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• Let {h[n}: impulse response
{ [ } p p • Infinite
Infinite impulse
impulse
{x(n)}: input, response (IIR) filter
{y(n)}: output
• Finite impulse response
P Q
(FIR) filter: y (n) = ∑ a (i ) y (n − i ) + ∑ b(k ) x(n − k )
i =1 k =0
J −1
Y ( z) ∑ b( m) z −m
B ( z )V ( z )
y ( n) = ∑ h( j ) x ( n − j ) = m =0
P
=
1 + ∑ a(k ) z − k
j =0
X ( z) A( z )V ( z )
k =1
FIR Digital Filter
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
IIR Digital Filter
• Impulse input:
Impulse input: • The
The length of {y(n)} may
length of {y(n)} may
be infinite!
if x(n)=δ(n), y(n)=h(n) is
if x(n)=δ(n) y(n)=h(n) is • Stability concerns:
y
the impulse response – The magnitude of y(n)
that has finite extent. may become infinity
even if all x(n) are finite!
if ll ( ) fi i !
– coefficient values,
• Computation is the
p – quantization error
quantization error
same as convolution.
FIR Digital Filter
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
IIR Digital Filter
• FIR filter can be • IIR filters are often factored
implemented using direct into products (cascade
form or fast convolution realization) or sum (parallel
methods like FFT hence
methods like FFT ,hence realization) of 1st order or
realization) of 1 order or
STABLE. 2nd order sections due to
numerical concerns(Manual
Calculation only possible) )
• Realized by Non‐Recursive • Realised by
methods.
h d Recursive(Feedback)
Recursive(Feedback)
methods.
FIR Digital Filter
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
IIR Digital Filter
• They have LINEAR PHASE. • They don’t have linear phase &
• Less susceptible to Noise. hence are used at places where
hence are used at places where
• To design we have phase distortion is tolerable.
a)Park Mc Clellan’s method. • More susceptible to Noise.
b)Fourier Series method
b)Fourier Series method. • g
To design we have
c)Frequency Sampling OR Inverse
Fourier Transform method. a)Impulse Invarience method.
) q
d)Window technique. b)Bilinear Transformation method.
E.g. c)Backward difference method.
Rectangular,Hamming,Hanning,B
artlett,Blackmann,Kaiser
Windows
Windows.
e)Minimax or Optimal Filter Design.
FIR Digital Filter
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
IIR Digital Filter
• Storage Requirements
g q • Storage Requirements
g q
& Arithmetic operation & Arithmetic operation
is more here. is less.
• Greater Flexibility to
l bl • Less Flexibility to
l bl
control the shape of control the shape of
their Magnitude
their Magnitude their Magnitude
their Magnitude
response & Realization response.
Efficiency. • Often derived from
analog filters
Various other window functions
Various other window functions
Comparative Study for Trade Off between Attenuation of
Sidelobes & Transition Width of main Lobe.
FIR Filter Design: Rectangular Window
FIR Filter Design: Rectangular Window
• Let w(n)
Let w(n)=Rectangular
Rectangular Window Function,
Window Function,
• Where
• w(n)=1
w(n)=1 0≤ n ≤ M‐1
0≤ n ≤ M‐1
hd(n)=Infinite
hd(n) Infinite Input Sequence(Arbitrary),&
Input Sequence(Arbitrary),&
h(n)=Finite Truncated Impulse Response.
h(n)=Finite Truncated Impulse Response
Then
h( ) hd( ) × w(n)
h(n)=hd(n) × ( )
Gibbs Phenomenon:Ringing Effect/Oscillatory Behaviour due to
Sidelobes(generated owing to the sharp cut off/abrupt discontinuity) in the
Sidelobes(generated owing to the sharp cut‐off/abrupt discontinuity) in the
Frequency Response of the window Function