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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 8 - DESIGN OF COMPLEX STRUCTURES

RESEACH PAPER
BUILDING LAWS

INCREMENTAL SETBACK
FOR BUILDINGS OF MORE THAN 2 STOREYS IN HEIGHT, THE
MINIMUM WIDTH OF THE REAR OR SIDE COURT SHALL BE INCREASED AT THE
RATE OF 300 MILLIMETERS FOR EACH ADDITIONAL STOREY UP TO THE 14TH
STOREY. FOR BUILDINGS EXCEEDING 14TH STOREY IN HEIGHT, THE REQUIRED
WIDTH OF THE COURT SHALL BE COMPUTED ON THE BASE OF 14TH STOREYS
*ANGLE/SLOPE OF ANGULAR PLANE FOR BUILDINGS.
R – 1 W/ 20 METER RROW, 31.0 DEGREE,
C - 3 W/ 20 METER RROW, 60.0 DEGREE
MAX BASEMENT CONFIGURATION AND MINIMUM NATURAL VENTILATION
PORVISIONS FOR BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION (C – 3)
BUILDING LAWS

PARKING SPACE REQUIREMENT


MULTI – FAMILY LIVING UNITS
REGARDLESS OF NO. OF STORIES
1 SLOT / 8 UNITS
WITH AVERAGE LIVING FLOOR AREA
OF 50M²
MULTI – FAMILY LIVING UNITS
REGARDLESS OF NO. STORIES WITH
1 SLOT / 4 UNITS
AVERAGE LIVING FLOOR AREA OF
50M² -100M².
MULTI – FAMILY LIVING UNITS
REGARDLESS OF NO. OF STORIES
1 SLOT / UNIT
WITH AVERAGE LIVING FLOOR AREA
OF MORE THAN 100M².
RESIDENTIAL HOTELS AND 1 SLOT / 5 UNITS
APARTELES
OFFICE BUILDING 1 SLOT/ 125 M² OF GROSS FLR AREA.
OTHER BUILDINGS ON BUSINESS 1 SLOT/ 125 M² OF GROSS FLR AREA.
AND COMMERCIAL ZONES
STORES, MANUFACTURING, 1 LOADING SLOT FOR EVERY 500M²
MERCANTILE, WHOSALE AMD THE OF GOSS FLOOR AREA (MIN. 1 TRUCK
LIKE LOADING SLOT)
TOURIST BUS PARKING 2 BUS SLOTS/ HOTEL OR

SPECIAL PROVISIONS: 1 ACCESSIBLE PARKING LOT FOR 50 – 150 SLOTS AND


AN ADDITIONAL SLOT FOR EVERY 100 THERE AFTER.
PARKING SLOT DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE CAR - 2.50M BY 5.00M (PERPENDICULAR/DIAGONAL
PARKING)
TRUCK/ BUS PARKING/ LOADING (STANDARD) - 3.60M BY 12.00M
ARTICULATED TRUCK SLOT - 3.60M BY 18.00M
JEEPNEY/ SHUTTLE PARKING - 3.00M BY 9.00M
ACCESSIBLE PARKING SPACE FOR THE DISABLED - 3.70M WIDTH
OTHERS DRINKING BUTHUBS / LAVATORIES WATER
FOUNTAIN/S SHOWERS CLOSETS
MALE / DESCRIPTION
FEMALE MALE / FEMALE

BUILDINGS FOR
TRANSACTION
1 PER 40 FOR 1 PER 25 FOR THE
OF BUSINESS/ BUSINESS
THE FIRST 80 FIRST 50 AND
1 SERVICE PROFESSIONAL
AND
SINK - 1 PER 50 FOR THE SERVICES,
1 PER 100 MERCHANDISE,
1 PER 80 FOR REMAINDER
THE EXCEEDING 50 OFFICE
REMAINDER BUILDINGS AND
PLUMBING FIXTURES

EXCEEDING SIMILARITIES
80
1 SERVICE RETAIL STORES,
SINK SERVICE
1 PER 1000 1 PER 750 1 PER 500
STATIONS, SHPS, MERCAN
- SALES ROOM, TILE
COMMERCIAL,
ETC.

