Lighting Controls Patterns For Design PDF

Lighting Controls: Patterns for Design
Patterns for Design
Technical Report
Lighting Controls
Patterns for Design
TR-107230
Final Report, December 1996
Prepared by
R. A. Rundquist Associates
56 Ward Avenue
Northampton. MA 01060
Authors
R.A. Rundquist
T.G. McDougall
J. Benya
Prepared for
Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation
rd
1515 Broadway, 43 Floor
New York, New York 10036-5701
ESEERCO Project Managers

E.M. McCaffrey
E. Torrero
Electric Power Research Institute

3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94304
EPRI Project Manager

K.F. Johnson
Commercial Business Unit
Customer Systems Group
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES
THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK
SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI).
NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY
PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM:
(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH
RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM
DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED
RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS REPORT IS SUITABLE
TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR
(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING
ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED
OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS
REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN
THIS REPORT.
ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS REPORT
R. A. RUNDQUIST ASSOCIATES
ORDERING INFORMATION
Requests for copies of this report should be directed to the EPRI Distribution Center, 207 Coggins Drive,
P.O. Box 23205, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (510) 934-4212.
Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
EPRI. POWERING PROGRESS is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
Copyright © 1996 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
REPORT SUMMARY
This book is a practical guide for designing lighting controls in commercial buildings. It
treats a variety of lighting controls including occupancy sensors, timers, time clocks,
manual dimmers, photoelectric controls, and lighting control systems that combine
controls and logic components. It presents design guidelines and templates that will
help entry-level and experienced lighting designers and others select and lay out
controls to save energy and energy costs and allow utilities to provide effective advice
on using controls.
Background
Lighting accounts for about one-third of electricity use in commercial buildings.

Although energy savings have been realized in recent years through the installation of
more efficient light sources and luminaires, controlling the light is now one of the
greatest opportunities for reducing energy costs. Dependable, cost-effective control
devices are readily available. However, the lack of easy-to-use and objective design
guidance has inhibited the application of advanced controls.
Objectives
x To facilitate the designing of lighting controls such as occupancy sensors, timers,
and photosensors.
x To create more dependable and user-friendly control installations.
x To increase the use of lighting controls.
x To reduce lighting energy use and increase convenience.
Approach
In work co-funded by EPRI and the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation
(ESEERCO), the project team worked with manufacturers and designers to identify the
best lighting control strategies in specific space types and the best design approaches for
various control devices to implement those strategies.
iii
Results
This book describes various lighting controls strategies, such as timing and daylighting,
and the various devices that can be used to accomplish those strategies, such as time
clocks and photosensors. Written in a simple and non-daunting style, the book provides
step-by-step guidance on selecting the best controls to use based on occupancy patterns,
lighting usage profiles, economics, and other key factors. Over a third of the book
consists of design patterns, control layouts to realize the best lighting control strategies
in such specific space types as classrooms, open offices, and warehouses. Well-
documented case studies illustrate successful applications.
EPRI Perspective
As part of EPRI's on-going research effort, this book is intended to expedite the design
and adoption of convenient energy-saving controls. Lighting designers are reluctant to
apply advanced lighting controls due to unfamiliarity with the available devices and
lack of time to learn about them. Designers must sift through a variety of often
inconsistent literature, mostly from manufacturers, to deduce the best control strategy
to use, device to apply, and layout to design. A guide presenting alternative controls in
consistent terms and providing actual design patterns will be welcomed by designers
and will also make utility representative better able to recognize good control
opportunities and answer their customers' questions on the use and misuse of lighting
controls.
Other EPRI lighting technology transfer products include the following reports:
Commercial Lighting Efficiency Resource Book (EPRI report CU-7427), the Lighting
Fundamentals Handbook (EPRI report TR-101710), and Advanced Lighting Guidelines:
1993, revision 1 (EPRI report TR-101022, Revision 1). EPRI lighting-related software
products include LightCAD (EPRI report CU-7360R) for lighting system layout and
design, LightPAD (EPRI report TR-10194R) for lighting auditing, the Lighting
Evaluation System (LES) (EPRI software SW-40516) for lighting monitoring, and the
Lighting Diagnostic and Commissioning System (LDCS) (EPRI software SW-40541) for
lighting monitoring and commissioning.
TR-107230
Interest Categories
Commercial building systems and analysis tools
Commercial lighting
Commercial energy management and controls, office automation
Keywords
Daylighting
Controls systems
Energy-efficiency
Luminaires
Lighting
iv
PREFACE
The time has come for lighting controls.
We’ve made lighting sources more efficient. T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts, high-
intensity discharge (HID) lamps in larger spaces, and indirect lighting with lower
illumination levels have all become commonplace.
Now we have to control the light. Turn it off when it’s not needed. Dim it to what’s
required either to augment daylight or in response to personal needs or tastes. Give
people control over their environment to make them happier and more productive.
They don’t have to freeze in the dark. They can freeze in wisely-lighted spaces.
(There are sensors for refrigerated rooms on the market.....)
Highly dependable occupancy sensors, light sensors, timers, and other controls are
available from many manufacturers. There are devices available that hook straight to
ballasts, miniature “brains” that integrate the signals from sensors, manual dimmers,
time clocks, central building computers, and devices that sense whether or not you’re at
your seat in order to control your desk light, computer monitor, and whatever else you
plug into it. You can even point a remote control at a ceiling device to dim your lights.
This book and literature provided by manufacturers make designing controls simpler
than ever before. So go forth and control lights. You have nothing to fear but fear itself.
A penny saved is a penny earned. Nothing ventured nothing gained. A stitch— ACK!
Do it now:
“Life is what
happens while
you are making other plans.”
–John Lennon
Dilbert reprinted by permission of United Feature Syndicate, Inc.
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Karl Johnson, Project manager for EPRI and originator of this book,
and to the ESEERCO project team, Ed Torrero, Frank Porretto, Lou Accurso, Peter
Jacobsen, and Eileen McCaffrey.
The principal authors were Robert A. Rundquist, R. A. Rundquist Associates; Tom

McDougall, The Weidt Group; and James R. Benya, Benya Lighting Design. Peter
Nicoll, Hart, McMurphy & Parks, edited the book, and Glenn Ruga, Visual
Communications, and Don McCarten, McCarten Graphic Design, were responsible for
the layout and design. Also contributing were John Weidt of The Weidt Group and
Jennifer Getzin of Visual Communications.
We wish to thank the many utility and industry representatives and consultants who
participated in the development and review of the book. In particular we would like to
thank the following individuals and organizations:
Stan Lynch, Don Munroe, and Jerry Mix, The WattStopper

Jim Himonas, Novitas
Brian Plattner, SensorSwitch
Bart Bales, Bales Energy Associates
Barbara Erwine, Lighting Design Lab
Don Frey, Architectural Energy Corporation
Shannon Hess, Pacific Science & Technology
Russ Johnson and Fred Wajcs, Northeast Utilities
Dorene Mannicia and Naomi Miller, Lighting Research Center
Jeff Murley, UNENCO
Francis Rubinstein, Department of Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Thanks also to the following for help with Success Stories: Dennis Blaszak,
Babinsky·Klein Engineering, P.C.; Stacy Diehl, Novitas, Inc.; Scott Gould, Stanford
University; Craig Hayden, The WattStopper; John McNamara, Major Electric & Supply;
Stacy Pink, Johnson Controls; Jim Renner, Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.; Chris Stevens,
General Electric; and Paula Zak, SensorSwitch.
vii
viii
CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. V
1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1-1
What are Lighting Controls? ................................................................................................ 1-1
Why use Controls? .............................................................................................................. 1-1
Purpose of This Book .......................................................................................................... 1-2
Audience ............................................................................................................................. 1-2
Contents.............................................................................................................................. 1-2
2 STRATEGIES AND DEVICES ............................................................................................ 2-1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2-1
Lighting Control Strategies .................................................................................................. 2-2
Lighting Control Devices...................................................................................................... 2-4
Manual Switches ............................................................................................................. 2-5
Occupancy Sensors ........................................................................................................ 2-5
Persona; Occupancy Sensors ....................................................................................... 2-20
Timers ........................................................................................................................... 2-21
Time Clocks................................................................................................................... 2-22
Manual Dimmers ........................................................................................................... 2-24
Photoelectric Controls.................................................................................................... 2-28
Lighting Control Systems................................................................................................... 2-32
Powerline-Carrier Systems ............................................................................................ 2-34
Relay Systems............................................................................................................... 2-35
Building Automation Systems (BAS).............................................................................. 2-36
Combined Control Systems ........................................................................................... 2-37
Summary........................................................................................................................... 2-45
Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 2-46
ix
Contents
3 DESIGN PROCESS ............................................................................................................ 3-1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3-1
Which Controls to Use......................................................................................................... 3-2
Designing Controls ............................................................................................................ 3-12
Tips for a Successful Design ............................................................................................. 3-15
Design Risks.................................................................................................................. 3-16
Myths............................................................................................................................. 3-18
Advanced Control Design.................................................................................................. 3-19
Summary........................................................................................................................... 3-22
Exercises........................................................................................................................... 3-23
4 AFTER INSTALLATION ..................................................................................................... 4-1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4-1
Commissioning.................................................................................................................... 4-1
Maintenance........................................................................................................................ 4-5
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................... 4-5
Summary............................................................................................................................. 4-6
Exercises............................................................................................................................. 4-6
5 DESIGN PATTERNS .......................................................................................................... 5-1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5-1
Patterns............................................................................................................................... 5-3
Auditoriums ......................................................................................................................... 5-3
Classrooms ......................................................................................................................... 5-7
Conference Rooms ........................................................................................................... 5-17
File/Storage Rooms........................................................................................................... 5-26
Gymnasiums ..................................................................................................................... 5-32
Hallways............................................................................................................................ 5-36
Laboratories ...................................................................................................................... 5-48
Library Reading Areas....................................................................................................... 5-60
Library Stacks ................................................................................................................... 5-69
Open Offices ..................................................................................................................... 5-77
Private Offices................................................................................................................... 5-87
Restrooms......................................................................................................................... 5-97
Retail Sales Areas........................................................................................................... 5-101
Warehouses .................................................................................................................... 5-109
x
Contents
6 SUCCESS STORIES .......................................................................................................... 6-1
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................A-1
A. Control System Diagrams...............................................................................................A-1
B. Codes.............................................................................................................................B-1
C. Economics......................................................................................................................C-1
D. References and Resources ............................................................................................D-1
E. Vendor Product Table.....................................................................................................E-1
F. Answers to Exercises ..................................................................................................... F-1
INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... I-1
xi
xii
1
INTRODUCTION
“There’s husbandry in heaven;

Their candles are all out”
— William Shakespeare
Lighting without controls is like an automobile without a gas pedal.

. . . like an airplane without a stick
. . . like a horse without reins
. . . like valor without discretion
. . . like French fries without ketchup
Lighting controls offer one of the greatest opportunities for saving energy dollars in
most commercial buildings. Eliminating or reducing unneeded electric light can usually
save over 30% of lighting energy costs — and over 10% of total building energy costs.
And the typical payback is under three years.
Since only unneeded electric light is eliminated, occupants are not inconvenienced.
They may not even notice the new controls, or, most likely, will find them more
convenient and effective than the old switches.
What are Lighting Controls?
Lighting controls are devices that turn off or dim lights when they’re not needed. They
include simple switches and dimmers; more sophisticated occupancy sensors, time
clocks, and photosensors; and complex, computer-controlled building automation
systems.
Why use Controls?
There are four primary reasons for using lighting controls:
• Saving energy
1-1
Introduction
• Saving money
• Providing convenience
and flexibility
• Meeting building
energy codes
Purpose of This Book
This book is intended to help people who design lighting select and lay out lighting
controls to save energy and energy costs. It treats a variety of lighting control products
and manufacturers.
Audience
This book is for both entry-level and experienced lighting designers, engineers,
architects, facilities managers, and utility representatives. It should be consulted by the
people selecting and designing lighting controls, and those answering questions about
their use or misuse.
Anyone designing lighting systems must also design lighting controls. This book will
help them make the right choices.
Contents
The rest of this book is laid out as follows:
Chapter 2 (p. 2-1), Strategies and Devices: This chapter describes the basic approaches
to saving lighting energy, such as daylighting, and the devices employed, such as
photosensors. Risks and remedies are included for each device type. It also discusses
control systems.
Chapter 3 (p. 3-1), Design Process: This chapter describes how to approach a building
or space: choosing strategies, selecting devices, and completing the design documents.
It reveals general risks and how to avoid them and deflates myths; and gives
information on other resources, such as manufacturers’ layout templates.
1-2
Introduction
Chapter 4 (p. 4-1), After Installation: This chapter describes how to make sure a design
is successful after it’s installed — commissioning, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
“Commissioning” is testing immediately after installation to make sure the control
meets specific criteria, for instance, “keeps lights on when a person is sitting at location
so-and-so and typing for 15 minutes.” Specific examples of commissioning
specifications are offered. And solutions are also provided for problems that may
eventually arise despite your and the authors’ heroic efforts.
Chapter 5 (p. 5-1), Design Patterns: This is the “meat” of the book. Thirty-five actual
layouts show various control strategies applied to different space types, as they would
appear on job drawings. For instance, there’s a pattern for an occupancy sensor in a
private office. The chapter is divided into sections by space type (e.g., warehouses).
Each section begins by showing a typical floor plan and conventional switching
diagram, and discusses the factors involved when considering controls.
This is followed by several patterns for the controls most appropriate to the space type;
for instance, occupancy sensors combined with daylighting in open offices with
windows.
Chapter 6 (p. 6-1), Success Stories: Presents case studies of lighting control installations
that both work well and are cost-effective. They cover a variety of space types and
controls types. Each case study includes a project description, photos, figures (where
applicable), keys to success (what made controls work there), and economics of the
specific job.
Appendices (p. A-1—F-1): There are six appendices: Systems Diagrams, Codes
(summaries of minimum control requirements), Economics (calculations), References
and Resources, a Vendors List (who makes what), and Answers to Exercises.
This book will enable designers to ask probing questions of suppliers and to look for
and specify the features that make advanced lighting controls sensible, effective, and
user-friendly. It will allow you to design useful controls, save energy, and become rich
and famous.
1-3
1-4
2
STRATEGIES AND DEVICES
ENERGY in kWh
E=PxT
POWER TIME
in kilowatts in hours
(kW) (h)
STRATEGIES = What you do

DEVICES = How you do it
Introduction
Lighting controls save energy by limiting either the time lights are on or the power they
are drawing, or both. Turning lights off is the best way to reduce operating time. And
dimming lights, either manually or by photosensor-control, reduces the power they use.
But it is difficult to get people to turn off unnecessary lights, and we most often think of
dimming for creating different moods and not as an effective way to save energy costs.
This chapter describes the strategies and devices used for controlling lighting to
eliminate waste and improve operations:
• Strategies are the general approaches taken to controlling lighting, such as

scheduling and daylighting.
2-1
Strategies and Devices
• Devices are the specific pieces of equipment that are used to accomplish a strategy,
such as occupancy sensors and photosensors.
Lighting control systems, which are interconnected devices that can include a central
logic component such as a microcomputer, are also described.
Lighting Control Strategies
Strategies for saving lighting energy include:
• Occupancy responsive: Switching lights on when needed and off when not needed
in response to unscheduled comings and goings of occupants.
• Timing: Switching lights on prearranged schedules.
• Manual Dimming: Adjusting lights by hand (user controlled).
• Daylighting: Dimming or turning out lights automatically when daylight from

a window or skylight provides sufficient light.
• Lumen-maintenance: Lowering light levels when lamps are new lumen output
is higher than needed. Then gradually increasing to full power at the low end of the
maintenance cycle to maintain proper light levels.
• Tuning: Adjusting light levels to match occupants’ needs or desires (either by initial
calibration or by user).
• Adaptation Compensation: Reducing interior light levels when it’s dark outside,
and increasing them when it’s bright outside, to reduce the range of light to which
the human eye must adapt. Lower light levels at night are not only more
comfortable but usually safer because people’s eyes need not adapt as much
(especially when moving from a lighter to a darker area). This strategy usually
results in energy savings.
• Load Shedding: Reducing lighting power at times of peak electrical demand.

The following table summarizes how these eight strategies save energy and how much
energy they typically save. A symbol representing each strategy is shown in the left-
hand column. These symbols are used in this chapter as an easy guide for readers to
match strategies with devices.
2-2
Strategy How It Saves Energy How Much It Can Save

Occupancy Switches lights on when needed Depends on occupancy
Respective and off when not needed patterns, occupant energy
awareness, etc.
Manual Requires the users to switch lights 10-50% (compared to no
switching)
Automatic Turns lights off and on Up to 80% (compared to manual
automatically switching)
Timing Turns lights on or off at Depends on occupancy
predetermined times, or turns patterns; typically 10-50%
lights off after a time delay (compared to manual switching)
Manual Dimming Allows user to set lights to less Depends on daylight availability,
than full power occupant energy awareness,
etc.
Stepped Reduces lights levels by turning 10-50%
off certain banks of lights
Continuous Reduces power to all lights in a 10-50%
Dimming smooth continuum (requires
dimming ballasts)
Daylighting Dims or extinguishing lights when Depends on how well daylight
adequate daylight is present illuminates the space
On/Off Turns all lights off (most basic Up to 50% (compared to manual
form of daylighting) switching)
Stepped Turns off banks of lights switched Up to 70% (compared to manual
together switching)
Continuous Reduces power to all lights in a Up to 80% under optimum
Dimming smooth continuum (requires conditions of good daylight and
dimming ballasts) ordinary hours of work
Lumen- Dims lights (up to about 40%) just 10-20%
maintenance after relamping and cleaning
Tuning Sets lights to lowest usable level 10-50%, depending on how

much over-lit and how well
managed
Adaptation Reduces light levels at night or on Saves nighttime energy in
Compensation cloudy days facilities operating at night
Stepped Turns off banks of lights switched 10-40%

together
Continuous Reduces power to all lights in a 10-40%
Dimming smooth continuum (requires
dimming ballasts)
Load Shedding Automatically dims lights slightly Saves only a small amount of
or turns off unneeded lights at energy but a large amount of
peak demand times demand cost
2-3
Lighting Control Devices
Devices are particular products such as occupancy sensors and dimmers that are used
to accomplish the strategies discussed above. Devices can be combined into Systems
(see p. 2-32).
The following matrix shows which Devices and Systems will accomplish which
Strategies. Darkly shaded blocks indicate good applications; lightly shaded blocks
indicate limited applications.
DEVICES AND SYSTEMS VERSUS STRATEGIES

Strategy
Occupancy Timing Manual Daylight- Lumen Tuning Adaptation Load
Responsive Dimming ing Maint- Compensa Shedding
enance -tion
Device
Manual Switches
(p. 2-5) OC DL
Occupancy
Sensors (p. 2-5) OC
Personal
Occupancy OC
Sensors (p. 2-20)
Timers
(p. 2-21)
OC TM
Time Clocks
(p. 2-22) TM AC
Manual Dimmers
(p. 2-24) DM DL LM TU AC
Photoelectric-
Controls (p. 2-30) DL LM TU
System
Powerline-Carrier
(p. 2-34) OC TM DM DL LS
Relay Systems
(p. 2-35) OC TM DM DL LM TU AC
Building
Automation OC TM DM DL LM TU AC LS
(p. 2-36)
Combined Controls
(p. 2-37) OC TM DM DL LM TU AC LS
Good device or system application Limited device or system application
2-4
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
(See pages 2-2, 2-4 for key to symbols)
Manual Switches
Manual switches are the simplest control devices; they rely totally on people to manage
the use of lighting energy.
Standard Wall Switches
Most switches are standard toggle or the large paddle style, and most are rated
15 or 20 amps(A) at 120 or 120/277 volts (V) AC. Because they are air-gap devices
(have an opening between contacts),these switches can also server as safety-disconnect
devices for service and maintenance.
A latching switch is similar to a standard wall switch except that if power is interrupted
to a latching switch when it’s on, it automatically turns off. Latching switches are used
in “sweep” systems (p. 2-38).
Electronic or “Touch” Switches
The standard rating for touch switches is 1000 volt-amperes (VA) at 120 V. “Touch-on
touch-off” switches are electronic and the circuit is broken by an air gap. When the
circuit is “off,” a tiny amount of current still flows, posing a hazard for service
personnel. Most electronic switches include an air-gap disconnect for servicing.
Occupancy Sensors
Devices which switch lights on or off based on detection of motion within a specific
room or area are called “occupancy sensors.”
2-5
There are three basic technologies used for detecting motion:
• Passive Infrared (PIR)
• Ultrasonic (ULT)
• Audible
Different sensor types use these technologies either singly or in combination, and each
type of sensor has particular advantages and features that make it better suited to
certain applications. The table below shows the five typical sensor types, how they
work, and their basic advantages and disadvantages. Note that some types or features
may be proprietary and/or unique to one manufacture.
Packages
Occupancy sensors are available both as self-contained devices and as part of a control
system (p. 2-33), and come in four mounting packages: wallbox, ceiling, high-wall or
corner, and portable or “personal.” The main characteristics and best application for
each type are described on pages 2-8, 2-9.
Features
There are three special features available for occupancy sensors. Depending on
manufacturer and model, they may be standard, optional, or not available on a
particular unit. Below are descriptions of features and how they are applied.
Impending Shutoff (“Time-out”) Warning
What it does: Flashes the lights or buzzes a few minutes before shutoff so occupant can
make motion to keep lights on.
Application Notes:
• Generally available on wall-mounted sensors only.
• The signal may annoy neighbors and may bring unwanted attention to the control.
• Audible signal can’t be heard by the hearing impaired.
Decora Style Touch on

Standard Paddle Touch off
Toggle Switch
Air-Gap
Disconnect
2-6
Occupancy Sensor Technologies

Passive Sensor type How it works Advantages Disadvantages
Infrared Passive Infrared Detects body heat • Fairly immune to • “Line-of-sight”
(PIR) crossing a detection “false-ons” from required to
Sensor
zone. Lens design motion in detect motion
determines area of adjacent spaces. (more so than
detection.
• Good in spaces for ultrasonic).
where a cut-off
Detection
zones (non-sensed) Thus, beware of
area is required. odd-shaped
• Effective even at rooms,
higher mounting vestibules,
heights, e.g., 20’. columns, and
partitions.
Ultrasonic (ULT) Emits ultrasound. • Better than PIR at • May be more
Frequency shift in detecting motion sensitive to
reflected signal when line-of-sight “false-ons” from
Ultrasonic signifies motion. is interrupted; adjacent spaces,
Sensor
good in odd- air turbulence, or
shaped rooms objects hanging
and rooms with in space than
Inaudible obstructions PIR.
waves
(vestibules, • Has less
columns, etc.). sensitivity in high
• Can be more spaces (when
sensitive to small mounted over
motions than PIR. 12-14’).
Dual Technology Typically set to • Effective in most • More expensive
PIR/ULT require both infrared spaces. than single
and ultrasonic
• Minimizes “false- technologies.
detections to turn
ons” (needs two • Can be kept on
lights on initially, and
either form of
signals). by motion in
detection to keep • Minimizes “false- adjacent spaces.
them on. offs” (takes either
signal—can be
sensitive to
smaller
movements).
Audible Detects leading-edge • Simple and • Very sensitive to
(microphonics) noise only, ignoring inexpensive (old “false-ons.”
constant noise. technology). • Could be kept on
by noise from
adjacent space.
Audible with PIR or PIR turns lights on; • Similar • Usually more
ULT either keeps them on. advantages to expensive than
Dual Technology single
above, though technologies.
more suitable for • Could be kept on
spaces separated by noise from
from nearby noise. adjacent space.
2-7
Occupancy Sensor packages
Wallbox Sensor
• Best for small rooms such as private offices
• Used in place of a standard wall switch
• Completely self contained
• PIR or ULT
• Adjustments are usually made under faceplate
• Some are switchable between “Automatic on/off” and

“Manual on/Auto off” (page 2-13)
High-Wall And Corner Sensors
• Best application is for corridors and larger rooms
• Often provides optimal viewing angle
• PIR, ULT, or dual mode
• Connects to transformer-relay or large system
• Adjustments made on case
Ceiling Sensor
• Good general application package
• Up to 360º detection
• Self-contained or connects to transformer-relay or large system
• Several sensors may be interconnected to cover any size room
• PIR, ULT, or dual mode
• Adjustments made on case or on power pack (transformer-relay)
2-8
Portable And “Personal” Sensors
• Designed for use in front of worker to detect small motions
• PIR
• Adjustments made on case
• Connects to a single controlled outlet or plug strip
• Used to switch loads such as task light, monitor, or printer

(More on this type on page 2-5)
Auxiliary Switch (“Dry Contacts”)
What it does: Controls HVAC equipment (terminal units and multizone system
dampers) or provides signal to Building Automation Systems (see p. 2-36).
Application Notes:
• Mechanical drawing will show wiring connections.
• Good feature to specify, even if only for future use.
Light Sensor
What it does: Prevents lights from coming on when there is sufficient daylight.
Application Notes:
• Available for ceiling or wallbox sensors, although wallbox sensors are usually not in
good daylight-sensing locations.
• Control is on/off only (no dimming).
Adjustments
“Time-out” and “sensitivity” adjustments are found on most occupancy sensors.

