SP-1282 - Guide To Concrete

Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.
UNRESTRICTED Document ID: SP-1282

Dec 2009 Filing key: 1282
Specification for Reinforced Concrete
Production & Construction
SP-1282
This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any part
of this document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise) without prior
written consent of the owner.
Specification for Reinforced Concrete – Production & Construction Version 2.0
Authorised For Issue Dec 2009
Signed: ............................................................
Ali Nasser Al Jahadhamy, UIB/4 (UEB)
CFDH, Civil Engineering
The following is a brief summary of the recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions prior
to these are held on file by the issuing department.
Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks
Revision 1 July ‘93 W. Von Schmidt, TTH/4 Updated to Standard Format
Version 1.0 May ‘04 Ali Nasser Al Jahadhamy, Converted to Specification as per PDO
TTO/2 (UEC) policy and minor changes to the text
Version 2.0 Dec ‘09 Ali Nasser Al Jahadhamy, Updated
UIB/4 (UEB)
SP 1282 Page i Dec 2009

Version 2.0 Specification for Reinforced Concrete - Production & Construction
Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 User Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Changes to the Specification ............................................................................................ 1
1.4 Applicable Standards, Specifications and Codes ............................................................. 1
1.4.1 PDO Standards ................................................................................................ 2
1.4.2 International Standards .................................................................................... 2
1.4.3 SIEP / Shell GSI Standards ............................................................................. 4
1.5 Units of Measurement ...................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Compliance with Standards .............................................................................................. 4
2. Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Nature & Origin of Structural Concrete Damage ............................................................. 5
2.3 Aggregates ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.3.1 Principal Sources............................................................................................. 6
2.3.1.1 Beaches ........................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1.2 Duricrust ......................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1.3 Desert Stones .................................................................................................. 6
2.3.1.4 Quarries .......................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1.5 Sand Dunes ..................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1.6 Wadis & Gravel Plains ................................................................................... 6
2.3.2 Specification Requirements ............................................................................. 7
2.3.3 Classification and Petrographic Description ................................................... 7
2.3.4 Contamination & Reactivity ............................................................................ 7
2.3.4.1 Clay, Silt & Fine Dust .................................................................................... 7
2.3.4.2 Organic Matter................................................................................................ 8
2.3.4.3 Chlorides & Sulphates.................................................................................... 8
2.3.4.4 Alkali/Aggregate Reactivity ............................................................................ 8
2.3.5 Physical & Mechanical Properties ................................................................ 11
2.3.5.1 Grading ......................................................................................................... 11
2.3.5.2 Shape ............................................................................................................ 12
2.3.5.3 Water Absorption ......................................................................................... 12
2.3.5.4 Aggregate Soundness .................................................................................... 13
2.3.5.5 Drying Shrinkage .......................................................................................... 13
2.3.5.6 Thermal Expansion ....................................................................................... 13
2.3.5.7 Weak & Friable Aggregates .......................................................................... 13
2.4 Types of Cement............................................................................................................. 14
2.4.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or ASTM Type I ...................................... 16
2.4.2 ASTM Type II Cement .................................................................................. 17
2.4.3 Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC) (ASTM Type IV).................................. 17
2.4.4 Portland Blast Furnace Cement & Cement Made with Pozzaolanas ............. 17
2.4.5 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (ASTM Type III) .................................... 17
2.4.6 Sulphate Resisting Portland Cements (SRPC) (ASTM Type V)................... 17
2.5 Admixtures ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 Information From Suppliers .......................................................................... 22
2.5.2 Main Functions ............................................................................................. 22
2.5.3 Choice of Admixture ..................................................................................... 22
2.5.4 Corrosion Inhibitors ...................................................................................... 22
2.6 Water .............................................................................................................................. 23
2.6.1 Water For Mixing Or Curing Reinforced Concrete....................................... 23
2.6.2 Water For Mixing Mass Concrete ................................................................. 23
2.6.3 Contamination limits for Concrete mix and Water ........................................ 23
Dec 2009 Page ii SP 1282

2.7 Concrete Mixes............................................................................................................... 23

2.7.1 Durable Concrete ........................................................................................... 23
2.8 Mix Design ..................................................................................................................... 26
2.8.1 General Procedures ........................................................................................ 26
2.8.2 Detailed Procedures ....................................................................................... 27
2.8.2.1 Water/Cement Ratio & Cement Type............................................................ 27
2.8.2.2 Cement Content ............................................................................................ 27
2.8.2.3 Aggregate Size............................................................................................... 27
2.8.2.4 Aggregate Content ......................................................................................... 27
2.8.2.5 Aggregate Proportions ................................................................................... 34
2.8.2.6 Workability ................................................................................................... 34
2.8.2.7 Bleeding & Settlement .................................................................................. 34
2.8.2.8 Concrete Strength.......................................................................................... 34
2.9 Concrete Quality Control ............................................................................................... 35
2.10 Concrete Production ............................................................................................ 36
2.10.1 Climatic Effects ............................................................................................. 36
2.10.1.1 Temperature & Evaporation ........................................................................ 36
2.10.1.2 Loss of Workability .................................................................................... 36
2.10.1.3 Time Between Mixing & Compaction ........................................................ 36
2.10.1.4 Effect of Temperature on Strength .............................................................. 36
2.10.1.5 Elastic Deformation, Shrinkage & Creep .................................................... 36
2.10.1.6 Plastic Shrinkage & Cracking ..................................................................... 36
2.10.1.7 Permeability ................................................................................................ 40
2.10.1.8 Loss of Strength .......................................................................................... 40
2.10.2 Temperature Control During Concrete Production ........................................ 40
2.10.2.1 Mix Constituents Cooling........................................................................... 40
2.10.2.2 Mixing Water Cooling ................................................................................ 42
2.10.2.3 Plant ............................................................................................................ 42
2.10.2.4 Mixing Times .............................................................................................. 42
2.10.2.5 Cleaning Mixing Plant ................................................................................ 42
2.10.3 Delivery & Storage Of Materials ................................................................... 43
2.10.3.1 Imported Cement ......................................................................................... 43
2.10.3.2 Hot Cement ................................................................................................. 43
2.10.3.3 Bagged Cement ........................................................................................... 43
2.10.3.4 Bulk Cement ............................................................................................... 43
2.10.3.5 Aggregate .................................................................................................... 43
2.10.3.6 Admixtures .................................................................................................. 43
2.10.3.7 Water........................................................................................................... 44
2.11 Placing & Compacting Concrete ......................................................................... 44
2.12 Curing.................................................................................................................. 45
2.12.1 Importance of Curing ..................................................................................... 45
2.12.2 Top Surfaces .................................................................................................. 45
2.12.3 Vertical Surfaces ............................................................................................ 46
2.12.4 Water Spraying .............................................................................................. 46
2.12.5 Curing Compounds ........................................................................................ 46
2.12.6 Insulation & Protection.................................................................................. 46
2.13 Formwork ............................................................................................................ 46
2.13.1 Release Agents ............................................................................................... 47
2.13.2 Striking Times................................................................................................ 49
2.14 Reinforcing Steel ................................................................................................. 49
2.14.1 Types of Reinforcement ................................................................................. 49
2.14.1.1 Galvanised or Epoxy-Coated Steel .............................................................. 49
2.14.1.2 Stainless Steel ............................................................................................. 49
2.14.2 Delivery & Storage ........................................................................................ 50
2.14.3 Cleaning......................................................................................................... 50
2.14.4 Cutting & Bending ........................................................................................ 50
2.14.5 Fixing............................................................................................................. 50
SP 1282 Page iii Dec 2009

2.15 Special Aspects of Concrete Design ................................................................... 51

2.16 Repairs of Construction Defects in Concrete...................................................... 52
2.16.1 Cracking ........................................................................................................ 52
2.16.2 Defective Concrete ........................................................................................ 58
2.17 Summary of Recommendations ........................................................................... 58
Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 60
Appendix A: Glossary of Definitions & Abbreviations ....................................................... 61
A.1 General ................................................................................................................ 61
A.2 Technical ............................................................................................................. 61
A.3 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 62
Appendix B: Typical Temperature Control Calculation for Concrete.................................. 63
Appendix C: Tests to be conducted............................................................................... 66
Dec 2009 Page iv SP 1282

1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to guide both Civil Design & Construction Engineers to
specify and achieve a sound and durable reinforced concrete in the hot, arid and saline
environment of Oman for both new and existing concrete works.
This document is intended for the use of PDO and its nominated Consultants and
Contractors for the development and operation of Company facilities.
This specification is intended to:
- Set the Company standards for facilities along the facilities life cycle.
- Disseminate and record facilities related information, experience and

procedures.
1.2 User Guidelines
This Specification supersedes the Version 1.0 of SP-1282 ‘Specification for Reinforced
Concrete – Production & Construction Guidelines version 1.0’. The following are the main
changes to this document.
- Applicable Standards, Specifications and Codes are revised
- Addition of Corrosion Inhibitors in reinforced concrete recommended
- Typical calculations for controlling concrete temperature during production

included
- Test requirements for effective Quality Control introduced
For all HSE requirements, the User shall refer the CP-122 Code of Practice for ‘Health,
Safety and Environmental Protection’ and other documents referenced therein.
1.3 Changes to the Specification
Custodian of this document is the Corporate Functional Discipline Head (CFDH) of Civil
Engineering. Any User of this document, who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity, is
requested to notify the CFDH using the SP user-comment form provided in Appendix-D.
Reviews and modifications or changes to the specification will normally be made by the
CFDH every four years or earlier when justified.
1.4 Applicable Standards, Specifications and Codes
This Specification shall be read in conjunction with the latest revisions of the following
Standards, Specifications and Codes.
SP 1282 Page 1 Dec 2009

1.4.1 PDO Standards
SP-1274 : Specification for Civil & Building Construction – Guideline to

Material Testing
SP 1275 : Specification and Criteria for Design of Civil & Building

Works
SP-1279 : Specification for Civil & Building Construction
PGSC(Product : List of Approved Vendors for Materials & Equipments for

Group Service Civil Products. (Section 10 & 11)
Code)
CP-122 : Code of Practice for Health, Safety and Environmental

Protection
SP-1231 : Health Safety and Environment Specification (Occupational

Health)
1.4.2 International Standards
ACI 207-4R : Cooling and Insulating system for Mass Concrete
ACI 305-R : Hot Weather Concreting
ASTM C 33 : Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 94 : Standard Specification for Ready-mixed Concrete
ASTM C 131 : Standard test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small

Size Coarse Aggregates by Abrasion and Impact in Los Angeles
machine
ASTM C 150 : Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C 227 : Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of

Cement – Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
ASTM C 289 : Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali – Silica Reactivity
of Aggregates (Chemical Method).
ASTM C 293 : Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
Simple Beam with Centre Point Loading)
ASTM C 494 : Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C 535 : Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large

Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine
ASTM C 1240 : ASTM C1240. Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in
Cementitious Mixtures
BS EN 196 : Methods of Testing Cement
Dec 2009 Page 2 SP1282

BS EN 197 : Cement, Composition, Specifications and Conformity criteria

for common cements
BS EN 206 : Concrete specification, performance, production and

conformity
BS EN 480 : Concrete Admixtures, Mortar and Grout – Test Methods
BS EN 932 : Test for General Properties of Aggregates
BS EN 933 : Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination of

particle size distribution. Sieving method
BS EN 1008 : Mixing water for concrete. Specification for sampling, testing

and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered
from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for
concrete
BS EN 1097 : Test for Mechanical & Physical Properties of Aggregates
BS EN 1367 : Test for Thermal & Weathering Properties of Aggregates
BS EN 12350 : Testing of Fresh Concrete
BS EN 12390 : Testing of Hardened Concrete
BS EN 12504 : Testing Concrete in Structures
BS EN 12620 : Aggregates for Concrete
BS EN 13263 : Silica Fume for Concrete
Eurocode 2 : Design of Concrete Structures (EN 1992)
BS 1370 : Specification for Low Heat Portland Cement
BS 1377 : Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes
BS 1881 : Methods of Testing Concrete
BS 4027 : Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
BS 4449 : Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of

concrete
BS 4482 : Cold Reduced Steel Wire for the Reinforcement Concrete -

Specification
BS 4483 : Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete - Specification
BS 4550 : Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Test for heat of

hydration
BS 6744 : Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in

concrete. Requirements and test methods
SP 1282 Page 3 Dec 2009

BS 8110 : Structural use of concrete. Code of practice for design and

construction
BS 8500 : Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1.