1 KITCHEN 1 PER UNIT 1 PER 1 PER DWELLING APARTMENT RESIDEN


SINNK/UNI - DWELLING UNIT HOUSE ONE AND
BUILDING LAWS

TIAL
MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES

T UNIT TWO FAMILY


1 AUTOMATIC, 1 PER UNIT 1 PER 1 PER DWELLING DWELLINGS AND
CLOTHES
DRYER, - DWELIING UNIT LODGING HOUSE
CONNECTION UNIT W/ 5 OR FEWER
PER UNITS GUEST ROOMS
1 SRVICE 1 PER 100 1 PER 8 1 PER 10 CONGRESATE
SINK LIVING
1 PER 10
FACILITIES W/ 16
OR FEWER
PERSON
1 SRVOCE 1 PER 100 1 PER 8 1 PER 10 1 PER 10 RESIDENTIAL
SINK CARE
(INSTITUTIONAL)
UNIRNALS - IN EACH BATHROOM OR TOILET ROOM, URINALS SHALL NOT
BE SUBSTITUTED FOR MORE THAN 67% OF THE REQUIRED WATER CLOSETS IN
ASSEMBLY AND EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES. URINALS SHALL NOT BE
SUBSTITUTED FOR MORE THAN 50% OF THE REQUIRED WATER CLOSETS IN ALL
OTHER OCCUPANCIES.

FIRE CODE
FIRE EXIT
DOORS OF 4 OR MORE STOREYS IN HEIGHT SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH RE-
ENTRY MECHANISM TO PROVIDE ACCESS OUT OF THE STAIRWAY TO
ANOTHER EXIT. THESE SHALL BE RE-ENTRY MECHANISM EVERY4 FLOORS
THAT PROVIDE A WAY OUT OF THE STAIRWELL.
MINIMUM CORRIDOR WIDTH
THE MINIMUM CORRIDOR WIDTH OF ANY CORRIDOR OR PASSAGEWAY
SERVING AS A REQUIRED EXIT OR MEANS OF TRAVEL TO OR FROM REQUIRED
EXIT SHALL BE 1RCM.
NUMBER OF EXITS
AT LEAST TWO EXITS SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY FLOOR OR SECTION,
INCLUDING FLOORS BELOW THE FLOOR OF EXIT DISCHARGE FOR
INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES OR USES INCIDENTAL THERETO. AT LEAST ONE OF
WHICH SHALL BE REACHED WITHOUT TRAVERSING ANOTHER STOREY.
TRAVEL DISTANCE TO EXITS
EXITS SHALL BE AS REMOTE FORM OTHER AS RECICABLE, SO ARRANGED
THAT IT WILL NOT BE NECESSARY TO TRAVEL MORE THAN 31 METERS FROM
ANY POINT TO REACH THE NEAREST EXIT FOR BLDGS. NOT HAVING
AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESION SYSTEM OR 46 METERS MOVING IT. FROM
EVEY POINT, THERE SHALL BE ATLEAST 2 SEPARATE EXITS ACCESIBLE, SO
ARRANGED AS TO BE REACHED BY DIFFERENT PATHS OF TRAVEL IN
DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
FIRE CODE (CONT…)
NUMBER OF MEANS OF EGRESS
STANDARD - NOT LESS THAN 2
OCCUPANT LOAD OF 500-1000 - NOT LESS THAN 3
OCCUPANT LOAD OF 1000 AND ABOVE - NOT LESS THAN 4
AREAS OF REFUGE
IN BUILDINGS OVER 5 STOREYS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL, AREAS OF REFUGE
SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR OCCUPANTS EITHER BY SMOKEFORCE ECNLOSURES
OR HORIZONTAL EXITS 2 MEANS OF EGRESS SEPARATE AND REMOTE FROM
EACH OTHER, AND TERMINATES ALONG SAFE REFUGE AREA.
FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS (DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA)
MINIMUM WIDTH – 60CM CLEAR BETW RAILS
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL DIMENSION – 60CM
MAXIMUM RISE – 23CM
MINIMUM TREAD EXCLUSIVE OFNOSING – 23CM
MAXIMUM MT BETW LANDINGS – 3.66M
TREAD CONSTRUCTION – SOLID 13MM DIAMETER
MEADROOM – 2.00M MINIMUM
LEVEL OF ACCESS OPENING – NOT OVER 30.50CM ABOVE FLOOR
CAPACITY NUMBER OF PERSONS – 45/UNIT
ELEVATORS (FIREMAN’S ELEVATOR)
ELEVATOR SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE REQUIRED MEANS OF EXIT. WHEN
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY ARE MORE THAN 3 STOREYS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
AND EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS, AT LEAST ONE ELEVATORS
SHALL BE DESIGN AND EQUIPPED FOR FIRE EMERGENCY USE BY MEMBERS
OF THE BFP, OR AS MAY BE DETERMINED ON BY THE CITY/ MUNICIPAL FORE
MARSHAL.
FIRE CODE (CONT…)
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
SMOKE CONTROL
HIGH-RISE BUILDING SHALL BE DESIGNED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE
LEVELS OF SMOKE CONCENTRATION IN PROTECTED SPACES CAN BE
MAINTAINED WITH AN VALUES THAT CAN BE TOLERATED BY OCCUPANTS.
THE PROTECTED SPACES SHALL INCLUDE STAIRWELLS, ELEVATOR SHAFT
AND FLOOR SPACES READILY ACCESSIBLE.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM PROTECTION
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS SHALL BE PROTECTED WITH APPROVED AND
SUPERVISE SPRINKLER SYSTEM AND MUST PROTECT ALL FLOOR SPACES AND
CONCEALED SPACES WITH COMBUTIBLE MATERIALS.
FIRE COMMAND CENTER
FOR BUILDINGS 10 STOREYS OR MORE, A FIRE COMMAND CENTER SHALL BE
PROVIDED IN A LOCATION APPORVED BY THE CITY/ MUNICIPAL FIRE
MARSHALL HAVING JURISDICTION.
FIRST – AID PROTECTION
APPLICABILITY OF ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF THE FIRECOPE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS

DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE – SCALE DIAGRID STRUCTURAL


DESIGN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIAGRID SYSTEM USED TO IMPROVE THE
STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS HAS BEEN A VITAL
ENTRY OF NATURAL RESEARCH AGENCIES.
WIND – INDUCED VIBRATION CONTROL USABILITY
IMPROVEMENT
TO REDUCE WIND-INDUCED VIBRATION, THE TECHNOLOGY LESSENS
HORIZONTAL VIBRATIONS BY FOLLOWING THE CONTROL ALLOGARITHM
AND MOVING THE MASS FIXED ON THE BUILDING BACK AND FORTH
LARGE SCALE AND COMMERCIAL RAINWATER HARVESTING
THE BENEFITS TO INDUSTRY OF A GOOD COMMERCIAL RAINWATER
HARVESTING SCHEME ARE NUMEROUS AND FAR REACHING OUR INDUSTRIES
USE A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR THEIR PROCESSES AND THE
INSTALLATION OF AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM CAN HELP REPLACE THEIR
RELIANCE ON A MAIN SUPPLY BY BETWEEN 40 AND 50%.
THE TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL HARVESTING
IS THE SAME FOR SMALLER INSTALLATIONS. IT’S SIMPLY THE SIZE AND
SCALE THAT IS DIFFERENT.
SYSTEMS FOR BOOSTIN WATER PRESSURE
INSTALLATION OF BOOSTER PUMP SETS CONSISTING OF MULTIPLE STAGED
PUMPS OR VARIALE SPEED PUMPS THAT DRAW WATER DIRECTLY FROM A
GRAVITY STRORAGE TANK OR THE PUBLIC WATER MAIN. MULTI STAGE
BOOSTER PUMPS SETS TYPICALLY INCLUDE DISCHARGE PRESSURE
REGULATOR VALVES TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
PRESSURE.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS (CONT…)

