2.1 Arduino UNO Board 6

© Daffodil International University i

© Daffodil International University ii

© Daffodil International University i

© Daffodil International University ii

1.2 Background Study

© Daffodil International University 1

1.2.1 Main Concluding Points from Paper

© Daffodil International University 2

1.3 Problem Statement

© Daffodil International University 3

© Daffodil International University 4

© Daffodil International University 5

xi. RF Transmitter Receiver module

2.2.1 Arduino Board

Fig: 2.2.1 Arduino UNO Board

2.2.1a Function of Different Pin

Fig: 2.2.2 Function of Different Pin.

© Daffodil International University 6

Pin 2 Power (Barrel Jack)

Pin 3 Voltage Regulator

Pin 4 Crystal Oscillator

Pin (5,17) Arduino Reset

Pins 6,7,8,9 (3.3v, 5v, GND, Vin)

3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

© Daffodil International University 7

Pin 11 Main microcontroller

Pin 12 ICSP pin

Pin 13 Power LED indicator

Pin 14 TX and RX LEDs

© Daffodil International University 8

2.2.2 Power Supply

Fig: 2.2.3 AC-DC Power Supply & Circuit Diagram.

Fig: 2.2.4 Transformer circuit representation

© Daffodil International University 9

2.2.2.b Working of this Transformer

Fig: 2.2.5 Diode and symbol

© Daffodil International University 10

Fig: 2.2.6 Junction diode symbol and static I-V characteristics

2.2.2.e Full-Wave Rectifiers

© Daffodil International University 11

2.2.2.f Working of a Bridge Rectifier