Specification for constituent materials and concrete
CIRIA Report : The CIRIA Guide to Concrete Construction in the Gulf Region
SP-31
CIRIA & The : Guide to the Construction of Reinforced Concrete in the

Concrete Arabian Peninsula
Society
publication
1.4.3 SIEP / Shell GSI Standards
DEP 34.19.20.31-Gen. : Reinforced Concrete Foundations Structures
1.5 Units of Measurement
Units of measurement used in this guideline are:
Concentration parts per million ppm
Dimension Millimetres mm
Force Newtons N
Length Metres m
Liquid volumes Litres l
Permeability millimetres per second mm/s
Sieve size Microns um

0
Temperature degrees Celsius C
Time minutes and hours min, h
Weight kilograms Kg
1.6 Compliance with Standards
Any deviations from this part of Specifications shall be subject to Company approval and
shall be advised in writing to the Custodian.
In all cases the Company shall determine the adequacy of the design carried out and works
executed by the Contractor in accordance with this Specifications.

2. Scope
2.1 General
This Specification covers the choice of materials, design of mixes and production methods
for concrete in Oman. It is intended to provide a better understanding of the basic technology
and the problems associated with reinforced concrete construction in hot, arid and saline
environment.
The document addresses those aspects of concrete construction requiring particular attention
in the harsh environment of the Sultanate of Oman.
2.2 Nature & Origin of Structural Concrete Damage
Reinforced Concrete can deteriorate rapidly in the hot, arid and saline environment. There
are two principal causes of damage to the concrete.
- Damage caused by reinforcement Corrosion
- Effect of expansive salts in the concrete
The primary cause of serious deterioration of reinforced concrete in the Gulf region is the
corrosion of reinforcement. When this occurs, extensive cracking and spalling of concrete
cover develops and the structure may ultimately become unfit for use. It is therefore
necessary that both design and construction ensure that steel is properly protected against
corrosion for the whole of the intended life of the structure.
Corrosion of steel occurs only when both oxygen and water are present, and is normally
inhibited in the alkaline environment of hydrated Portland cement. The fundamental
principle is that concrete is expected to provide protection for the embedded steel. The
assumption is subject to a number of provisos, including the requirement that the quality and
thickness of concrete cover over the steel shall suit external exposure conditions.
The protection afforded to the steel is impaired by
- Carbonation.
- Lack of uniformity in the concrete (such as segregation or honeycombing).
- Presence of chlorides in aggregates used in the production of concrete.
- Cracking of concrete cover.
- Insufficient concrete cover.
- Penetration through the cover by chlorides from the environment.
- Presence of sulphates in aggregates (which affects the concrete).
The amount of sulphates and chlorides in concreting materials should be kept to a minimum.
Chlorides, normally present in the subsoil groundwater, airborne dust and spray near the
coasts, may penetrate porous concrete and cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, even if the
cement paste still provides a highly alkaline environment.
Carbonation, due to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, neutralising the cement paste
alkalinity and thus the amount of chloride needed to initiate corrosion.
SP 1282 Page 5 Dec 2009

Sulphates may also be present in concrete materials and in the environment often in
combination with chlorides. Their main effect is on the concrete itself causing internal
expansion and disruption.
Sulphate effects may be reduced by the use of sulphate-resisting cements containing blast-
furnace slag or pozzolana. Where sulphates and chlorides occur together, problems are
accentuated, because sulphate-resisting cements with low C 3 A, provides less protection to
steel against attack by chlorides. In Oman, sulphates and chlorides occur together and hence
all reinforced concrete should be produced with ordinary Portland cement or ASTM C 150
type II (for moderate sulphate resistance with not less than 5% C 3 A and not more than 8%
C 3 A).
Where concrete is below the water table, there is a tendency for groundwater to be drawn in
by capillary action. It then evaporates at a higher level, resulting in the concentration and
crystallisation of soluble salts on the surface layers of the concrete, usually just aboveground
level.
2.3 Aggregates
Unsatisfactory aggregates are a common cause of concrete deterioration. Generally, the sands
in Oman are poorly graded, the aggregate particles are dusty and relatively soft, often with
high water absorption, and the properties of aggregates, even from one source, often vary
considerably. In addition, both sand and coarse aggregates may contain harmful amounts of
sulphates and chlorides.
2.3.1 Principal Sources
2.3.1.1 Beaches
Beaches are an unsuitable source of sand because of the very high content of chlorides and
sulphates as well as carbonates.
2.3.1.2 Duricrust
Duricrust is often highly contaminated with sulphates and should be discarded.
2.3.1.3 Desert Stones
Generally, desert stones and surface gravels are considered uneconomic.
2.3.1.4 Quarries
Quarries are considered the best sources of aggregate. Correct methods of extraction,
production and quality control should be established before a quarry is used.
2.3.1.5 Sand Dunes
Sand dunes usually have a fine single-sized grading and are relatively free from sulphates and
chlorides and, if clean, may be blended with coarser sand, (e.g. crushed rock etc.).
2.3.1.6 Wadis & Gravel Plains
Wadis and gravel plains are a source of both sand and gravel and are mostly in the acceptable
range of contamination.

2.3.2 Specification Requirements
Good quality concrete may be achieved with aggregates satisfying less stringent requirements
than those specified in standard specifications, provided more care is taken in proportioning
the mix and placing, curing, and compacting the concrete.
The characteristics of aggregates from potential new sources must be thoroughly investigated,
and the quality of aggregates from existing sources must be strictly controlled (the
management of pits and quarries is outside the scope and is not addressed in this document).
The main characteristics of aggregates, which need to be determined, are:
- classification and petrology
- contamination
- reactivity
- physical properties
- mechanical properties
2.3.3 Classification and Petrographic Description
The petrologic examination of the constituents of the aggregate particles is an essential

preliminary to their use. These examinations may indicate, what aggregate particles are likely
to be reactive or unsound in concrete. Materials, which may be deleterious, when used in the
production of concrete, include reactive silica or carbonate, decomposed rock and clay, lime
stones containing layers or large pockets of expansive clay, friable sandstones, iron pyrites,
mica and other materials with weak cleavage planes or certain physical features such as those
found in shale, which are likely to undergo substantial volume changes when wetting and
drying or with extreme variations of temperature.
2.3.4 Contamination & Reactivity
Recommended tests and test result limits for aggregates are given in Table 1.
2.3.4.1 Clay, Silt & Fine Dust
Clay, silt and fine dust occur in most deposits of sand and gravel as well as many crushed
rock aggregates. Much of this fine material can be heavily contaminated with sulphates and
chlorides. Their presence not only increases the water demand of the concrete, but can also
contribute significantly to the overall chloride and sulphate content of the aggregate.
Washing with clean water is normally too costly, however loose silt and dust can be partially
removed with cyclone dust extractors or blowers (but the adhering contamination remains).
Even if the clay, silt and dust were uncontaminated, their inclusion in the mix will increase
the cement content to achieve the required workability and water/cement ratio. It should be
noted that in many cases it is cheaper to remove very fine material by washing with clean
water, than adding the extra cement, etc. Contamination can usually be reduced by good
quarrying practices.
SP 1282 Page 7 Dec 2009

2.3.4.2 Organic Matter
Organic impurities are not likely to be a serious problem in aggregates, but still need to be
checked and to be avoided by effective removal of the overburden at the pit or quarry. This
should be by comparison of hardening times and 3-day compressive strengths against an
uncontaminated sample. Differences should not be more than 10 min and 5% respectively.
2.3.4.3 Chlorides & Sulphates
Chlorides and sulphates in aggregates have generally been the main cause of the deterioration
of concrete structures throughout Oman. The recommended maximum amounts of chlorides
and sulphates are set out in Table 1, and should not be exceeded.
2.3.4.4 Alkali/Aggregate Reactivity
Potentially, alkali-aggregate reaction can damage concrete if the proportion of the reacting
materials is excessive. If the proportion is more than 0.5% by weight of the total aggregate,
then the alkali available from the cement should not be more than 3 kg/m3 of concrete.
The potential for reactivity should always be investigated when a new source of aggregate is
established. Alkali-silica reactions are the most common, and these are described in more
detail in ASTM C-33. ASTM C-227/289/293 also gives detailed test methods for alkali-
silica reactivity.

Table 1: Aggregate Contamination & Reactivity
Contamination & Test Method Recommendation Maximum Limits (*)

Reactivity
Materials Limits
‘Fines’ Clay, Silt and dust Wet sieving through a 75 µm sieve. Coarse Aggregates
(BS 882) (BS 812)
Natural or crushed gravel 1%
Crushed rock 3%
Fine Aggregates
Natural sand / crushed gravel 3%
Crushed rock 5%
(see Section 2.3.4.1)
Clay Lumps and friable (ASTM C142) Coarse Aggregate 2%

particles (ASTM C33)
Fine Aggregate 1%
Organic impurities Presence – by colour Aggregates Lighter than standard

change/comparison test (ASTM C40)
Comparative setting time and Hardening time should not differ by more than 10 minutes
compressive strength (ASTM C87).
As per ASTM C33 the strength loss maximum 5%
(Contd.)
SP 1282 Page 9 Dec 2009

Table 1: Aggregate Contamination & Reactivity (contd.)
Contamination & Reactivity Test Method Recommendation Maximum Limits (*)
Materials Limits
Chloride as Cl Analysis following acid extraction. (BS 812) Coarse Aggregate 0.03%
Fine Aggregate 0.06%
Sulphate as S0 3 Analysis following acid extraction. (BS 812) Coarse or fine Aggregate 0.4 %
Potential alkali reactivity Potential Reactivity of Aggregates ASTM C-227 & C-289 (see recommendations in Section 2.3.4.4)
(*) = Recommended maximum limits are by weight. These are for the Arabian Gulf and may differ from those specified in BSI Standards.
Notes:
Chlorides and sulphates in aggregates have been a main cause of the deterioration of concrete structures in Oman. To ensure that the quantities of these salts in the
concrete do not exceed limits, it is necessary to check and control the amount of each contaminant in all materials used (i.e. in the fine aggregate, the coarse
aggregate, and the mixing water).
Alkalis may enter concrete after it has hardened in certain environments. Seawater, saline groundwater, and chemical effluents may cause alkali-aggregate
reactions in some circumstances.
The overriding requirement is that the total amounts of these salts by weight of the cement in the concrete shall not exceed the values given in Table 7.
Dec 2009 Page 10 SP 1282

2.3.5 Physical & Mechanical Properties
The main tests for physical and mechanical properties, and for recommended test result limits
are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Aggregate Physical & Mechanical Properties
Property Test Method Recommendation Maximum Limits (*)
Grading Sieve Analysis (BS Refer to Table 3

812 & BS EN 933)
Surface texture Descriptive (BS 812) Limit not applicable
Shell Content BS 812 Marine shell content Refer BS 882 Table 1

should be avoided
Shape Descriptive (BS 812) Elongation Index < 25%
Flakiness Index < 25 %
Relative Weigh in air and in Limit not applicable

density water (BS 812)
Water Weighing dry and Effects durability Maximum for 2.5%

absorption saturated (BS 812) the Coarse aggregate and Sand:
Soundness Sulphate resistance Loss after 5 cycles in MgSO 4 15%

(BS 812) sulphate solution
with: Na 3 SO 4 10%
Drying Shrinkage (BRE Shrinkage 0.05%

shrinkage Digest 357)
Mechanical 10% fines value (BS Wearing surfaces not less than: 100 kN
properties 812)
Elsewhere not less than: 75kN
Los Angeles abrasion For wearing surfaces: not greater 25%

test (ASTM C131 or than
ASTM C535)
Else where not greater than 30%
(*) Recommended maximum limits are by weight. These are for the Arabian Gulf and may
differ from those specified in BSI standards.
2.3.5.1 Grading
Concrete of adequate quality may be achieved with a wide range of grading of fine and coarse
aggregates by combination in appropriate proportions. Precise grading for each size of
aggregate need not be specified, but it is essential to specify acceptable grading variation
limits (grading envelopes).
All-in aggregates are not suitable. Coarse aggregates should be supplied in a number of
single sizes for separate batching to ensure control and allow flexibility in mix design.
SP 1282 Page 11 Dec 2009

BSI requirements for grading are not essential for the control of aggregates supplied in
Oman.
Generally, grading of combined aggregates should be controlled by the combination of

different aggregates drawn from the sizes given in Table 3.
Table 3: Aggregate Sizes & Grading
Description Size (mm) Grading
Single-sized 63 to 40 Normally not more than about 10% of aggregate

coarse should be retained on the maximum size of sieve,
Aggregate 40 to 20 and not more than about 20% should pass through
the minimum size of sieve. An aggregate with a
20 to 10 maximum size of 14 mm is also used, mainly for pre
cast concrete work and asphalt work.
10 to 5
Fine aggregate 5 and less Normally not more than 10% should be retained on
a 5 mm sieve, and preferably, not more than 10%
should pass 150 mm sieve. Fineness modulus
should not vary more than ±0.2 from the base.
The proportions of different sized aggregates should be established from trial mixes made
with representative samples of the materials produced in quantity. Once grading has been
chosen, acceptable deliverable grading variation limits should be set, based on the behaviour
of the materials in concrete and the capability of the supplier.
2.3.5.2 Shape
The shape of aggregate particles and their surface texture have an important influence on
water demand and the workability of concrete.
Generally, it may be assumed that, because rounded aggregates move more easily in concrete
and pack more closely during placement and compaction, less cement paste is required as a
lubricant and less fine material is required to fill the spaces than is required when aggregates
are angular. Hence, the cement content may be lower for the same workability and
water/cement ratio, subject to the overriding requirement for durability.
However, many of the smooth round aggregates, formed by weathering, have a weak friable
surface, which breaks down into dust during mixing. This type of aggregate increases the
water demand for a given workability, and therefore requires increased cement content to
maintain the required water/cement ratios.
It is important to note that, in general, smooth aggregates need less cement paste to coat them
than rough ones, irrespective of particle shape.
2.3.5.3 Water Absorption
The water absorption of aggregates provides some indication of durability and strength in that
the physical and mechanical properties of the aggregates are effected and to a lesser extent,
the permeability of the resulting concrete. The upper limit of 2.5% given in Table 2 should
not be exceeded.
Dec 2009 Page 12 SP 1282