Adjustments are usually located under the sensor cover and are made by turning a
screw or setting dip switches. Below are descriptions of adjustments.
2-9
Time-out (Time delay)
What it Adjusts: How long lights stay on after last motion is detected. Any new motion
resets and restarts time-out.
Application Notes:
• Most devices can be adjusted anywhere from 30 seconds to 20 minutes

(or longer).
• Settings under 5 or 10 minutes save the most energy but may cause “false-offs”
depending on activity level.
• Longer settings minimize lamp cycling.
Sensitivity
What it Adjusts: How small a motion is detected and how large an area is covered.
Application Notes:
• Especially important for ultrasonic and dual-mode sensors to minimize

“false-ons” and “false-offs.”
• PIR devices may not have a sensitivity adjustment but their coverage area can
usually be modified with masking strips or built-in shutters on the lens.
Features and adjustments that are desirable for specific space types are shown in
Chapter 5, Design Patterns.
Power Packs
“Power packs” are transformer-relays used to:
• Generate low-voltage power for the occupancy sensor
• Switch the line-voltage power to the lights on a signal from the sensor.
Power packs, also called switch packs, are generally required with non-wallbox sensors
and are sold separately by occupancy sensor vendors. They usually mount in or on
junction boxes.
2-10
Note that:
• There is a maximum current rating for each power pack (20 A for one
manufacturer).
• Multiple occupancy sensors in the same zone (typically three to five) can be
connected to one power pack.
• Power packs can also control air-conditioners, fans, motors, motorized damper
controls, setback thermostats, etc. (within the power limits of the specific power
pack).
A “slave pack” is similar to a power pack but has no transformer power supply, only an
isolated relay. Slave packs are used in addition to power packs when more than one
load or circuit is controlled by the same occupancy sensor.
Tips:
Power Packs
• Wiring: Generally, put the power pack between the switch and power feed. That
way, the occupancy sensor is always powered up and there isn’t a delay (up to
3 seconds) when lights are manually switched.
• Number of power packs: You can use fewer power packs by locating them
“upstream” of the branching to multiple switches in the same building circuit,
rather than in each switch leg (subject to the power rating of the power pack).
• Failure mode: The relay in most power packs fails in the “off” position both for
safety and to better indicate a failure of the device.
2-11
High-low Control
High-low control is used to dim fluorescent or HID lighting to a low level instead of
turning the lights off when people aren’t present. This type of control is useful in spaces
with frequent use of short duration (e.g., corridors, library stack areas, and warehouse
aisles). When the space is occupied, the lights are on full, but shortly after the space is
vacated the lights are dimmed to a preset level, usually 10-20% light output.
For fluorescent lamps, high-low control reduces lamp cycling and increases lamp life
(see page 2-19). For HID lamps, the issue is restrike time: changing from 20% to
100% light output takes only a few seconds, but when restarting from off, HID lamps
take 2-5 minutes or more to reach full light output.
Manual override options
Lights controlled by an occupancy sensor are usually manually switched as well.

Common switching methods are “Automatic on/off,” “Manual on/Auto off” and
“No user override.” These switching methods are explained in the table below.
Note that with “No user override” the occupant can’t turn off lights when leaving,
which keeps lights on during the time delay period. This wastes energy, especially with
switch-conscious occupants and/or with frequent on-offs (see sidebar “Let ‘em
switch”).
Other wrinkles include:
• With either “Automatic on/off” or “Manual on/Auto off” switching, the user can
also switch lights off manually if necessary (e.g., to darken the room for an
audio-visual presentation or when there is sufficient daylight).
• Some sensors with “Manual on/Auto off” switching will reactivate lights
automatically if motion is made within a short period of “turn-off” by the sensor
(so a sedentary occupant doesn’t have to get up to turn lights back on).
• On occupancy sensors with built-in switches (e.g., wallbox sensors), the manual
switching method is either preset or “settable” on the unit. If settable on the unit,
the designer should show on the drawing which setting to use. For all other
occupancy sensors, you design the switching method; product literature has
examples.
• Some units have an internal setting for an “on” position that overrides the
occupancy sensor. Note that easy user access to this override “on” position is
prohibited by some state energy codes (e.g., California’s Title 24).
2-12
MANUAL OVERRIDE OPTIONS

Switching How they work Common uses Advantages
Method (upon reentry)
Automatic Lights come on again Open offices • Most occupants prefer this
on/off automatically, but method (it’s convenient and
user has access to switch seems “neat” to have lights
turn themselves on).
• If there’s a false “off”, the
occupant can simply move a
little (not go to switch) to turn
lights on ( but see second
bullet under “Other wrinkles”
above).
• Can use simple toggle switch
to turn lights on and off.
Manual on/ Lights remain off until Private offices • Saves more energy by not
Auto off occupant switches them turning lights on unnecessarily,
on again (uses “touch” as when space is daylit.
switch). • User can enter space briefly
without triggering lights.
No user Lights come on again Restrooms for the • No danger of inappropriate
override automatically, and user general public; switching.
has no easy access to Aisles in offices, • Those unfamiliar with space
switch. warehouses, etc.; don’t need to find switch.
Corridors;
Stairwells
Tip:
Free advice
Get advice from reliable manufacturer's representatives. They or factory reps will
often provide valuable help with your sensor layout.
Use this book

Especially Chapter 3, Design Guidance and Chapter 5, Design Patterns, which give
specific directions for selecting and installing controls.
2-13
Tip:
Let’ em switch
In a restroom with a dual technology occupancy sensor (PIR and audible detection)
at Tacoma City Light offices, the lights were monitored for 40 days (minimum) under
each of three control conditions:
Having a switch and sensor (Automatic on/off) saved 70% more than the sensor alone
(No user override). By switching lights off when leaving, users can eliminate lights-on
during the sensor's time delay period (6 minutes). Thirty people a day used the
restroom.
OCCUPANCY SENSOR
In Chapter 5, Design Patterns, manual override options are recommended for specific
space types.
2-14
Design considerations
1. Suitability: Choose a sensor whose coverage area matches the size and shape of the
room.
• For example, a round PIR pattern may happen to “match” a square room better
than a rectangular ultrasonic pattern (see figure). Check the manufacturer’s
sensor coverage template, diagram, or specifications.
Match pattern to room:
• Consider wallbox sensors for small rooms; ceiling and high-wall sensors for all
other spaces.
• If a catalogue shows different sensor coverages for “walking” and “small hand
motion,” use the small-motion coverage unless you know there will be major
motion, as in a corridor or gymnasium.
2. Furnishings: Take furniture and other objects in the room into account.
For example:
• If partitions are present, locate ceiling sensors to avoid creating dead spots in
their “shadows.”
• Don’t locate wallbox sensors where their view may be partly blocked by an open
door, cabinet, or bookcase.
• Soft or porous room surfaces may reduce the coverage of ultrasonic sensors. See
product literature.
3. Switching method: Choose “Manual on/Auto off” to encourage maximum energy
savings, but “No user override” in hallways, rest rooms for the general public, etc.
as a convenience.
2-15
Risks
Described below are specific risks to avoid when applying occupancy sensors: False
“Off,” Dead Spots, False “On,” Short Lamp Life, Under-Loading, Inrush, and
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).
False “Off.” Sensors can turn off lights even when there are people present and there is
normal motion. For instance, a wallbox sensor might not pick up a person typing at a
keyboard with their back to the sensor .
The causes for false “offs” are:
• Sensor sensitivity adjustment set too low
• Sensor time delay set too short
• Infrared sensor’s “eyes” pointing in the wrong direction
• Infrared sensor’s line-of-sight blocked
• Ultrasonic sensor with wrong detection pattern or installed in wrong orientation
Dead Spots. Because neither the installer nor designer can actually “see” the detection
zone of the device, it is possible to have dead zones where automatic devices like
motion sensors don’t work. Usually, the problem is one of the following:
• The product is not installed and/or adjusted according to the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
• The designer tried to make a sensor cover it’s maximum rated range or just a little
bit more...
• Occasionally, a sensor with a rectangular pattern is installed 90º off (Murphy’s law).
Put a note on the drawing: “Install sensor so that long sensing dimension is in
direction of arrows on drawing.”
• The designer forgot there would be furnishings obstructing the sensor’s view, or the
user brought in partitions, etc. later.
False “On.” Occupancy sensors can be fooled into turning lights on when there is no
one in the room. While this is less common with modern sensors, it may occur in the
following situations:
• Motion in an adjacent room can trigger an ultrasonic (and possibly a PIR) sensor,
especially if it’s located so it “sees” into a hallway or other busy place.
2-16
• Hanging objects, such as mobiles and ceiling fans, can trigger an ultrasonic sensor.
(PIR is more tolerant if the moving objects are of neutral temperature.)
• The movement of warm objects or even air currents can trigger infrared sensors.
This may include animals or the swaying of an indoor plant in a warm air current.
A sensor’s view of indirect lighting turning off could trigger an “on.”
WHAT THE PLAN SHOWED WHAT THE SENSOR SEES
Who’s there?
In a Florida office building, automatic printouts from a laser printer were triggering an
ultrasonic sensor and turning lights on during the night. Luckily, 24-hour monitoring
by a light logger revealed the unexplained “ons.” The problem was solved by relocating
the sensor and adjusting its sensitivity.
Shortening lamp life: More myth than risk
Short Lamp Life. Frequent switching makes fluorescent (and other) lamps burn out
more quickly. A standard F32T8 lamp operated in rapid start mode is rated to last
20,000 hours at 3 hours per start. At 1 hour per start, it lasts only 12,000 hours
(60% as long). However, it pays to turn lights off, even for short periods.
Basically, although extra switching does reduce hours of lamp life, this is partially
compensated for because the lights are off more, which lengthens the calendar lamp life.
2-17
SWITCHING EFFECTS
And, more important, the increased energy savings far outweigh the added relamping
costs as switching frequency increases. As the graph below shows, even when lighting
is switched on and off an average of twice per hour (20 times over 10 hours) to keep
light off half the time, the annual energy savings is approximately 7 times greater than
the average annual relamp cost compared to the base case.
Assumptions:
Fixture: 2-lamp, T8, rapid start = 62W
Base case operation: = 2,500 hr/yr.
10 hr/day, 250day/yr
Rated lamp life (@ 3 hr/start) = 20,000 hr
Electric Rate = $0.08/kWh
(including demand)
Relamp Cost = $8/fixture
(labor + materials)
Net HVAC savings multiplier = 1.15
(for New York City)
See Appendix C, Economics (p. C-1), for complete data and assumptions.
The risk in frequent switching by an occupancy sensor is not economic but that “false
offs” will likely occur if time delay settings are too short. Time delay settings under
10 minutes are not recommended for most applications.
2-18
Tip:
Factors in Lamp Life
Recent research indicates that the effect of switching frequency on lamp life depends
on the length of the “on” periods and the type of lamp:
• For very short “on” periods (under 15 minutes): Instant start lamps may have
longer life than rapid start, apparently because the cathode doesn’t have time to
cool off (during the short “off” periods).
• For medium length “on” periods: Rapid start lamps have a longer life than instant
start.
• For long “on” periods (several hours): Either type lamp will perform well.
Under-Loading. Some sensors have high minimum-load requirements. Most low-cost

sensors use electronic “switches” rather than relay contacts to switch lights. The
operating power for these sensors come from the circuit that connects the load they
control. If the load is tool small, insufficient operating power causes the sensor to work
erratically. To compound the problem, the minimum load requirement specified for the
sensor is generally the load needed for the sensor to work with either a resistive
(incandescent) or inductive (magnetic) load. The minimum load requirement for use
with electronic ballast loads may be much higher.
• Almost all “two-wire” (no neutral connection) sensors are this type. Although
easiest to install in existing circuits, two-wire devices are best limited to non-
electronic loads.
• Three-wire sensors (hot-switched-neutral) are generally more tolerant of small
loads, and even the electronically-switched type require only a small load to work
properly.
Current vs. Time
2-19
Inrush. All lighting loads have current inrush. For example, incandescent lamps
typically demonstrate 10-15 times rated current for the first few cycles as the filament
warms to operating temperature. Most devices are rated to withstand current inrush;
but, under some conditions with electronic ballasts, inrush may be as high as 100 time
rated current for part of a cycle. Before specifying combinations of ballasts and
occupancy sensors, make certain the device is rated for the inrush to the ballast under
worst-case conditions.
Notes:
1. The highest inrush ballasts generally have the most rapid start (so there’s some good
with the bad).
2. “Zero-crossing” devices, which switch the load when the alternating current is near
zero, can better tolerate current spikes.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Infrared and ultrasonic sensors only emit EMI
when switching, just like any other switching device.
Ultrasonic sensors may interfere with the operation of some hearing aids, which may
inhibit their use in health-care, elderly housing, and certain educational facilities. The
problem seems to occur with ultrasonic sensors that use lower frequencies (under
30 kHz); in these applications use higher frequency (e.g., 32 kHz) models, which are
usually available instead. Also, hearing aid makers sometimes filter out these potential
problem frequencies.
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
(See page 2-3, 2-4 for key to symbols)
Personal Occupancy Sensors
This type of motion sensor is used for office workstations and similar applications. The
sensor is connected to a single outlet or plug strip to control plug-in electric loads such
as task lights, computer peripherals, and space heaters (if within the power strip rating).
2-20
The sensor can be mounted under a shelf facing the occupant, or be freestanding and
moved around by the occupant (e.g., be placed next to a computer keyboard). The
sensor connects to the outlet or power strip with a telephone-type connector cable.
Some models have individual switches in the sensor unit for manual control of the
various plug-in loads.
A task light with an integrated occupancy sensor is also available.
Mechanical Twist Timer Electronic Touch Timer
Timers
Timers are simple devices that turn on lights for a predictable period of time. Although
insensitive to occupancy, timers serve a valuable function by ensuring that lights will
always be turned off after a specified time. Timers are good for short-occupancy spaces
like library stacks. Timers and time clocks (below) are less costly and easier to install
than other control devices.
Mechanical Timers
Mechanical timers use a twist dial that winds a spring to measure time. After the set
period, the circuit is opened which turns off the lights. The range of the device
(e.g., 0-15 minutes) is fixed by the mechanics of the switch. Most mechanical timers are
rated 15 A at 120 V. They are air-gap devices.
2-21
Electronic Timers
Electronic timers generally have a touch control to set the time lights should go off and
an optional “time-out” warning. Some electronic timers are not air-gap devices.
Risks
Most timers are simple and dependable. However, mechanical timers are occasionally
noisy or their construction not durable enough. Electronic timers are usually the better
choice.
Time Clocks
The redundant expression “time clock” has been used for decades to describe electric
clocks that have a mechanical dial with trippers attached to open or close an air-gap
switch at set times.
More recently, electronic devices have become popular as well.
Mechanical time clocks have an integral 120 V motor-operated clock. They are available
as portable plug-in devices as well as wallbox-mounted devices. Larger devices are
enclosed in interior and exterior NEMA boxes, and they generally control two 40 A
circuits. Smaller devices are usually 24-hour-schedule devices. Larger units can also
include such features as 7-day calendar clocks, spring-driven time retention, and
“astronomical” dials, which are (theoretically) able to compensate for the change of
seasons.
Tip:
Astronomic Correction
This is the automatic correction of the time clock’s on and off set times to account for
varying sunrise and sunset time during the year. Latitude is an input.
2-22
Mechanical Time Clock
Electronic time clocks contain a digital clock and memory of on-off set times. Wallbox
versions, designed primarily for residential lighting, generally contain an electric switch
suitable for incandescent loads. Cabinet versions for commercial applications may
contain several lighting relays capable of switching standard electric circuits with any
type of load. Most electronic time clocks employ memory backup batteries. While most
residential versions are programmable for 24 hours, commercial versions may have
7-day or 365-day programs and include sophisticated programming elements such as
holiday/special day programs and astronomic correction.
Electronic Time Clock
Advantages of electronic time clocks, compared to mechanical models, are:
• More precise settings of on and off times, providing greater accuracy and, possible,
increased energy savings
• More accurate astronomic correction
• More flexible programming
• Better retention of the correct time during a power outage.
2-23
Risks
Most time schedule switching devices and systems are relatively simple and reliable;
however, there are three common problems:
• Where is the darn thing?? Time clocks may be located out of the way in a closet or
mechanical room. Finding them to revise or correct settings can be challenging.
Clearly label the location of time clocks and similar controls.
• Where are the darn instructions?? Specify that the instructions be placed in a durable
protector, properly marked, and attached in reach of the device.
• Programmability. The less expensive the device or system, the “dumber” it is (though
maybe easier to understand). For example, simple time clocks can’t be programmed
to distinguish holidays from regular workdays so lights might be “on unnecessarily
on holidays. Smart systems, on the other hand, can be fully programmed but they
are harder to understand and more difficult to reprogram when changes need to be
made.
Tip:
Job Security:
Having the only copy of instructions for setting the time clock.
Manual Dimmers
Dimming reduces light levels by reducing the power input to a light fixture, which
saves energy.
Classic Slide Dimmer Two Gang Rotary Dimmer
2-24
When fluorescent lights are dimmed with modern controls, light-level reduction and
energy savings are nearly directly proportional until very low light levels are reached.
When dimming incandescent and HID lamps, the ratio of energy savings to light level
is less favorable. These same energy saving characteristics apply to both manual and
photosensor dimmers (p. 2-30, 2-31).
DIMMING EFFICIENCIES
Incandescent Dimmers
Most incandescent dimmers now use a solid-state device called a “triac” to control the
flow of power to the lights. Triacs turn lights on and off 120 times per second.
Decreasing the proportion of on-time lowers the power draw and apparent brightness.
Dimmer types include standard, inductive-load, and solid-state-load dimmers.
When incandescent lights are dimmed there is a slight “red shift,” making the light
appear warmer (redder) when dimmed.
Dimming devices can have special features such as touch control (“touch” dimmers)
and dimming-level memory (“presets”). They can also be configured for multi-location
dimming of the same lights or for interconnection to “master” dimmers.
Standard dimmer rating is 600 watts (W)—600 VA for inductive loads. Typical higher
ratings include 1000 W, 1500 W, and 2000 W. Above 1000 W, devices are usually “two
gang.” Touch dimmers most often have separate air-gap safety switches for service and
maintenance.
2-25
Tip:
Scene Controls Can Save Energy
Scene controls permit multiple memorized dimmer settings to be activated by

pressing one button. A “cross fade” from the previous setting makes for smooth
transitions. The duration of the cross-fade can even be programmed to make the
transition seamless. The most common configuration is a “four-scene” controller in
which four sets of memorized dimmer settings, or “scenes,” can be recalled by
pressing one of four buttons. (There is usually a fifth “off” button and sometimes a
sixth “all on” button.)
While usually intended for manual activation in architectural or theatrical settings,

scene controls can be designed to allow energy-oriented activation, such as by
photosensor input. In this way, spaces with complex lighting systems like fine
restaurants and themed facilities can save energy without sacrificing the flexibility
and ease of control inherent in scene dimming.
If you’re going to have scene controls consider also booking them up to occupancy
sensors, photosensors, etc., to save energy.
Fluorescent Dimmers
Most fluorescent dimming devices function much like incandescent dimmers and offer
many of the same options and features. Dimming fluorescent lights generally requires a
dimming ballast in addition to the dimming device.
Besides the common wall dimmer, a wireless-remote dimmer control is available. This
hand-held device transmits an infrared signal to a receiver mounted in or near a
lighting fixture to dim the fixture(s) continuously or to pre-set levels.
Magnetic dimming ballasts are an older technology in which the dimming is performed
by waveform modification controlled by the dimmer, much like incandescent dimming.
Electronic dimming ballasts, the current technology, differ in that the actual dimming is
performed within the ballast’s electronic circuitry. In this case, the “dimmer” serves to
2-26
generate a control signal to the ballast, rather than actually dimming the lamp. There
are four primary types of control signals:
• A 0-10 VDC signal which linearly corresponds to the light output desired from the
ballast (0 V = 0 light, 10 V = 100% light). Four wires (hot, neutral, and two signal)
connect to the ballast. This is the most common control signal used by major
electronic ballast markets.
• A phase-angle power signal used with standard magnetic dimming ballast circuits.
Three wires (hot, hotdimmed, and neutral) connect to the ballast. This method,
while less popular, allows easy retrofit of existing dimming ballasts.
• A phase-angle power signal for use with existing standard incandescent phase-angle
circuits. Only two wires (hot-dimmed and neutral) connect to the ballast. This circuit
is especially useful in retrofit situations where dimming is being added, or can be
used where dimmable fluorescent lamps are replacing dimmable incandescent
lamps. Note that some ballasts may require specific incandescent dimmers.
• A specific signal for use with proprietary control circuits. This signal may be analog
or digital and may be part of a comprehensive communications and control system.
Ballasts are generally connected by the power wires (hot and neutral) plus the
wiring required by the communications system.
Most electronic dimming ballasts will operate lamp properly from 100% output down
to about 20%. To achieve lighting levels below 20%, ballasts need to be more complex
and costly. Those capable of achieving stable light levels less than 10% output and as
low as 0.5% are generally more expensive and are primarily used for architectural
dimming applications.
HID Dimmers
HID lamps require special dimming devices and ballasts. The dimming range is
generally 100% to about 20%. Due to the long warmup and restrike times, and other
operating concerns of HID lamps, there may be a time delay as dimming occurs. And
certain lamp characteristics, especially color, will change, so HID dimming is best used
for industrial situations where color is not particularly important.
2-27
Risks
While manual dimmers have become commonplace, there are still risks:
• Low cost “hardware store” dimmers should only be used with incandescent lamps;
they will not dim fluorescent lamps properly.
• To dim low-voltage incandescent lamps, you must use the correct dimmer. Dimmers
are applied on the transformer primary and there are different types for magnetic
and electronic transformers. Using the wrong dimmer can damage equipment.
• Fluorescent lamps should be dimmed using a dimming ballast and properly rated
dimmer. Although an incandescent dimmer will appear to work with a magnetic
ballast and fluorescent lamp, low-end performance will be poor and lamp life
shortened.
• HID lamps can be dimmed with properly rated dimmers and ballasts but be
prepared for undesirable color shift.
Photoelectric Controls
Photoelectric controls include photoswitches and photosensors.
Photoswitches and Photosensors
There are two principal types of photoelectric controls:
• “Photoswitches” are devices that turn lights on or off according to the amount of
light striking the sensor (photocell) surface. Most photoswitches are designed for
switching outdoor lighting at dawn and dusk. Exterior photoswitches are not
adjustable.
Because most people object to abrupt on-off switching of lights where they work,
interior applications of photoswitches are somewhat limited. All photoswitches are
designed for open-loop applications (see next page), so they must be located so as
not to sense the light from the fixtures they control.
2-28
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
(See page 2-3 for key to symbols)
OPEN-LOOP
CLOSED-LOOP
PHOTOSWITCH
VERSUS PHOTOSSENSOR
2-29
• “Photosensors” can continuously vary light output, usually by controlling

fluorescent dimming electronic ballasts. They dim lights for daylighting and, if in a
closed loop system (see below), for tuning and lumen-maintenance. Most
photosensors have adjustments similar to occupancy sensors, including time delay,
response speed, and sensitivity.
Photosensors and ballasts may be purchased separately or as a single vendor

system. Some systems include manual dimmers, occupancy sensors, and/or
connections to building-wide monitoring or load shedding. A local master controller
(page 2-45) facilitates the integration of such diverse strategies. See Combined
Controls (page 2-37).
Compared to occupancy sensors, photosensor development and acceptance is about

