Professional Documents
Culture Documents
introduction…………………………………………………… 3
literature review…………………………………….........13
case study………………………………………………………20
analysis…………………………………………………………..22
findings……………………………………………………….....22
recommendations……………………………………......38
conclusions……………………………………………………..38
INTRODUCTION
Location
Specific objectives:
To assess the current HCWM practices.
To evaluate the Health care waste generation rate.
To know the impacts of hazardous hospital waste on the community health and environments.
To suggest the sustainable HCWM practice systems for current inappropriate practices.
Research questions
Major research question
Does current healthcare waste management practices pose risks to human health and pollute
the environment? Or Cause Sustainable Environmental impact and public health issues
problems?
WHO estimates
Non-Risk HCW (75-90)% 85% of HCW is non-hazardous
10% is infectious
5% is non-infectious
HCW
Risk HCW (10-25)%
Classification of Healthcare waste (HCW)
Non-hazardous HCW;- Hazardous Healthcare waste /Health care
General waste/non-risk healthcare wastes, on – risk wastes
risk waste is that which is comparable to normal Infectious wastes
domestic garbage and presents no greater risk,
Pathological wastes
therefore, than waste from a normal home i.e.
Sharps
General office wastes
Pharmaceutical wastes
Packing or leftover food
Geno toxic wastes
(75-90)% total amount of HCW
Chemical wastes
Which are , Recyclable, Biodegradable, Other
non-risk HCW Heavy metals
Radio-active wastes
Categories of Health Care Waste(HCW)
1. General Waste
2. Infectious Waste
3. Pathological Waste
4. Sharps
5. Pharmaceutical waste
6. Geno toxic Waste
7. Chemical Waste
8. Waste with high content of heavy metals
9. Pressurized Containers
10. Radioactive Waste
Color coding systems for HCWM
Yellow with black band Chemical waste including those w/ heavy metals
HCW (Healthcare waste): includes health care activities such as diagnosis and treatment
immunization
Medical wards
Operating theatres and surgical wards
Other health care units: mostly general waste with small percentage of infectious waste (mostly
sharps).
Laboratories
Pharmaceutical and chemical stores
Support units - general waste only.
Health care provided by nurses – general waste, a limited amount of infectious and some sharps
Physician's offices – general waste, a limited amount of infectious and some sharps
Dental clinics and dentist's offices - general waste, a limited amount of infectious, sharps and
waste with high heavy metal content
Impacts of the HCW
Significant Environmental impact and Public health issues problems
Due to the poor HCWM result staff members, beneficiaries and nearby residents are facing
different problems.
At the separation point of waste generation Color coding system for HCW containers
HCW handling at the point of waste generation
HCWM in Menellik II Referral hospital was very
poor handling practice.
HCW bin put in the walkway and pedestrian was
not emptied and clean daily.
Amputation pit for disposal of Open dumping HCW at the back yard of the A newly built for HCW incineration
pathological waste in Menellik II hospital Hospital of Menellik II hospital
Incineration and Burring Disposal systems
The hospital has functional low combustion, single chamber incinerator incinerating all type of the
wastes together without separating especially general waste.
produced air pollutant emission.
Open Burning
Transportation to offside
Low Temperature
Incineration
Water bottle plastic stored for recycling dispersed near the incinerator open field in Menellik II hospital
HCWM Practice flow chart
Health care waste management practice color coding systems Menellik II hospital
HCWM Practice flow chart for pollution control
759
654
1000
622
565 607 933
790 813 778
730
800
600
118
400
168 165 159 269 151 163 48 171 174
211 No of outpatient flow/day
200 No of inpatient flow/day
patient flow/day in all case teams(OPD+IPD)
0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1.2
1
0.8
0.6 Kg/TP*/day
0.4 Kg/OP**/day
0.2
Kg/bed/day
0
General Infectious Pathological Pharmaceuticals Radiological
Table 3. Daily generation rates by types of HCW (Mean, SD) in Menellik II referral hospital
Health Care Waste Composition
Regarding the composition of healthcare waste, almost similar in inpatients and outpatients except general
healthcare waste 28% in inpatients and 43% in outpatients.
The infectious waste was 86% in inpatients whereas 46% in outpatients. These proportional variations have a
statistical significance.
41% 54%
29%
Infectious 46%
General
Sharp 43%
Radiological 68%
Pharmaceutical
Photological
The composition contribution and generation of HCWs in inpatients, outpatients& total HCW stream in Menellik II hospital.
Healthcare Waste Generation Rate
Among Case Teams Patient flow, total healthcare waste and its types (general and
hazardous waste) were compared among different case teams
61.93
80 71.71
44.79 47.57
40.64 57.5 41.07
46.43
60 41.64 52.29 50.21 30.25 48.86
22 33.58 42.43
27 18.57 29 18.29
21.79 28.71
21.71 25
40 29.67
15.63 4.5
10.5 0
13.79 13.53.75 13.57 Hazardous HCW
20
Total HCW
0
Relationships of the
environment,
community and
healthcare facilities
Waste minimization
Waste minimization can be achieved by the following strategies:
purchase items made from recycled glass and metals that can be disinfected and reused;
Sterilize reusable, and reduce the number of pre-sterilized disposable items;
Adopt policies and procedures for the management of waste generated;
Establish effective policies in cooperation with the authorized manufacturer of plastics for
recycling;
Use the steam sterilization method, preferred to chemical disinfection to prevent the generation
of hazardous chemical wastes
Safe and Proper HCW Disposal and
Treatment
If a proper management and control procedure is applied, healthcare waste should not have
any adverse effects on human health and the environment.
proper waste categorization and reducing, not only the disposal costs and environmental risks of
them will be controlled and prevented enables a large proportion of non-medical wastes to be
recycled
Conclusion
Green hospital will be achieved through the strong commitment of medical health staff to
assume the leadership of the health prevention measures and environmental protection in the
future.
Management of hospital waste consists of measures including avoidance, reuse, recycling and
disposal that by doing the measures, steps are taken toward fulfilling one of the basic principles
of Green Hospital which is waste management.
REDUCE
REUSE
Reduce
RECYCLE
RECOVERY
DISPOSAL
Recycle
Reuse SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
THANK YOU