2.3.5.4 Aggregate Soundness
Aggregate soundness, referred to in Table 3, was originally introduced by ASTM Standards

to assess the suitability of aggregates for use in concrete subjected to cycles of freezing and
thawing. The test may be used in hot climates to assess the suitability of aggregates for
concrete exposed to wide ranges of temperature, sulphate attack, or weathering from
crystalline salts.
The test comprises drying the aggregate, followed by immersion in magnesium or sodium
sulphate solution, for 5 cycles. This results in the disruption of unsound aggregate particles
by crystallisation within the pores. The test simulates the situation in the field where ground
water containing soluble salts is drawn up into the concrete by capillary action, then
evaporates from the concrete surface above ground level, leaving an increasing concentration
of salts in the concrete.
2.3.5.5 Drying Shrinkage
Aggregates shrinkage as the concrete dries out may cause cracking when the concrete is
restrained. The test in Table 2 was developed in cool damp climates and therefore the effects
are likely to be more severe. The limits given should not be relaxed unless the concrete is
permanently saturated.
2.3.5.6 Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion within concrete in most cases is unavoidable and is only a major problem
when the relative expansion of the aggregate to the cement is high, resulting either micro-
cracking at the paste/aggregate interface (leading to increased permeability) or full disruption.
2.3.5.7 Weak & Friable Aggregates
The mechanical properties of aggregates covered by the tests in Table 2 relate to strength and
resistance to abrasion. Of the tests available, the most important are the "10% Fines Value"
test (BS 812 & BS EN 1097) and the "Los Angeles Abrasion" test (ASTM C-131 and ASTM
C-535). Weak and friable aggregates, which breakdown during mixing or transportation,
increase the surface area of the particles and hence reduce workability. Site trial mixes
usually take this effect into account.
SP 1282 Page 13 Dec 2009

2.4 Types of Cement
In Europe, the types of cement in concrete have been reclassified and standardised in BS EN 197, Cement – Composition, Specification and Conformity Criteria:
Part 1: Common Cements. As a result some of the BS standards for cement are replaced by by BS EN 197-1. Table 4 shows the main types of Portland cement (i.e.
cement in which Portland cement clinker is a major constituent). Ordinary and Sulphate-Resisting Portland cements are manufactured in the Gulf region, while
most other types of cement, if required, will have to be imported.
The relative merits of different types of cement, particularly with respect to durability and resistance to chemical attack, apply only to concrete of good and uniform
quality. Mix designs, and control of concrete production processes, usually have a more significant influence on the life of the concrete than the choice of cement
type.
Table 4: Types of Cement
Type of Cement Specs BSI & Resistance to Sulphate Attack Reinforcement Chloride Rate of Gain of Strength &
ASTM Induced Rate of Heat Evolution
Ordinary Portland BS EN 197 Not resistant. Aggregates should be The protection given by this Rate of gain of strength and heat
Cement (OPC) or ASTM C150 virtually free from sulphates and concrete cement is used as a standard for Evolution is used as a standard
ASTM Type I should be isolated from groundwater comparison. for comparison.
containing more than 500 ppm of S0 3 .
ASTM Type II ASTM C150 Moderately resistant. See Table 1 for Near normal if containing 5% Lower than OPC.
(No BS permissible sulphate levels in aggregates or more C 3 A content.
Equivalent) and Table 8 for information on
contaminated soil.
Rapid- Hardening BS EN 197 Same as OPC. Same as OPC Hydration is too rapid to be
Portland Cement ASTM C-150 suitable for use in hot climates.
or ASTM Type III
(Contd.)
Dec 2009 Page 14 SP 1282

Table 4: Types of Cement (Contd.)
Type of Cement Specs BSI Resistance to Sulphate Attack Reinforcement Chloride Rate of Gain of Strength & Rate of
& ASTM Induced Heat Evolution
Low heat BS 1370 May be more resistant than OPC if Less than normal if CA content is Lower rate of heat evolution, Lower rate of
Portland Cement ASTM C-150 C3A content is lower, but the lower than of OPC strength gain and lower final strength.
or ASTM Type Specification does not guarantee
IV this.
Sulphate Resisting BS 4027 Moderately resistant. See Table 1 May contain little or no C33A Lower of heat evolution and Strength gain
Portland Cement ASTM C-150 for permissible sulphate levels in and gives significantly less but usually not as low as low-heat
or ASTM Type V aggregates and Table 8 for protection against chloride Portland Cement or ASTM type IV.
information on contaminated soil. Induced corrosion than OPC.
Portland Blast BS EN 197- Properties vary, but sulphate May contain as little as 35% OPC Gains strength and evolves heat more
Furnace slag 4 resistance may be better than clinker (and therefore little C 3 A slowly than OPC, but not as slowly as
Cement and Low- ASTM Type II. to protect against chlorides), but low-heat Portland Cement or ASTM Type
Heat Portland high impermeability may offset IV, unless made to a low heat
Blast Furnace this effect. specification.
slag Cement
Other cements containing ground The properties of these cements depend on the materials they are made
blast furnace slag or pozzolana in from and other proportions of slag or pozzolana incorporated.
the cement during manufacture.
Note: C : Calcium (Ca) A : Aluminium (Al)
SP 1282 Page 15 Dec 2009

2.4.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or ASTM Type I
OPC or ASTM Type I is the basic cement to which all other cements are compared and is specified in BS EN 197-1 and ASTM C-150 . See Table 5.
With a tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A) content varying between 5% and 14%, it has no resistance to sulphate attack. However, it does give good protection against
chloride induced rusting. In practice, the usual reasons for using cement other than Ordinary Portland cement are either to reduce the effects of chemical attack on
the concrete or to change the rate of gain of strength and heat evolution. Cements, which have these properties, are described as follows.
Table 5: Cement Characteristics - Range of Proportions for the Main Components and its Specifications
Main Components ASTM Type BS EN 197-1 BS 4027 BS 1370
I II III IV V OPC RHPC SRPC LHPC
% Tricalcium Aluminate by C3A 5 to 14 4 to 8 7 to 17 3 to 7 1 to 5 5 to 14 8 to 14 0 to 2 9

weight
% Tricalcium Silicate by weight C3S 42 to 67 37 to 55 34 to 70 21 to 44 35 to 54 42 to 55 42 to 55 53 to 58 15 to 17
% Di-calcium Silicate by weight C2S 8 to 31 19 to 39 0 to 38 34 to 57 24 to 49 18 to 27 18 to 27 14 to 20 59 to 63
Setting Time in hours Initial 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.0
(Vicat Test) Final 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10
Compressive Strength in N/mm2 3 days 13 18 10 5
(Concrete Cubes) 28 days 29 33 27 19
Dec 2009 Page 16 SP 1282

2.4.2 ASTM Type II Cement
This cement is a compromise between the sulphate resistance of Sulphate Resisting Cement
(SRPC) and the protection offered by OPC.
The C 3 A content (4% to 8%) is higher than SRPC (0% to 2%) resulting a limited increase in
reactivity between C 3 A and sulphates while, being lower than OPC (5% to 14%) gives some
chloride protection.
2.4.3 Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC) (ASTM Type IV)
This cement gains strength more slowly than OPC and produces heat less rapidly. It is useful
in hot climates for large pours and massive construction.
2.4.4 Portland Blast Furnace Cement & Cement Made with Pozzaolanas
These cements contain a proportion of Portland cement blended with ground blast-furnace
slag, fly ash or other pozzaolanas, and may have superior impermeability and resistance to
aggressive chemicals, together with lower heat evolution during hardening.
2.4.5 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (ASTM Type III)
Rapid-Hardening Portland cement is similar to OPC but gains strength, and hence produces
heat more quickly, and therefore is unsuitable in hot climates.
2.4.6 Sulphate Resisting Portland Cements (SRPC) (ASTM Type V)
Sulphate-Resisting Portland cements contain less C 3 A than OPC to reduce the effect of the
reaction between C 3 A and sulphates (the main cause of the disruption of hardened concrete
is when it is attacked by sulphates).
C 3 A may combine with chlorides, which may cause reinforcement to rust, and current
research suggests that, where sulphates and chlorides occur together, the use of sulphate-
resisting cement is inadvisable. Sulphate-resisting cements do not make concrete immune
from sulphate attack but only better able to withstand moderate concentrations.
2.5 Admixtures
The use of admixtures in structural concrete is advisable in the relatively difficult hot arid
climate of Oman, and is almost essential during summer for the production of good quality
concrete with low water/cement ratio and adequate workability.
Because of the large number of different proprietary products available under varying
descriptions and efficiency, it may be difficult to choose the correct admixtures. Trials should
always be conducted to evaluate performance under specific conditions.
SP 1282 Page 17 Dec 2009

Table 6: Admixture Dosage & Performance
Function Chemical Dosage Performance
Accelerator: Calcium Complying with BS 8110 Should not be used in concrete containing embedded
Chloride steel as chlorides aggravate corrosion.
Accelerates Hydration
hardening and strength gain Calcium Normally 2.5% by weight. sometimes blended Used in pre-casting factories where rapid gain of strength
(BS EB 480) Formate with sodium nitrite or other materials. is needed. May increase 12 hour compressive strength
by up to 80%
Air Entrainer: Synthetic Normally 0.1% by weight but varies Improves cohesion and reduce bleeding, settlement and
Surfactants appreciably. Manufactured chemical with segregation. Helps to offset the effects of poorly graded
Entrains air to produce a high buble stability suitable for use at high sands and crushed aggregates. Reduces permeability,
stable system of separated temperature and when aggregate cleanness or thus improving durability.
Individual bubbles, which do variability is a problem used alone or with
not coalesce. (BS EN 480) vinsol resin.
Vinsol Normally 0.1% by weight but varies Cement content may need to be increased to maintain
resins appreciably. Natural by-product of timber strength, but entrained air reduces water demand for a
industry refined for uniform performance. given workability. Bubble stability decreases at higher
temperatures. Performance erratic if quality of aggregate
varies.
(Contd.)
Dec 2009 Page 18 SP 1282

Table 6: Admixture Dosage & Performance (contd.)
Retarder: Phosphates hydroxy- Retarder defer stiffening time, but do not prolong retention of workability (ie do not
Reduces hydration carboxylic acids and slow rate of slump loss). May defer stiffening by as much as 7 days, but normally not
to Retard ligno- sulphonates. more than by 3 hours. Increases time for bleeding, settlement and evaporation, thus
Stiffening of increasing the need for curing and protection. Normally combined with a water-
Concrete (BS EN reducing admixture to increase workability and prolong the workable life of concrete.
480 and ASTM Long term strength is not affected unless water content is changed. Rate of heat
C494) evolution from hydration unchanged.
Plasticiser: Hydro-Xycarboxylic Normally 0.15% Helps to maintain workability at normal water cement rates at higher temperatures,
Increases Fluidity acids (also acts as a to 0.3% by weight improving strength and durability. At normal dosage, plasticising effect allows 8% to
of concrete retarder). Ligno- of Cement 15% water reduction for the same consistency. Archieves slightly greater water
Without Sulphonates (may Normally 0.25% reductions than lignosulphates but less favourable as plasticisers because of
Significant Effect also act as a retarder to 0.5% by weight retardation of the initial and final set. Tends to detrain air and may increase bleeding
on air Content at high dosages). of cement. Degree and segregation in troublesome mixes with poorly graded aggregates. Helps to
(BS EN 480 and of retardation maintain workability at normal water cement rates at higher temperatures, improving
ASTM C-494) depends on natural strength and durability. At normal dosage, plasticising effect allows 8-12% water
sugar content and reduction for same consistency. Tends to delay setting and to entrain a small amount
dosage. of air. At double normal dosage, acts as a combined retarding and plasticising agent
delaying set by up to 2 hours. Entrains 2-3% air, thus reducing segregation and
bleeding and improving cohesion.
(Contd.)
SP 1282 Page 19 Dec 2009