7-10 years behind; but they are catching up, and soon should be nearly as easy to
apply and use as occupancy sensors.
Dimming technologies are described in Manual Dimmers (page 2-24).
Open- versus Closed-Loop Photocontrols

In an “open-loop” system, a remotely located photosenses sensors the amount of
daylight. The sensor may be outside the building or in another room or zone. It then
adjusts electric light output to compensate for available daylight and maintain a
predetermined light level. In an open-loop system, one photosensor can control any
number of lights.
In a “closed-loop” system, the photosensor is located in the space it controls; and, in this
case, it senses the sum of electric light and, if present, daylight, and then adjusts the
lights to maintain the desired light level. In this system, the photosensor can only
control a limited number of lights (only those lights that affect its field of view).
Open-loop uses remote control; closed-loop uses direct feedback.
2-30
Most lighting controls for small rooms, such as offices or classrooms, are closed-loop
systems. When properly adjusted, these systems compensate both for daylight
(including windows, skylights, and the effect of curtains or blinds) and lumen-
maintenance, and in addition, the light level can usually be tuned to the user’s needs.
Lighting controls for larger areas, such as factories and airports, are usually best
designed using open-loop systems.
Tip:
Remember On-Off
A photosensor is not an on-off control. You still need a manual switch and, if possible,
an automatic on-off device such as a time clock or occupancy sensor.
Risks
Most dimming components are not interchangeable, and different technologies perform
differently. For example, generic photosensors are designed to generate a 0-10 volt
signal and generic dimming ballasts are designed to operate from this signal. But
integrated, single-source systems may have photosensors and ballasts that use other
signaling methods such as fiberoptic signals, AC waveform modification, or even
digital communications. To ensure that the various components will work together,
make certain that they are designed to work together, specifically by manufacturer and
product number.
Some other risks associated with photosensor applications are:
• Stepped dimming (usually using photoswitches) will cause distracting light changes
and should be avoided for most interior lighting applications.
• Some dimming photosensors exhibit jittery light control if the time delay is set too
short or if they are exposed to direct sunlight.
• If the time delay is set too long, photosensors can respond too slowly to changes in
natural light, causing a room to suddenly be too dark or too bright in relation to the
amount of daylight.
• Improperly set dimming limits can easily, and unnoticeably, produce too small a
dimming range and fail to save the intended energy.
• Sensor response can be affected by the number of ballasts connected to it. Check
with the manufacturer on your specific application.
2-31
Tips
• Sensors should be protected from direct viewing of the sun, bright sky, or direct
light from the fixture itself (as is possible with an indirect fixture).
• Most sensors are designed to look down on the workplace. Such sensors can be
sensitive to areas of brightness within the zone, such as a person entering the space
wearing white clothing or a large piece of white paper covering the work surface. To
avoid bright object sensitivity, choose a large field of view for the photosensor.
Another sensor type views high on a non-sunlit wall. Although the light level high
on the wall may not track light on the desktop perfectly, it is an area that is usually
free of bright objects.
• Proper adjustment of sensor sensitivity includes setting both the low-end and high-
end sensitivity range. This can be difficult and require considerable patience.
No:
Caution:
Don’t Walk Away
While most photoswitches need little or no adjustment, commissioning is critical to
systems employing photosensors. The most common risk is that they will not be
commissioned at all! (See Commissioning, page 4-1.)
Lighting Control Systems
A lighting control system links together an initiating device(s), power device(s), and
lighting components, possibly with a logic device as a traffic cop.
Initiating devices include occupancy sensors, photoswitches, and other remote devices
that determine the need for lighting. Because they don’t actually control the power, these
devices can be small and operate from low-voltage signals.
Power devices include relays, contactors, and electronic power controls that actually
control the power. They range in size from small wallbox devices to large cabinets
located in electric rooms or utility service areas. Most power devices switch lighting
2-32
loads on or off. Power devices that dim lighting loads, such as large solid-state
dimmers, are most often used with incandescent lighting or conventional fluorescent
dimming ballasts.
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM
Logic devices include programmable time clocks and electronic logic circuits that may
either initiate a lighting change themselves or change lighting in response to a remote
initiating device. They are used to logically integrate the signals from various devices.
Local master controllers (see page 2-45) are logic devices.
Devices such as photosensors, occupancy sensors, and ballasts that are to be combined
may either be purchased as a system from a single vendor or be purchased separately
from different vendors.
Advantages of using components from a single vendor are:
• The components are more likely to work well together.
• The warranty is less subject to question (less finger-pointing).
• Customer support may be better.
However, a single-source system may cost more than if components are bought
separately, and separate components may offer greater flexibility.
Three methods or structures for combining controls are described next page. The matrix
on page 2-4 shows which of these control systems will best accomplish the various
control strategies.
2-33
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
Powerline-Carrier Systems
Powerline-carrier systems use the ordinary building wiring to communicate between

initiating devices (e.g., time clocks) and power control devices. Digitally-encoded, high-
frequency signals allow the control of many independent lighting circuits from a single
control station. Powerline-carrier systems are most useful in existing buildings because
there is no need to rewire.
Powerline-carrier systems are not as easy to install and make work correctly as they
appear. Special components, such as signal couplers, signal repeaters, and line filters,
must be added at key locations in the building’s electrical system, or the signals won’t
get through. Even then, interference from other powerline-carrier devices (e.g., clocks or
wireless intercoms) or the interference caused by electronic loads can cause the system
to work improperly. For instance, some electronic ballasts weaken the powerline signal,
making the system almost useless.
A new generation of powerline-signal technology, presently under development, is

being designed to make installations less difficult and more immune to interference.
2-34
Relay Systems
In relay systems, the power control device is usually an electro-mechanical relay that
has relay contacts (normally rated 20 A at 120 or 277 VAC) activated by 24 V sensors or
switches. Small systems, which employ a relay and a transformer to produce 24 V
control power, are frequently used in local control systems (e.g., using several
occupancy sensors to control lights in a large area). Larger systems, which have cabinets
with many relays and control electronics, are especially useful in large building
complexes. Wiring between relay cabinets, central computers, and/or initiating devices
is low voltage, using either simple analog or digital circuits.
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
“Sweep” systems are relay systems that switch individual lighting circuits on and off at
set times. Occupants can override lights on for some time period, typically one or two
hours, using a wall switch or phone-in signal.
Relay systems allow combinations of non-dimming control strategies and, in some

cases, dimming as well. Initiating devices for a lighting zone could include any or all of
the following:
• occupancy sensors
• low-voltage, on-off rocker switches
• photocells
• programmable time clocks (for scheduling by zone, hour, day, month, holidays, etc.)
• a building automation system (BAS).
2-35
TYPICAL RELAY SYSTEM, ONE FLOOR
Tip:
Keep at it
The success of a relay system, like a time clock or building automation system
depends on the ongoing diligence of the operator/programmer. See the following
“Success Story” and “Lesson Learned.”
Building Automation Systems (BAS)

Building automation systems (BAS)—or energy management systems (EMS)—typically
control HVAC systems and security systems. They can also control lighting using a
relay system, although this is fairly expensive (usually $300 to $800 or more per “point”
sensed or controlled).
2-36
Combined Control Systems
Combined systems represent the state-of-the art. The most powerful control systems
combine several devices to provide a number of strategies. For example, a completely
integrated office control system can provide daylighting, lumen-maintenance, tuning,
dimming, and automatic unpredictable scheduling with manual override. How such a
system might look is illustrated on page 2-44.
Combining the five control strategies shown here will save the maximum amount of
lighting energy in most indoor lighting applications. By connecting to a building
management system, each control zone could also include timing and load shedding,
although adding these two strategies would only give a small incremental increase in
savings.
The key to such a system is the integrating logic, the “brains,” which may be:
• Advanced relay systems
• Wallbox local master controller
• Local master controller above the ceiling
• Smart ballast.
2-37
Success Story: Relay (Sweep) Systems—Office Building
U.S. West Communications, Headquarters
Salt Lake City, UT
“I programmed it myself, with no previous experience. The BAS system in our other building is
too complex to program. Also, it makes scheduling easy, for occupancy and for lighting
maintenance.”
Gary Barney
Energy Management
Coordinator
The Project
• 16-story office building 400,000 ft2
• Space type: Open offices, private offices, and associated spaces.
• Relay system schedules lights off or to a lower level, programmed from a central
computer.
• Controls: One panel (27 zones) on each of 16 floors; mounted adjacent to lighting
panel.
• Override-on (now programmed for one hour) is possible from any telephone.
• Two-level lighting; lower level is programmed for:
— cleaning at night, and
— where preferred by all workers in a lighting zone.
• Lighting: 4-lamp T12, 2.3 W/ft 2
2-38
U.S. West Communications Headquarters
Typical open-office area
Relay panel for one (of 16) floors
2-39
Training area, unoccupied, lights programmed off (this is a flash photo)
Keys To Success
• Energy manager diligently monitors and programs the scheduling to achieve

worker satisfaction and maximum energy savings.
• Relay system is perceived as easier to program than a BAS system.
• Detailed energy-use modeling by utility (Utah Power) helped select relay system
over other conservation projects.
• Virtually no re-wiring was required; panels were installed right off the breaker.
Economics
Estimated lighting use savings: 23%

Total Cost: $80,000
Savings: $34,500/yr
Payback: 2.3 years
For additional Case Studies, see Chapter 6, Success Stories (page 6-1)
2-40
Lesson Learned: Relay (Sweep) System—Office Building
LESSSON:
It’s not just having controls, but taking advantage of them.
The Project
• Three-story office building, 240,000 ft2
• Open offices, private offices, and conference rooms
• One relay panel on each floor, 14 lighting zones per floor
• Schedule: All lights on at 6:00 a.m. and off at 6:00 p.m. (Emergency lights stay on in
aisles and corridors.)
• Override: Lights flash twice five minutes before scheduled off time. Occupants can
turn lights on for additional two hours at wall switches.
•
Lighting: T8, electronic ballasts, 0.9 W/ft2
Metered lighting compared to occupancy for one floor on a typical day.
2-41
Typical open office
2-42
The Problem
• The lights were scheduled on longer than needed.
• The override time was too long
• The 4-6 override switches in each location were not labelled, and multiple zones
were being overridden “on” unnecessarily.
• Analysis showed that:
— Lights are on longer than they need to be
— During the evening cleaning, not all lights should be on
— At night, scheduling is good at holding lights off
The Solution
• After coordination with building personnel, the designer recommended:
— Schedule: One-hour later on time (7:00 a.m.)
— Override: Reduce override time from two hours to one hour
— Switches: Label each switch with the zone it controls; post a sign “Turn lights on
only for your area”
• The result should be:
— Most lights on later in the morning
— Only about half of lights on in the evening for cleaning
— Savings of about 2 full-load hours per day, $9,000/yr—about one-half of the

potential savings (for an ideal system)
Key to strategies
Good application
Limited application
2-43
EXAMPLE COMBINED-CONTROL SYSTEM
Advanced Relay Systems
It is possible to use electronics to expand a central relay system to provide most energy
management strategies. The on/off relay can be energized according to time, motion
sensors, and/or manual switches. Dimming for daylighting and lumen-maintenance is
controlled by photsensors in the affected spaces. And demand limiting is possible with
advanced relay systems that have building-wide control.
Note: Similar functions may be possible with a powerline-carrier control system. New
technologies providing better reliability and immunity to interference are under
development and, in the future, may make this approach very attractive in existing
buildings.
Wallbox Local Master Controller
In this type of system, a wallbox controller integrates the control functions. For
example, a wallbox controller could contain on/off switching using a PIR motion sensor
and permit the connection of additional PIR sensor(s) to cover a larger room. It could
also allow the connection of a photosensor and let the user manually dim the lighting
level below the daylighting set-point. An advantage of this system is simple
commissioning: adjustments are made under the wallbox coverplate. The disadvantages
are 1) the system, like a wallbox occupancy sensor, won’t control very large spaces, and
2) it can’t connect to building-wide energy management or demand-limiting systems.
Because special wiring is required, this system is best for new construction and major
remodeling.
2-44
Local Master Controller Above the Ceiling
In this type of system, a concealed controller box above the ceiling can connect to a
photosensor, motion sensor(s), and a wallbox on/off dimmer, and interface with a
building automation system or demand-limiting system. The controller box contains the
on/off power relay, the transformer for the electronics, and the circuits needed to
interconnect the various devices and drive the lighting fixtures. While this controller is
better for building-wide connections and large spaces than a wallbox controller,
commissioning is more difficult because adjustments are made at the ceiling-mounted
sensors. Special wiring is required with this type of system also, but a retrofit might be a
bit easier than with a wallbox system.
Smart Ballast
This fairly new product is more like a network, in which each ballast has it’s own
“brains” and the means to communicate with other ballasts via low-voltage wiring.
It calibrates and functions much like a local master controller above the ceiling.
Summary
This chapter described:
Strategies—lighting control approaches that are used to save energy conveniently.

These are concepts not equipment.
• Occupancy Responsive triggers lights in response to movement or sound.
• Timing schedules lights on and off
• Manual Dimming lets the occupant adjust the brightness.
• Daylighting dims or douses lights to account for daylight level.
• Lumen-maintenance reduces over-lighting when lights are new and clean.
• Tuning calibrates lights to what’s needed.
• Adaptation Compensation dims lights a bit inside when it’s dark outside.
• Load Shedding reduces lighting at time of peak demand.
Devices—pieces of equipment that are used to implement those Strategies.
• Manual Switches can do a lot of things, if crudely.
• Occupancy Sensors watch and switch.
2-45
• Personal Occupancy Sensors watch just you.
• Timers let you order up a few minutes of light.
• Time Clocks switch lights on and off per time of day.
• Manual Dimmers let you twist or slide to taste.
• Photoelectric Controls automatically switch or dim lights according to the amount of

light sensed.
Systems—more complex combinations of components that often include a logic

component such as a programmable relay.
• Powerline-Carrier Systems piggyback control signals on other wires.
• Relay Systems switch different circuits, by time or other control signals.
• Building Automation Systems can automate everything in the building.
• Combined Controls mix devices, possibly with automatic coordination.
It’s important to understand these basic lighting controls concepts and the hardware
before going on to actual controls design and implementation, which are discussed in
the following chapters.
Exercises
Circle, check, write in, or poke your finger through the correct answer:
1. Lighting controls may:
a) Reduce lighting power
b) Reduce the time lights are on
c) Both
2. Insert either “Strategy,” “Device,” or “System” in each box:
Goal
Pieces of Equipment:
Pisces + Power
Control + Logic:
Easy, huh?
2-46
3. Match each device with the strategy(s) it accomplishes
Occupancy Sensors Timing
Timers Daylighting
Time Clocks Occupancy

Responsive
Photosensors
4. If a photosensor is located so it senses light from the light it controls, it is a (n):
a) Open-Loop control
b) Closed-Loop control
5. For Photosensors to accomplish Tuning and Lumen-Maintenance, they must be:
a) Open-Loop control
b) Closed-Loop control
6. An Adaptation Compensation control would lower light levels:
a) At night
b) During the day
7. Ultrasonic occupancy sensors (circle one):
a) Are better at “seeing around corners” than are PIR
b) Are better in high spaces than PIR
c) Detect body heat crossing zones of detection
d) All of the above
8. Wallbox occupancy sensors (choose one):
a) Are best for large rooms
b) May be PIR or ultrasonic
c) Use belly button lint as a key ingredient
d) All of the above

2-47
9. Which of following is generally the most expensive type of occupancy sensing:
a) Audible (noise)
b) Passive Infrared
c) Ultrasonic
d) Multiple-technology
10. Which one of the following statements about occupancy sensor features is true:
a) An impending shutoff warning has no disadvantages
b) An auxiliary switch (“dry contacts”) may control HVAC, connect to a Building

Automation System (BAS), or both
c) A light sensor within a wallbox occupancy sensor is in a good location to sense

daylight on the workplace
d) All are true
11. Which one is true of powerline-carrier systems:
a) Control can be accomplished without rewiring
b) There is never interference from computers and other electronics
c) They can accomplish almost any control strategy well
d) All of the above
12. Relay Systems (choose one):
a) Use mostly low-voltage wiring
b) Can incorporate various devices such as occupancy sensors and timers
c) Are less useful for dimming than for other Strategies
d) All of the above
13. Which one of the following is not true about BAS systems:
a) They are generally the most expensive lighting control solution
b) They are identical to Combined Control Systems
c) They usually control HVAC systems
2-48
14. With this book, which one of the following could not design lighting controls:
a) A registered P.E.
b) A registered architect
c) An entry-level designer
d) A monkey
2-49
2-50
3
DESIGN PROCESS
Introduction
This chapter describes the process of designing lighting controls:
• Deciding which controls to use
• Starting a design
• Avoiding pitfalls
• Debunking myths
• Considering advanced control design
You have a lot of things to think about.
Client desires Building

budget
Convenience
Design
budget
Economics
Deadline
Codes
Saturday
night
Tip:
Don’t Wait!
Consider lighting controls while the lighting itself is being designed. A controls
strategy may dictate the type of fixture used or the way fixtures are circuited.
For example, lights controlled by an occupancy sensor or photosensor should be
circuited together.
3-1
Design Process
Lighting
Controls
Which Controls to Use
Before talking to sales reps or diving into detailed economic calculations, examine a few
basics. Deciding on controls may be simpler than you expect.
Note that you must always meet codes. They may require anything from a minimum
number of manual switches to automatic shutoff devices. See Appendix B, Codes
(p. B-1), for details.
Step One: Identify Client Desires
“Nice customs curtsey to great kings.” —William Shakespeare
It may seem obvious, but make sure you understand any specific requirements or
desires the client may have. This doesn’t take your imagination; it takes talking to the
client—both to the bosses and to the workers.
The bosses may want dimmers, daylighting, or an energy showcase. They may salivate
at the thought of workers’ absences being detected. And they may have guidelines on
what is a good payback (“Six months maximum.” Yikes.)
The workers may have specific illumination requirements, or may have some
misperceptions about controls that you can correct. (“I don’t have to clap my hands?”)
Tip:
Be up-front
Occupants may be suspicious of controls. Let them know what the proposed control
does, how it works, and what it saves.
3-2
Design Process
No-Brainers
Step Two: Look for Slam Dunks
There are certain sure things that, like the “slam dunk” in basketball, take a major foul-
up to go wrong. Lighting controls “slam dunks” are energy efficient controls with
extremely short payback periods. “Slam dunks” include:
• Photocell controls for outdoor road, sign, and parking lot lighting
• Outdoor motion sensors for residential and commercial fluorescent and

incandescent security lighting
• Motion sensors in seldom-used areas where lights stay on
• Mechanical and electronic timers for janitor closets, infrared heat lamps, and other
simple brief access or short-use situations
• Time clock controls for retail store display lighting.
You may discover a “slam-dunk” opportunity in any project. The nice thing about a
“slam-dunk” is that your decision is made — for that area, you may be done!
Step Three: Identify Logical Choices
This is just a first cut to find which controls are logical candidates. For each space type
and for the building as a whole, go through the questions at the bottom of this page.
If the building has a Building Automation System (BAS), it may make sense to include
lighting circuits, at least for large zones, as points in the system. For a small zone, such
as a private office, a BAS point is usually overkill (spending maybe $500 to save
perhaps $25 a year by scheduling). See page 2-36.
3-3
Design Process
Space type and Control Device Application Matrix
The matrix on the next page is a quick guide to the best control devices to use for a
broad range of space types. Space types shown in bold are illustrated by Design
Patterns in Chapter 5 (page 5-1).
IDENTIFY LOGICAL CHOICES

Question to Ask If “Yes,” Consider:
• Is space use erratic (e.g., Occupancy
a private office where the Sensors
occupant is randomly absent
about a third of the time or a Timers
warehouse aisle)?
• Is space use non-continuous
and predictable (e.g., a mall or Time Clocks
public building)?
• Is there exterior lighting?

