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RESEACH PAPER
BUILDING LAWS
INCREMENTAL SETBACK
FOR BUILDINGS OF MORE THAN 2 STOREYS IN HEIGHT, THE
MINIMUM WIDTH OF THE REAR OR SIDE COURT SHALL BE INCREASED AT THE
RATE OF 300 MILLIMETERS FOR EACH ADDITIONAL STOREY UP TO THE 14TH
STOREY. FOR BUILDINGS EXCEEDING 14TH STOREY IN HEIGHT, THE REQUIRED
WIDTH OF THE COURT SHALL BE COMPUTED ON THE BASE OF 14TH STOREYS
*ANGLE/SLOPE OF ANGULAR PLANE FOR BUILDINGS.
R – 1 W/ 20 METER RROW, 31.0 DEGREE,
C - 3 W/ 20 METER RROW, 60.0 DEGREE
MAX BASEMENT CONFIGURATION AND MINIMUM NATURAL VENTILATION
PORVISIONS FOR BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION (C – 3)
BUILDING LAWS
BUILDINGS FOR
TRANSACTION
1 PER 40 FOR 1 PER 25 FOR THE
OF BUSINESS/ BUSINESS
THE FIRST 80 FIRST 50 AND
1 SERVICE PROFESSIONAL
AND
SINK - 1 PER 50 FOR THE SERVICES,
1 PER 100 MERCHANDISE,
1 PER 80 FOR REMAINDER
THE EXCEEDING 50 OFFICE
REMAINDER BUILDINGS AND
PLUMBING FIXTURES
EXCEEDING SIMILARITIES
80
1 SERVICE RETAIL STORES,
SINK SERVICE
1 PER 1000 1 PER 750 1 PER 500
STATIONS, SHPS, MERCAN
- SALES ROOM, TILE
COMMERCIAL,
ETC.
TIAL
MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES
FIRE CODE
FIRE EXIT
DOORS OF 4 OR MORE STOREYS IN HEIGHT SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH RE-
ENTRY MECHANISM TO PROVIDE ACCESS OUT OF THE STAIRWAY TO
ANOTHER EXIT. THESE SHALL BE RE-ENTRY MECHANISM EVERY4 FLOORS
THAT PROVIDE A WAY OUT OF THE STAIRWELL.
MINIMUM CORRIDOR WIDTH
THE MINIMUM CORRIDOR WIDTH OF ANY CORRIDOR OR PASSAGEWAY
SERVING AS A REQUIRED EXIT OR MEANS OF TRAVEL TO OR FROM REQUIRED
EXIT SHALL BE 1RCM.
NUMBER OF EXITS
AT LEAST TWO EXITS SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY FLOOR OR SECTION,
INCLUDING FLOORS BELOW THE FLOOR OF EXIT DISCHARGE FOR
INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES OR USES INCIDENTAL THERETO. AT LEAST ONE OF
WHICH SHALL BE REACHED WITHOUT TRAVERSING ANOTHER STOREY.
TRAVEL DISTANCE TO EXITS
EXITS SHALL BE AS REMOTE FORM OTHER AS RECICABLE, SO ARRANGED
THAT IT WILL NOT BE NECESSARY TO TRAVEL MORE THAN 31 METERS FROM
ANY POINT TO REACH THE NEAREST EXIT FOR BLDGS. NOT HAVING
AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESION SYSTEM OR 46 METERS MOVING IT. FROM
EVEY POINT, THERE SHALL BE ATLEAST 2 SEPARATE EXITS ACCESIBLE, SO
ARRANGED AS TO BE REACHED BY DIFFERENT PATHS OF TRAVEL IN
DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
FIRE CODE (CONT…)
NUMBER OF MEANS OF EGRESS
STANDARD - NOT LESS THAN 2
OCCUPANT LOAD OF 500-1000 - NOT LESS THAN 3
OCCUPANT LOAD OF 1000 AND ABOVE - NOT LESS THAN 4
AREAS OF REFUGE
IN BUILDINGS OVER 5 STOREYS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL, AREAS OF REFUGE
SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR OCCUPANTS EITHER BY SMOKEFORCE ECNLOSURES
OR HORIZONTAL EXITS 2 MEANS OF EGRESS SEPARATE AND REMOTE FROM
EACH OTHER, AND TERMINATES ALONG SAFE REFUGE AREA.
FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS (DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA)
MINIMUM WIDTH – 60CM CLEAR BETW RAILS
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL DIMENSION – 60CM
MAXIMUM RISE – 23CM
MINIMUM TREAD EXCLUSIVE OFNOSING – 23CM
MAXIMUM MT BETW LANDINGS – 3.66M
TREAD CONSTRUCTION – SOLID 13MM DIAMETER
MEADROOM – 2.00M MINIMUM
LEVEL OF ACCESS OPENING – NOT OVER 30.50CM ABOVE FLOOR
CAPACITY NUMBER OF PERSONS – 45/UNIT
ELEVATORS (FIREMAN’S ELEVATOR)
ELEVATOR SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE REQUIRED MEANS OF EXIT. WHEN
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY ARE MORE THAN 3 STOREYS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
AND EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS, AT LEAST ONE ELEVATORS
SHALL BE DESIGN AND EQUIPPED FOR FIRE EMERGENCY USE BY MEMBERS
OF THE BFP, OR AS MAY BE DETERMINED ON BY THE CITY/ MUNICIPAL FORE
MARSHAL.