Table 6: Admixture Dosage & Performance (contd.)
Super Plasticiser: Increase Melamine Normal dosage: 1.5% by Permits large reduction in water/cement ratio without loss of
the fluidity of concrete but Formaldehyde weight of cement. Should workability. Normal dosage allows a water reduction of 20%-25% for
to a much greater degree be added near the point of the same consistency. Tends to detrain air and may increase bleeding
than with Standard placing, because effect is and segregation to troublesome mixes with poorly graded aggregates.
short lived.
Plasticising and water- Naphthalene Normal dosage: 0.8% by Permits large reductions in water/cement ratios without loss of
reducing Admixtures. Sulphonate weight of cement. Often a workability. Normal dosage allows a water reduction of 20-30% for the
Alternatively, may be used to more practical super- same consistency. Some retardation of set and entrainment of air, so
reduce water/cement ratio plasticiser than melamine that the workable life of concrete is enhanced.
Considerably without loss of formaldehyde for site use.
Workability
Corrosion inhibitors to MCI 2005 Normal Dosage: 600 ml Protects reinforcement in concrete from corrosion by forming a
protect reinforcement in per cubic meter volume of protective layer on reinforcement. The chemical should be mixed in
concrete. concrete. structural concrete at the mixing plant, to attain a uniform mixture,
which enhances the migration of ions to form a protective layer and
reduces the possibility of any electrolytic connectivity with
reinforcements in chloride-contaminated water.
Dec 2009 Page 20 SP 1282

SP 1282 Page 21 Dec 2009

2.5.1 Information From Suppliers
- Long and short-term effects of the admixture on concrete, including the

effect of different types of cement and aggregate.
- Effects of over or under-dosage.
- Chloride content (admixtures containing chlorides should never be used for

reinforced concrete in Oman).
- Whether the admixture entrains air or its effect on air content.
- Storage life and special storage requirements.
- Safety and health precautions in handling.
- Compatibility with other admixtures.
- Compliance with the relevant BSI.
- Availability of on-site technical service.
2.5.2 Main Functions
The main functions of admixtures are to modify the characteristics of fresh concrete (e.g. to
make it easier to transport, place and compact without detriment to its long-term
performance), or to improve durability, waterproof ness or the other long-term characteristics
of hardened concrete. For the purpose of specification, admixtures are described in terms of
their functions, but for practical purposes, it may be better to consider their main
constituents. Table 6 gives the principal active ingredients used in the majority of admixtures
and describes main functions. Table 6 does not cover the large number of hybrid admixtures
available in proprietary products, which have a range of functions.
2.5.3 Choice of Admixture
Factors governing the choice of admixture include cost, reliability and convenience of use.
Admixtures may be supplied as powders or liquids. Whenever possible, liquids should be
used because they are easier to add at the correct dosage and are more easily dispersed in the
mix.
Comparison of the relative costs of different admixtures should be based on the actual cost of
using the compound at the levels of dosage required to suit site conditions.
A further factor should be the level of technical information and advice available from the
manufacturer.
It may be considered that admixtures add a complication better avoided with relatively
unskilled labour and inexperienced supervision. However, in the adverse climate of Oman,
the improvement in workability, without increase of water/cement ratio, using a water-
reducing admixture demonstrates that the use of admixtures may result in easier and more
satisfactory construction.
2.5.4 Corrosion Inhibitors
Main reasons for concrete failures after a reasonable time lapse is due to the corrosion of
reinforcements. When the concrete cover fails due to carbonation or due to honeycombing,
the reinforcements are attacked by the chlorides present in concrete or from the surrounding,
Dec 2009 Page 22 SP 1282

leading to reinforcement corrosion. When reinforcements corrode, the volume of steel

increases many fold, thereby inducing cracks in concrete. These cracks accelerate
reinforcements corrosion and failure of structure. In order to avoid reinforcement corrosion,
MCI 2005, an alkaline chemical, when mixed in structural concrete will migrate to
reinforcement surfaces and provide surface protection to the reinforcement. The corrosion
inhibitors shall be mixed either in batching plant or in concrete mixer at the rate of 600 ml
per cubic meter of concrete. If not explicitly excluded in Contract documents, all reinforced
concrete shall contain the required quantities of corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors
shall be used only for reinforced concrete works. Corrosion inhibitors are not required for
plain concrete or mass concrete. Addition of corrosion inhibitors may retard setting time.
2.6 Water
Water quality varies considerably throughout Oman and the suitability of each source should
be checked for use in the production or curing of concrete.
2.6.1 Water For Mixing Or Curing Reinforced Concrete
Water for mixing or curing may be from potable water mains not containing undesirable
levels of dissolved salts. Generally, potable water is supplied from water treatment plant or
wells and is usually suitable for use in concrete. Water from these sources may be as hot as
300C and cooling may be necessary before use. Borehole water contamination varies and
tests should be made periodically to verify acceptable levels as given in the Table 8.
2.6.2 Water For Mixing Mass Concrete
Water for mixing mass concrete (not containing embedded steel or other unprotected metal)
may tolerate a higher level of inorganic contamination. Good quality mass concrete may be
made with seawater, provided sulphate attack, unsoundness and alkali/aggregate reactions are
avoided by appropriate mix design and material selection.
2.6.3 Contamination limits for Concrete mix and Water
Contamination should be analysed for levels of sulphates, chlorides and alkali salts. In
comparing with the recommended limits given in Table 7, the sulphates and chlorides in the
mixing water should be added to those in the other concrete mix materials. Water not
exceeding the maximum levels of contamination given in Table 8 should be suitable for
mixing or curing concrete. It is critical to avoid contamination caused by concentration due
to evaporation of curing water from the surface of the concrete.
To ensure that mixing water is sufficiently free from organic contamination, the initial set of
cement, and the compressive strength of the concrete, should be compared, on mortar cubes,
against results of similar tests made with distilled water. Times for the concrete to harden
should not differ by more than 30 minutes and the strength at 3 days should be not less than
90% of that obtained with distilled water.
2.7 Concrete Mixes
2.7.1 Durable Concrete
The main aim in designing concrete mixes should be to ensure durable concrete giving
satisfactory performance throughout the life of a structure, wherever built. The need for
durability is paramount and, if achieved, it is unlikely that there will be any difficulty in
obtaining the required structural strength.
Key parameters for the design of concrete mixes in Oman are adequate durability in the long
term and enough workability for full compaction. Successful mix design depends on a good
SP 1282 Page 23 Dec 2009

understanding of the effects of climatic and chemical environments, the properties of local
aggregates and cement, the use of admixtures and the influence of all these factors on the
long-term performance of concrete in structures.
Dec 2009 Page 24 SP 1282

Table 7 – Recommended Limits For Total Chlorides & Sulphates in Concrete From All Sources
Type of Concrete Max. Chloride Content Max. Sulphate Content (% by Weight

(% by Weight of Cement) of Cement)
Reinforced concrete made with cements containing less than about 4% C 3 A 0.15 All cases: 4.0
(e.g., sulphate-resisting Portland cement).
Reinforced concrete made with cements containing 4% or more C 3 A (OPC or 0.30 Including the sulphate ion in the Cement
ASTM Type I usually contain more than 4% C 3 A).
Un reinforced concrete 0.60
Table 8 – Water Inorganic Contamination Limits
Form Of Contaminant Maximum Concentration
(ppm) (%)
Chlorides 400 0.04
Sulphates, alkali carbonates or bicarbonates 800 0.08
Dissolved solids (except above) 2000 0.20
Suspended solids 2000 0.20
SP 1282 Page 25 Dec 2009

2.8 Mix Design
The aggregates and placement conditions in Oman are sufficiently different from those in
temperate climates to be outside the scope of most existing data. Data based on local
conditions do not yet exist in sufficient quantity to be used in their place, particularly when
proportioning aggregates. Mixes for laboratory trials should be designed on an experimental
basis, although general information on the principles of concrete mix design should be used
as a guide.
2.8.1 General Procedures
Mix design consists of a number of steps, which are summarised below.
1. Choice of free water/cement ratio and cement type appropriate to both

exposure conditions and levels of contamination in groundwater.
2. Choice of cement content, which corresponds to the required quality of

concrete. (This is the minimum requirement for durability. a higher content
may be needed for workability).
3. Choice of maximum size of coarse aggregate, taking into account both size
and shape of the members to be constructed, reinforcement spacing, required
finish, etc.
4. Calculation of approximate aggregate content.
5. Estimation of approximate proportion of different sizes of aggregate.
6. Estimation of water absorbed during mixing.
7. Choice of workability appropriate to the method and time of transportation,

placement and compaction, and expected concrete temperature.
8. Choice of plasticisers, retarders or other admixtures to modify the behaviour

of fresh concrete.
9. Laboratory trials to estimate the workability, degree of aggregate breakdown

during mixing and tendency for the mix to bleed or segregate.
10. Production of cubes or cylinders for strength tests.
11. Adjustment of cement and aggregate proportions and grading.
12. Further laboratory trials.
13. Trials under site conditions.
Dec 2009 Page 26 SP 1282

2.8.2 Detailed Procedures
2.8.2.1 Water/Cement Ratio & Cement Type
Water/cement ratio and cement type are fundamental to the curing and durability of concrete
for different exposures. However, cement content may be significant and should also be
specified.
Primarily, the concentrations of dissolved salts in ground water, sea water and the atmosphere
determine the degree of aggression that concrete is required to resist.
In ground water, the potential aggressiveness of readily soluble sulphates and all chlorides is
immediately apparent from their concentrations. Calcium sulphate (gypsum), common in the
soil of Oman, is only slightly soluble in water and its influence is determined by the amount
of water used. However, in saline water, gypsum is more soluble.
Aggressive salt concentrations increase due to evaporation in the capillary rise zone and from
exposed water retaining concrete strictures, and from splashing in marine and water retaining
structures. Evaporation may quickly raise concentrations to levels which will attack concrete
or reinforcement, see Figure 1 & Table 9.
2.8.2.2 Cement Content
The cement content of a mix should be at least enough to give the required durability, but
may need to be increased to give the required workability with the appropriate maximum free
water/cement ratio. The values given in Table 9 should be used as a guide.
The heat generated when concrete hardens, and both the thermal contraction and shrinkage,
which take place when it cools or dries, are increased by richness of mix and hot climate. As
a result, rich mixes may generate considerable stress, which may lead to distortion and
cracking if members are restrained. Cement content should therefore be limited to an absolute
maximum of 450 Kg/m3. (Restriction of the dust content to a 6% maximum may reduce this
to as low as 380 kg/m3).
2.8.2.3 Aggregate Size
The maximum size of coarse aggregate is determined by the need to place and compact
concrete in formwork, which may be heavily congested with reinforcement, and by the type of
finish required.
2.8.2.4 Aggregate Content
The weight of aggregate per cubic metre of concrete is determined by the volume required to
occupy space and is not taken up by the cement paste. The calculation is approximate,
depending on the densities of the cement (or cement paste) and aggregates, and the air
content of the fully compacted concrete. The values used may be inaccurate, but this is not
important at the first stage of concrete mix design, because they may be changed when the
behaviour of the mix has been observed.
SP 1282 Page 27 Dec 2009

Figure 1 - Typical Exposure Conditions
Use the following Cement Types. (For Reinforced Concrete Criteria see Table 9).
Cement Type A Cement Type B
Where Resistance is needed against Sulphate attack but Where improved resistance is required against chloride induced
there is no significant risk of chloride induced corrosion, reinforcement corrosion but there is no significant exposure to
Sulphate Resisting Cement to BS 4027 or ASTM Type V sulphates, cement with a medium to high C3A content is preferred.
(i.e., with a maximum C 3 A content of 3.5% to 5% OPC or ASTM Type I usually have high and ASTM Type II have
respectively) gives better protection medium, C 3 A content.
Cement Type C
Where Resistance is required against both Sulphates and Chlorides

concrete may require protection from soil and ground water with a water
proofing membrane or tanking, and a compromise has to be made on the
type of cement used. Generally, a cement containing at least 3.5% but not
more than 9% C 3 A should be preferred, each on its own merits
Dec 2009 Page 28 SP 1282

Figure 1 – Typical Exposure conditions (contd.)
SP 1282 Page 29 Dec 2009

Figure 1 – Typical Exposure conditions (contd.)
Dec 2009 Page 30 SP 1282

Figure 1 – Typical exposure conditions (contd.)
SP 1282 Page 31 Dec 2009

Figure 1: Typical Exposure Conditions (contd.)
Dec 2009 Page 32 SP 1282

Table 9: Current Criteria For Reinforced Concrete in Oman
Exposure Conditions Range of Specification Limits