Photosensors
• Is there a lot of daylight from

windows or skylights?
• Is there a functional need for Manual Dimmers

manual dimming (e.g., in a
conference room)?
• Can lighting levels be reduced

for some or all occupants?
Relay System
• Are there many large spaces (with any of above)
to be controlled?
3-4
Design Process
SPACE TYPE AND CONTROL DEVICE APPLICATION MATRIX

Control Device
Space types in bold below Manual Wallbox Ceiling/ Personal Timer Time Manual Wireless Photo Photo
are illustrated in Chapter 5, Wallbox Occ wall Occ Clock Wallbox Remote switch sensor
Design Patterns, on page Switch Sensor Occ Sensor Device Dimmer Dimmer
Sensor
numbers shown.
Space Type
Assembly & Light Manufacturing • • ° •
Auditoriums (p. 5-3) • • • •
Classrooms (p. 5-7) • • ° ° •
Concourses, Lobbies, Malls • • • •
Conference Rooms (p. 5-17) • ° • • • •
Exterior Lighting • ° • •
File/Storage Rooms(p. 5-26) • • •
Gymnasiums (p. 5-32) • • °
Hallways (p. 5-36) • • • • °
Laboratories (p. 5-48) • • ° • •
Library Reading Areas(p. 5-59) • • ° •
Library Stacks (p. 5-68) • • • °
Locker Rooms • • °
Lunch/Break Rooms • ° • ° ° •
Medical Suite/Exam Rooms • ° •
Museums • ° • ° °
Open Offices (p. 5-79) • ° • • ° •
Private Offices (p. 5-87) • • • • • ° •
Restaurants • ° • ° °
Restrooms (p. 5-97) • ° • °
Retail Sales Areas (p. 5-101) • ° ° ° ° °
Warehouses (p. 5-109) • • ° ° °
• Good device application ° Limited device application
3-5
Design Process
Step Four: Consider Electric Rate
To help select from among choices indicated on the previous pages, consider your
electric rate. A low electric rate justifies simple or single controls, whereas a high electric
rate can justify more complex or multiple controls. In the chart below, use an
approximate cents-per-kWh value (including demand), or calculate the exact rate
(see page C-3).
Tip:
Just one step
This is just one step, one cut through the problem. Other factors may dominate. For
example, multiple controls that save an unusually large amount of energy may make
sense even in an area where the electric rate is low. See Appendix C, Economics
(p. C-2), for more complete discussion of economics.
Step Five: Consider Electric Use Profile
Control choices may be further narrowed by considering when power is used. Use your
building’s daily usage (demand) profile to help select controls. See table on next page.
Step Six: Do Prospecting (Optional)
In an existing building, you can test for how much energy a proposed lighting control
would save by temporarily installing a light logger with an attached occupancy sensor
or photosensor. The light logger records when the lights are on and the sensor indicates
when they would have been turned off or dimmed. This data, typically after one or two
weeks’ installation, is downloaded to one’s own computer and analyzed by software
supplied with the logger to calculate potential energy savings.
Note: EPRI has developed the Lighting Evaluation System (LES) and the Lighting
Diagnostic and Commissioning System (LDCS),which are used with a specified brand
of light logger and attachments, to do this analysis. See page D-1.
For more information on light loggers, see page C-8.
3-6
Design Process
CONSIDER ELECTRIC RATE

For This Electric Rate Usually Consider:
(¢/kWh, incl. demand)
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ Simple controls that save a lot of energy
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢
• Photoelectric switches for outdoor lighting
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢
• Occupancy sensors in private offices, conference rooms, etc.
• Time clocks for retail store lighting
Just one control per light
5¢
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ • Occupancy sensors with manual 2-level control in private
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ offices with windows (If the demand rate is high, consider
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ photosensors for daylight dimming.)
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ • Photoelectric switching or dimming in large indoor spaces
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ with high daylight levels
• Workstation occupancy sensors
Multiple controls
10¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ • Photosensors for daylight dimming AND time clocks or
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ occupancy sensors in open offices with windows
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢
¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ A sensible combination of controls
15¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ • Photosensors + Occupancy sensors + Manual dimmers
3-7
Design Process
CONSIDER ELECTRIC USE PROFILE

For This Profile of Building
Electricity Usage Concentrate on:
Controls that reduce peak demand
Peak-use • Daylighting controls and occupancy
(e.g., “9 to 5” sensors for tenant spaces
office building) • Time clocks for common spaces
Extended-hour Controls sensitive to unpredictable use

(e.g., offices with flex-time • Occupancy sensors
or extended hours) • Manual dimmers for adaptation
compensation at night
24-hour Controls for day and night lighting

(e.g., hospital) reduction
• Photosensors for daylighting
• Manual dimmers for adaptation
compensation
Event space Manual controls usually work best

(e.g., ballroom) (if properly managed)
Simple light logger magnetically attached.
3-8
Design Process
Tip:
Borrow one
Some lighting controls representatives will lend and/or install light loggers to
demonstrate potential savings from their products.
Step Seven: Do Economic Calculations (Optional)
Sometimes, you can decide on controls just by using the guidelines above. Usually,
though, you’ll want to know the simple payback for a proposed controls project.
Obviously, the analysis is more justified (i.e., covered by fee) when you’re deciding
controls for twenty private offices rather than one.
Use the “Payback on Controls” plot on next page to estimate the payback for a project.
You have to know:
• Approximate cost of controls
• Electric rate ($/kWh including demand charges if applicable)
• An estimate of how many hours per year the controls reduce lighting usage
• Lighting kW or W/ft2
Note: Try to develop real values for these inputs; don’t guess at them.
If you can’t determine the actual cost of controls, use this table to determine which
control cost to use on the plot:
DEFAULT CONTROL COST (FOR PLOT)

Control type Large zone (2000 ft2) Small zone (150 ft2)
Simple control (Occupancy LOW COST MEDIUM COST
sensor, timer, or time clock)
More complex control (manual MEDIUM COST HIGH COST
fluorescent dimmer,
photosensor, or relay system)
3-9
Design Process
The following assumptions are made:
• Lighting: 1.3 W/Ft2 (see next page for other W/ft2)
• Savings multiplier, to include net cooling and heating side effects: 1.15 (New York
City climate) — see page C-3.
Payback on Controls
For CONTROL COST=
Example: $0.08/kWh; Save 1300 hr/year; Medium Cost controls ANSWER: About 3.2 –year payback
3-10
Design Process
Simple correction for lighting density other than 1.3 W/ft2

2
FOR W/FT 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0
MULTIPLY 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6

PAYBACK BY:
2
(Multiplier = 1.3 / (your W/ft )
See page C-5 for actual calculation and additional factors.
Tip:
Save how much?
The amount saved by automatic controls depends on how diligent manual switching
is already.
An occupancy sensor retrofit saved only 10 to 20% at the Florida Solar Energy Center
offices, despite fine-tuning of the sensors. Workers were already vigilant in turning
out lights, making additional savings difficult.
Make your “before” realistic.
The hours per year savings to be used are “full-load” hours, that is, the hours that lights
are turned off completely, or, if dimmed, the hours they would be turned off to equal
the same energy savings. For example, if dimmed to 30% power for 2000 hours, the full-
load hours saved is 1400 hours (70% reduction x 2000 hours). Include only savings
beyond what occupants would save by manual control anyway (see “Tip” above).
To find the kW or W/ft2 value to use, you need to do some sort of audit. See page C-3.
Tip:
HVAC effects
Heating and air-conditioning cost effects are nearly always secondary to the lighting
impact itself, but the net HVAC effect virtually always adds to the lighting savings,
even in cold climates. See pages C-2, C-3.
3-11
Design Process
Designing Controls
A Chinese sage once said, “The longest journey begins with the first call to a sales rep.”
Or maybe it was opening the first catalog, talking with a wise elder, or looking at a
successful installation. It should have been reading this book, but it wasn’t written yet.
Designing controls is no tougher than picking out a car, and imagine the dweebs that
manage to do that! Just start accumulating information, preferably from several
viewpoints (not only from people trying to sell you something), and use common sense.
It’s not rocket science. (It’s more like brain surgery.) You won’t destroy Wisconsin by
putting in a wallbox occupancy sensor.
After choosing the controls that make the most sense (above), you next have to finalize
the decision and start the actual design.
Do the following:
• See Chapter 5, Design Patterns (p. 5-1):

1. Check the first page for each space type, e.g., private offices, for Key Problems and
Issues and Best Control Strategies for the space type.
2. Use the Patterns as a detailed design guide and template, even if the space you’re
designing isn’t exactly represented there.
• Review the manufacturers’ product catalogs for the controls you’re considering.
These catalogs contain additional design guides, sample specifications, and other
useful information that will help you to compare several devices and select one or
more that work best. (See next page)
• Call the agents or sales reps for the products you’re interested in. Many times you’ll
discover the agent has more up-to-date information and may be able to show you
new products and applications information that isn’t in your catalog. Most agents
will also help lay out and specify the controls — for the products they sell, of course!
• Do a trial installation, to try different controls and manufacturers.

(See “Trial Installations” page 3-14.)
3-12
Design Process
Tip:
Be consistent
Once you’ve decided to put PIR ceiling-mounted occupancy sensors in private offices,
put the same type of sensor in approximately the same place in every office, even if
some offices might be better suited for a time clock or other controller.
Consistency will make operations and maintenance easier, and the difference in
energy savings will be minor.
Help From Manufacturers
Guides
Controls’ manufacturers provide not only catalogs but also design and application
guides. These guides are either contained in the catalog or furnished separately by the
manufacturer’s sales agent — so ask for them.
Coverage Diagrams
These catalog drawings illustrate the sensitivity patterns of occupancy sensors.

These patterns are usually shown in plan view (two dimensions) and may also include
sectional elevations of the coverage.
Coverage diagrams are generally used when “eyeballing it,” which is quick and okay to
do in small spaces but not recommended in more complex spaces where it’s easy to
make an error.
3-13
Design Process
Drawing Templates
Some manufacturers produce drawing templates with the plan-view coverage of each
occupancy sensor. The designer simply lays the template over an appropriate-scale
drawing and draws the pattern. Note that templates do not take into account:
• Possible blocking effects of partitions, furniture, and other objects

• Unusual sensor mounting heights
• Room surfaces — an extra “soft” room diminishes ultrasonic range.
CADD Layout Aids
Electronic versions of templates, CADD tools, are supplied by a few manufacturers as

add-on, third-party AUTOCAD® modules. None of these modules presently analyzes
the line of sight for obstacles, but they do allow you to quickly try different layout
schemes.
Direct Assistance from Manufacturers
Sales reps and manufacturers’ agents are often willing to come to your office and help
you lay out controls, especially on larger or more complex jobs. Don’t hesitate to talk
with more than one rep. Be prepared with questions. This visit can be a valuable
learning experience.
Tip:
Workshops
Check with your local utility, manufacturer’s rep and local professional societies for
any upcoming controls workshops.
Trial Installations
Many building owners appreciate seeing a test installation of a proposed lighting

control. It’s not bad insurance for a designer, either. Manufacturers will usually be
cooperative, especially on a large project. You may even be able to test them in your
own office.
3-14
Design Process
• See how easy or difficult it is to install and commission the control device. Then live
with it for a few weeks. Don’t proceed with full installation until all the bugs are
worked out. And don’t be afraid to reject the control; that’s a successful test too.
• On a large project, install competing products side by side for comparison.

• If possible, also have light loggers installed on the affected lighting to check energy
savings. (See page 3-8.)
Tip:
Human factor
Results of a controls design can vary widely.
Conscientious people can control lights almost perfectly using only manual switches;
resentful people can circumvent the most exotic controls system and render it useless.
To assure that the people using the space don’t attack the new controls, work to get a
“buy-in” by workers as well as management through mockups, follow-up service,
post-occupancy evaluation, and other activities to let workers know “you care.”
Tips for a Successful Design
During the design phase:
• Involve the client and future controls’ users in decisions. Pay attention to their
desires and resistances.
• Do a trial installation (previous section). Let the client and building occupants get
some “hands-on” feel for the control and how it works.
• Be careful with pointy objects like pencils.
• Read and follow the design recommendations in the product literature.
• Get manufacturers’ agents to assist you.
During installation:
• Provide drawings marked up with coverage areas to help installers understand the
rationale for mounting locations, and to record your reasons for it.
• Read and follow the instructions contained with the product.
3-15
Design Process
• Get help from the manufacturer or his agent to learn how to adjust and commission
devices and small systems.
• Have the manufacturer’s field engineer check out and commission larger and more
complex systems.
Design Risks
Risks (and remedies) for specific devices were described in the previous chapter,
Strategies and Devices. Below are some general design risks and ways to minimize
them.
“The better part of valor is discretion.” — William Shakespeare
Interference on Drawings
Risk: In some actual cases, if the drawings for the controls, HVAC, and lighting layouts
had been overlaid, they would have shown:
Nope, putting sensors inside grilles and lights wasn’t the intent, but the installer made a
valiant effort!
Remedy: Coordinate the location of controls, HVAC, and lights. Consult the sensor
manufacturer’s recommendations. Don’t be afraid to put notes on the drawing, as
below.
3-16
Design Process
Tip:
Sample note on drawing:
Occupancy sensors:
Maintain at least 6-foot clearance from supply and return air outlets, and at least
2-foot clearance from lighting fixtures.
Misapplying Electronic Switches
Risk: Some programmable time clocks, electronic timers, and even electronic touch
switches are designed for use with incandescent loads only. Problems can occur when
these devices are used with any type of fluorescent load. For example, under-loading
problems with occupancy sensors are common (see page 2-21).
Remedy: Check catalogs to assure compatibility — devices not suitable for fluorescent
loads are labeled accordingly. If in doubt, ask the manufacturer.
Bidding and Substitutions
Risk: There is a danger that you won’t get the make and model of control you specify,
especially if a job is competitively bid.
Substitutions:
False Economy
A contractor will often come to the owner with an enticing offer like: “I can save you
$10,000 with this other widget...Sure, it can do the same thing.” The contractor will
probably pass on only part of the savings, and the owner might lose a lot more in value.
And you’ll be the loser when the control doesn’t work right.
3-17
Design Process
Tip:
Horror story
An owner “saved” $30,000 when he accepted the contractor’s proposal to substitute a

photosensor dimming system made of “built-up” components instead of the single-
source system specified. The system failed to dim lights resulting in $30,000 in fixes,
much frustration, and a one-year delay in dimming.
Remedy: If a job requires multiple proposals, avoid inappropriate substitutions by

designing, when possible, with devices that are available from several manufacturers.
For occupancy sensors, this would mean sensors with the same coverage area and
pattern. Just saying “or equal” may yield “sort of like.”
Play the devil’s advocate to think of ways the job could go wrong. Make sure you get
what you want. Stick to your guns.
Tip:
Follow through
Make sure you have the opportunity, budget, and authority to really review
submittals.
Myths
Both bonafide disasters and far-fetched stories are the legend of controls applications.
While the risks above are real and people have little tolerance for lighting controls that
don’t work well, other stories are just myths that you should be prepared to debunk.
So, for the record:
Myth: Lamp cycling due to controls results in short lamp life, and lamp replacement
costs swamp any energy savings that occur.
Fact: Even with frequent switching (up to about 40 on-off cycles a day—perhaps on
7 minutes and off 7 minutes all day) the marginal added energy savings from increased
switching overcomes any added relamping costs. See page 2-18.
Myth: Lighting controls, notably dimmers, are simply resistors that use as much energy
as they save.
3-18
Design Process
Fact: This was true 40 years ago, but virtually all modern lighting controls use high
speed switching, or other advanced means, to effectively reduce lighting energy
consumption.
Myth: Lighting and its control systems emit a lot of harmful radiation.
Fact: Lighting emits a small quantity of ultraviolet light and a fair amount of harmless
infrared energy, but so little of any other potentially harmful radiation as to be of
virtually no concern. (Ultrasonic sensors emit ultrasound, and some electromagnetic
interference is possible with hearing aids, see page 2-20.)
Myth: Powerline-carrier systems that include lighting controls frequently behave

erratically.
Fact: They usually work well, but false switching even a fraction of 1% of the time is
beyond most people’s tolerance.
Myth: The inrush into a lamp or ballast when they’re restarted consumes a lot more
energy than you save by turning the light off.
Fact: Fluorescent or incandescent inrush consumes the equivalent of only a few seconds
of normal use. If inrush current were significant, it would trip breakers and cause other
mischief. Leaving a light on to save energy makes no sense. And remember, that
although frequent switching shortens lamp life it still saves money over-all
(see page 2-18).
Myth: Harmonic distortion is a big problem when dimming.
Fact: Electronic fluorescent ballasts generally exhibit very low harmonics even when
dimmed. Incandescent dimming, however, usually causes bad harmonic distortion.
Advanced Control Design
The objective of advanced control design is to save the maximum amount of energy by
applying every useful strategy to the space being designed. While each added strategy
may save less than it would when applied alone (due to diminishing returns), the
strategies may cost less to apply in combination and thus be very cost-effective. Added
benefits can be a high-tech or deluxe image, increased productivity, and closer overall
control of operations by management.
3-19
Design Process
Favorable conditions for advanced control design include some or all of the following:
• High average kWh rate
• High demand rate
• Significant daylight potential
• Long business or operating hours
• Hot climate and/or high internal loads (to give large air-conditioning benefits)
• A client that’s open to innovation and committed to commissioning and good

maintenance
The obvious benefit of this design approach is maximizing lighting energy savings. In
the following examples, other hidden benefits show up to “sweeten the pot.”
Shopping Mall
This public shopping mall uses two strategies to dim lights:
• During the day, daylighting is used because of good available natural light.
• In the evening, adaptation compensation is used since a lower light level is sufficient
(and actually preferred) when it’s dark outside.
DIM DAY AND NIGHT

Energy savings and visual comfort:
In this case, an advanced control design saves both lighting energy cost and lighting
system first cost. Halogen lamps, which cost less than fluorescent or HID lamps, are
3-20
Design Process
used for the main lighting. Because the lamps are reliably dimmed both day and night
and even on cloudy days are never operated above 95% of maximum voltage, lamp life
is extended, and they don’t need replacing more often than conventional fluorescent or
HID lamps.
In addition, there are approximately 20% savings in the building’s HVAC first cost and
operating cost because the reduction in electric light due to daylight dimming lessens
the heat gain to the space and allows for a reduction in HVAC tonnage.
Media City Mall, Burbank, CA.
Airport Concourse
In a proposed airport design, concourse and waiting room lights have dimmable
electronic ballasts with controls for daylighting, lumen maintenance, tuning, adaptation
compensation, and motion sensing. The architectural design includes sufficient
daylighting to allow concourse lights to be turned off and waiting room lights to be
dimmed on most days, and lights are also slowly dimmed in the evening for adaptation
compensation. Also, because the airport being designed is not a hub airport, waiting
rooms can be vacant for long periods, so motion sensing is used to keep lights off when
the rooms are empty. The net result is a lighting system that consumes about 75% less
electric energy than the same design without the dimming and occupancy sensing. And,
as in the shopping mall, the reduction in lighting energy also allows for HVAC system
design savings.
3-21
Design Process
Hold Room Zone Concourse Zone

• Daylight controls • Daylight controls
• Motion sensing • Adaptation compensation controls
• Time-of-day override • Time-of-day override
Airport concourse
With the falling cost of dimmable electronic ballasts, systems of this type can be quite
cost effective. And because lamps tend to operate fewer hours every day with only
minimum added starting cycles, calendar lamp life may actually increase.
Summary
In this chapter we described the process of choosing and designing lighting controls for
energy conservation:
• Deciding Which Controls to Use — Seven steps to happier controls

1. Client Desires: “We gotta talk”
2. Slam Dunks: No-brainers
3. Logical Choices: Your space will talk to you
4. Electric Rate: The higher the rate, the more controls you can put in
5. Usage Profile: When your building uses electricity helps decide controls
6. Prospecting: You can test for savings
7. Economics: Finding the payback is useful but not required
3-22
Design Process
• Starting a Design — Use the materials and savvy at hand

1. Help from Manufacturers: Use their resources
2. Trial Installations: Just dip your toe in first
• Tips For a Successful Design: How to minimize risks
• Design Risks: Sensors in diffusers, surprises from low bidders, etc.
• Myths: New York doesn’t dim when your lights go on; etc.
• Advanced Control Design: After you walk, Boogey!
In the next chapter, we jump ahead to what’s needed after the controls are installed to
make sure they work. Then, in Chapter 5, Design Patterns, controls are laid out in
specific space types as models for design.
Exercises
Find some way of indicating the correct answer:
1. If the client says they really want advanced lighting controls, you:
a) Tell them you don’t know how
b) Tell them the slightest change will require a lot more fee
c) Ask them what controls they’re interested in
2. Of the following, the first you do is:
a) Do a payback calculation on using satellite tracking for occupancy
b) Look for slam dunks
c) Finish the drawings
d) Go to lunch
3. Manufacturers’ reps:
a) Usually aren’t interested in helping you buy their products
b) Usually don’t know what their products are
3-23
Design Process
c) May actually lay out the job for you or find someone who can
d) Usually have little product information
4. Clever designers might:
a) Recommend a trial installation to test products
b) Borrow a logger from a manufacturer to check potential savings
c) Find a workshop on lighting controls
z) All of the above
Ψ) None of the above
5. Involving the future occupants and users in control decisions:
a) Is foolish
b) Will help you avoid disasters
c) Leads to a great social life
6. Which one of the following is true:
a) Checking sensor placements against lighting and mechanical drawings is

confusing and should be avoided
b) All electronic switches can be used with either fluorescent or incandescent loads
c) Contractors’ offers of controls substitutions are nearly always a good way to save
money
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
3-24
4
AFTER INSTALLATION
Introduction
More than lighting fixtures, lighting controls always need attention after they’re
installed. This includes commissioning (always), maintenance (always), and
troubleshooting (often).
Commissioning
Commissioning is the adjusting and testing of controls after installation. It’s a necessary
step, not just insurance or a luxury, and must be part of the controls specification or
purchase agreement.
Commissioning goes far beyond a punch list (seeing if components are in place, etc.). It
takes more than a walk-through to see if, for instance, a photosensor is dimming lights
properly. Although commissioning adds cost — for a commissioning contractor,
adjustments, and, likely, monitoring — it is quickly repaid by preventing complaints
and assuring savings.
The real issue is in making certain that it’s done:
• In new construction, the specifications should require devices to be properly

adjusted by the manufacturer or a trained technician according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
• If the project does not have specifications, the facility manager should contact the
manufacturer directly to get assistance with adjustments. In most cases, the local
sales agent for the manufacturer can train the manager or staff.
It’s probably not a good idea to depend 100% on the contractor to make final
adjustments. Often the furniture and other factors that affect adjustments are not
present during construction.
4-1
After Installation
Caution:
You’ll never know …
One monitoring study using 24-hour logging, conducted after the installation of
occupancy sensors, found that 3 out of 23 sensors were faulty and that the time delay
setting for all the sensors was too long. After replacing the faulty sensors and cutting
the time delay in half, savings nearly doubled, increasing from 10% to 19%. These
problems weren’t apparent in daily use, but would have been avoided by proper
commissioning.
Following are the basic steps in commissioning. Make sure someone is obligated by
contract or agrees to do them.
Step One: Make sure they work.
Check every device to make sure it performs its basic functions. Most sensors have
built-in testing circuits to do this. Occupancy sensors, for instance, generally have a
means of shortening the time delay so that one can see the device extinguish lights after
10 seconds (rather than 10 minutes). Replace defective devices right away.
Step Two: Adjust the device according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Instructions and recommendations for settings are usually in the box with the device.
For larger or more complex systems, the manufacturer’s field engineer will often make
the adjustments.
Tip:
99% (±7%) of control problems can be traced to lack of proper commissioning.
More than a punchlist
“Yup, its’ there.”
4-2
After Installation
Tip:
“Help!”
Instruct the installer to “Contact the manufacturer for assistance prior to installation.”
This service is free.
Adjustments for specific devices are shown in the table below:
CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS
Device Adjustments Cautions
Occupancy Set: Have in place:
Sensors • Sensitivity, if any, so it • Partitions
senses proper area and
• Furnishings
activity level. For PIR
sensors, if there is no • Representative activity
sensitivity adjustment, you (people, airflow, fans, etc.)
can use masking strips or
Make sure the sensor not only
built-in shutters on the lens
detects motion in the room, but
to modify the coverage area
doesn’t detect motion in
• Time delay to recommended adjoining spaces such as
time (see Chapter 5, hallways.
Patterns)
Timers Set the time delay
Time Clocks Set:
• On and off times
• Program functions, e.g.,
occupied and unoccupied
days
Photosensors Set (per manufacture—methods Have in place:
vary a lot): • Partitions
• Time delay
• Furnishings
• Response speed
• Wall/floor coverings
• Light range control and/or
• Window treatments
setpoints
“Burn in” fluorescent lamps at
full light for at least 100 hours
before finalizing the sensor
adjustments or dimming the
lamps
4-3
After Installation
Generally, each device must be properly set to suit the space. Settings can be repeated
from device to device if conditions are the same and there are replicable setting markers
on the device.
Make sure occupants and maintenance personnel are aware of:

