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traverse
4. Check if the angles and C
lengths are accepted
5. If rejected, re-do the work
6. If accepted, adjust the errors
and compute coordinates.
Coordinate Computations
• Assume that we were given a site to map, and
the coordinates of one point (A), and the
azimuth of the line (AB), we need more known
(control stations)
• We marked three more points around the site,
the four points make rectangle (or a square).
• We then measured all the internal angles and
the length of all the sides (lines).
• Using the given azimuth of AB and all angles,
we computed the azimuth of all the sides, we
get the following table:
Coordinate Computations
Azimuth ∆E = ∆N =
Point Line Length (α) d sin( α) d cos( α) E N
A 200.00 350.00
AB 100.10 0° 00' 00'' 0.00 100.10
B 200.00 450.10
BC 100.00 90° 00' 00" 100.00 0.00
C 300.00 450.10
CD 100.00 180°00'00" 0.00 -100.00
D 300.00 350.10
DA 99.70 270°00'00” - 99.70 0.00
A 200.30 350.10
Sum 399.80 0.30 0.10
Questions
Note that the coordinates of A when computed at the bottom of the table,
are not the same as given coordinates.
Also note the relationship between that error and the sum of Northings
and Eastings.
How do you explain that?
Assume that the traverse was a perfect square of 100 m side length and
oriented towards the north, what you notice in our measurements, and
how can you relate that to the error in A?
The concept of Linear Closing Error
B c
Σ∆N=0.1
D
A
Σ∆E=0.3
The concept of Angular Closing Error
• Now let us assume the same perfect square of 90°
angles and 100 m sides. When measured all lengths
were correct, while the angle at B was in error by 10°
when measured, the surveyor reported 100°. What
happens?
B c
Here is the
perfect traverse
that we are
trying to
measure:
D
A
The concept of Closing Error
• Error in angles OR error in distances will
result in a closing error: last point will not be
at the first point.
• The problem is that we do not know where
the errors are and how much each error?
• Measurements are never exact, we always
assume that we have errors in angles and
distances.
• Before we learn how to compute the errors
and how to adjust for them, let us learn some
issues with traverse
Closed and Open Traverses
• A closed traverse is the one that starts and
ends at known points and directions,
whether the shape is closed or not
• A closed traverse can be a polygon
{closed shape} or Link {closed geometry-
open shape
Closed (polygon or link)
traverses
Link
Polygon
Open TRAVERSE
True Location Observed Location
A ∆X=XB-XA
∆Y=YB-YA
L1 L2
L3 L4
∑∆YObserved
L5
B
MX
MY
XY
∑∆XObserved
M
•Open Traverses are not used in engineering
control applications, why?
T1 T3
B
T4
T2
A
Traverse Stations
• Angles should be as equal as possible and better
be 30 to 150°, why????
• Lines should be and as equal as possible, Why?
• Stations must be referenced to retrieve them if lost.
We produce a “descriptive card” for each point
ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ب
روﺑﻴﺮ
)110.25م(
د ج
ﺱﻠﻢ ﻡﺒﻨﻲ
ﺵﺠﺮة
12.73م
8.67م
ﺸﻜل ) (8.2ﻜﺭﻭﻜﻲ )ﻜﺭﺕ ﻭﺼﻑ( ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺝ
11.24م
ﻋﻤﻮد أﻥﺎرﻩ
: ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻭﺘﺩ ﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ •
ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ ﺃ •
ﻭ ﺒﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ •
ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺭﻗﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ •
ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ .
Traversing by Interior Angles
Line AB was
B c
correct
Line BC was
correct, but
angle A was
wrong
The rest of the
lines and angles
are correct A’ D
A
Computations and Adjustments
of Angle Misclosure
Answer
Allowable angular closing error = 3 x 30” √ 5 = 201”
As ∆θ = 120” (≤ 201” ) , accepted.
E
If the traverse is EAB EBC
closed, then + ve + ve
Σ∆E = 0 and
Σ∆N = 0
EDA ECD
N
- ve - ve
D
Σ∆N
C
Σ∆E
A’
If the traverse is
closed, then A
Σ∆E = 0 and B
E
Σ∆N = 0 EAB EBC
+ ve + ve
If the traverse is not closed,
Then Σ∆E = Ec and Σ∆N = Nc
Computations of Linear Closing
Error
• If he closing error is (W) then
Ew = Σ∆E and
Nw = Σ∆N,
W = length of closing error = √ Ew2 + Nw2
Fractional Closing error = traverse precision =
W/ΣL
Direction of the error = Azimuth =
tan-1 (Ew / Nw) = tan-1 (Σ∆E / Σ∆N)
Adjustment of Linear Misclosure
• Compute and adjust the angle misclosure
• Compute the linear misclosure:
– Compute the azimuth of a traverse side
– Compute the azimuth of all the sides
– Compute the departure and latitude of all the sides
– Compute the Misclosure in (E) direction =
sum of the departures.
– Compute the Misclosure in (N) direction =
sum of the latitudes.
– Compute the linear misclosure
– If accepted, use the Compass (Bowditch) rule to
adjust:
Compass (Bowditch) Rule
Correction in departure for AB = - ( Σ ∆E
ΣL
) (L )
AB
Where:
L is the length of a line, and (Σ L) is the perimeter
Computations of Coordinates
• Add the corrections to the departure or the
latitude of each line to get the adjusted
departure or latitude
• Compute the adjusted point coordinates
using the corrected departure or latitude:
Ei = E i-1 + ∆E
Ni = N i-1 + ∆N
• Check that the misclosure is zero.
Example of Standards
Horizontal Control Accuracy Standards For Traverse
(By The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS))
1st 2 nd 3 rd
Order
Class I II I II
Angular 1.7”√n 3.0”√n 4.5”√n 10.0”√n 12.0”√n
Closure
Linear 0.04√∑L 0.08√∑L 0.20√∑L 0.40√∑L 0.80√∑L
Closure or, or, or, or, or,
(after 1/100,00 1/50,000 1/20,000 1/10,000 1/5,000
angul. 0
adj.)
Acceptable Relative precision
1 in 5000 & 30” √n for most engineering surveys
1 in 10000 & 10” √n for control, for large projects
1 in 20000 & 2” √n for major works and monitoring for
structural deformation etc.
Ex.: The angles were observed to the nearest 30” in 5
points traverse. If the angular closing error was 2’,
correct the angles.
Answer
Allowable angular closing error = 3 x 30” √ 5 = 201”
As ∆θ = 120” (≤ 201” ) , accepted.
Correction in each angle = - 120 “ / 5 = - 24”
But the angles were observed to the nearest 30”, the
corrections will be :
- 30”, - 30”, - 30” , - 30” & 0 .
point Length L Azimuth Departure Latitude Correction Balanced E N
AZ L sin (Az) L cos (Az)
Departure Latitude Departure Latitude
(WN/ΣL)* L (WE/ ΣL)* L E N
B
E
A
Traverse area = 1 Σ { Ei (Ni+1 - Ni-1)}
2
•Multiply the X coordinate of each point by the difference
in Y between the following and the preceding points, half the sum
is the area
•The formula will work for traverses lettered in a clockwise
direction, but it will give a correct area with a negative sign.
•The formula should work if you switch the N and the E.