(As given in Figure 1)
Minimum Cement Content for 20mm Maximum Water/Cement Additional Minimum Reinforcement
Aggregate (kg/m3) Ratio (**) Requirements Cover (mm)
a 300 to 320 0.52 to 0.50 None 30
b 320 0.50 None 40
c* 320 to 350 0.50 to 0.45 None 40 to 50
e (i) to (iii) 400 0.50 None 100 – 150
d (i) to (iii) 370 to 400 0.45 to 0.42 None 100 – 150
f (i) 300 to 320 0.50 None 40 to 50
f (ii) or (iv) 320 to 400 0.50 to 0.42 Tanking/Membrane 50
f (iii) 320 to 400 0.50 to 0.42 Tanking/Membrane 50
Note:
* When Concrete is cast directly in contact with soil the minimum cover should be increased to 75 mm.
** On well-supervised projects free water/cement ratios down to 0.35 have been successfully achieved using the latest generation of superplasticisers.
SP 1282 Page 33 Dec 2009

2.8.2.5 Aggregate Proportions
The proportions of the different sizes of aggregates available should be chosen to give good
workability, freedom from segregation during handling and minimum tendency to settle and
bleed after compaction.
The broad principals for proportioning aggregates are that:
It is normally beneficial to grade all sizes of aggregate evenly in a mix, with no gaps in the
grading.
Rounded particles give better workability than angular ones, but are more likely to break
down, producing extra fines.
The proportion of sand needed in a mix decreases as sand gets finer otherwise workability is
reduced.
Once aggregate proportions have been determined, total chloride and sulphate contents of
concrete materials should be checked against the limits given in Table 7.
2.8.2.6 Workability
Workability is critical to good concrete construction in hot weather as both durability and
strength depend on the concrete being fully compacted. High temperatures, evaporation, and
absorption by aggregates, all reduce workability between the time of mixing and compaction.
It is essential to make trial mixes sufficiently workable to compensate fully for losses, which
occur on site.
The workability of mixes should be adjusted by changing the aggregate/cement ratio, by

changing grading or type of aggravate or by using admixtures, rather than by changing the
water content. The water/cement ratio should not exceed that determined to give the required
durability.
2.8.2.7 Bleeding & Settlement
Bleeding and settlement after compaction are major problems with concrete. They are
affected by aggregate, sand and cement content, and by cement fineness and type. Air
entrainment usually is very effective in reducing, or even eliminating, bleeding. The most
harmful effect of bleeding is that water becomes trapped under aggregates and reinforcement,
causing loss of bond and providing a route for penetration of chlorides and atmospheric
carbon dioxide, to the detriment of durability.
Settlement associated with bleeding often produces cracking in fresh concrete. Settlement
cracks may run parallel with reinforcement and may allow contamination to reach from the
exterior of concrete. Settlement cracks may cause serious durability problems in aggressive
environments.
2.8.2.8 Concrete Strength
It is important to note that the required structural strength of concrete may be achieved with
any concrete, which has sufficient durability. Nevertheless, a final check should be made to
determine strength of concrete after the requirements for durability and adequate workability
have been met. This is necessary to ensure that the structural strength is adequate and to
establish the strength standard by which the quality of the concrete throughout may be
assessed and controlled.
Dec 2009 Page 34 SP 1282

The mean strength achieved in both site and laboratory trials may be taken as equivalent of
the mean strengths achieved in construction with the same mix. The necessary margin
between mean and characteristic strength may be calculated from the standard deviation
appropriate to the methods of production and control used on site, or may be estimated from
Table 10. If site control is very good, smaller margins may be used.
Table 10: Current Criteria for Reinforced Concrete in Oman
Structural Characteristic Strength Margin Added to Characteristic

Application Strength Required Strength (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
Good Site Control Average Site Control
Un-reinforced 7 2.3 4.6

Concrete
10 3.3 6.6
15 4.9 9.8
Reinforced 20 6.6 13.1

Concrete
30 9.9 19.8
35 11.5 23.0
40 13.2 26.4
50 16.5 33.0
2.9 Concrete Quality Control
Concrete quality control should be based on measured compressive strength and workability.
Although compressive strength is not a direct measure of the durability of concrete, it is a
convenient way of comparing the quality of concrete during production with that of the trial
mix.
Use of cube tests to control the potential of concrete for durable construction (provided it is
compacted and cured properly) is similar to the tests used to control the potential of concrete
for compressive strength in less aggressive regions.
For list of Quality Control tests refer to Appendix C.
SP 1282 Page 35 Dec 2009

2.10 Concrete Production
2.10.1 Climatic Effects
2.10.1.1 Temperature & Evaporation
The control of concrete temperature and evaporation from the mix are key factors in
producing durable reinforced concrete structures in the hot arid climates of Oman. The
initial temperature of fresh concrete shall not exceed 300C. If concrete hardens at high
temperatures, subsequent cooling either causes substantial contraction or induces adverse
internal stresses with, an increased risk of cracking. High concrete temperatures during
mixing and placement increase water demand for a given workability, and encourage early
plastic shrinkage and cracking, as well as reducing long-term strength and durability.
In view of the major advantages to be gained by reducing the temperature of the fresh
concrete as far as possible, the arrangements for controlling its temperature initially and
during the early hardening period are among the most important to be considered when
planning concreting operations in Oman.
2.10.1.2 Loss of Workability
See Figure 2, showing how slump decreases as temperature rises for concrete with constant
water content, illustrates loss of workability with concrete temperature rise. Figure 2 shows
that, in the example, there is a 30 mm loss in slump between 200C and 300C. See Figure 3,
which illustrates water needed to maintain constant slump as temperature rises, shows that
5% by volume extra water would be required to restore this loss. In practice, the extent of
slump loss with increasing temperature is affected by the both constituents and proportions
of each mix. Figures 2 & 3 only indicate general trends.
2.10.1.3 Time Between Mixing & Compaction
The time available for transport, placement and compaction of concrete is limited by loss of
initial workability, shorter initial setting, time and evaporation of water, all of which are
aggravated by high temperatures. With suitable equipment and adequate labour for
placement and compaction, it should be possible to keep time between mixing and
compaction to 20 minutes or less.
2.10.1.4 Effect of Temperature on Strength
Generally, the early (up to about 3 day)-strength of concrete increases with temperatures up
to 400C however, at greater ages strength is reduced by continuous exposure to temperatures
higher than about 150C. It may be that, if concrete is kept cool for the first few hours after
mixing, subsequent exposure to higher temperatures enhances long-term strength.
2.10.1.5 Elastic Deformation, Shrinkage & Creep
The early deformation, shrinkage, and creep of concrete, increase with temperature. The
increase in creep is very substantial. The deformation characteristics are also affected by the
drying of concrete. Dry concrete creeps very much less than saturated concrete.
2.10.1.6 Plastic Shrinkage & Cracking
Unless concrete is properly protected, the high rates of evaporation normally experienced
during the day in the hot arid climate of Oman cause the plastic shrinkage and cracking of
fresh concrete, interrupt the hydration process, increase the permeability of the concrete cover
protecting reinforcement and reduce long-term strength. The maximum rate of evaporation,
Dec 2009 Page 36 SP 1282

which does not cause plastic shrinkage cracking, is about 1kg/m2 per hour, as this rate is
unlikely to exceed the rate of bleed.
SP 1282 Page 37 Dec 2009

Figure 2: Fresh Concrete temperature effect on slump at constant water content
Dec 2009 Page 38 SP 1282

Figure 3: Fresh Concrete temperature effect on water demands
SP 1282 Page 39 Dec 2009

2.10.1.7 Permeability
The permeability of concrete determines the ability of aggressive salts, oxygen and carbon
dioxide to penetrate and to reach the reinforcement. Concrete permeability mainly depends
on cement paste permeability, which in turn, depends on pore structure. The amount of
water, which may combine chemically with Portland cement, is about 25% by weight. More
water than this is required to make workable, concrete and the excess water creates pores in
the cement paste when it hardens (see Figure 4). Theoretically, there is just enough extra
water in concrete compacted at a water/cement ratio of 0.5 to provide all the water needed for
curing. Even if all this water is retained, temperature gradients in hot climates tend to drive
the water away from the surface where it is most badly needed.
2.10.1.8 Loss of Strength
The loss of strength of inadequately cured concrete may be substantial, and the likely
increase in permeability of the most critical part of the concrete (i.e. the surface) is even
greater. It has been shown in tests that the strength of concrete stored in air is little more
than 40% of that continuously moist-cured for 6 months. Even when moist storage is
adopted only for the first 7 days, the strength of the concrete at 6 months is only about 70%
of that for continuously moist-cured concrete. Curing, therefore, is vital in the hot climate of
Oman.
2.10.2 Temperature Control During Concrete Production
The temperature of fresh concrete depends on the temperature of its constituents, and may be
calculated from the following equation.
0.22 (T a W a + T C W C ) + T W W W + T a W Wa
T=
0.22(W a + W C ) + W W + W Wa
Where,
Ta TC TW : Temperature of aggregate, cement and added mixing water

respectively.
W a W C W W W Wa : Weight of aggregate, cement, added mixing water and free water in

aggregate, if any, respectively.
2.10.2.1 Mix Constituents Cooling
Keeping aggregates cool is important, because the aggregate is the principal constituent of the
mix. In spite of the relatively small weight of water used in the mix, cooling the water is an
effective way of reducing the temperature of concrete.
Dec 2009 Page 40 SP 1282

Figure 4: Permeability & Water / Cement Ratio
SP 1282 Page 41 Dec 2009

2.10.2.2 Mixing Water Cooling
Provision for cooling the mixing water is desirable, and becomes essential if the water is
drawn from shallow wells or delivered by road tanker. Water may be cooled by cooling
towers or chilling plant, or by the use of ice to replace part of the mixing water.
When ice is used, the temperature of the concrete may be calculated from the following
equation
0.22 (T a W a + T C Wc) + T W W W + T a W Wa – 80 W i
T= _____________________________________
0.22(W a + W C ) + W W + W Wa + W i
Where,
Ta TC TW : Temperature of aggregate, cement and added mixing

water respectively.
Wa WC WW : weight of aggregate, cement, added mixing water and free

W Wa water in aggregate, if any, respectively.
WI : Weight of ice
This equation is only correct in Centigrade units. Refer to sample calculation for ice
requirement in Appendix B.
2.10.2.3 Plant
Batching and mixing plant should be painted white and kept clean outside and inside. White
paint may reduce temperatures by about 100C in summer. If at all possible, batching and
mixing plant should be shaded from the sun. Provision should be made to prevent dust
accumulating in the plant.
2.10.2.4 Mixing Times
Mixing times should be long enough to produce uniform concrete, but not so long as to
encourage the breakdown of weak aggregates or generate undue extra heat through friction.
Efficient mixers, with a positive or forced mixing action, should be used to minimise these
effects. Materials may be mixed more easily if the water is not added until the dry materials
have been thoroughly mixed.
2.10.2.5 Cleaning Mixing Plant
Frequent cleaning of mixing plant, even during production, is essential to prevent the
accumulation of drying mortar, which unpredictably changes the workability of the mix.
When using ice in the mix, it is most important that all the ice melts during the mixing
process, otherwise the water/cement ratio varies in different parts of the concrete, and ice
voids may even be incorporated in the structure.
Dec 2009 Page 42 SP 1282

2.10.3 Delivery & Storage Of Materials
The special problems in storing materials in Oman arise from the need to protect the materials
from:
- Contamination from windblown dust.
- Contamination from soluble salts rising from the ground.
- Solar heating.
2.10.3.1 Imported Cement
Imported cement may have spent some time in transit and in storage under unsuitable
conditions and may have deteriorated and become partially air-set. Imported cement should
be inspected and tested before delivery to site and the conditions of storage after delivery
should be such that further deterioration is minimal.
2.10.3.2 Hot Cement
Cement obtained from local cement works may be delivered at temperatures of 1000C or
more. This does not affect subsequent performance in concrete but because the stored heat in
the cement contributes immediately to the temperature of the concrete, the cement should be
allowed to cool before use and adequate storage space should be provided for this.
2.10.3.3 Bagged Cement
Bagged cement may deteriorate quickly in hot climates and should be stored on a raised floor
in a well-ventilated and weatherproof building. Bags should be used in the order that they
are received, and each consignment should be separated from others and clearly marked,
including the delivery date, for identification and test results.
2.10.3.4 Bulk Cement
Bulk storage in weatherproof silos is preferable to storage in bags, because deterioration is

slower, wastage is reduced, and the quality is likely to be more consistent. If more than one
silo is in use. Bulk cement should be used in the order in which it is received. Different
types of cement should not be mixed in silos, and storage should be for as short a time as
possible. Silos should be painted white, should be kept clean outside and should be shaded
from the sun.
2.10.3.5 Aggregate
Aggregate delivered to batching, plants should be stored on clean, permanent concrete hard
standings, laid to fall for drainage. Different sizes of aggregates should be separated in bins
or compartments with rigid dividing walls extending high enough to prevent aggregates
mixing during batching. Stockpiles should be covered to protect them from windblown dust
and should be shaded from the sun. Shading with hessian or special shade netting may
reduce aggregate temperatures by as much as 100C in summer.
2.10.3.6 Admixtures
Storage of admixtures should follow the manufacturers’ recommendations. Admixtures are

usually supplied in steel or plastic containers and may need to be stored under cover if liable
to degradation in high temperatures. The containers should be labelled to indicate contents,
batch number, shelf life and special requirements for storage.
SP 1282 Page 43 Dec 2009