PHOTOVOLTAIC CURTAIN WALL FAÇADE SYSTEM


CURTAIN WALLS ARE BECOMING A POPULAR APPLICATION FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC GLASS IN BUILDINGS. THEY ALLOW FOR OWNERS TO
GENERATE POWER FROM OF THE BUILDING THEY HAD NEVER THOUGHT OF.
PV GLASS FOR CURTAIN WALLS COMES FRAMELESS, AND IT CAN BE
ASSEMBLED INTO ANY COMMERCIAL SYSTEM. PHOTOVOLTAIC CURTAIN
WALLS ALLOW FOR BUILDINGS TO GENERATE ADDITIONAL POWER WITHOUT
COMPROMISING AESTHETICS; FUNCTIONALITY AND VIEWS.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOF
A COOL ROOF IS DESIGNED TO REFLECT SUNLIGHT AND ABSORB LESS HEAT
THAN A STANDARD ROOF. COOL ROOFS REDUCE ENERGY BILLS, IMPROVE
INDOOR COMFORTS AND EXTEND SERVICE LIFE OF ROOF.
ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SYSTEM
AN ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SYSTEM PROVIDES CONTROLLED
VENTILLATION MINIMIZES ENERGY LOSS BY TRANSFERING ENERGY FROM
CONDITIONED AIR GOING OUT TO FRESH INCOMING AIR,
HVAC SYSTEM
PROPER INSTALLATION OF A NEW HVAC SYSTEM IS ESSENTIAL TO AN
ENERGY SUFFICIENT BUILDING. IMPROPERLY INSTALLED HVAC SYSTEMS
CAN REDUCE A SYSTEM’S EFFICIENCY BY UP TO 30%
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING, APPLIANCES, ELECTRONICS,
COMPUTERS AND OFFICE EQUIPMENT
USE LED LIGHT BULBS THAT ARE DURABLE AND LONG LASTING COMPARED
TO TYPICAL LIGHT BULBS. USE/SELECT ENERGY STAR APPLIANCE.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS (CONT…)

NET ZERO CONCEPTS


NET ZERO OR ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS ARE BUILT TO EFFECTIVELY
OPERATE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE STANDARD ELECTRIC GRID. “ZERO DOES
NOT ONY REFER TO ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS BUT ALSO CARBON EMISSIONS.
LOW EMMITING MATERIALS
SELECTING LOW EMITING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS NOT ONLY IMPROVES
HUMAN HEALTH BUT ALSO GOES CORE WAV IN PROTECTING THE OVERALL
ENVIRONMENT.
GREEN INSTALLATION
INSULATION FROM HEAT/COLD DOES NOT NECESSARILY NEED COSTLY
MATERIALS, THERE ARE MANY ALTERNATIVES IN THE MARKET.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHODS

SHEAR FRAME SYSTEM


- RESISTS LATERAL DEFORMATION BY JOINT ROTATION
- REQUIRES HIGH BENDING STIFFNESS OF COLUMNS AND BEAMS
- RIGID JOINTS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR STABILITY
- NOT EFFECTIVE FOR HEIGHTS OVER 30 STOREYS
BRACED FRAME SYSTEM
- LATERAL FORCES ARE RESISTED BY AXIAL ACTIONS OF BRACING AND
COLUMNS
- STEEL BRACING MEMBERS OR FILLED – IN BAYS
- MORE EFFICIENT THAN RIGID FRAMES
OUTRIGGER BRACED STRUCTURE
- 1 – 2 STOREY DEEP TRUSS CONNECTS CORE TO PERIMETER COLUMNS
- INCREASES THE BENDING RIGIDTY
- DEPENDENT OF RIGID CORE FOR SHEAR RESISTANCE
CORE STRUCTURE SYSTEM
- LATERAL AND GRAVITY LOADS SUPPORTED BY CENTRAL CORE
- ELIMINATES COLUMNS AND BRACING ELEMENTS
- CORE IS INEFFICIENT BECAUSE IT IS NOT DEEP IN RESPECT TO BENDING
- MOMENT SUPPORTED FLOORS ARE INEFFICIENT
HIGH – EFFICIENCY MEGA – BRACED STRUCTURE SYSTEM
- VERY LARGE COLUMNS AND BRACING
- SMALL NUMBER OF COLUMNS
- BRACING EXTENDS OVER MULTIPLE FLOORS
- STIFF TRANSFER FLOOR ALLOW FOR INTERNAL FLEXIBILITY
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