• Normal operation of the device (e.g., that for occupancy sensors with manual
on/auto off switching, lights aren’t supposed to come on upon entry).
• Calibration methods they may need to use in the future as conditions or desires
change.
• Maintenance required on the devices (e.g., cleaning photosensor lenses).
Caution:
Talk to them
A Florida school’s lighting energy usage went up 3% when occupancy sensors were
installed. The reason: teachers who previously turned off lights when they left the room
were instead relying on the occupancy sensors, thus more energy was used because the
lights stayed on during the 15-minute time-delay period.
Educating the educators resulted in better manual switching and positive savings.
Step Three: Listen to occupant feedback and make corrections quickly.
The majority of devices on the market have been “human engineered” to be acceptable
to most people when correctly designed, specified, and installed. And there will be very
few problems if controls have been commissioned and calibrated prior to users moving into the
space. But if users move in concurrently with adjustments, there will likely be
considerable attention paid to the devices, resulting in gossip, scuttlebutt, and often
some form of insurrection.
4-4
After Installation
Tip:
Commissioning Tool
EPRI’s Lighting Diagnostic and Commissioning System (LDCS) is software used to

analyze the logged performance of sweep, photosensor, occupancy sensor, and
combined controls. Used with a specific manufacturer’s logger, the program
automates the time-consuming steps of initialization, or programming, of the loggers
and evaluation of actual versus estimated savings. It can also analyze before- and
after- retrofit performance and calculate actual savings. Various plot and data output
formats are available. See page D-1.
Maintenance
And For Ever More. All systems require periodic maintenance.
• Make sure occupancy sensors are turning off lights when no one is present. Sensors
can malfunction, or, more likely, newly hung objects may be causing “false-ons.”
• Check switching schedules on timers and time clocks. Schedules may become
confused by holidays, leap years, daylight savings time, etc.
• Clean photocells and photosensors and make sure the controls are turning off or
dimming lights when they should. Devices can malfunction or may have been taped
over, and shading devices may have been adjusted to limit daylight unnecessarily.
If systems are not maintained correctly, they will waste energy and/or be disconnected
or bypassed by the occupants.
Troubleshooting
React quickly and positively to erratic device behavior, device failures, and other
problems.
Employees adapt well to controls that work. But controls that are improperly adjusted
or fail repeatedly will be circumvented, regardless of management policy. Controls will
be short-circuited to force lights on and tape will appear over photocells. And, if all else
fails, employees will bring 150 Watt incandescent table lamps from home if the 120 Watt
fluorescent lighting in their work stations seems “screwed up.” It doesn’t take a rocket
scientist to figure the payback on that scenario.
4-5
After Installation
To solve a problem:
• First identify it and be able to state it clearly, e.g., “Lights go off after 15 minutes
when someone’s working at the computer.”
• Eliminate possible causes outside the control, e.g., faulty lighting.
• Check if conditions have changed, for instance partitions moved or added.
• Check the occupant for pulse.
• Consult the “Risks” section for the particular device in Chapter 2, Strategies and
Devices, for specific control problems.
Summary
Most control problems arise from improper commissioning (the adjustment and testing
of controls in place). Make sure someone has the responsibility to:
• Make sure the controls work initially.
• Make adjustments per manufacturer’s specifications (possibly with the

manufacturer’s help).
• Instruct local personnel on the operation and adjustment of the device.
• Listen to occupant feedback and assure continued correct performance of the

control.
React quickly to any perceived problem with controls and follow logical steps to
identify the source of the problem and solve it.
In the next chapter, Design Patterns, controls are laid out in specific space types as
models for design.
Exercises
Shout out the correct answer:
1. What is the biggest source of control problems?
c) Lack of proper commissioning

a) Bad designs
n) Undependable equipment
2. Manufacturers’ recommendations and assistance:
4-6
After Installation
s) Are difficult to access

a) Can make you a hero
v) Usually entail a fee
e) Cannot be trusted
3. Which one is a good idea?
s) Repeating settings from one device to others similarly situated

o) Using calibrations “out of the box,” without adjusting
m) Calibrating the control prior to cluttering the room with furnishings
e) Leaving calibration to the owner’s discretion
4. If the installed controls don’t save as much as they should:
k) Occupants will usually make them work properly

w) The owner will usually make them work properly
h) You’ll probably never hear about it
4-7
5
DESIGN PATTERNS
Introduction
This chapter provides lighting control patterns for typical commercial spaces. The space
types shown represent the majority of commercial spaces where controlling lights to
save energy is occupant-friendly and cost effective.
The sections on each space type are laid out in the same way, and include the following
elements:
First page:
x Perspective drawings of a typically-sized room showing furniture arrangement and

window and door locations.
x Key problems and issues.
x An example of a conventional wiring diagram for a typical lighting system, showing

fixture type, power density, maintained empty-room illumination, and manual
switching method.
x The best control strategies to use.
Successive pages:
x Design patterns for each recommended strategy with an estimate of the likely
savings in lighting energy based on applying these strategies to a number of spaces
building wide.
x Each Design Pattern contains a plan-view installation diagram for one control
scenario for the space type. The text describes the device types to use, the device
features and settings that work best, where to locate the devices, and how to wire
the devices into the lighting system.
5-1
Design Patterns
Space Type and Strategy Index
The matrix below is an index to the various space types and strategies illustrated in the
following pages. The strategies for each space type are presented in the order shown in
the matrix. This order is maintained for consistency; it does not imply which strategy is
best.
Space Type Strategy
Occupancy Manual Day- Adaptation Combined

Responsive Timing Dimming lighting Compensation Controls
Auditoriums 5-3 5-5
Classrooms 5-7 5-9 5-12 5-15
Conference Rooms 5-17 5-19 5-21 5-23
File/Storage Rooms 5-26 5-28 5-30
Gymnasiums 5-32 5-34
Hallways 5-36 5-38 5-41 5-43 5-46
Laboratories 5-48 5-50 5-52 5-54 5-57
Library Reading Areas 5-59 5-62 5-64 5-66
Library Stacks 5-68 5-71 5-73, 75
Open Offices 5-77 5-79 5-81 5-84
Private Offices 5-87 5-90 5-92 5-94
Restrooms 5-97 5-99
Retail Spaces 5-101 5-104 5-107
Warehouses 5-109 5-111 5-114 5-116
Numbers refer to page numbers in this chapter.
5-2
Design Patterns
Pattern Symbol Legend
Below are the symbols for lighting controls and electrical devices used in the patterns.
Note: Generic control devices are used in the patterns. To use the patterns most
effectively, you should consult the manufacturer’s technical specifications to check
actual coverage templates (pattern, distance, and sensitivity), required coverage
overlap, control feature options, calibration setting limits, ambient temperature
sensitivity range, and electric load requirements (where applicable).
Auditoriums
Side View
5-3
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring
Conventional Wiring — Example

Fixture Type: Power density: 1.80 W/ft2
a - Downlight 2-CF18T5 Light level: Variable 15 to 70 FC
b/c - Downlight tandem Switching:
wired 3-CF18T5 One 3-way switch at each main
e - Louvered step light 1-CF13T5 doorway controlling separate switch legs
f - Adjustable mount 1-CF13T5
Key Problems and Issues
The usage and occupancy patterns for auditoriums vary primarily by institution type.
Auditoriums that function as lecture halls within colleges and universities may be
operated fairly continuously, while operation tends to be more discontinuous and less
regularly scheduled for auditoriums common to special event type buildings or
elementary and high schools. Although occupant density is usually high, user
movement is typically limited to sitting and taking notes. Common occupancy
characteristics for auditoriums include:
xx Scheduled, continuous or discontinuous occupancy patterns

xx Limited occupant motion
xx Minimal user responsibility to turn off lights
xx Variations in light level
Most spaces have high ceilings, typically exceeding 15'. Seating areas generally slope or
step up from the presentation area to provide good lines-of-sight for the audience. The
size of auditoriums range from under 1,500 ft2 to over 5,000 ft2. Because a high degree of
light level control is required to accommodate various types of presentations, the use of
windows or skylights for daylighting is generally excluded.
5-4
Design Patterns
Best Control Strategies
xx Occupancy Responsive
Conventional Wiring
Common fixture types
Both fluorescent and incandescent lamps are used in auditoriums. Typically, many
small downlight fixtures are used that have limited cut-off angles to reduce glare within
the audience’s field of view. Due to the flexibility required for different presentation
requirements, multiple fixture types are commonly installed.
Switching Systems
A high degree of localized control is required to vary the amount and type of lighting
for the presentation, audience, and circulation areas separately. Tandem-wired fixtures
or sophisticated dimming systems on multiple switch legs are common. Multiple
control locations using 3-way switches provide convenient and flexible control.
Auditoriums – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Application and Savings
Auditorium spaces with discontinuous occupancy patterns, high lighting power

densities, and long hours of operation are cost-effective candidates for occupancy
sensor control. Multiple sensors connected in parallel are required to provide adequate
detection coverage for the entire space. Lighting energy savings range from 30–70%
depending on the number of hours the space is used per day.
5-5
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Passive Infrared sensors work well when there are no hanging objects that could
block coverage.
xx Dual-mode sensors can normally detect all auditorium activity — coverage is not
blocked by hanging objects.
Caution:
xx Check manufacturer’s application data for using ULT sensors if ceiling height is
over 14–15'.
Device Locations
xx Mount PIR or dual-mode sensors on the wall 10' from the floor.
xx Good coverage detection overlap is mandatory due to limited occupant motion.
xx Ceiling mounted sensors can be installed but they are much more difficult to access
for fine tuning of the sensor settings.
Recommended Features
xx Automatic on/off
xx Time out setting range to 30 minutes
xx Sensitivity calibration for dual-mode sensors
Recommended Settings
xx Set time-out setting in the medium range (10–15 minutes) to reduce the potential
for “false-offs.”
Design Considerations
xx It is mandatory to provide manual switches or scene controls to turn off or dim
various switch legs to control the lighting for different presentation formats.
xx Use multiple sensors connected in parallel to one or two transformer-relays to
control all the lights in the space.
Caution:
x So that all lights are controlled together, don’t use independent occupancy sensors
to control separate switch circuits in the space.
5-6
Design Patterns
Typical sensor coverage detection zone
Multiple corner-mounted occupancy sensors (OS) connected in parallel to transformer-relays (TR) controlling all
lighting circuits within the space except for emergency exit lights near doorways.
Classrooms
Side View
Top View
5-7
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring

2
Fixture Type: Power density: 1.30 W/ft
1x8 suspended Light level: 50 FC
louvered troffer Switching: Wall switch at the
2-F32T8 lamps w/ door
electronic balasts
The usage and occupancy patterns for a classroom depend on the type of institution
and the type/function of the classroom. K-12 grade classrooms are typically used
continuously during school hours, while technical school and college classrooms have
discontinuous use throughout the day. Different teachers, with different lighting control
needs and preferences, may use the classroom each day. Primary tasks and task areas
are reading and writing at the student and teacher desks, lecturing and writing at the
chalkboard, and viewing audio visual materials at the front of the room. Teachers
provide most of the movement. Common occupancy characteristics for classrooms
include:
xx Periods of minimal occupant motion
xx Moderate requirement for the teacher to control the lighting
Classrooms are typically located on the perimeter of a building and have windows;
however, they can also be located in the interior of a building. They range in size from
500–1200 ft2. Often, there is sufficient daylight to significantly reduce electric
illumination.
5-8
Design Patterns
xx Daylighting
xx Combined Controls
Conventional Wiring
Lighting systems include direct 3- and 4-lamp parabolic systems and direct/indirect
pendant-mounted fixtures. Task lighting is typical at the chalk board or on side tables.
Switching Systems
Conventional switching incorporates a wall switch to control the ambient lighting,

which is sometimes broken into control banks parallel to the windows. Task lighting
is either switched with the main lights or at the task.
Classrooms – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is an effective strategy for classrooms with discontinuous

occupancy patterns, long hours of use, and minimal daylighting potential. Most
classrooms are small enough so that one occupancy sensor will provide adequate
detection coverage. Occupancy sensor type is determined by size of room, activity level,
and openness of the space. Lighting energy savings ranges from 20–40% depending on
the diligence of the different users to turn the lights off when they leave.
5-9
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Ultrasonic sensors work best for enclosed classrooms with predominately “low”
activity.
xx Use passive infrared sensors where activity levels are generally “high” and there are
no hanging objects that could block coverage.
xx Dual-mode sensors can accurately detect both “high” and “low” levels of activity.
The ULT sensor effectively eliminates “false-offs” when there is low activity and the
PIR sensor eliminates “false-ons” due to motion being sensed outside the classroom
through an open door.
Sensor detection coverage zone
One occupancy sensor (OS) connected to a transformer relay (TR) controlling all lighting circuits within the room.
5-10
Design Patterns
Device Locations
xx Locate a ULT sensor near the center of room but closer to the door wall
(alternate location as shown).
xx Locate PIR or dual-mode sensors 7–10' from the floor on the door wall, preferably in
the corner at the instructor’s end of the room (in corner of room as shown).
Cautions:
xx Classrooms over 1,000 ft2 may require two PIR or dual-mode sensors.
xx Manual on/Auto off
xx Time-out setting range to 30 minutes
xx Sensitivity calibration adjustment for ultrasonic and dual-mode sensors
xx Set the time-out setting in the low range (8–10 minutes) for “high” activity
classrooms, and in the medium range (10–15 minutes) for “low” activity rooms.
xx Set the sensitivity calibration after all furnishings are in place.
xx It is mandatory to provide manual switches to turn all lights off for viewing
A/V materials.
xx Use transformer-relays (TR) to control fixtures from low-voltage sensor signals.
xx If daylight is available, provide a separate switch leg for the first row of lights
parallel to the window to encourage manual control for daylight savings
(as illustrated).
5-11
Design Patterns
Classrooms – Daylighting – Photosensor
Savings
Perimeter classrooms with adequate window area and heavy occupancy during
daylight hours are excellent candidates for daylighting controls. Good applications
include classrooms with continuous use (K-12) that have high window head heights or
horizontal strip windows. Lighting energy savings range from 40–70%, depending on
how effectively the window design provides daylight, the length of time the classroom
is operated, and when it gets dark. Energy savings typically coincides with peak
building electrical use.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Local master controller
xx Dimming ballasts that dim to 10–20% for fixtures in the daylight zone.
Caution:
xx Stepped daylight sensors should only be used in classrooms where daylight is

sufficient to supply the required light level nearly all of the time, typical of older
schools buildings with high window head heights.
5-12
Design Patterns
Daylighting control zone
One photosensor (LS) connected to a local master controller (LMC) controlling the first two rows of fixtures
(a) parallel to the window.
Device Locations
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific device.
Generally:
xx Mount the sensor on the ceiling viewing down or on the near side wall measuring
the light level on the wall surface.
xx Locate at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylighting zone back from the window.
xx If indirect lighting is used, make sure the sensor is located below the fixtures.
xx Sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC
xx Local master controller with maximum and minimum set-points
xx Closed-loop logic design
5-13
Design Patterns
Options:
xx Allows automatic incorporation of tuning and lumen-maintenance strategies.
xx Allows the addition of manual dimming for A/V control at little added first cost.
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations
Generally:
xx Set maximum light level at the design FC
xx Set minimum light level to make the space feel adequately lighted, usually
20–30% of full light output.
xx Control lights that are parallel to the window within a depth of 2–2.5 times the
window head height.
xx If daylight distribution provides adequate daylight near the back of the room
(i.e., the window head height is greater than 10 ft) use two daylighting zones:
— One daylight zone controlling the (a) fixtures and the other zone controlling the
(c) fixtures.
— Each classroom should have its own daylighting control circuits and
photosensor.
5-14
Design Patterns
Classrooms – Combined Controls – Occupancy Sensor + Manual Dimmer
Savings
Occupancy sensoring and manual dimming are an excellent combination control

scheme for classrooms that operate for long hours and have A/V presentation
requirements. Wallbox dimming controls can be set up to dim the presentation and
audience lighting independently. Energy savings for combined control systems
typically range from 35–60%.
Control Devices
Occupancy sensor
xx ULT, PIR or dual-mode
Wallbox dimmer
xx Requires electronic dimming ballasts
Device Locations
Manual Dimmers
xx Locate near the presentation side of the room.
xx Normally provide two dimmers, one for controlling lights at the presentation end
of room and one for controlling lights over the classroom audience area.
5-15
Design Patterns
One occupancy sensor (OS) connected to a transformer-relay (TR) controlling all lighting circuits in the room. Two
wallbox dimmers controlling lighting circuits (a) and (b) independently.
Occupancy sensors
xx Locate ULT sensor near the center of room but closer to the door wall
xx Locate PIR or dual-mode sensors 7–10' from the floor mounted on the door wall,
preferably in the corner at the instructor’s end of the room (as shown).
Manual Dimmer
xx Tuning preset control
xx Push button On/Off
Occupancy sensor
xx Sensitivity calibration adjustment for Ultrasonic and dual-mode sensors
5-16
Design Patterns
xx Set occupancy sensor time-out setting in the medium range (10–15 minutes)
to reduce the inconvenience of “false-offs.”
xx Control all lighting circuits in the room using one transformer-relay connected to the
occupancy sensor control.
xx If daylighting is available, consider using a photosensor connected to a local master

controller.
Conference Rooms
Side View
Top View
5-17
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring

Indirect/Direct Pendant Light Level: 50 FC
2-F32T8 w/electronic ballasts Switching: Dual level
8” x 2’ wall washers (ambient/wall)
CF40T5 lamps
Conference rooms have varied and unpredictable use patterns and lights are typically
left on when the room is not in use. Length of use may vary from 15 minutes to
10 hours. They differ by size, location, ambiance, and function served, and thus have a
wide range of lighting control needs. Different surfaces may need illumination at
different times. Conference rooms with access to natural light may be daylighted.
Common characteristics of conference rooms include:
xx Critical visual tasks are performed on several surfaces.
xx Easy and flexible user-controlled lighting is needed.
xx Motion by occupants when seated is limited.
xx A large space is sometimes used by a small group or an individual.
Design illumination levels may range from 30–70 FC. Ceiling heights range from 8–20'
and furnishings are generally below 44" except at the perimeter. Conference rooms are
often finished with dark materials and require high lighting power densities.
5-18
Design Patterns
xx Manual Dimming
Conventional Wiring
Common fixture types are 2' x 4' and 2' x 2' direct fluorescent luminaries with parabolic
reflectors and indirect and indirect/direct pendant fluorescent fixtures. Incandescent,
compact fluorescent, or low-voltage quartz halogen fixtures on tracks or recessed in the
ceiling may be used for accent, task, or wall display illumination.
Switching Systems
Ambient lighting is controlled at the doorway to the space. Special lighting such as wall
washers is controlled on separate switch circuits, either at the door or near the area
being illuminated.
Conference Rooms – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor

Savings
Nearly all conference rooms are ideal candidates for occupancy sensor controls. Lights
are often left on all day although the room may only be occupied 20–50% of the time by
different users. Sensor type is determined by room area and ceiling height. Lighting
energy savings range from 40–70%. Due to the diversity of use, lighting energy savings
occur during times of both on- and off-peak building electrical use.
5-19
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Ultrasonic ceiling sensors or dual-mode sensors work well in medium to large

conference rooms — 350–750 ft2. Dual-mode sensors reduce “false-offs” and
“false-ons.”
xx Passive infrared sensors work well in smaller spaces when the sensor has a clear line
of sight to all areas of activity.
xx For very small conference rooms — 100–150 ft2 — a wallbox device may be adequate
(either PIR or ULT).
Device Locations
xx Mount ULT sensors on the ceiling in the center of the space near wall with doors
xx Locate PIR or dual-mode sensors in the corner above the door (as shown).
Caution:
xx Do not point PIR or dual-mode sensors out the door.
One occupancy sensor (OS) and one transformer-relay (TR) controls both the ambient lighting and small washer
lighting switch legs. Manual override switch (M) connected to transformer-relay (TR).
5-20
Design Patterns
xx Manual on/Auto off is preferred
xx Sensitivity calibration adjustment for ultrasonic sensors
xx Set time-out setting in the medium range (10–15 minutes) to reduce “false-offs.”
xx Calibrate ULT sensors after all furnishings have been installed.
xx Control both ambient and special effect or task lighting with the occupancy sensor.
xx Provide a manual override switch to turn lights on or off for maximum A/V
presentation flexibility.
Conference Rooms – Manual Dimming – Wallbox Dimmer