2.10.3.7 Water
Water storage should be as cool as possible, particularly when supplied by road tanker or
from shallow wells. Whenever possible, storage tanks should be sited below ground. If this
is not possible, they should be shaded from the sun and painted white. Whatever the
previous treatment, it is essential that water be kept free from contamination. Tanks should
always be covered which will also help to prevent the growth of algae.
2.11 Placing & Compacting Concrete
The feed of concrete from mixer should be done quickly, with the least possible loss of water
by evaporation or gain of heat from the sun or surroundings. Truck mixers feeding concrete
pumps enable concrete to be placed quickly with little exposure to the environment. Truck
mixer should be painted white or covered with hessian, and kept wet with a spray bar. It is
essential that the workability required for compaction is achieved at the mixer, and that no
water is added to the concrete after it has left. Spare plant should be available to allow
concrete placement to continue in the event of a breakdown.
Before concrete is placed in formwork, the forms should be inspected for leaks, cleanliness
and freedom from windblown dust and rubbish. The reinforcement should be inspected for
cleanliness and freedom from rust, and to ensure correct and rigid fixing so that there is no
movement during concreting. Reinforcement hot enough to dry the concrete on contact
should be cooled by spraying with mixing-quality water immediately before concrete is
placed, but surplus water should not be left standing in the formwork. Concrete should be
placed quickly to avoid unnecessary stiffening, and as closely as possible to final position,
avoiding redistribution. To avoid segregation, concrete should be discharged in uniform
layers, particularly in deep formwork, for walls and columns. Experience shows that, once
segregation has occurred, no amount of vibration will rectify the fault.
The thickness of concrete placed at any one time should not exceed the amount, which may
immediately be compacted with the means available, and this rotation should control the rate
of placement.
The height of discharge of the concrete into the forms may need to be restricted if the mix
shows any tendency to segregate. Concrete should not be dropped from a height greater than
1.5 m.
Concrete placed in lifts of more than 1.5 m require special attention. e.g., discharge and
placement through trunking.
Concrete stiffens quickly in hot climates and should be compacted as quickly as possible.
Compaction by rodding or tamping is too slow, it is essential to compact concrete by
vibration.
Internal poker vibration immersed in the concrete, surface vibrators for paving or slabs and
external vibrators attached to formwork are acceptable although the latter should be avoided
where possible.
Sufficient vibrators should be provided to compact the concrete quickly, and spare equipment
should be available so that compaction is not delayed by breakdown. Too little vibration is a
more serious hazard than too much, although too much may cause segregation and excess
surface laitance. Vibrators should not be used to move concrete.
Dec 2009 Page 44 SP 1282

2.12 Curing
2.12.1 Importance of Curing
Curing fresh concrete is essential in the hot, arid climate of Oman. Inadequate curing may
negate all earlier care taken in mix design and concreting operations, and cannot be made
good by later treatment.
In the hot climate of Oman, the durability, strength, and other characteristics of concrete are
critically dependent on treatment from compaction and during the following few weeks.
In addition, inadequate curing and protection of concrete during early life may lead to serious
defects such as plastic shrinkage, cracking and excessive drying shrinkage.
The loss of water from fresh concrete begins the moment it is added to the mixer. Fresh
concrete should be protected during transports and subsequently when placed and
compacted.
To avoid delay in protecting the concrete, all materials needed for curing should be ready for
use before concreting begins.
Measures adopted to keep the concrete as cool as possible to maintain workability also help
to keep the initial rate of evaporation low.
Whenever possible, the formwork and reinforcement should be shaded from the sun before
concreting. The concrete should also be shielded from drying winds.
2.12.2 Top Surfaces
For the top exposed surfaces of concrete substantially free from starter bars or other
obstructions, every part of the exposed surface should be covered with polythene or similar
impermeable sheeting immediately after finishing. The sheet should be in direct contact with
the concrete, unless some initial separation is necessary to obtain a particular surface finish.
The sheets should overlap adjacent sheets at the edges, and they should be fixed at the ends
and edges to prevent air circulating over the concrete.
Preferably as soon as the concrete has stiffened sufficiently (and in any case after not more
than 24 h), the sheeting should be removed and the surface covered with wet Hessian. Then
the sheeting should be replaced again to reduce evaporation from the Hessian. Additional
mixing-quality water should frequently be introduced under the polythene sheeting to keep
the Hessian thoroughly and permanently wet. If the Hessian is allowed to dry, it is not only
useless, but it may absorb water from the concrete and so further hinder curing.
Alternatively, the exposed surface may be ponded using mixing-quality water.
Unless the concrete surface is a construction joint, after not less than 7 days the sheeting and
Hessian should be removed, and the exposed concrete, when it is surface dry, should be
sprayed with a film of a suitable aluminised or white-pigmented curing compound.
When it is impossible to cover the whole of the surface closely with wet Hessian (e.g. where
starter bars protrude), and it is impossible to pond it, a curing compound should be applied to
these specific areas (taking care not to coat the bonding areas - the reinforcement or
construction joints) directly after the completion of the finishing works.
SP 1282 Page 45 Dec 2009

2.12.3 Vertical Surfaces
For the sides of columns, beams and walls, formwork kept in position for at least 24 h
normally provides the initial protection needed against evaporation.
On removal of the formwork, the concrete should be closely wrapped with wet hessian and
enclosed with Polythene sheeting. The hessian should be kept wet by frequent additions of
mixing-quality water, and it should be retained in position for not less than 7 days.
2.12.4 Water Spraying
Water spraying may be used for curing inaccessible areas, but great care should be taken to
prevent the cooling action of a water spray from causing sudden thermal contraction of warm
concrete surfaces. Evaporation of the water is also likely to cause contamination, and
therefore such methods should be limited.
2.12.5 Curing Compounds
Sprayed-applied curing compounds are available for use as membranes. These however
should be tested, or at least guaranteed. White or aluminium pigments should be used in
compounds except where this would spoil the appearance of the finished concrete. Curing
compounds may not be used on surfaces, which are to be bonded with concrete to be cast
later (e.g. construction joints), and they should not be allowed to contaminate reinforcement.
2.12.6 Insulation & Protection
Large horizontal surfaces (e.g. slabs and floors) should be shaded from the sun using shade
netting for 7 days after construction. Dry sand placed over the Polythene sheeting may help
reduce temperatures in extreme conditions.
Massive structure (e.g. compressor bases) may also be thermally insulated during the first few
days after construction and temperature differential between the inner core and near surface,
monitored with embedded thermocouples to prevent thermal cracking.
2.13 Formwork
Experience in hot dry climates similar to Oman has shown that the aspects of formwork,
which need special care, are:
Formwork should be sufficiently rigid and adequately braced. Great care should be taken to
ensure that forms do not leak at joints.
Timber and plywood formwork should be designed with allowances for the brittleness caused
by low moisture content. Release agents should be capable of working efficiently on highly
absorbent timber, and should prevent loss of moisture from newly compacted concrete. Wind
blown dust should not be allowed to accumulate on excess release agent or in the forms. It
may be beneficial to spray formwork with water immediately before concrete placement.
Forms should be shaded from the sun for several hours before concrete is poured.
Steel forms (and under extreme conditions timber forms) should be insulated to prevent
excessive temperature fluctuations at the concrete surface.
Dec 2009 Page 46 SP 1282

2.13.1 Release Agents
The principal types of release agents are shown in Table 11, with comments on their general characteristics.
Table 11: Release Agent
Release Agent Comments
Neat Oil (with surfactant) A useful general purpose, release agent for all types of formwork, including steel. Over-application may result in Staining
the concrete. Oil film may be affected by heavy rain.
Neat Oil (without surfactant) Should not be used where appearance is important. Encourages the formation of blowholes. Inexpensive and may be used
where concrete is later to be covered.
Mould Cream Emulsion Widely used, but not for steel. Particularly good for timber. Suitable for high quality finishes. Mix thoroughly before
application. Limited storage life.
Chemical Release Agent Recommended for all types of formwork. Suitable for high quality finishes. Based on light, volatile oils, which usually dry
on the surface of the form to leave a thin coating which is resistant to washing off by rain. The dried coating gives a safer
surface to walk on than an oily film, and the release agent does not then transfer from footwear to reinforcement. Rate of
cover is greater than for conventional oils, also more expensive for a given volume but may be economical if used
sparingly.
Wax Recommended for concrete moulds. Difficult to apply a thin, uniform coating.
Barrier Paint Not recommended for use without a release agent because the paint film on its own may become scratched and lose its
release capacity
Water Phased Emulsion (oil- Causes severe retardation and discolouration. Cheap, easy to apply and may be used if concrete is not exposed to View.
in-water)
SP 1282 Page 47 Dec 2009

Dec 2009 Page 48 SP 1282

2.13.2 Striking Times
The time formwork should remain in position depends on the quality and temperature of the
concrete, on the ambient temperature and the subsequent curing and insulation applied. The
recommendations given in BS 8110 are a good guide.
Because early curing is so vital, formwork should not be removed less than 24 hours after
concreting, regardless of the structural condition of the concrete, unless curing is applied
immediately to the exposed concrete surface.
2.14 Reinforcing Steel
Corrosion, as a result of chloride attack of reinforcing steels embedded in concrete, is the

most important cause of the deterioration of concrete construction in Oman. When
reinforcement rusts, its effect is disruptive, and leads to un-serviceability long before eventual
failure. The following recommendations aim to ensure that the steel is protected during
transport, storage, construction, and subsequently in the structure.
2.14.1 Types of Reinforcement
Reinforcement supplied is usually in compliance with the relevant BS EN specifications and

reference should be made to them for the full requirements.
2.14.1.1 Galvanised or Epoxy-Coated Steel
Galvanised or epoxy-coated steel bars are used in some parts of the world in situations where
reinforcement is likely to rust.
Experience shows that galvanising, while giving initial protection, may lose protection in the
long term.
There is a danger of severe pitting corrosion if epoxy coating is damaged. Therefore, unless
the coating integrity is 100% guaranteed, epoxy-coated rebar should not be used.
Usage of galvanised steel or epoxy-coated steel is not recommended in Company facilities,

other than in marine works.
2.14.1.2 Stainless Steel
Relative UK costs of these types of reinforcement are given below.
Hot rolled steel 1
Galvanised steel 1.5 to 2
Epoxy coated steel 2
Stainless steel clad 4
Solid stainless steel 8
SP 1282 Page 49 Dec 2009

2.14.2 Delivery & Storage
Corrosion is the main danger for steel during transport, temporary storage on delivery and
subsequent long-term storage on site. Steel may be imported by sea (often as deck cargo) and
held at docks before delivery to site. At any stage, steel is vulnerable to contamination by
chlorides from sea spray or windblown salts, and using may take place quickly as a result of
dew at night. Chloride attack is often highly localised, with pitting of the surface of the
steel, and attack may be sufficiently severe to make reinforcing bars unusable.
All steel should be covered during transport and storage to Minimise exposure to
contamination. Mechanical damage to steel during loading or unloading should be avoided,
because distortion as a result of rough treatment is not easily rectified. On arrival at site,
steel should be inspected for rusting, contamination, surface defects, and damage before
acceptance.
Storage on site should be in sheds with weatherproof overhead covers, concrete floors, and
walls to screen stocks from contamination from windblown dust. Steel deliveries should be
clearly labelled, and storage should be organised systematically for easy identification of
deliveries, sizes and types of steel. Reinforcing bars should be stored in racks, well clear of
the floor. Similar care in storage should be taken after reinforcing bars have been cut and
bent, prior to fixing in formwork.
The condition of steel held in storage should be inspected at regular intervals. Deterioration
should immediately be remedied and measures taken to eliminate causes, and to clean or
reject contaminated items.
2.14.3 Cleaning
By the time reinforcement is ready for use in construction, it is likely to be somewhat rusty.
In temperate climates, such rust is normally harmless, but in hot regions rust is very likely to
contain chlorides, which may cause further corrosion, and should be removed. The only
effective way to remove the contamination and rust is by blast cleaning.
2.14.4 Cutting & Bending
Bars should be bent slowly and evenly, and they should not be re-bent, because this may lead
to premature fracture. It may sometimes be convenient to bend bars temporarily out of the
way where they cross construction joints, and to bend them back later when the adjacent
concrete is cast. In such cases, the radii of the bends should be greater than the minimum
permitted by the appropriate specification. However, bending should not be encouraged
because any damage to the steel occurs at the point, where there is the greatest likelihood of
thermal and shrinkage cracking in the concrete.
2.14.5 Fixing
Before the reinforcement is positioned in formwork, its condition should again be inspected
for rust and other contamination, which should be removed. Reinforcement should be fixed
accurately and rigidly to make sure that cover is not less than the minimum specified for the
concreting. Spacers, preferably made of concrete or mortar of equal quality to that being
cast, or of plastic, should be used to help in correct positioning. Metal spacers should not be
used, because of the probability of corrosion. Strict supervision is required to prevent
operatives walking on reinforcement, causing contamination and displacement.
Wherever reinforcing bars are left protruding from the concrete, e.g. starter bars for columns,
even for only a short time, the steel should be protected from windblown dust and
condensation, e.g. with polythene.
Dec 2009 Page 50 SP 1282