FIRE CODE (CONT…)
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
SMOKE CONTROL
HIGH-RISE BUILDING SHALL BE DESIGNED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE
LEVELS OF SMOKE CONCENTRATION IN PROTECTED SPACES CAN BE
MAINTAINED WITH AN VALUES THAT CAN BE TOLERATED BY OCCUPANTS.
THE PROTECTED SPACES SHALL INCLUDE STAIRWELLS, ELEVATOR SHAFT
AND FLOOR SPACES READILY ACCESSIBLE.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM PROTECTION
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS SHALL BE PROTECTED WITH APPROVED AND
SUPERVISE SPRINKLER SYSTEM AND MUST PROTECT ALL FLOOR SPACES AND
CONCEALED SPACES WITH COMBUTIBLE MATERIALS.
FIRE COMMAND CENTER
FOR BUILDINGS 10 STOREYS OR MORE, A FIRE COMMAND CENTER SHALL BE
PROVIDED IN A LOCATION APPORVED BY THE CITY/ MUNICIPAL FIRE
MARSHALL HAVING JURISDICTION.
FIRST – AID PROTECTION
APPLICABILITY OF ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF THE FIRECOPE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- PLASTICITY - COST OF FORM
- EASILY AVAILABLE - DEAD WEIGHT
- EASY CASTING - DIFFICULTY IN POURING
- LOW – CORROSIVE
- CAN BE CAST IN – SITU
CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
ELEVATORS
- SKYSCRAPPERS WOULD NEVER HAVE WORKED WITHOUT THE
COINCIDENT EMERGENCE OF ELEVATOR TECHNOLOGY.
- ELEVATOR SHAFTS HAVE BEEN A MAJOR PART OF SKYSCRAPPER
DESIGN AND MOSTLY, IT MAKES UP THE BUILDING’S CENTICAL CORE.
TYPES OF ELEVATORS:
SERVICE ELEVATORS
REGULAR PASSENGER ELEVATORS THAT HAVE BEEN OUTFITTED WITH
UTILITY CABS AND FLOORS, AND ARE USUALLY IN AN “EMPLOYEES ONLY”
OF A BUILDING.
PASSENGER ELEVATORS
THESE ARE DESIGNED AND RATED FOR CARRYING PASSENGERS. SOME ARE
SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE STRETCHERS, SUCH AS FOR
HOSPITAL APPLICATIONS. THEY CAN BE HYDRAULIC OR TRACTION.
FREIGHT ELEVATORS
HEAVY DUTY AND DESIGNED TO HAUL MATERIAL. THE JOB OF THESE LARGE
LIFTS MUST DO AND IT CAN CUSTOMIZE THEM BASED ON THE TYPE OF
BUILDING YOU HAVE AND THE LOADS THEY MUST CARRY. IT CAN BE DESIGN
TO MEET ANY SPEED AND SIZE CAPACITY YOUR BUILDING REQUIRES.
MRL ELEVATORS
ONE OF THE LATEST INNOVATIONS IN THE ELEVATOR ARENA ARE MACHINE
ROOM-LESS ELEVATORS. OR MRL ELEVATORS. THEY UTILIZE A SMALL
MACHINE AND MOTOR AT THE TOP OF THE ELEVATOR TO MOBE THE UNIT
WITH CABLES. IT CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED AS PASSENGER OR FREIGHT
ELEVATORS, BUT THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS PASSENGER.
UNTILITIES (CONT…)
GARBAGE HANDLING
WITH LIMITED GROUND FLOOR SPACE, COMPLEX BUILDING DESIGNS, AND
LARGER VOLUMES OF WASTE THAT ACCOMPANY THE HIGHER POPULATED
AREAS, MOST HIGH RISE BUILDING AND FACILITY MANAGERS FIND THAT
TRANSFERRING WASTE TO THE GROUND LEVEL IS BEST DONE WITH A CHUTE
BASED DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
WITH A CHUTE SYSTEM IN PLACE FROM YOUR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, THE
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL WILL BECOME MORE MANAGEABLE. WITH LESS
TRAPS TO THE DUMPSTER AND FEWER REQUIRED PICKUPS BY YOUR TRASH
HAULER, AND AN APPEARANCE OF BETTER HOUSEKEEPING, YOUR STAFF
AND TENANTS.
THE WASTE INDUSTRY OFFERS AN ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE AS IT IS A FAST
GROWING SECTOR.
REFERENCES / SOURCES
https://www.murphyelevator.com/
https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/skyscrapper3.htm
https://harmony1.com/chute-room-waste-disposal-equipment/
https://www.burohaffold.com/opinion/waste-in-age-skyscrappers/
https://www.tsm.ua/en/waste-laundry-chute-systems.html
https://web.archieve.org/web/2006111507231
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/sky-lobby
https://www.hkgbc.org.hk/sb13-upload/presentationPDF/Breakout/3-Sky-
Garden-Design-in-High-Density-High-Rise-Residential-Development.pdf
www.lottecon.com