Wireless Remote Dimmer
Savings
Manual dimming control is necessary in many conference rooms to vary light levels for
viewing A/V presentations or for normal work. Wall-mounted switching devices vary
from single dimmer controls to multi-scene preset control panels. In larger conference
spaces, wireless remote control devices can be used to conveniently adjust light levels
from any location. Lighting energy savings will depend on the primary use of the room
and the availability of daylight. Manual dimming control will typically save 20–40% of
lighting energy.
5-21
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Wallbox dimmer
Preset multi-scene control panel
Wireless remote dimmer
xx Dimming ballasts that dim down to 1–5% provide the best control for A/V task
requirements.
One wall box dimmer (D) controlling the ambient lighting fixture circuit (with dimming ballasts) and one wallbox
dimmer controlling all wall wash fixtures (with dimming ballasts).
Device Locations
xx Some control at the doorway is necessary for conveniently turning lights on and off
when entering or leaving the room.
Options:
xx Add 3-way wallbox dimming control close to the A/V presentation area to improve
accessibility and to give the potential for greater lighting energy savings.
xx If a wireless remote controller is used, locate the dimming controller target in an

easily visible location.
xx A preset maximum light output setting accomplishes tuning.
xx Preset multi-scene control panel.
5-22
Design Patterns
xx Provide separate dimming control for ambient lighting and special wall washing or
task light circuits.
xx Use preset control panels with three or more independently controlled light circuits.
xx Make sure that dimmer controls and ballasts are compatible, either from the same
manufacturer or listed as being compatible.
Conference Rooms – Combined Controls – Photosensor, + Occupancy

Sensor, + Wallbox Dimmer
Savings
Note: See other Conference Room patterns for further details on sensor locations, features, etc.
5-23
Design Patterns
Combined controls are good for conference rooms that have adequate daylight and that
require manual dimming. They will be most effective in regions where electric rates are
high. The most reliable and cost-effective method for combining sensors is to use a local
master controller specifically designed to integrate multiple sensor inputs
(as illustrated). Energy savings typically range from 45–75%.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Continuous dimming requires electronic dimming ballasts
Occupancy sensor
xx Dual-mode provides good detection, and reduces the potential for “false-ons” and
“false-offs.”
Wallbox dimmer
Local master controller
xx Accommodates input from photosensor, wallbox dimmer, and occupancy sensor.
A photosensor (LS), occupancy sensor (OS), and manual wallbox dimmer (D) are connected to a local master
controller (LMC) controlling the ambient lighting circuit. The wall washer circuit is controlled by the same
occupancy sensor (OS) and a manual wallbox dimmer (D) connected to a second local master controller.
5-24
Design Patterns
Device Locations
Photosensor
xx Typically mount at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylight zone.
Occupancy sensor
xx Do not point out the doorway.
xx Locate where easily accessed for calibration.
Photosensor
xx Closed-loop logic and sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC.
Occupancy sensor
xx Manual on/Auto off.
xx With maximum set-point adjustment to accomplish tuning and lumen-maintenance

strategies.
Generally:
xx Set daylight “begin-dimming” setting at the design light level.
xx Set occupancy sensor time-out setting from 10–15 minutes to reduce the
inconvenience of “false-offs.”
xx Use daylight photosensor control for ambient light fixtures only.
xx Use separate master controllers for spaces with different window orientations.
5-25
Design Patterns
xx If the conference room is in the core of the building, use a photosensor with a
separate master controller for tuning and lumen-maintenance only.
File/Storage Rooms
Side view
Top view
Conventional wiring

Fixture Type: Power density: 0.8 w/ft2
2x4 acrylic lens troffers Light level: 30 FC
3-F32T8 lamps w/electronic Switching:
ballasts Single-pole switch at door
5-26
Design Patterns
File/Storage rooms generally serve long-term storage needs. These spaces are typically
used intermittently for tasks of relatively short duration. Length of use may range from
10 minutes to a few hours. Common characteristics of file/storage rooms include:
xx Unpredictable periods of use
xx Varied visual tasks
xx Moderate user motion
xx Different users
Floor areas range from 100–1,500 ft2 or larger. Ceiling height is usually 9–12' and shelf
and storage cabinets may be as high as 5–7'. In smaller spaces, storage is at the
perimeter; the center of the room is empty or has a work surface at 30" or 42". Larger
rooms (as shown) usually have storage isles. File/Storage rooms are frequently located
in the core of the building.
xx Timing
Conventional Wiring
Fixture Types
In rooms with finished ceilings, basic fixtures include 2- and 3-lamp fluorescent
recessed fixtures with acrylic lenses. In rooms with unfinished (open) ceilings, strip or
industrial fluorescent fixtures are common. Light levels range from
20–70 FC depending on the type of storage and visual task requirements.
Switching Systems
A single pole wall switch at the door controlling all lights in the space is most common.
5-27
Design Patterns
File/Storage Rooms – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for most file/storage rooms that are used
infrequently and for short periods. Lights tend to be left on all day due to the diversity
of users and the enclosed nature of the space. Occupancy sensor type and placement is
dependent on storage height and room layout. Energy savings range from 35–65%.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Use ultrasonic (ULT) or audible/microphonic ceiling sensors in spaces with high

shelving.
xx Use passive infrared (PIR) sensors in smaller filing/storage rooms where the center
of the room is open and high shelving is located around the perimeter.
Device Locations
Generally:
xx Spaces greater than 800 ft2 with aisle shelving near the ceiling will typically require
more than one sensor.
5-28
Design Patterns
xx Automatic on/off is preferred
xx Range and sensitivity control for ULT sensors
Typical sensor detection coverage zone
An occupancy sensor (OS) connected to a transformer-relay (TR) controlling the lights within separate lighting
control zones.
xx Set time-out setting at 8–10 minutes
xx Adjust ULT sensor sensitivity after furnishings are in place.
xx In rooms less than 800 ft2, control all lights with a single control circuit
(one transformer relay).
xx Divide rooms greater than 800 ft2 into separate control zones to improve energy
savings. Use multiple transformer relays. Make sure to provide 15–20% coverage
overlap (as shown).
5-29
Design Patterns
File/Storage Rooms – Timing – Electronic Wallbox Timer, Mechanical Timer

Savings
Use timers for file/storage rooms that are used infrequently for short periods.
Lights are often left on because users don’t feel responsible for the space. Timers are
cost-effective and may be preferable to occupancy sensors where the storage space is
open to heavily-used circulation aisles. Energy savings range from 35–65%.
Control Devices
Electronic Timer
xx Automatically turns lights off after an adjustable preset time. Digital control
provides silent operation.
Mechanical Timer
xx Uses a twist dial that winds a spring to set the period of time the lighting circuit will
remain open.
Device Locations
xx Replaces a standard wall switch by the door.
xx To improve energy savings in large storage rooms, have multiple timers controlling
different areas (as shown).
5-30
Design Patterns
A timer control (either electronic or mechanical) is connected to the lighting circuit. An optional timer control is
also shown controlling the two rows of lights near the back of the room separately.
xx Adjustable default time-out setting
xx LED readout
xx Simple “temporary” manual override of default time-out setting to accommodate

occasional longer usage periods.
xx Simple Manual Off
xx Set an electronic timer’s time-out setting for the typical amount of time the space is
used, generally 10–15 minutes.
xx Make sure the device is rated to operate with electronic ballasts.
xx Make sure the device is rated for the lighting circuit voltage.
xx To reduce the inconvenience of lights turning off while the space is occupied,
provide an emergency light near the timer control.
5-31
Design Patterns
Gymnasiums
Side View
Conventional wiring
Conventional Wiring—Example
High Bay HID Light Level: 50 FC
400 W Metal Halide lamps Switching:
One 3-way switch at each main
doorway controlling (a) and
(b) fixtures separately
5-32
Design Patterns
The usage and occupancy patterns for gymnasiums vary by the type of institution
where the gymnasium is located. Elementary and high school gyms may have fairly
continuous use during normal school hours, whereas usage for gyms in private health
clubs tends to be discontinuous. Nearly all gym activities involve lots of occupant
movement. Common occupancy characteristics for gymnasiums include:
xx Substantial occupant motion
xx Minimal user responsibility to control lighting
Gymnasiums are located both on the perimeter and in the interior of buildings.
Most have ceiling heights ranging from 20–30'. Gyms vary in size from single court
layouts of under 3,200 ft2 to multiple courts of over 10,000 ft2 that have provisions for
curtain/folding wall dividers and movable bleachers for spectators. Gymnasiums with
skylights or windows near the top of the walls may be good candidates for daylighting
control.
Conventional Wiring
HID sources are the predominate fixture system for gymnasiums due to the high
ceilings and generally high light level requirements. Metal halide systems are the most
popular due to their good color rendering characteristics. Ballast systems that allow
bi-level light output are sometimes installed in cases where higher light levels are
required for video recording sessions and a lower light level for normal conditions.
Switching Systems
Conventional switching usually has a wall switch located at the main doors. For
multiple court configurations, separate switch legs controlling each court area are
sometimes used.
5-33
Design Patterns
Gymnasiums – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Gymnasiums that have discontinuous occupancy patterns, long hours of operation,

and minimal daylight potential are cost-effective candidates for occupancy sensor
control due to the high connected lighting load that is typical for this space type.
Multiple sensors connected in parallel are normally required to provide adequate
detection coverage. Lighting energy savings usually ranges from 20–40%.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Passive Infrared sensors work well when there are no hanging objects that could
block coverage.
xx Dual-mode sensors can normally detect all gymnasium activity — coverage is not
blocked by hanging objects.
xx Ultrasonic sensors can also work well, check with manufacturer regarding coverage
and ceiling height application.
Device Locations
xx Mount PIR or dual-mode sensors on the wall 10' from the floor.
xx Very little coverage overlap is needed due to the high level of activity and
movement in the space.
xx Sensors can be ceiling mounted but they are much more difficult to access for fine
tuning of the sensor settings.
5-34
Design Patterns
Multiple occupancy sensors (OS) connected in parallel to a transformer-relay (TR) controlling all lighting circuits
in each of two courts (lighting switch legs a and b)
xx Automatic on/off
xx Sensitivity calibration for ultrasonic or dual-mode sensors
xx Set the time-out setting at 10–15 minutes to reduce the number of restrike periods
for HID lamps.
5-35
Design Patterns
xx It is mandatory to provide manual switches to turn all lights off.
xx Consider high/low control ballasts or auxiliary quartz lamps for HID systems to
minimize the inconvenience of bringing HID lamps up to full light output after
restrike.
xx For greater energy savings, provide separate switch legs controlled by a separate
transformer-relay for multiple court areas (as illustrated).
xx If a moveable bleacher system is used, make sure the occupancy sensor “views” will
provide good coverage for all bleacher positions.
Hallways
Side View
5-36
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring
Fixture Type:
2x2 parabolic troffers
3 – F17T8 lamps w/electronic ballasts
Power Density: 0.80 W/Ft2

Light Level: 15 FC
Switching: In secure panel box
The occupancy patterns for hallways vary widely by building type and business
operation. Accurate assessment of the usage for a given circulation path is critical for
determining which lighting control strategy will be most effective and appropriate.
Usage may be predictable or unpredictable and heavy or light. Common characteristics
for hallways include:
xx High level of occupant motion
xx Long narrow spaces
xx Non-critical visual tasks
xx Minimal user control responsibility
Hallways are located at both the perimeter and core of a building. They range from
4–16' wide and may curve or turn corners. Perimeter hallways and stairways are easily
daylit since they are narrow and seldom require shading devices. Although lighting
power densities are typically lower in corridors than most other spaces, they can
account for 15–25% of a building's total square footage, which provides the opportunity
for significant lighting energy savings.
5-37
Design Patterns
xx Timing
xx Daylighting
xx Adaptation Compensation
Conventional Wiring
Cost-effective systems include direct 2x2 or 1x4 troffers spaced from 8–16' on center
depending on corridor width. Other systems include recessed can fixtures, wall sconces,
and indirect systems.
Switching Systems
In large buildings, the corridor lights are typically controlled from either secured or
unsecured wall switch cabinets usually at one location per floor or for the entire
building. Smaller buildings use standard wall switches located in the lobby or at the
entrance to the corridors. Emergency circuits are used for exit signage and in some cases
to leave a small percentage of corridor fixtures on all the time.
Hallways – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
5-38
Design Patterns
Occupancy sensors are good in situations where there are long periods (over 1/2 hour)
of no occupancy in hallways or on stairs when the building is open. Buildings where
this is typical include elementary schools, auditoriums, and offices with very long hours
of operation. Energy savings may range from 20–40%.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
x Use Passive Infrared sensors in hallways where the line of site is unobstructed and
exact detection coverage limits are required to reduce “false-ons.”
x Use Ultrasonic sensors in hallways and stairways that are completely enclosed and
where ceilings are below 14'.
Caution:
x Don’t use ULT sensors in locations with high air flow through doorways or
vestibules.
Device Locations
x Center ceiling-mounted sensors in the corridor with the receiver openings pointed
down the corridor.
x Locate high-wall or corner-mounted sensors to favor coverage at points of entry

such as lobby entrances and main doorways. Good overlap of sensor coverage is
mandatory.
x Automatic on/off
x Time-out setting range to 30 minutes
x Sensitivity calibration adjustment for ultrasonic sensors
x Sensor design with long linear coverage (50–90')
5-39
Design Patterns
One occupancy sensor

(OS) with bi-directional coverage
connected to a transformer-relay
(TR) controlling lights within
each occupancy sensor’s detection
zone.
xx Set a 5–10 minute time-out setting for K-12 schools with traditional one-hour long
classes.
xx Set a 10–15 minute time-out setting for hallways with long hours of operation and
light use during non-traditional hours. A time-out setting in the high range will
reduce the inconvenience of “false-offs.”
xx Don’t connect the emergency lighting circuit to the sensor controlled circuit.
5-40
Design Patterns
Hallways – Timing – Time Clock, Powerline-Carrier System, Relay System,

Building Automation System
Savings
Timing is used where occupancy is extremely predictable, which is typical of

government, institutional, and retail buildings, where public use is heavy, and where
manual switching may not be diligent. Time systems range from simple time clocks
with relays at sub-panels to Building Automation Systems. Energy savings is normally
at off-peak hours and ranges from 15–30%.
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Applicable for small buildings under 20,000 ft2
Powerline-Carrier System
xx Applicable for existing large buildings
Relay System
xx Applicable for large buildings
5-41
Design Patterns
Device Locations
xx Locate time clocks in a secure panel box.
xx Put Powerline-Carrier and Relay Systems in electrical, maintenance, or

employee-only rooms.
xx Control Building Automation Systems at a centrally located computer.
Time Clock located within secure

room or panel-box connected to
non-emergency hallway lighting
circuits.
xx Manual override switch to turn lights on or off near the corridor entrance.
xx If the building schedule varies within the week, use a 7-day time clock.
xx If a Building Automation System is installed, consider using time-based features

to control corridor lighting circuits.
xx Set time-off and time-on settings to provide an adequate lag (30–45 minutes)
before and after the building is opened and closed.
5-42
Design Patterns
xx Put corridor and hallway lighting on separate switch legs from other space types.
xx Separate emergency circuits from time-clock or time-based circuits.
Hallways – Daylighting – Photoswitch, Photosensor
Savings
Daylighting is a good strategy if there is sufficient daylight from windows or skylights

and the building is predominately used in the daytime. Good applications include
skyways, and corridors with regularly spaced, punched or continuous horizontal strip
windows. Due to the lower light level requirements in hallways, lights can generally be
switched off or dimmed to a minimum level during all daylight hours. Energy savings
typically range from 50–80%. Savings usually coincide with peak building electrical use.
5-43
Design Patterns
One photoswitch (PS)

controlling lights within
the daylight zone.
Emergency lighting is on a
separate circuit.
Control Devices
Photoswitch
xx Very cost effective, does not require dimming ballasts
Photosensor
xx Requires dimming ballasts
Device Locations
xx Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific device.
Generally:
xx Mount both photoswitches and photosensors on the ceiling viewing down or on

the near side wall measuring the light level on the wall surface.
xx If ceiling mounted, locate near center of the corridor.
5-44
Design Patterns
For Photoswitch control
xx Adjustable On and Off deadband setting
xx Adjustable time delay from 1– 5 minutes
xx Deadband and time delay settings will prevent lights from cycling on and off when
light levels are close to the setpoint or daylight varies due to clouds.
For Photosensor control
xx Local master controller with maximum and minimum set-point
Generally:
xx Set time delay at 5 minutes.
xx For Photoswitch control, set the deadband setting equal to the electric light output
to eliminate cycling.
xx For Photosensor control, set the begin-dimming setpoint at the design light level.
xx Use separate daylighting control circuits and sensors for areas with different
window orientations.
5-45
Design Patterns
Hallways – Adaption Compensation – Time Clock,

Powerline-Carrier System, Relay System, Building Automation System
Savings
Adaptation compensation is good for hallways operated 24 hours a day where evening
and nighttime operation may require or permit the use of lower light levels, which is
typical of hospitals, healthcare facilities, and hospitality buildings. Lighting circuit
design requires either tandem-wired lamps within a fixture or a provision for every
other fixture to be on a separate circuit. An automatic timing system is then installed to
turn off half the lamps during nighttime operation. Time systems range from simple
time clocks with relays at sub-panels to Building Automation Systems. Energy savings
is normally at off-peak hours and ranges from 20–30% percent.
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Applicable for small buildings under 20,000 ft2
xx Applicable for existing large buildings
Relay System
5-46
Design Patterns
Device Locations
xx Secure time clocks in the panel box.
xx Put Powerline-Carrier and Relay Systems in electrical, maintenance, or

employee-only rooms.
Time Clock device controlling the

lighting circuit wired to every other
fixture in the hallway. Remaining
fixtures are connected to the
emergency lighting circuit.
xx Manual override switch to turn lights on or off near the corridor entrance.
xx If the building schedule varies within the week, use a 7-day time clock.
xx Astronomic correction for seasonal day length variation.
xx For example, set OFF and ON settings for reduced light level to correspond with
visiting hours in hospitals and healthcare facilities.
xx Use switch leg circuits to turn on either 50% or 100% light level. Either wire every
other fixture (as illustrated) or tandem-wire lamps within the fixtures.
xx Separate emergency circuits from time-clock or time-based circuits (as illustrated).
5-47
Design Patterns
Laboratories
Side view
Top view
Conventional wiring
2x4 acrylic lens troffers Light level: 75 FC
3 – F32T8 lamps Switching: 3-way switches
w/electronic ballasts control all lights
5-48
Design Patterns
The size, function, and occupancy patterns for laboratories vary significantly by
institution from small, single-purpose spaces used occasionally by a few, though often
different, workers, to large, multi-purpose spaces operated for long hours by many
users. Laboratories are located both at the perimeter and the core of a building and
range in size from 150 to over 2,000 ft2. Task areas include desks, apparatus benches,
and fume hoods. Tasks include reading, computer work, and making detailed
observations using a variety of scientific equipment. Common operating characteristics
for laboratories include:
xx Open (available for use) for long hours
xx Non-continuous actual use
xx Moderate levels of occupant motion
Accurate assessment of the tasks and occupancy characteristics for a laboratory is

critical for determining which lighting control strategy will be most effective.
xx Manual Dimming
xx Daylighting
Conventional Wiring
Typical fixture systems include direct 3- and 4-lamp fluorescent 2x4 acrylic lens troffers
with electronic ballasts. Fixture spacing ranges from 50-70 ft2 per fixture generally
providing 60-80 FC of ambient illumination. Other systems include direct/indirect
fixtures with many variations of occupant installed task lighting to suit required desk
and bench work.
Switching Systems
Small labs usually have a single wall switch near the door or opening to the space
controlling all the ambient lighting. Larger labs typically have multiple switch locations
with all the ambient lighting circuits controlled from each location. Tasks lights are
individually controlled.
5-49
Design Patterns
Laboratories – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for large laboratories that are operated for long hours
with periods of light and infrequent use, typical of academic and some private company
labs. Occupancy sensor control is also good for small, single-function spaces that have
multiple users. Spaces that are operated continuously are generally not good candidates
(e.g., medical/clinical labs). Lighting savings typically varies from 20–50%.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Use dual-mode sensors for rooms with multiple apparatuses and fume hoods
xx Use ultrasonic ceiling sensors for spaces with high shelving, benches, or other high
furniture. They are not as applicable in spaces where high velocity supply air to
fume hoods could cause “false-ons.”
xx Use passive infrared sensors in open spaces where their “view” is unobstructed
and precise coverage limits are required (e.g., to ensure that the main aisle is not
covered, as shown in the design pattern).
5-50
Design Patterns
One occupancy sensor (OS) and one transformer-relay (TR) for each of three overlapping detection zones; lights in
main aisle and next to side walls are not controlled.
Device Locations
xx Good overlap of sensor coverage is mandatory. The design pattern shows individual
sensor control of separate lab zones. In each case, the coverage zones overlap the
fixtures controlled by the sensor by one row of fixtures to maintain adequate
far-field illumination for adjacent work areas.
Caution:
xx Inadequate sensor overlap will turn lights off too close to occupied areas.
xx Automatic on/off
xx Set the time-out setting in the high range (15–20 minutes) to reduce the
xx Adjust the sensitivity calibration for ULT sensors after all furnishings are in place.
If work stations are rearranged or altered, it is a good idea to verify and adjust
sensor coverage.
5-51
Design Patterns
xx Small separate lighting zones will give the most energy savings because it is often
the case that not all work zones are occupied at the same time.
xx Do not connect lighting in the main circulation aisle to the occupancy sensor.
xx In large lab rooms with multiple work zones, leave the lights next to walls off the
sensor circuit to maintain adequate far-field luminance in the space.
xx Provide manual switches to turn lights off also.
Laboratories – Manual Dimming – Wallbox Dimmer,

Wireless Remote Dimmer
Savings
For use in multi-purpose laboratories where tasks require variations in ambient lighting
levels.
It may be convenient to use a wireless remote control device in lab spaces where
frequent adjustment of light levels are required. Lighting energy savings will vary
depending on the primary use of the room and the availability of daylight. Manual
dimming control can typically save from 20–40% of lighting energy.
5-52
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Wallbox dimmer
Wireless remote dimmer
xx Dimming ballasts that dim to 10–20% provide adequate control for most task
requirements
xx Manual dimming can also accomplish Tuning and Daylighting strategies
Device Locations
xx Locate dimmer in a convenient and easily accessible location within each work zone.
Precise locations will vary based on room layout, number of work zones, and
circulation patterns.
xx The design pattern shows individual dimmer controls located in each work zone.
Options:
xx If a wireless remote controller is used, locate the dimming controller target where
it is easily visible throughout the space.
Typical
Work Zone
Wall dimmer (D) for each of three lighting/work zones; lights in main circulation aisle and next to side walls are not
controlled.
5-53
Design Patterns
xx In multi-work zone spaces, provide on/off control for all lights in the space at the
doorways.
Laboratories – Daylighting – Photosensor
Savings
Daylighting is a good strategy for laboratory spaces where windows provide a

significant contribution of daylight and occupancy is heavy during daylight hours.
Continuous dimming control will provide an almost imperceptible change in light level
and fixture brightness. Tuning and lumen-maintenance strategies can be easily
incorporated to improve cost effectiveness. Energy savings can be as high as 40–60% of
lighting energy in the daylighting control zone. In addition, there may be peak demand
savings because the lighting energy savings normally coincides with peak building
electrical use.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Dimming ballasts, that dim to 10–20%, for fixtures in the daylight zone
5-54
Design Patterns
Caution:
xx Using stepped rather than continuous dimming daylighting sensors is not advisable
because a more abrupt change in light level may be detrimental to the critical visual
tasks performed in a lab.
Device Locations
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for the specific device.
Generally:
xx Mount the sensor on the ceiling viewing down or on the side wall measuring the
light level on the wall surface.
xx Locate the sensor at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylighting zone back from the
window.
Daylighting Control Zone
Photosensor (LS) controls two rows of lights (w/dimming ballasts) near windows and is connected to wall-mounted
local master controller (LMC) for adjustments and future connection of other devices.
xx Local master controller with maximum and minimum light level set-points
5-55
Design Patterns
Options:
xx Allows addition of manual dimming at little added first cost.
Follow manufacturer's recommendations
Generally:
xx Set maximum light level at design footcandles.
window head height.
xx If the window head height is greater than 10', consider using two daylighting zones
controlled by different photosensors. Use the first zone to control the two rows of
lights nearest to the windows and the second zone to control lights further back
from the window.
5-56
Design Patterns
Laboratories – Combined Controls – Photosensor, + Occupancy Sensor,