2.15 Special Aspects of Concrete Design
Conditions that should be avoided are:
- The use of reinforcement where not required.
- Reinforcement bunching.
- The use of large diameter bars with little cover and near corners.
- Sharp corners, sudden changes in section or thin members.
- External features which may collect sand and dust to form a corrosive
mixture with rain or dew at night, including horizontal projections and
ledges, integral gutters, decorative patterns with holes and pockets, and
exposed aggregate or textured surface.
- Placement of concrete in large pours or deep lifts.
- Built-in pipes or services.
- Unsealed reinforced concrete for structures, which have to retain or resist

water on one side only, including roofs, tunnels and above ground culverts
and reservoirs.
- Wetting with water from wastes, fountains, flowerpots or irrigation.
- Unsealed joints.
- Undersigned construction joints.
- Anything unnecessarily complicated.
Provisions should be made for:
- Steeply sloping smooth surfaces, which shed dust and condensation.
- Rounded profiles for the corners of external members.
- Paving adjacent to buildings and sloping down from them.
- Generous numbers of designed locations for construction joints.
- Waterproof membranes in roofs, retaining walls and reservoirs.
- External cladding, with adequate provision for movement.
- Arrangements for monitoring the durability of the structure in situ.
SP 1282 Page 51 Dec 2009

2.16 Repairs of Construction Defects in Concrete
2.16.1 Cracking
Cracking occurs whenever the tensile strain on the concrete exceeds its capacity. The tensile
strain capacity of concrete varies with age and strain application rate.
The basic mechanisms that generate strain are given below.
1. Movement generated within the concrete, e.g. drying, shrinkage and expansion or
contraction due to temperature change.
2. Expansion of material embedded in the concrete, e.g. reinforcement corrosion.
3. External influences, e.g. foundation settlement.
Figure 5 illustrates possible causes of cracking.
Mechanisms (1) and (2) cause various types of intrinsic cracks, details of which are shown on
Table 12 & Figure 5. Mechanism (3) causes extrinsic cracks.
Figure 7 gives an indication of the age at which the various forms of cracking may occur.
Plastic settlement cracks and plastic shrinkage cracks, which are intrinsic cracks, occur
during the early stages of setting, particularly when concrete has a tendency to bleed. Cracks
caused by thermal contraction and drying shrinkage occur when the concrete has begun to
harden. In all cases, the cracks should be filled as soon as possible to prevent the entry of
corrosive salts, and to ensure the proper protection of the steel. Effective sealing of cracks is
most important when caused by plastic settlement because their positions invariably follow
the pattern of the reinforcement.
Further deterioration may be prevented if cracks are repaired before contamination enters and
before the reinforcement begins to rust. Cracks treated after rusting has started are hardly ever
successfully repaired.
Where no further movement is expected, cracks may be repaired by injecting epoxy resins,
but cracks which act as movement joints after formation should be chased out and sealed with
a compound which accepts the expected strains.
If plastic settlement has caused cracking, it may also have resulted in the formation of cavities
below the reinforcing bars. Where possible, these should be investigated by coring the
concrete or inspected visually with a bores cope. Filling such voids (with resin) is only
practicable if confined to a very small area. It is very important therefore, to avoid plastic
settlement cracking by good mix design and construction practices.
Dec 2009 Page 52 SP 1282

Figure 5: Concrete Crack Types
Occurs Type Cause
1 Shrinkable Aggregates
Physical 2 Drying Shrinkage
3 Crazing
4 Reinforcement
Corrosion
Chemical 5 Alkali/Aggregate
Reaction
6 Cement Carbonation
After Hardening
7 Freeze/Thaw Cycles
Thermal 8 Seasonal Temperature

variations
9 Early Thermal
Contraction
10 Accidental Overloading
Structural 11 Creep
12 Design Loads
13 Early Frost Damage
Before Hardening Plastic 14 Plastic Shrinkage
15 Plastic Settlement
Construction Movement 16 Formwork Movement
17 Sub-Grade Movement
SP 1282 Page 53 Dec 2009

Figure 6: Intrinsic Concrete Crack Examples
Dec 2009 Page 54 SP 1282

Figure 7: Crack Appearance Times
Cracking Cause
Loading Service Condition
Alkali-Silica Reaction
Corrosion
Drying Shrinkage
Early Thermal Contraction
Plastic Shrinkage
Plastic Settlement
1 Hour 1 Day 1 Week 1 Month 1 Year 50 Years
Time From Concrete Placement
SP 1282 Page 55 Dec 2009

Table 12: Intrinsic Crack Classification
Type of Cracking Class Sub Division Most Common Primary Cause Secondary Remedy Appearance
Location Causes Time
Plastic A Over reinforcement Deep sections Excess Rapid early Reduce 10 minutes
Settlement. bleeding
B Arching Top of columns bleeding drying (Air to 3 hours

entrainment
C Change of depth Waffle slabs or vibration)
Plastic Shrinkage D Diagonal Roads & slabs Rapid early
E Random Reinforced slabs drying Low rate of Improve early 30 minutes
F Over reinforcement Reinforced slabs Ditto, plus lack cover bleeding curing to 6 hours
Early thermal G External restraint Thick walls Excess heat Rapid Reduce heat 1-2 days
Contraction generation
H Internal restaint Thick slab Excess temp cooling and/or or 3 weeks

gradients regulate
Long term Drying I Thin slabs/walls Inefficient joints Excess shrinkage Reduce water Several weeks
or Shrinkage Inefficient curing Improve or moths
curing
(Contd.)
Dec 2009 Page 56 SP 1282

Table 12: Intrinsic Crack Classification (contd.)
Type of Cracking Class Sub Division Most Common Primary Cause Secondary Remedy Appearance
Location Causes Time
Crazing J Against formwork Fair faced Impermeable form Rich mixes or Improve 1-7 days, may
concrete work poor curing curing and be much later
finishing
K Floated concrete Over trowelling
Reinforcement L Natural Columns and Lack of cover Poor Eliminate More than
Corrosion beams
M Calcium chloride Pre-cast Excess calcium Quality of causes listed 2 years

concrete chloride concrete
Alkali/aggregate N Damp location Reactive aggregates high-alkali Eliminate More than 5

Reaction plus cement causes listed years
SP 1282 Page 57 Dec 2009

2.16.2 Defective Concrete
Where defects are serious, it may be necessary to remove concrete down to, and beyond, the
reinforcement. All the defective concrete should be removed, preferably with the edges slightly
undercut, and should be replaced by resin or cement-based concrete (Renderoc or equivalent) of
suitable proportions. If cement-based concrete is used, the adjacent concrete should be soaked
but surface-dry when the repair is made, and the area should be cured, by keeping it thoroughly
wet to avoid excessive shrinkage.
The repair of defective concrete construction is difficult and expensive. Such works should be
carried out by experts familiar with the materials and methods available for this purpose. Even
when new concrete is repaired before further deterioration has taken place, the greatest care
should be taken to ensure successful repair. If repairs are delayed such that chlorides enter or
concrete has carbonated, the chances of successful repair are very small.
In the case of extensive defects, e.g. when excessive chloride has been incorporated in the mix,
economic repair is usually impossible, and it is best to remove and replace the affected parts of
the structure.
2.17 Summary of Recommendations
The rate of deterioration of reinforced concrete in hot climates may be reduced significantly by
the application of present concrete technology and standards together with experience gained in
the region.
Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the most common causes of concrete deterioration.

Therefore, by ensuring that the reinforcement is protected against aggressive salts entering the
concrete from its surface and by ensuring that the concrete itself is substantially free of aggressive
salts when made, deterioration will be minimised.
The main recommendations are summarised as follows.
- Ensure that aggregates are substantially free from contamination by chlorides, which
cause reinforcement corrosion, or by sulphates, which cause concrete disruption.
- Ensure that aggregates are reasonably free from fine dust and silt, which increase water
demand and hence reduce concrete durability.
- Ensure that aggregates are sound and durable.
- Ensure that aggregates are tested for alkali reactivity.
- Ensure that the aggregate particles have a shape, which allows workable concrete to be
made within strict limits of water/cement ratio.
- Ensure that the properties of the cement are independently tested for compliance with
the relevant BSI standards.
- Ensure that the correct type of cement for the application is used.
- Ensure that water used for mixing and curing reinforced concrete is substantially free
from contamination, particularly chlorides and sulphates.
Dec 2009 Page 58 SP 1282

- Ensure that the concrete is workable enough when it leaves the mixer to allow for
loss of workability in hot weather and still enable it to be thoroughly compacted
between and around the reinforcement. Concrete mixes should include enough
cement to give this workability with a low water/cement ratio for adequate
impermeability.
- Consider the use of admixtures. Plasticisers should be used to give workability.

Air entrainment agents may be used to reduce settlement and bleeding if aggregate
grading is deficient.
- Ensure that aggregates are combined in proportions that give concrete, which will
resist segregation when handled, and settlement and bleeding when placed and
compacted.
- Ensure that the concrete mix is designed to achieve the structural strength required.
- Ensure that reinforcement is completely clean before concrete is placed and will be
protected by sufficient concrete cover.
- Ensure that the design avoids features that trap wind borne salts etc.
- Ensure that the initial temperature of fresh concrete is kept low to minimise the
loss of workability and thermal contraction during hardening.
- Ensure that the concrete is thoroughly cured to achieve im-permeability, durability

and strength.
SP 1282 Page 59 Dec 2009

Appendices
Appendix A Glossary of Definitions & Abbreviations
Appendix B Typical temperature control calculation for concrete
Appendix C Tests to conducted
Appendix D SP User-Comment Form
Dec 2009 Page 60 SP 1282

Appendix A: Glossary of Definitions & Abbreviations
A.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions shall apply.
Shall : The word ‘shall’ indicates a requirement
Should : The word ‘should’ indicates a recommendation
the Company : Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.,
the Contractor : The party with which the Company has entered into a
Contract
Manufacturer : A party responsible for the manufacture of equipment and

services to perform the duties specified by the Consultant or
the Company.
Vendor / : A party responsible for the supply of equipment, materials

Supplier or product related services in accordance with the purchase
order issued by PDO or it’s nominated purchasing office.
the User : The Company and or Consultant, designate using this

document
A.2 Technical
Aggregates : Collective name for a range of soil from sand through to

pebbles.
Bleeding : If the cement paste in concrete is allowed to leave the

concrete matrix during placement, this is called bleeding.
Capillary : Effect caused by the surface tension of water with a

Action material.
Compaction : To obtain a concrete (or soil) mix with maximum density,

minimum air void and hence minimum permeability. This
is normallv done by vibration pokers or similar.
Cubes & : For testing concrete, concrete cubes, 100mm or 150mm

Cylinders size or concrete cylinders 150mm diameter are moulded,
cured and tested.
Duricrust : Calcrete duricrust is a limestone crust cemented with

magnesium and calcium carbonates. Surface layers are
often very contaminated by sulphates.
Grading : Soil and aggregates are graded from the clay (finest)
through silts to sands to gravels and boulders. For
concrete clays, silts and boulders are not required.
Embedded Steel : Steel reinforcement or rebar.
SP 1282 Page 61 Dec 2009

Laitance : Cement scum on top of concrete normally weaker than the

rest of the concrete and therefore shall be removed.
Slump : Concrete workability is determined by a Slump Test which

measures the slump (reduction of height) of a sample of
wet concrete.
Water/Cement : of water and cement in a concrete mix.