CONCRETE - CELULAR CONCRETE OF CLAY – GYPSUM AND INVENTION


OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE.
FERRO CONCRETE - IT IS A LAYER OF FINE MESH SATURATED WITH
CEMENT.
GUNITE - IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS A SHORT CRETE. IT COMPRESSES AIR TO
SHOOT CONCRETE ONTO A FRAME OR STRUCTURE.
GLASS - FLOAT GLASS WITH DOUBLE GLASS IS USED IN TALL BUILDINGS.
TEMPERED GLASS IS USED IN TALL BUILDINGS INSTEAD OF PLAIN GLASS. AS
THAT WOULD SHATTER AT SUCH HEIGHT.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- PLASTICITY - COST OF FORM
- EASILY AVAILABLE - DEAD WEIGHT
- EASY CASTING - DIFFICULTY IN POURING
- LOW – CORROSIVE
- CAN BE CAST IN – SITU
CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION


CONCRETE IS POURED INTO A CONSTINUOUSLY MOVING FORM.

TABLE / FLYING FORM CONSTRUCTION


IS A LARGE PRE – ASSEMBLED FORMWORK AND FALSEWORK UNIT, OFTEN
FORMING A COMPLETE BAY OF SUSPENDED FLOOR SLABS

VERTICAL PANEL SYSTEM


CRANE LIFTED PANEL SYSTEMS ARE COMMONLY USED ON BUILDINGS SITES
TO FORM VERTICAL ELEMENTS AND USUALY CONSIST OF A STEEL FRAME
WITH PLYWOOD, STEEL, PLASTIC OR COMPOSITE FACING MATERIALS.

TUNNEL FORM SYSTEM


USED TO FORM REPETITIVE CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND IS WIDELY KNOWN
OR RECOGNIZED AS A MODERN INNOVATION THAT ENABLES THE
CONSTRUCTION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ELEMENTS (WALLS AND
FLOORS) TOGETHER.
UNTILITIES

ELEVATORS
- SKYSCRAPPERS WOULD NEVER HAVE WORKED WITHOUT THE
COINCIDENT EMERGENCE OF ELEVATOR TECHNOLOGY.
- ELEVATOR SHAFTS HAVE BEEN A MAJOR PART OF SKYSCRAPPER
DESIGN AND MOSTLY, IT MAKES UP THE BUILDING’S CENTICAL CORE.

TYPES OF ELEVATORS:
SERVICE ELEVATORS
REGULAR PASSENGER ELEVATORS THAT HAVE BEEN OUTFITTED WITH
UTILITY CABS AND FLOORS, AND ARE USUALLY IN AN “EMPLOYEES ONLY”
OF A BUILDING.
PASSENGER ELEVATORS
THESE ARE DESIGNED AND RATED FOR CARRYING PASSENGERS. SOME ARE
SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE STRETCHERS, SUCH AS FOR
HOSPITAL APPLICATIONS. THEY CAN BE HYDRAULIC OR TRACTION.
FREIGHT ELEVATORS
HEAVY DUTY AND DESIGNED TO HAUL MATERIAL. THE JOB OF THESE LARGE
LIFTS MUST DO AND IT CAN CUSTOMIZE THEM BASED ON THE TYPE OF
BUILDING YOU HAVE AND THE LOADS THEY MUST CARRY. IT CAN BE DESIGN
TO MEET ANY SPEED AND SIZE CAPACITY YOUR BUILDING REQUIRES.
MRL ELEVATORS
ONE OF THE LATEST INNOVATIONS IN THE ELEVATOR ARENA ARE MACHINE
ROOM-LESS ELEVATORS. OR MRL ELEVATORS. THEY UTILIZE A SMALL
MACHINE AND MOTOR AT THE TOP OF THE ELEVATOR TO MOBE THE UNIT
WITH CABLES. IT CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED AS PASSENGER OR FREIGHT
ELEVATORS, BUT THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS PASSENGER.
UNTILITIES (CONT…)

GARBAGE HANDLING
WITH LIMITED GROUND FLOOR SPACE, COMPLEX BUILDING DESIGNS, AND
LARGER VOLUMES OF WASTE THAT ACCOMPANY THE HIGHER POPULATED
AREAS, MOST HIGH RISE BUILDING AND FACILITY MANAGERS FIND THAT
TRANSFERRING WASTE TO THE GROUND LEVEL IS BEST DONE WITH A CHUTE
BASED DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
WITH A CHUTE SYSTEM IN PLACE FROM YOUR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, THE
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL WILL BECOME MORE MANAGEABLE. WITH LESS
TRAPS TO THE DUMPSTER AND FEWER REQUIRED PICKUPS BY YOUR TRASH
HAULER, AND AN APPEARANCE OF BETTER HOUSEKEEPING, YOUR STAFF
AND TENANTS.
THE WASTE INDUSTRY OFFERS AN ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE AS IT IS A FAST
GROWING SECTOR.

WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES


GASIFICATION - A GASIFIER CAN DECOMPOSE SOLID WASTE IN ORDER
TO PRODUCE SYNGAS, WHICH MAY BE USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY AND
HEAT FOR THE BUILDING.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION - MAKES USE OF ORGANIC WASTE TO


GENERATE MEHTANE, WHICH CAN ALSO BE USED TO GENERATE POWER IN
VARIETY OF WAYS.

THESE LOCALIZED TECHNOLOGIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE


IMPLEMENTED IN THIS NEW GENERATIONS OF VERTICAL CITIES AND COULD
PROVIDE RENEWABLE ENERGY.
WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (CONT…)

LAUNDRY CHUTE AND LAUNDRY ROOM


- DESIGN AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF LAUNDRY CHUTES ARE
SIMILAR TO WASTE CHUTES. THEY ONLY PRINCIPLE DIFFERENCE IS
DIAMETER OF STANDPIPE.
- LAUNDRY CHUTE IS DESIGN FOR DELIVERY OF LINEN FROM FLOORS TO
LAUNDRY IN HOTELS, SANATORIUMS, HOSPITALS, CHILDREN’S PRE –
SCHOOL INSTITUTION. IT IS MADE FROM SHEET STAINLESS STEEL OF
1.5MM THICKNESS.
- LAUNDRY COLLECTOR IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF LAUNDRY
CHUTES. AT THE TOP OF FEED DOOR A SPRINKLER IS LOCATED TO
SUPPRESS FIRE IN THE LAUNDRY CHUTE STANDPIPE AUTOMATICALLY.
SKY LOBBIES
- IT IS AN INTERMEDIATE INTERCHANGE FLOOR WHERE CAN CHANGE
FROM AN EXPRESS ELEVATOR THAT STOPS ONLY AT A SKY LOBBY TO
A LOCAL ELEVATOR WHICH STOPS AT EVERY FLOOR WITHIN A
SEGMENT OF THE BUILDING.
- THIS INCREASES TRAVEL TIME, AND INDIRECTLY REQUIRES MANY
MORE ELEVATOR SHAFTS TO STILL ALLOW ACCEPTABLE TRAVEL
TIMES – THUS REDUCING EFFECTIVE FLOOR SPACE ON EACH FLOOR
FOR ALL LEVELS.
- TO FURTHER FACILITATE TRAFFIC AT THE SKY LOBBY ON THE HIGHEST
LEVELS OR FLOORS ESCALATORS WILL PROVIDE TWO – WAY SERVICE
BETWEEN THE FLOORS IMMEDATELY ABOVE AND BELOW.
SKY GARDENS
- IT SPLIT INTO MULTI-LEVELS BUT NOT LESS THAN 1/3 OF FLOOR PLATE.
- THE DESIGN OF SKY GARDENS NEEDS TO CONSIDER THE SPECIFIC
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS.
- SKY GARDENS AT HIGH – LEVELS SERVES THE PURPOSE OF
RECREATION, SOCIAL GATHERING AND AMBIENT COOLING.
-

REFERENCES / SOURCES

THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE (2015)


FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

https://www.murphyelevator.com/

https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/skyscrapper3.htm

https://harmony1.com/chute-room-waste-disposal-equipment/

https://www.burohaffold.com/opinion/waste-in-age-skyscrappers/

https://www.tsm.ua/en/waste-laundry-chute-systems.html

https://web.archieve.org/web/2006111507231

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/sky-lobby

https://www.hkgbc.org.hk/sb13-upload/presentationPDF/Breakout/3-Sky-
Garden-Design-in-High-Density-High-Rise-Residential-Development.pdf

www.lottecon.com

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