+ Wallbox Dimmer, + Local Master Controller
Savings
Combined controls are good for regions where electric rates are high and where the
situation exists for more than one control strategy (e.g., significant daylight and long
operating hours). The most reliable and cost-effective method for combining sensors is
to use a local master controller specifically designed to integrate multiple sensor inputs
(as illustrated). Energy savings can be significant in laboratories with long hours of
operation, typically ranging from 45–65%.
Control Devices
Photosensor
Occupancy sensor
xx PIR is the best solution for tightly controlling the coverage pattern within individual
work zones
Wallbox dimmer

Use a separate controller for each daylight/work zone.
5-57
Design Patterns
Note: See other laboratory design patterns for further details

on sensor locations, features, etc.
A photosensor (LS), occupancy sensor (OS), and manual wall dimmer switch (D) are connected to each of three
local master controllers (LMC) controlling the lights within each work zone. Lights in main aisle and next to side
walls are not controlled.
Device Locations
Photosensor
xx Typically mount at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylight zone
Occupancy sensor
xx Provide 20–25% overlap coverage.
Photosensor
xx Closed-loop logic and sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC
Occupancy sensor
xx Automatic on/off
5-58
Design Patterns
xx With a maximum light output set-point adjustment to accomplish tuning and

lumen-maintenance strategies.
Generally:
xx Set daylight “begin-dimming” setting at design light level.
xx Set occupancy sensor time-out setting from 15–20 minutes to reduce the
xx Use photosensor control for lights in a zone parallel to the window within a depth
of 2 to 2.5 times the window head height.
xx In large lab rooms with multiple work zones, leave lights next to walls off the sensor
circuit to maintain adequate far-field luminance in the space.
Library Reading Areas
Side view
5-59
Design Patterns
Top view
Conventional wiring
Conventional Wiring — ExampleFixture

Type: Power density: 1.80 W/ft2
Direct/Indirect Light level: Variable 15 to 70 FC
Pendant-mounted Switching: in maintenance room
2- F32T8 lamps
w/electronic ballasts
Library reading areas are used for both casual, short-term reading and focused study at
carrels or desks for long periods. Reading areas also have large variations in occupancy
patterns. Length of use may range from 10 minutes to 8 hours.
Reading/study areas are frequently located at the perimeter of libraries with access to
natural light, but larger study spaces may extend far from the windows. Informal
reading areas are occasionally treated as low brightness lounge areas. Desks and carrels
5-60
Design Patterns
are increasingly used with notebook computers. Common characteristics of reading

areas include:
xx Undefined periods of peak use
xx Used for intense visual tasks
xx Limited motion by occupants when seated
Reading areas range from 200–2000 ft2 or larger. Ceilings heights range from 8–20',
and furnishings are generally less than 44" tall.
xx Timing
xx Daylighting
Conventional Wiring
Common Fixture Types
Basic fixtures include direct/indirect, pendant-mounted fixtures or 2x4 parabolic

troffers. Design illumination levels range from 30–40 FC for indirect fixtures to 70 FC
with direct fixtures. In academic libraries, task lighting is also common within study
carrels or at reading desks.
Switching Systems
Ambient lighting is typically controlled at a central, secure location near the main
circulation desk in small libraries or in a building maintenance room in large libraries.
Task lighting is generally controlled at the task location.
5-61
Design Patterns
Library Reading Areas – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for library reading areas that are used infrequently.
Heavily used reading areas that are close to the main entrance or near popular book
collections are typically not good spaces for this strategy. Lighting energy savings
generally range from 30–50% depending on the frequency of use.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Use passive infrared or dual-mode sensors when obstructions (e.g. carrels) are low
and coverage limits need to be tightly controlled to reduce “false ons” from adjacent
circulation areas.
xx Use ultrasonic sensors for self-contained spaces.
Device Locations
xx Good overlap of sensor coverage is mandatory. In the design pattern, the coverage
zones overlap the fixtures controlled by the sensor by one row of fixtures to
maintain adequate far-field illumination for the occupants in adjacent reading areas.
Cautions:
xx Inadequate sensor overlap will turn lights off too close to occupied areas.
xx Avoid detecting motion in main circulation aisles.
5-62
Design Patterns
One occupancy sensor (OS) and one transformer-relay (TR) for each of four overlapping detection zones.
Row of lights in circulation zone not controlled.
xx Automatic on/off
xx Set the time-out setting in the high range (15–25 minutes) to reduce the
the case that not all reading areas are occupied at the same time.
5-63
Design Patterns
Library Reading Areas – Timing – Time Clock, Powerline-Carrier System,

Relay-System, Building Automation System
Savings
Use timing where library reading occupancy patterns are extremely predictable
(which is common to most libraries that have scheduled hours of operation) and where
manual switching may not be diligent. Lighting circuits controlled by a central time
system can also be used to automatically turn lights off and on to signal the approach of
closing time. The type of device or system used are dependent on size of the space
controlled and range from simple time clocks with relays at sub-panels to Building
Automation Systems with sophisticated calendar scheduling. Energy savings range
from 10–15% and normally occur at off-peak times.
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Small libraries, 5,000–15,000 ft2
xx Existing large libraries
Relay System
xx Large libraries
xx Large libraries
5-64
Design Patterns
Separate Time Clock (TC) located near sub-panel controlling all lights in the reading area.
Device Locations
xx Secure time clocks within the panel box.
xx Put powerline-carrier and relay systems in electrical or maintenance rooms.
xx Control building automation systems from a centrally located computer.
xx Manual override switch at the time clock.
xx Use a 7-day time clock if the building schedule varies day-by-day.
xx If a building automation system is installed, consider using time-based features

to control lighting circuits.
xx Set time-off and time-on settings to provide an adequate time lag (30–45 minutes)
5-65
Design Patterns
xx Separate emergency circuits from time-clock or other time-based circuits.
xx Have a separate time clock to control the rows of lights nearest the windows if
daylight is adequate.
Library Reading Areas – Daylighting – Photosensor
Savings
Daylighting is a cost-effective strategy for library reading areas where windows or

skylights provide significant daylight. Continuous dimming control provides a high
level of user acceptance because changes in light level and fixture brightness are almost
imperceptible. The daylight zone may be 15–20' in new libraries or an entire room in
turn of the century libraries. Annual energy savings range from 40–60% in the daylight
zone area. In addition, there may be peak demand savings because the lighting energy
savings normally coincides with peak building electrical use.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Dimming ballasts that dim to 10–20% for fixtures in the daylight zone
Caution:
xx Don’t use photoswitches, which turn lights off and on, unless daylight supplies the
required light level nearly all of the time.
5-66
Design Patterns
Photosensor (LS) controlling two rows of lights (w/dimming ballasts) near windows connected to local master
controller (LMC) for adjustments of light level and future connection of other devices.
Device Locations
xx Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific device.
Generally:
xx Mount sensor on the ceiling viewing down or on the near side wall measuring the
xx If there is indirect lighting, make sure the sensor is located below the fixtures.
xx Local master controller with maximum and minimum set-points.
xx Closed-loop logic design to automatically incorporate tuning and

5-67
Design Patterns
Follow manufacturers’ recommendations
Generally:
xx Set maximum light level at design FC
window head height.
from the window.
Library Stacks
Side View
5-68
Design Patterns
Top view
Conventional wiring
2
Fixture Type: Power density: 1.2 W/ft
Direct louvered “stack light” Light level: 40 FC
1 lamp fluorescent Switching: at sub-panel
Pendant-mounted
Library stack areas have unpredictable occupancy patterns. Stacks containing popular
items, typically located near the main desk, may be occupied continuously, while some
stacks of research materials in university libraries will have very infrequent use. Hours
of operation vary from 8-12 hours a day for public libraries to 24 hours a day at some
university libraries.
5-69
Design Patterns
Stack areas are often located in the core of the building away from natural light.
However, some public lending libraries will permit daylighting of non-critical books
(e.g., popular and children’s collections). Duration of use is typically between 5 and
20 minutes. Common characteristics of stack areas include:
xx Defined periods of peak usage
xx Moderate motion by occupants while browsing
xx Greater movement at the ends of the stacks than within the stack aisles
Stack aisles are typically ringed by study carrels or informal reading areas. Stack areas
range from 500-2000 ft2 or larger with aisles ranging in length from 15-40’. Ceiling
heights range from 8-20’; 9-12’ is very common. Bookshelf heights range from 4-7’.
xx Timing
Conventional Wiring
Louvered fluorescent strip fixtures mounted on the stacks or pendant-hung from the
ceiling provide good lighting for vertical surfaces. Design illumination levels range
from 30-70 FC. Fixtures are typically located over the center of the aisle. Other systems
include direct fluorescent luminaries with parabolic or prismatic lenses, indirect
pendant fluorescent fixtures, or specially designed shelf lighting mounted to the stacks.
Switching Systems
General lighting is usually controlled at a central, secure location. This may be in the
building maintenance room or at the main desk.
5-70
Design Patterns
Library Stacks – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for stack areas that are used infrequently. Stacks
containing popular collections, usually located near the main desk, that are frequently
occupied are not good candidates for this pattern. Remotely located stacks that often
remain unoccupied for long periods throughout the day are good candidates for
turning off or stepping down lights when no one is present. The effect of turning lights
on and off in stacks that are close to reading areas must be considered. Energy savings
range from 40–70%. If there are many control zones, a reduction in peak electrical
demand is also likely.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
x Use passive infrared sensors to provide tight coverage limits within stack aisles.
PIR sensor line-of-sight “viewing” works well here.
x Ultrasonic sensors are only appropriate where the stacks are enclosed in a separate
room.
Device Locations
x Sensor location is based on the length and height of the storage aisle and sensor
coverage pattern.
x It is most cost-effective to mount a sensor directly on the luminaire.
x The design pattern shows a PIR sensor at each end of a long stack aisle. The lens
design limits the coverage pattern so that lights turn on reliably when the aisle is
entered but coverage is not extended into the cross-aisle, which eliminates
5-71
Design Patterns
“false-ons” from general circulation. If the stack aisle is less than 15–20' long, use one
sensor with a coverage pattern in two directions centered in the middle of the aisle
or one sensor at the main entry point adjusted so as not to detect motion beyond the
stack.
Cautions:
xx Sensor detection coverage extending into general circulation or reading areas will
cause numerous “false-ons.”
xx Verify lens coverage from the manufacturer’s specification.
Two occupancy sensors (OS) for each aisle connected in parallel to one transformer-relay (TR).
xx Automatic on/off
xx Easily adjusted time delay
xx Set time-out setting from 5–10 minutes
xx When installing multiple sensors, fine tune one sensor to establish mounting
location and angle, then repeat the settings for the other sensors.
5-72
Design Patterns
xx Treat each stack aisle as one occupancy sensor control zone.
xx To reduce the annoyance to nearby reading areas of lights turning off and on,
consider not connecting the first fixture at the end of each stack aisle to the
occupancy sensor control circuit or not controlling the lights in every third row.
Library Stacks – Timing – Electronic Wallbox Timer, Mechanical Timer
Savings
Timers are good for stack areas that are used infrequently. Timers may also be a cost-
effective alternative to difficult occupancy sensor coverage applications (e.g., stacks
with a low shelf height or stacks that are more open to general circulation and reading
areas). Energy savings can range from 40–70%, occurring during both on- and off-peak
electrical use periods.
Control Devices
Electronic Timer
xx Automatically turns lights off after an adjustable preset time. Digital control
provides silent operation.
Mechanical Timer
xx Uses a twist dial or preset button that winds a spring to set the period of time the
lighting circuit will remain open. Noise from the mechanical clock may be a problem
in quiet spaces.
5-73
Design Patterns
Device Locations
xx Mount timers at stack ends at a height that meets Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) regulations.
xx Make sure the timer is easily identified.
xx Long stack aisles may require a 3-way timer switch at both ends of the stack.
xx Adjustable default time-out setting
xx Simple “temporary” manual override of default time-out setting to accommodate

occasional longer periods of use.
xx Simple Manual Off
One timer (TM) controlling the lights in two aisles mounted at the end with the heaviest traffic (reading area side).
An optional 3-way timer control for convenience is shown at the opposite end of the aisle.
xx Set the time-out setting on electronic timers to the typical stack use time, generally
10–15 minutes.
5-74
Design Patterns
xx One switch circuit for every two aisles works well (as illustrated).
xx One switch per single aisle will yield greater energy savings but cost more.
xx Consider not connecting the first fixture at the end of each aisle to the timer control.
Cautions:
xx Make sure the device is rated to operate with electronic ballasts and the lighting
circuit voltage.
xx When designing the timer location and wiring, remember that the stacks may be
rearranged in the future.
Library Stacks – Timing – Time Clock, Powerline-Carrier System,

Relay System, Building Automation System
Savings
Use timing where library reading occupancy patterns are extremely predictable
(which is common to most libraries that have scheduled hours of operation) and where
manual switching may not be diligent. Lighting circuits controlled by a central time
system can also be used to automatically turn lights off and on to signal the approach of
closing time. The type of device or system used are dependent on the size of the space
controlled and range from simple time clocks with relays at sub-panels to Building
Automation Systems with sophisticated calendar scheduling. Energy savings range
from 15–20% and normally occur at off-peak times.
5-75
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Small libraries, 5,000–15,000 ft2
xx Existing large libraries
Relay System
xx Large libraries
xx Large libraries
Device Locations
xx Secure time clocks within the panel box.
xx Control building automation systems from a centrally located computer.
Separate time clock (TC) located near the sub-panel controlling all lights in the stack areas.
5-76
Design Patterns
xx Manual override switch at the time clock.
xx Use a 7-day time clock if the building schedule varies day-by-day.
xx If a building automation system is installed, consider using time-based features to

control lighting circuits.
xx Set time-off and time-on settings to provide an adequate time lag (30–45 minutes)
xx Keep emergency lighting circuits separate from time-clock or other time-based

circuits.
Open Offices

Open offices are large spaces where groups of people work. The key problem is how to
control the ambient light for a group of people successfully. Generally each office
worker has his/her own work station containing a desk, cabinets, shelves, and
computer. It is common for work stations to be separated by partitions 4' to 6' high.
Common occupancy characteristics for open offices include:
xx Heavy use during traditional hours (8–5)
xx Light use outside of traditional hours
xx Moderate level of occupant motion
xx Minimal user responsibility to control ambient lighting

Open office areas are located both at the perimeter and the core of a building and range
in size from a few desks in 250 ft2 to an entire floor of a building. Perimeter offices with
adequate window areas provide good opportunities for daylighting control.
xx Daylighting
5-77
Design Patterns
Side view
Top view
Conventional wiring
2x4 parabolic troffer Light level: 50 FC
3-F32T8 lamps Switching: Permeter (a) and
w/electronic ballasts Core (b) switch legs
5-78
Design Patterns
Conventional Wiring
Basic fixture systems include direct 3-lamp fluorescent 2x4 parabolic troffers with
3-lamp electronic ballasts. Fixture density ranges from 70–90 ft2 per fixture generally
providing from 40–60 FC of average illumination. Other systems include task/ambient,
direct/indirect, and 2-lamp 1x4 and 2x2 troffers.
Switching Systems
In small open offices the lights are controlled from a single wall switch near the door or
opening to the space. Larger office areas typically have multiple switches at one
location controlling all the lighting circuits.
Open Offices – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for open plan offices that have long total hours of
operation (10–12 hr/day or more) but have fewer users outside of traditional office
hours. Without controls, cleaning crews or one worker may keep lights on in large
unoccupied areas for long periods. Large open office areas can be divided into zones
controlled by occupancy sensors so that lights are turned down or off in areas that
aren’t occupied. Most of the lighting energy will be saved outside of traditional
working hours since it is unusual for all workers within a coverage zone to be absent
during regular working hours. Energy savings typically range from 15–25%.
5-79
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Use ultrasonic sensors for spaces with high partitions. In most cases, 6–8 work
stations can be sensed from one ultrasonic sensor.
xx Use passive-infrared or dual-mode sensors when partitions are low or not present
and coverage limits need to be tightly controlled to reduce “false ons.”
xx Use personal-workstation occupancy sensors in spaces with task lights and multiple
electrical devices.
Device Locations
Good overlap of sensor coverage is mandatory. The design pattern shows two sensors
controlling two separate switch legs. The coverage zones overlap the fixtures controlled
by one row to maintain adequate far-field illumination for the work stations in adjacent
areas.
Cautions:
xx Inadequate sensor overlap will turn lights off too close to occupied work stations.
xx Avoid detecting motion in main circulation aisles.
xx Automatic on/off
xx Set the time-out setting in the high range, (15–25 minutes) to reduce the
xx Adjust the sensitivity calibration after all furnishings are in place. When work
stations are rearranged or altered, it is a good idea to verify and adjust sensor
coverage.
5-80
Design Patterns
the case that not all work zones are occupied at the same time.
xx Provide manual switches to turn lights off also .
Typical sensor coverage zone
One occupancy sensors (OS) and one transformer-relay (TR) for each of two overlapping detection zones.
Open Offices – Daylighting – Photosensor
Savings
5-81
Design Patterns
Daylighting is a cost-effective strategy for perimeter open office areas where windows
or skylights provide a significant contribution of daylight and occupancy is heavy
during daylight hours. Continuous dimming control provides an almost imperceptible
change in light level and fixture brightness. The 15–20'-wide perimeter daylight zone in
most office buildings can be as much as 30–60% of total floor area. Lighting energy use
savings range from 30–60%.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Dimming ballasts that dim to 10–20% for fixtures in daylight zone (a)
Caution:
xx Photoswitch sensors, which turn lights on or off, are not advisable for the office
environment unless daylight supplies the required light level nearly all of the time
to minimize switching.
Device Locations
Generally:
xx Mount sensor on the ceiling viewing down or on the near side wall measuring the
xx Locate sensor at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylighting zone back from the window.
xx If indirect lighting is used, make sure sensor is located below the fixture.
5-82
Design Patterns
Typical daylight zone
Photosensor (LS) controlling two rows of lights (with dimming ballasts) near windows, connected to local master
controller (LMC) for adjustment and future connection to other devices.
Options:
xx Allows addition of manual dimming at little added first cost.
Generally:
xx Set maximum light level at design FC
5-83
Design Patterns
xx Control lights in a zone parallel to the window within a depth of 2–2.5 times the
window head height.
from the window.
Open Offices – Combined Controls – Photosensor + Occupancy

Sensor + Wallbox Dimmer, + Local Master Controller
Savings
Combined controls are good for regions where electric rates are high and where
conditions exist for multiple control strategies (e.g., significant daylight and long
operating hours). The most reliable and cost-effective method for combining sensors is
to use a local master controller specifically designed to integrate multiple sensor inputs
(as illustrated). Energy savings can be significant for combined control systems in open
offices, ranging from 45–75%.
5-84
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Continuous dimming
Occupancy sensor
xx Use ULT with high partitions
xx Use PIR or dual-mode with low or no partitions
Wallbox dimmer

Use a separate controller for each daylight/work zone.
Device Locations
Photosensor
xx Typically mount at 1/2–2/3 the depth of daylight zone.
Occupancy sensor
xx Provide 20–25% overlap coverage.
x Locate where easily accessed for calibration.
5-85
Design Patterns
Note: See office patterns for further details on sensor locations, features, etc.
A photosensor (LS), occupancy sensor (OS), and manual wall dimmer switch (D) are connected to each of two local
master controllers (LMC) controlling the lights within two separate zones. The photosensor in the core zone (b)
provides for Tuning and Lumen-Maintenance strategies only.
Photosensor
xx Closed-loop logic and sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC.
Occupancy sensor
xx Automatic on/off
xx With maximum set-point adjustment to accomplish tuning and lumen-maintenance

strategies.
5-86
Design Patterns
Generally:
xx Set daylight “begin-dimming” setting at design light level.
xx Set occupancy sensor time-out setting in the high range (15–25 minutes) to reduce
the inconvenience of “false-offs.”
xx Use photosensor for daylight control of lights in a zone parallel to the window
within a depth of 2–2.5 times the window head height.
xx In the core zone, use photosensor for tuning and lumen-maintenance (only).
This requires a separate local master controller.
Private Offices
Private Offices are typically small, single-use, single-occupant spaces. It is unlikely that
the occupancy pattern for most private offices will fit a set schedule. Most work is done
at a desk and involves little movement. Common occupancy characteristics include:
xx Varied (unscheduled) occupancy patterns
xx Minimal occupant motion
xx Few primary task areas
xx A high requirement for lighting control by the occupant.
Private offices are located at both the perimeter and in the core of a building and range
in size from 100–250 ft2. A private office typically contains a desk, cabinets, shelves, and
a computer. Because the space is small, a private office with windows provides an
excellent opportunity for daylighting.
5-87
Design Patterns
Side view
Top view
Conventional wiring
2x4 parabolic troffer Light level: 50FC
3 – 32T8 lamps Switching: wall switch at door
5-88
Design Patterns
Private Offices are typically small, single-use, single-occupant space. It is unlikely that
the occupancy pattern for most private offices will fit a set schedule. Most work is done
at a desk and involves little movement. Common occupancy characteristics include:
xx Varied (unscheduled)occupancy patterns
xx Minimal occupant motion
xx Few primary task areas
xx A high requirement for lighting control by the occupant.
Private offices are located at both the perimeter and in the core of a builfing and range
in size from 100-250 ft2. A private office typically contains a desk, cabinets, shelves, and
a computer. Because the space is small, a private office with windows provides an
excellent opportunity for daylighting.
xx Daylighting
Conventional Wiring
Basic fixture systems include direct 3-lamp fluorescent 2x4 parabolic troffers with
3-lamp electronic ballasts. Other systems include task/ambient lighting, direct/indirect
fixtures, and 2-lamp 1x4 troffers. Design light levels usually range from 35–70 FC.
Switching Systems
Lights are controlled from a wall switch near the door or opening to the space.
Task lights are commonly switched at the fixture.
5-89
Design Patterns
Private Offices – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensor control is good for most private offices where it is common for the
occupant to be “in the office” but away from their desk for short or long periods
throughout the day. Sensor type is dependent on size of room, furniture arrangement,
and door opening locations. Energy savings typically range from 35–65% based on how
much the room is occupied and how diligently the occupant turns the lights off when
leaving. Energy savings may coincide with peak building electrical use.
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Wallbox sensors are the most cost-effective “packages” and work well in small
private offices where furnishings will not obstruct the sensor’s view of the task area.
Both ULT and PIR technology is available.
xx Ceiling or high-wall mounted sensors are less likely to be obstructed when

furnishings are rearranged or added to an office. Consider ULT, PIR, or dual-mode
technology.
xx Personal-workstation occupancy sensors work well to control task lights and other
electrical loads besides the ambient lighting.
5-90
Design Patterns
Wallbox sensor (OS) controlling the ambient lighting circuit.
Wall mount sensor (OS) connected to a transfer-relay (TR) controlling all ambient lights.
Device Locations
xx Locate wallbox sensors on the same wall as the entrance door on the latch side of the
door.
xx Mount ceiling sensors near the center of room over the main desk area.
xx Locate high-wall sensors in the corner of the room near the main doorway.
Cautions:
xx Avoid locating the sensor behind a door or potential file cabinet locations.
xx For PIR sensors, avoid locations where they “view” out the door.
5-91
Design Patterns
xx Set the time-out setting in the low range (8–10 minutes).
xx Manual on/Auto off control gives the occupant greater control of the space and may
increase energy savings in rooms with daylight.
Private Offices – Daylighting – Photosensor
Savings
Daylighting is usually a cost-effective strategy for private offices that have windows.
Due to the generally narrow room depths, typical commercial window design provides
significant daylight with good uniformity. Continuous dimming control provides
almost imperceptible changes in light level and fixture brightness. The energy savings
potential ranges from 40–70% depending on when the office is used. Maximum energy
savings normally coincides with peak building electrical consumption.
5-92
Design Patterns
Photosensor (LS) connected to local master controller (LMC) controlling all ambient lights within the room.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Dimming ballasts that dim to 10–20% for fixtures in the daylight zone
Cautions:
xx Stepped photoswitch sensors are not advisable for the office environment unless
daylight supplies the required light level most of the time.
Device Locations
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific device
Generally:
xx Mount the sensor on the ceiling viewing down or on the near side wall measuring
the light level on the wall surface.
5-93
Design Patterns
Options:
xx Allows the addition of manual dimming control at little added first cost.
Generally:
xx Set maximum light level at the design FC
xx Use daylight dimming control for all ambient lighting fixtures within a depth of
2–2.5 times the window head height.
xx Use separate daylighting control circuits and sensors for separate offices.
Private Offices – Combined Controls – Occupancy Sensor,