Ratio by weight
Workability : This is a physical condition of fresh concrete, and is

proportional to its capacity to be moved from one place to
another, and compacted.
A.3 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations have been used in this Engineering Guideline.
ACI : American Concrete Institute (USA).
ASTM : American Standard Testing of Materials.
BRE : British Research Establishment.
BSI : British Standards Institution (UK,).
C3A : Tricalcium Aluminate.
CBR : California Bearing Ratio.
CIRIA : Construction Industry Research & Information

Association
C0 2 : Carbon Dioxide.
CS : The Concrete Society
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normerung (German Standards

Institution)
OPC : Ordinary Portland Cement.
PDO : Petroleum Development Oman LLC.
Shell GSI : Shell Global Solutions International BV.
SIEP : Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.
SRPC : Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
Dec 2009 Page 62 SP 1282

Appendix B: Typical Temperature Control Calculation for Concrete
Typical calculation
Following climatic conditions are assumed for cooling requirement calculations:
Ambient temperature = 35o C
Temperature of Cement = 40o C
Temp. of coarse aggregate = 35o C
Temp. of fine aggregate = 35o C
Temp of mixing water = 4o C
Required mix temp = 28o C
For keeping the mix temp at 28o C, heat released by ingredients with initial temperature above mix
temperature should be equal or less than the heat gained by chilled water during the process of mixing.
Change in temperature of different ingredients during mixing
Ingredients Initial Temperature Mix Temperature Drop in Temperature

o o o
C C C
Cement 40 28 12
Coarse 35 28 7
Aggregates
Fine Aggregates 35 28 7
Water 4 28 (24) raise
SP 1282 Page 63 Dec 2009

Specific heat of ingredients
Cement = 0.78 KJ/Kg/o C
Coarse Aggregates = 0.83 KJ/Kg/o C
Fine Aggregates = 0.79 KJ/Kg/o C
Water = 4.18 KJ/Kg/o C
Latent heat of ice = 334 KJ/Kg/o C
Ingredients Qty per M3 Specific heat Diff. in temp Heat released

(Kgs) (KJ)
Cement 375 0.78 12 3510
Coarse agg. 1150 0.83 7 6682
Fine agg. 750 0.79 7 4148
1% moisture 19 4.18 7 556
Heat released 2000

during
mixing
Total heat 16896

released
The mixing water temperature should be controlled to absorb the heat released to ensure concrete at desired
temperature.
Quantity of mixing water = 169 kgs (at WC ratio of 0.45)
Water temp. differential required (ΔT) = 16896/(169 x 4.18) = 23.9
Hence required water temp = 4o C
Hence ice shall be added to maintain the mixing water at a temperature of less than 4o C.
Considering a concrete quantity of 50 m3,
Total quantity of water required = 50 x 169 = 8450 kgs or approximately 8.5 m3
Hence, amount of ice required to cool this water from ambient water temp, say 30o C,
If Qty of ice =Q
(Q x 334) + (Q x 4.18 x 4) = (8450-Q) x 4.18 x (30-4)
Q = 1999 kgs say 2000 kgs.
Due to difference in ambient temperature and the chilled mixing water, water will start absorbing heat due to
the conductivity of tank material. Heat transfer from atmosphere to chilled water depends on tank material,
surface area and thickness of wall and duration of storage. Hence additional ice requirement shall be
Dec 2009 Page 64 SP 1282

calculated to off set the heat absorption through tank walls and the length of storage, usually the concreting
duration.
Heat absorbed per unit time = Coeff. Of thermal conductivity x Surface area x (Temperature
differential)/wall thickness
An allowance of 10% of ice is recommended to offset any unforeseen changes in assumptions.
SP 1282 Page 65 Dec 2009

Appendix C: Tests to be conducted

Test Description EN or ISO Standard British Standard American Frequency
Standard
Cement EN 197-1, EN 197-4 ASTM C 150
Test 1 Chemical composition EN 196-2 ASTM C 114 A/E.D.
Test 2 Compressive strength EN 196-1, EN 197-1, ASTM C 109 A/E.D.
EN 197-4
Fineness EN 196-6 , EN 197-1, ASTM C 204 A/E.D.
EN 197-4
Setting time EN 196-3, EN 197-1, ASTM C 191 A/E.D.
EN 197-4, ISO 9597
Soundness EN 196-3, EN 197-1, ASTM C 151 A/E.D.
EN 197-4, ISO 9597
Test 3 Density EN 197-1 ASTM C 188 A
Aggregates EN 12620 ASTM C 33
Test 4a Organic impurities Standard colour solution test ASTM C 40 A/D.V./ED
Test 4b Reactive constituents ASTM C 295 A
Test 5 Effect of organic impurities ASTM C 87 A/ If Required
Test 6 Soundness ASTM C 88 A/O.M./ED
Test 7 Chloride content Analytical analysis A/O.M./ED
Test 8 SO3 content Analytical analysis A/O.M./ED
Test 9 Sieve analysis BS 812 ASTM C 136 A/D/ED
Test 10 10 % fines value BS 812 A/W/D.V./ED
Test 11 Crushing value (ACV) BS 812 A/W/D.V./ED
Test 12 Impact value (AIV) or Los Angeles test BS 812 ASTM C 131 A/W/D.V./ED
ASTM C 535
Test 13 Abrasion value (AAV) or Los Angeles Test BS 812 ASTM C 131 A/W/D.V./ED
ASTM C 535
Test 14 Material < 75 µm BS 812 ASTM C 117 A/W/D.V./ED
Test 15a Potential alkali-silica reactivity ASTM C 289 A/ED
Test 15b Potential alkali reactivity (in general, e.g. cement-aggregate ASTM C 227 A /ED
combination, carbonate rocks) ASTM C 586
ASTM C 1260
ASTM C 1293
Test 16 Porosity:
Sand/aggregate BS 812 ASTM C 128 A/O.M./ED
Course aggregate BS 812 ASTM C 127 A/O.M./ED
Test 17 Water content in aggregates BS 812 ASTM C 566 D/D.V./S.W.C./ED
Dec 2009 Page 66 SP 1282


Standard
Water ACI 318
Test 18 PH value EN 1008 Analytic A/W/ED
Test 19 Chem. analysis of water EN 1008 Analytic A/O.M./D.V./ED
Test 20 Dissolved solids EN 1008 BS 2690 ASTM C 1602, A/T.M/ED
ASTM C 1603
Test 21 Comparison setting time ASTM C 191 If Required
Test 22 Comparison compressive strength ASTM C 109 If Required
Reinforcement BS 4449 ASTM A 615
ASTM A 996
Test 23 Purchase / delivery: BS 4449 ASTM A 615 A//E.D
a) Tensile test ASTM A 996 A/E.D.
b) Bend test
Trial mix Test 24 & Determination of mix composition EN 206-1 and BS 8500 Once
Approval
Test 25 Sieve analysis materials: EN-12620 Once
Coarse and fine aggregates
Test 26 Moisture content aggregates BS 812 Once
Test 27 Temperature of fresh concrete Per batch
Test 28 Workability (initial + in time) EN 206-1 and BS 8500 Per batch
Test 29 Air content ASTM C 138 Per batch
Test 30 Water cement ratio EN 206-1 and BS 8500 Per batch
Test 31 Bleeding ASTM C 232 Per batch
Test 32 EN 206-1 and BS 8500 Minimum of
Compressive strength:
2 batches of 12 cubes
3 * 1 days strength
3 * 3 days strength
3 * 7 days strength
3 * 28 days strength
Monitor Hydration heat – Test piece full scale: Once per specific
- temperature monitoring structural element
- strength development in time > 600 mm
- bleeding observation
SP 1282 Page 67 Dec 2009


Standard
Concrete mix BS 8110
Mix details, target strengths EN 206-1 and BS 8500
Test 33 Slump test BS 1881 ASTM C 143 D.P.
Test 34 Mix density and cement content BS 1881 ASTM C 138 E.P. (TWICE)
Test 35 Air content BS 1881 ASTM C 138 E.P. (TWICE)
Test 36 Chloride content Calculated total Cl from ASTM C 1152 A/O.M.
individual constituents ASTM C 1218
Test 37 SO3 content Calculated total SO3 from A/O.M.
individual constituents
Test 38 Compression tests on cubes Acc. EN 206-1
BS 1881 ASTM C 39 and E.P.
Approval Concrete mixing plant description Initiallly
Test 39 Batching weigh equipment testing Initially+1./2 weekly
Test piece
For concrete element
above 600 mm
thickness
Before pouring Inspect Cleaning formwork E.P.

Inspect Check on concrete cover E.P.
Inspect Surface treatment joint inspection E.P.
Dec 2009 Page 68 SP 1282


Standard
During pouring Test 40 Concrete layers BS 8110, D.P.
maximum 0.3 m
Inspect Compaction D.P.
Inspect Falling height BS 8110, E.P.
maximum 1.5 m
Inspect Stability/settlement formwork D.P.
Inspect Flatness/slope D.P.
Inspect Actions with regard to environmental weather conditions D.P.
Inspect Recompaction D.P.
Monitor Temperature monitoring for heat dissipation E.P.
Thickness > 600 mm
After pouring Inspect Finishing method and quality D.P.

Inspect Curing (method, product) D.P.
After removal of Inspect Check on defects E.P.

formwork Inspect Curing compound E.P.
Inspect Check on realised cover E.P.
Inspect Check on realised flatness/slope E.P.
Temperature Test 41 EN 206-1 and BS 8500 ASTM C 94

The temperature of all constituents of the mix and the mix proper shall be recorded D.P.
Q.C. Approval QC programme indicating tests to be carried out initially
Inspect Concrete materials delivery, inspection and testing E.D.
Legend:
A For approval before work commences E.D. Each Delivery T.M. Twice per Month
D Daily E.P. Each Pouring W Weekly
D.P. During Pouring O.M. Once per Month
D.V. Daily Visual S.W.C. at Sudden Weather Change
All relevant tests shall be repeated in case of change of quarry/Manufacturer/Supplier. The above tests should be part of the quality plan.
SP 1282 Page 69 Dec 2009

Appendix D: SP User - Comment Form

SP User-Comment Form
If you find something that is incorrect, ambiguous or could be better in an SP, write your comments
and suggestions on this form. Send the form to the Document Control Section (DCS). They make a
record of your comment and send the form to the correct CFDH. The form has spaces for your
personal details. This lets DCS or the CFDH ask you about your comments and tell you about the
decision.
SP Details Title Issue Date:
Number:
Page number: Heading Number: Figure Number:
Comments:
Suggestions:
User’s personal details
Name: Ref. Ind: Signature: Date:
Phone:
Document Control Section Actions
Comment Number: Dates CFDH
Recd: To CFDH: Ref. Ind:
CFDH Actions
Recd Date: Decision: Inits: Ref. Date:

Ind:
Reject:
Accept, revise at next issue:
Accept, issue temporary

amendment
Comments:
Originator Date: Inits: Document Control Date: Inits:

Advised: Section Advised:
Dec 2009 Page 70 SP 1282

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Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.

UNRESTRICTED Document ID: SP-1282

Specification for Reinforced Concrete

Production & Construction

Authorised For Issue Dec 2009

Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

Revision 1 July ‘93 W. Von Schmidt, TTH/4 Updated to Standard Format

SP 1282 Page i Dec 2009

Dec 2009 Page ii SP 1282

2.7 Concrete Mixes............................................................................................................... 23

SP 1282 Page iii Dec 2009

2.15 Special Aspects of Concrete Design ................................................................... 51

Dec 2009 Page iv SP 1282

This specification is intended to:

- Disseminate and record facilities related information, experience and

1.2 User Guidelines

- Applicable Standards, Specifications and Codes are revised

- Addition of Corrosion Inhibitors in reinforced concrete recommended

- Typical calculations for controlling concrete temperature during production

- Test requirements for effective Quality Control introduced

1.3 Changes to the Specification

1.4 Applicable Standards, Specifications and Codes

SP 1282 Page 1 Dec 2009

1.4.1 PDO Standards

SP-1274 : Specification for Civil & Building Construction – Guideline to

SP 1275 : Specification and Criteria for Design of Civil & Building

SP-1279 : Specification for Civil & Building Construction

PGSC(Product : List of Approved Vendors for Materials & Equipments for

CP-122 : Code of Practice for Health, Safety and Environmental

SP-1231 : Health Safety and Environment Specification (Occupational

1.4.2 International Standards

ACI 207-4R : Cooling and Insulating system for Mass Concrete

ACI 305-R : Hot Weather Concreting

ASTM C 33 : Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C 94 : Standard Specification for Ready-mixed Concrete

ASTM C 131 : Standard test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small

ASTM C 150 : Standard Specification for Portland Cement

ASTM C 227 : Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of

ASTM C 494 : Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 535 : Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large

BS EN 196 : Methods of Testing Cement

Dec 2009 Page 2 SP1282

BS EN 197 : Cement, Composition, Specifications and Conformity criteria

BS EN 206 : Concrete specification, performance, production and

BS EN 480 : Concrete Admixtures, Mortar and Grout – Test Methods

BS EN 932 : Test for General Properties of Aggregates

BS EN 933 : Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination of

BS EN 1008 : Mixing water for concrete. Specification for sampling, testing

BS EN 1097 : Test for Mechanical & Physical Properties of Aggregates

BS EN 1367 : Test for Thermal & Weathering Properties of Aggregates

BS EN 12350 : Testing of Fresh Concrete

BS EN 12390 : Testing of Hardened Concrete

BS EN 12504 : Testing Concrete in Structures

BS EN 12620 : Aggregates for Concrete

BS EN 13263 : Silica Fume for Concrete

Eurocode 2 : Design of Concrete Structures (EN 1992)

BS 1370 : Specification for Low Heat Portland Cement

BS 1377 : Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes

BS 1881 : Methods of Testing Concrete

BS 4027 : Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement

BS 4449 : Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of

BS 4482 : Cold Reduced Steel Wire for the Reinforcement Concrete -

BS 4483 : Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete - Specification