TROPICAL CROPPING SYSTEM

Eko Hanudin
SOILS
INDONESIAN
SOILS
YOGYAKARTA
SOILS
YOGYAKARTA GEOLOGICAL MAP
 Soil Fertility Criteria
1. pH-H2O : 6-7 (neutral)
2. Organic matter content (>5%)
3. Texture: clay loam – loam
4. Base saturation (>80%)
5. N content (>7.5 g/kg)
6. P2O5 content (>20 mg/kg)
7. No Toxic element (Pb, Cd, Cd, Ni, etc)
8. Water Availability
 Improving Soil Fertility
1. Applying anorganic fertilizer
2. Applying soil amendment (lime, biochar, zeolite, organic
matter)
3. Applying organic fertilizer
4. Applying biofertilizer
5. Applying green fertilizer
6. Marling technology (mixing soil with different texture)
 Anorganic Fertilizers
 Inorganic fertilizers are usually made in the factory.
1. Nitrogen Fertilizers (N)
Ex: Potassium nitrate (KNO3), amonium phosphate[(NH4)3PO4], urea
(NH2CONH2) dan calcium sianida (CaCN2). Forms:crystal, prill, pellet,
tablet and liquid
2. Amonium sulfat [(NH4)2SO4] = N 20-21%
3. Doubel superphosphate (DS) P2O5 38%
Ca3(PO4)2 CaF + 4H3PO4+ 3H20 ⎯⎯> 3Ca(H2PO4)2 + HF
4. Tripel super phosphate (TSP) P2O5 44-46%
Ca3(PO4)2 CaF + H3PO4 ⎯⎯> Ca(H2PO4)2 + Ca(OH)2 + HF
5. Muriate (KCl)
6. Kalium sulfat (zwavelzuure kali = ZK)
K2SO4.2MgSO4 + KCl ⎯⎯> 3 K2SO4 + 2 MgCl2
7. Potasium-magnesium sulphate (K2SO4.2MgSO4)
8. Potassium nitrate (Niter)
 Composting
 Composting is process to activate microorganism
in decomposition of organic materials.
 Composting need condition:
a) Humidity
b) Aeration
c) Temperature
d) Neutral
e) Fortification
Composting process
 Organic fertilizers
 The advantage of organic materials for improve soil fertility, such
as:
a. Contain complete nutrients
b. Improve soil structure
c. Easy to cultivate for heavy clay soils
d. Increase water holding capacity
e. Improve soil permeability
f. Increase cation exchange capacity
g. Improve soil biological activity
h. Increase soil buffering capacity
i. Contain huge of effectuve microorganism
 Disadvantage of organic materials:
a. High C/N tinggi = unmature
b. Mix or contain city garbace or industrial waste
 Soil Amendement

Zeolite Biochar
 Natural Fertilizers
Zeolite in Gunung Kidul

 Volcanic Ash
 Zeolite
 Apatite
 Guano
 Green Fertilizers
 Some examples , such us:
a. Crotalaria juncea
b. Crotalaria anagyroides
c. Crotalaria usaramensis
d. Tephrosia vogelii, thephrosia candida
e. Sesbania sesban, janti turen (Jawa)
f. Sesbania esculatta
g. Phaseolus tunatus, kratok (Jawa)
h. Glycine soya, kedelai
i. Vigna sisnensis, kacang tunggak, kacang dadapan.
j. Mimosa invisa
k. Centrosoma pubescens
l. Calopogonium mucunoides
m. Pueraria thumbergiana
 Microorgamism fertilizers
 Nitrogen fixing microorganism (Rizobia)
 Phosphate solvent microorganism (Micoriza)
 Application of Marling technology

Problems of sandy soil at coastal areas: Loess, nutrient and water

holding capasity is very low.
Solution: Mixing sandy soil with clay soil + organic matter + fertilizer
Cropping System at Different Soil
Types
 1. Management of Andisols
1. Very good soil physical properties
2. Rich in minerals
3. High content in organic matter
4. Enough water supply
5. High P retension
Volcanic Areas: Andisols/Andosols
Tobacco, orange, cassava, coffee
in Temanggung
Orange, coffee, tobacco, banana in
Temanggung
Cassava, tobacco, corn, taro, sweet
potato in Temanggung
Cropping system at hilly areas
 2. Management of Ultisols & Oxisols
Indonesia possess 108.8 million hectares acid soils (Ultisols and
Oxisols) or 69.4% of total dry land, where located Sumatera,
Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. The soil fertility problems of
the soils are:
1. Low pH (±4.5)
2. Poor Nutrients (P, Ca, Mg, K, Zn, B, Cu, Mo)
3. Toxic elements (Al, Fe, Mn)
4. Vulnerable to erosion
5. Limited water supply
 Solutions
1. Liming (CaCO3 and CaMgCO3) to increase pH and Ca-Mg
availability
2. To suppress Al and Fe toxicity.
3. Apply fertilizer (Urea, Rock Phosphate, KCl)
4. Apply compost
5. Byproducts from industry
6. Integration with livestock
 3. Management of peat soils
Problems in Peat Soils:
1. Extremely acid
2. Poor nutrient Solusion:
3. Water looging 1. Liming (maksimum pH5.6)
4. Subsidence 2. Apply mineral and organic
fertilizer
3. Water control
4.Reforestation ????
RUBBER AND SAGO PALM IN PEAT SOIL
 4. Management of paddy soils

Problems: Solusions:
1. Leveling off production 1. Application of organic matter
2. Environmental issue 2. Reducing GHG emission
3. Land convertion (Biochar, zeolite)
3. Regulation: Eternal land Act
Conversion of agricultural land for
non-agricultural purposes
Cropping system around
yogyakarta area
Rice, banana, trees in Gunung Kidul
Rice, corn, peas, trees in
Gunung Kidul
Monoculture
‘Surjan System’ in Kulon Progo
(rice, corn, chili, papaya, etc)
Surjan System in
Gunung Kidul and
Demak
 Integrated vegetables farming with
terracing system in Tawangmangu, Central
Java
 Cogongrass and
Swetenia mahagoni in Gunung Kidul
Integrated farming in Kulon Progo sandy
soil
‘Mina Padi’ System (rice and
fish)
Integrated Farming System Rotating
system
Integrated Farming in Gunung Kidul
Agroforestry System in Gunung Kidul
“Embung” is pond to harvest
water in Bantul
 Pond, Chicken and
Rice (floating System)
Thank you