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 Fig. 5.3: Spectrum of Mauna Loa data

(a) spans=1 (b) spans=c(5,5)

Raw Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram
20
20

10 10
spectrum

spectrum
0 0
-10
-10
-20

-30 -20

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency

(c) spans=c(13,13) (d) spans=c(21,21)

Smoothed Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram
15
10
10
5
spectrum

spectrum

0 0
-5
-10 -10
-15

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency

‚
 Fig. 5.4: Spectrum of detrended data

(a) spans=1 (b) spans=c(5,5)

Raw Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram
20
20
10 10
spectrum

spectrum
0
0
-10
-20 -10

-30
-20

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency

(c) spans=c(13,13) (d) spans=c(21,21)

Smoothed Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram
15
15
10
10
5
spectrum

spectrum

5
0 0

-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency


 Fig. 5.5: Detrended data: Comparison of tapers

Smoothed Periodogram
spans=c(5,5), taper=0
20

10
spectrum

-10

-20

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

frequency
bandwidth= 0.00469503 , 95% C.I. is ( -2.8324 , 4.22744 )dB

Smoothed Periodogram
spans=c(5,5), taper=0

10
spectrum

-10

-20

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

frequency
bandwidth= 0.00469503 , 95% C.I. is ( -3.70663 , 6.51105 )dB

t
 Fig. 5.6: N Hemisphere Temperatures

Full Data

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

0 500 1000 1500

Last 1024 observations

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0 200 400 600 800 1000

v
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Raw Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram

(a) spans=1 (b) spans=c(5,5)
0
0
-5
-10
spectrum

spectrum
-10
-20
-15
-30
-20
-40
-25

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency

Smoothed Periodogram Smoothed Periodogram

(c) spans=c(13,13) (d) spans=c(21,21)

-5
-5
spectrum

spectrum

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4

frequency frequency


 

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0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

time
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Series Series
phi(1) phi(2)
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Plot of Standardized Residuals
3

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ACF Plot of Residuals

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Plot of Standardized Residuals
4

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ACF Plot of Residuals

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First-order correlations Monthly slopes
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