+ Wallbox Dimmer, + Photosensor, + Local Master Controller
Savings
5-94
Design Patterns
Combined controls are a cost-effective strategy for regions where electric rates are high
and the function and type of office space allow for multiple control strategies. The most
reliable and cost-effective method for combining sensors is to use a local master
controller specifically designed to integrate multiple sensor inputs (as illustrated).
Energy savings may range from 45–75%.
Control Devices
Occupancy sensor
xx Dual-mode sensor provides good sensing detection and reduces the risk of
“false-offs” and “false-ons.”
Wallbox dimmer
Photosensor
Note: See other private office patterns for further details on sensor locations, features, etc.
Occupancy sensor (OS), photosensor (LS), and manual wallbox dimmer control (D) all connected to a local master
controller (LMC) controlling the ambient lighting circuit.
5-95
Design Patterns
Device Locations
Photosensor
xx Typically mount at 1/2–2/3 the depth of the daylight zone.
Occupancy sensor
xx A high-wall-mounted sensor provides excellent detection.
Photosensor
xx Closed-loop logic and sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC
Occupancy sensor
xx Automatic on/off
xx With maximum light set-point adjustment to accomplish tuning and

Generally:
xx Set daylight “begin-dimming” at the design light level.
xx Set the occupancy sensor time-out setting in the low range (8–10 minutes).
xx Use daylight dimming control for all ambient lighting fixtures within a depth of
2–2.5 times the window head height.
xx Provide separate control circuits and sensors for separate offices.
5-96
Design Patterns
Restrooms
Side view
Top view
Conventional wiring
Conventional wiring—Example
1x4 parabolic troffers Light level: 30 FC
2-F32T8 lamps Switching: single pole at
w/electric ballasts the door
Downlight fixtures
2-CF18T5
5-97
Design Patterns
Public restrooms vary in size and frequency of use. Larger restrooms that serve more
people are often used more frequently than smaller restrooms. Occupancy may be
intermittent or focused between scheduled events. The lights are often left on all night
because they go unnoticed. Common occupancy characteristics include:
xx Short periods of use
xx Moderate level of occupant motion
xx No user responsibility to control lighting
Restrooms are located within the service core of most buildings. Restrooms that do have
windows use translucent glazing that generally does not provide sufficient daylight.
They range in size from private, single-user restrooms at 50–65 ft2 to large public
facilities, common to airports and sports complexes, at over 1,000 ft2. Public restrooms
typically have 6–7'-high partitioned stalls. The need for good illumination is highest in
front of the mirrors where tasks include grooming and putting on make-up.
Conventional Wiring
Basic fixture systems include 1x4, 2x4, and 2 x2 troffer fixtures with electronic ballasts.
Recessed can downlight fixtures with compact fluorescent lamps are also common.
Switching Systems
The lights are controlled from a wall switch near the door or, more typical in large
public buildings, from a switch accessed by a key.
5-98
Design Patterns
Restrooms – Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor

Savings
Occupancy sensors are good for most public restrooms, except for restrooms in 24-hour
facilities that are used constantly. Sensor layout is dependent on the size of the
restroom. Energy savings range from 40–60%.
Control Devices
xx Occupancy Sensor
xx Ultrasonic (ULT) ceiling sensors work well because they can adequately sense
motion within stalls and they are sensitive to small movements; and, since restroom
doors are left closed, there is no sensor detection of movement outside the space to
cause “false-ons.”
xx Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors work best in private, single-user restrooms were they
view the entire space. PIR sensors generally do not provide adequate sensing in
multi-stall restrooms.
xx Dual mode or audible/microphonics sensors provide a high degree of detection

coverage reducing the risks of “false-offs.”
5-99
Design Patterns
Device Locations
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific device.
Generally:
xx Restrooms greater than 1,000 ft2 (about 8–10 stalls) will typically require more than
one sensor.
xx Locate sensors close to the stalls to reduce “false-offs” while the restroom is
occupied.
xx Automatic on/off is preferred
xx No-user-override switching in restrooms for the general public, where public access
to switch is not desired
xx Sensitivity control for ULT sensor
xx Set the time-out setting at 5 to 8 minutes
Typical sensor detection

coverage zone
One wallbox occupancy sensor (OS) for single-stall restrooms without partitions.
5-100
Design Patterns
An occupancy sensor (OS) connected to a transformer relay (TR) controlling all the lights within the restroom.
xx To minimize the impact of “false-offs” when the restroom is occupied, wire one light
fixture within the restroom to an emergency lighting circuit not controlled by the
occupancy sensor.
xx Multiple sensors should be wired in parallel to the transformer relay controlling the
lights for the entire restroom.
Retail Sales Areas
Side View
5-101
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring
8’ industrial Light level: 100 FC
6-F32T8 lamps Switching: at sub-panels
Pendant mounted
There are retail sales areas in many establishments including small specialty stores,
supermarkets, pharmacies, and large retail department stores. Key activities involve
selecting or stacking various goods in a shelving display. The lighting system for nearly
all retail operations is a very important marketing tool. Since lighting plays such an
important role in the retail environment, lighting control applications to save energy are
limited to a few successful strategies. Common occupancy and operational
characteristics include:
xx Long hours of operation when the retail area is open to customers.
xx Periods for restocking when the store is closed.
5-102
Design Patterns
Retail sales areas range from 300 to over 100,000 ft2 with storage aisles 6–12' wide and
20–80' long. Many new retail projects are one-story buildings that have access to
daylight via skylights. Typical hours of use range from 12 to 24 hours per day,
sometimes 7 days a week.
xx Daylighting
xx Adaptation Compensation
Conventional Wiring
The type of lighting used for display varies widely based on the desired ambiance and
the items being sold. Ambient lighting systems include industrial strip fluorescent
fixtures that are pendant hung from exposed ceilings, direct 2x4 fluorescent troffers,
and HID lamps recessed within an acoustical ceiling. Accent and case lighting to
highlight specific display areas are also common. Light levels maintained in most retail
areas are generally 70–100 FC or higher.
Switching Systems
General lighting is usually controlled at a central, secure location outside the sales area.
Some operations may use tandem-wired fixture circuits to give a lower light level when
restocking at night.
5-103
Design Patterns
Retail Sales Areas – Daylighting - Photosensor, Photoswitch
Savings
Daylighting is a good strategy for retail sales areas with abundant daylight from
skylights or windows. Skylights should be uniformly spaced at 1.5–2 times the ceiling
height and represent 3–5% of the roof area. For sales areas illuminated with fluorescent
fixtures, use photosensors with fluorescent dimming ballasts. For HID fixture systems,
use photoswitch control with bi-level ballasts. Generally, one photosensor or
photoswitch controlling a large number of lighting circuits via a transformer-relay or
controller is sufficient for uniform daylighting applications. Lighting energy savings
may be 40–70% depending on the length of time the facility is operated. In addition,
there may be peak demand savings because the lighting energy savings normally
coincides with peak building electrical use.
Control Devices
Photosensor
xx Use electronic dimming ballasts controlled via a local master controller

(as illustrated).
Photoswitch
xx Use 2-step light level ballasts for HID applications.
xx Use tandem-wired ballasts for fluorescent applications.
5-104
Design Patterns
Caution:
xx Photoswitches are difficult to calibrate correctly to ensure that lights won’t cycle
frequently.
Device Locations
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations
Generally:
xx Mount photosensor to “view” down into the space.
xx Mount photoswitch to “view” either up into the skylight or down into the space.
In either case, the sensor is calibrated to the light level at the workplane.
To Circulation Aisle
Sub-Panels
5x5 Skylights @ 4% To Storage Aisle

Floor Area Sub-Panels
One photosensor (LS) connected in parallel to multiple local master controllers (LMC) to control the lighting within
storage aisles and circulation areas separately.
5-105
Design Patterns
xx For sensor viewing down into space, sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC
xx For sensor viewing up into skylight, sensing range from 100 to over 1,000 FC
xx Adjustable On and Off deadband setting for Photoswitch devices
xx Adjustable time delay from 1–5 minutes
xx Deadband and time delay settings will prevent lights from cycling on and off
when light levels are close to the setpoint or when daylight varies due to clouds.
Generally:
xx Set time delay at 5 minutes
xx Carefully calibrate the photoswitch or sensor setpoint to the desired light level in the
work area.
xx Use separate daylighting control circuits and sensors for areas with:
xx Different light level requirements (circulation vs. storage aisles)
xx Different daylight distribution due to variations in skylight spacing or size.
5-106
Design Patterns
Retail Sales Areas - Adaptation Compensation –Time Clock,

Powerline-Carrier System, Relay System, Building Automation System
Savings
Adaptation compensation is a good strategy for retail establishments open 18–24 hours
a day where high interior light levels (80–100 FC) can be lowered when it is dark
outside to provide easier visual adaptation for customers as they enter the store at
night. Lighting circuit design requires tandem wiring for fluorescent fixtures and
bi-level ballasts for HID applications. An automatic timing system is then installed to
step down the lights during night-time operation. A more cost-effective alternative
solution in sales areas with skylights is to simply install fewer fixtures, allowing
daylight to provide the added light levels during the day. Timing systems range from
simple time clocks with relays at sub-panels to Building Automation Systems. Energy
savings for non-daylight applications are normally at off peak hours and range from
20–30%. Energy savings for daylight applications range from 30–50% and generally
coincide with peak building electrical use.
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Small buildings under 20,000 ft2
xx Existing large buildings
Relay System
xx Large buildings
5-107
Design Patterns
xx Large buildings
Device Locations
xx Secure time clocks in the panel box.
xx Put Powerline-Carrier and Relay Systems in electrical, maintenance, or employee

only rooms.
xx Manual override switch to turn lights on.
xx If the building schedule varies within the week, use a 7-day time clock
xx Astronomical time-based feature.
Time clock device connected to a tendem-wired circuit controlling the center lamp (A) within each 3-lamp fixture.
This example will reduce light levels by one third.
5-108
Design Patterns
xx Set stepped OFF and ON times for reduced light levels to approximately correspond
with sunrise and sunset.
xx Use tandem-wired or bi-level ballast control circuits to reduce the maximum

installed ambient light levels by 1/2–1/3.
xx Don’t control emergency circuits or special display or case lighting.
Warehouses
Side view
Top view
5-109
Design Patterns
Conventional wiring
Fixture Type: Spacing 2.3 MH
HID aisle lighter Power density: 0.8 W/ft2
400 watt HPS lamp Light level: 30 FC
Switching: at sub-panel
Warehouses have diverse usage and operational characteristics. Aisle access times and
total hours of operation may be for short or long periods. Time of use in a given area of
a warehouse may range from 10 minutes to 2 hours. Cross aisles get more use than
storage aisles. Warehouses also differ by the materials they store and how they store
them. Common characteristics of warehouses include:
xx Defined peak use periods
xx Lots of motion in occupied areas
Buildings range from 5000–100,000 ft2 or larger. Design light levels range from
15–50 FC. Ceilings heights vary from 15–30' and stacks typically range from 7–20' high.
Ambient temperature conditions may also vary greatly from refrigerated storage to hot,
unconditioned spaces.

xx Timing
xx Daylighting
5-110
Design Patterns
Conventional Wiring
Spaces with high ceilings typically use high-wattage HID fixtures to provide good
vertical illumination of the storage racks. Other fixture types include direct fluorescent
fixtures and some incandescent fixtures. Fixture location is typically centered on storage
and cross aisles. HID spacing ranges from 2–2.5 times the fixture mounting height.
Fluorescent systems are generally 2- or 3-lamp pendant-mounted, industrial fluorescent
fixtures installed in a continuous strip down the center of each aisle.
Switching Systems
Lighting is usually controlled at a central, secure location. This is often within the
building maintenance area or at a sub-panel. National chains that operate distributed
warehouse facilities may also remotely control the lighting. Switch legs controlling
5000 ft2 or more of lights are common.
Warehouses
Occupancy Responsive – Occupancy Sensor
Savings
Occupancy sensors are good for warehouses with storage aisles that aren’t used
constantly. In unoccupied aisles, lights can be turned off or stepped down, while cross
aisle and receiving area lighting circuits remain on for general circulation. Energy
savings range from 30–70% based on how the warehouse is operated and the type of
control used. Peak electric demand can be significantly reduced in large spaces.
5-111
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Occupancy Sensor
xx Passive Infrared sensors are good for providing tight coverage limits within storage
aisles at mounting heights of 15–40'.
xx Ultrasonic sensors generally work well for small warehouse areas that have lower
ceiling heights.
Device Locations
xx Sensor location is based on the length and height of the storage aisle and the sensor
coverage pattern.
xx The design pattern shows a sensor at each end of a long storage aisle (over 100').
The lens design limits the coverage pattern so that lights turn on reliably when the
aisle is entered but coverage is not extended into the cross-aisle, which eliminates
“false-ons” from general circulation.
If the storage aisle is less than 50–60', use one sensor at the normal-entry end of aisle.
Cautions:
xx Mount sensors at least 20' from HVAC diffusers and 10' from HID lamps. Make sure
sensor does not “view” radiant heating units.
xx For cold or warm (unconditioned) spaces, check with manufacturers for any changes
in sensor coverage limits or sensor selection due to temperature.
xx Automatic on/off
xx Set time-out setting from 5–10 minutes
xx When installing multiple sensors, fine tune one sensor to establish mounting
location and angle, then repeat the settings for the other sensors.
5-112
Design Patterns
xx Treat each storage aisle (between cross aisles) as one occupancy sensor control zone.
xx Do not use occupancy sensors to control cross aisle and receiving area lighting
unless usage is light and unpredictable.
xx Use two-step (high-low) ballast control for HID systems and on-off transformer-
relays for fluorescent and incandescent fixture systems.
Occupancy sensors (OS) at each end of the aisle are connected to one transformer-relay controlling all lights within
a storage aisle. Circulation cross aisle and receiving areas are not controlled.
5-113
Design Patterns
Warehouses – Timing – Time Clock, Powerline-Carrier System,

Relay System, Building Automation System
Savings
For use in warehouses with predictable time-of-day lighting requirements. Time-based

systems can be used to control lights in specific areas based on hours of operation or to
control light levels in areas with abundant daylight from skylights. The type of device
or system used is dependent on the size of the area controlled. Controls range from
simple time clocks with relays at sub-panels to building automation systems. Energy
savings can vary from 10–60% depending on the diligence of manual control, the
predictability of the building schedule, and the availability of daylight.
Control Devices
Time Clock
xx Small warehouses
xx Existing large warehouses
Relay System
xx Large warehouses
xx Large warehouses
5-114
Design Patterns
Device Locations
xx Attach time clocks to the panel box.
xx Control building automation systems from a central computer.
xx Manual override switch.
xx Use a 7-day time clock if building schedule varies day-by-day.
xx Use an astronomical time clock for daylighting applications.
xx If a Building Automation System is installed, consider using time-based features to

control lighting circuits.
TC Storage Aisle TC Receiving Area

Time Panel Time Panel
Clock Clock
To Storage Aisle Panel
Separate time clocks (TC) controlling the lights for the storage area and receiving area at each sub-panel.
5-115
Design Patterns
xx Set time-off and time-on settings to provide an adequate time lag

(30-45 minutes) before and after the warehouse is opened and closed.
xx Do not connect emergency lighting circuits to the time-based control circuits.
xx Consider separate time-based control circuits for different functional areas within
the warehouse (receiving vs. storage) to fine-tune energy savings opportunities.
xx If the time-based system is used for daylight control, consider using 2-step light
level ballasts for HID systems or tandem-wired lamp circuits for fluorescent fixtures.
Warehouses Daylighting – Photoswitch
Savings
Daylighting controls are a cost-effective strategy for warehouses with adequate skylight
area and daytime operation. Generally, the skylights should be uniformly spaced at
1.5–2 times the ceiling height and represent 2–5% of the roof area. Lighting control
methods will vary based on lamp type (fluorescent or HID) and skylight uniformity.
Generally, one photoswitch controlling a large number of lighting circuits via a
transformer-relay or controller is used to turn fluorescent lamps off or to step HID
lamps down when there is sufficient daylight. Lighting energy can be reduced by
30–70% depending on the length of time the facility is operated. In addition, there may
be peak demand savings because the lighting energy savings normally coincides with
peak building electrical use.
5-116
Design Patterns
Control Devices
Photoswitch
xx Use 2-step light level ballasts for HID applications (as illustrated).
xx Use tandem-wired ballasts for fluorescent applications.
Cautions:
xx Carefully calibrate and adjust the system.
Device Locations
Generally there are 2 approaches:
xx Mount sensor to “view” up into the skylight, or
xx Mount sensor to “view” down into the space.
xx In either case, the sensor is calibrated to the light level at the workplane.
xx For sensor viewing down into space, sensing range from 5 to over 150 FC
xx For sensor viewing up into skylight, sensing range from 100 to over 1000 FC
xx Adjustable On and Off deadband setting
xx Adjustable time delay from 1–5 minutes
xx Deadband and time delay settings will prevent lights from cycling on and off when
light levels are close to the setpoint or when daylight varies due to clouds.
5-117
Design Patterns
One photoswitch (PS) in a representative location is connected to a transformer-relay (TR) controlling all lights in
the storage aisles; an identical setup controls in the receiving area.
Generally:
xx Set time delay at 5 minutes
xx Carefully calibrate the photoswitch setpoint with the desired light level in the work
area.
xx Use separate daylighting control circuits and sensors for areas with:
— Different light level requirements (receiving vs. storage).
— Different daylight distribution due to variations in skylight spacing or size.
5-118
6
SUCCESS STORIES
Introduction
This chapter shows eleven success stories – case studies of lighting control installations
that both work well and are cost-effective.
Each story has sections on:
x The Project: The controls used and the lighting system in place
x Keys to Success: What made this particular job a success
x Economics: Total Cost (materials plus installation), Savings (annual lighting cost
savings), and Payback (total cost/savings).
Someone from the facility (not the controls supplier) is quoted for each story. Photos are
used to show building interiors and controls.
The Stories
Stories are in alphabetical order by space type (from Classroom to Warehouse).

Success stories are not shown for all the space types and strategies in Chapter 5
(Design Patterns). If the exact application you’re designing isn’t here, you likely can
find a similar one here to learn are:
The stories are:
x Classroom, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-2)
x Laboratory, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-5)
x Library Stacks, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-7)
x Library Stacks, Timers (page 6-10)
x Office Building, Building Automation System, BAS (page 6-12)
6-1
Success Stories
x Open Office, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-15)
x Office Building, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-18)
x Office and Manufacturing, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-20)
x Retail, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-23)
x Retail, Photosensors (page 6-25)
x Warehouse, Occupancy Sensors (page 6-28)
In Chapter 2, Strategies and Devices page 2-1, there is an additional story and a “Lesson
Learned” (a story waiting to be a success), both relating to relay (sweep) systems in
office buildings.
Success Story: Classroom: Occupancy Sensors
Old Saybrook Schools

Old Saybrook, CT
“The sensors became invisible — with the new design, teachers never have to worry about doing
calisthenics to get the lights to turn on.”
Ron Zeppieri
Business Manager
6-2
Success Stories
The Project
x 210 PIR occupancy sensors added to 130 classrooms in the high and middle schools.
x
Lighting: T8 with electronic ballasts, 1.2 W/ft2
High School science room
Keys To Success
x Facilities manager was closely involved in installation.
x The administration boosted the project with teachers. An earlier project that
installed occupancy sensors in the Middle School resulted in frequent false-offs and
unhappy teachers. The false-offs were apparently due to mounting the PIR sensors
in the center of the ceiling, which made it difficult for them to “see” down. This time,
the sensors were corner-mounted in rooms with no obstructions and ceiling-
mounted, two-to-a-room if the rooms had obstructions (see figure). The teachers are
happy with the new system.
x The new PIR sensors required no calibration or adjustment.
6-3
Success Stories
Middle School
PIR occupancy sensor high in corner of room
Economics
Estimated lighting use savings: 19% (lights are turned off for 1½ hours out of an
8-hour day)
Total Cost: $11,000
Estimated energy cost savings: $3800/yr
Payback: 2.9 years
6-4
Success Stories
Success Story: Laboratory: Occupancy Sensors
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA
“Besides the track record of the manufacturer, it’s important to get quality installation and
setup. I look for good local support.”
Scott Gould
Energy Engineer
SENSOR (Chemistry Lab)
6-5
Success Stories
Ultrasonic sensor, one of two in room
The Project
x Six undergraduate chemistry teaching labs, total 6200 ft2
x Lighting: 4' 2-HO-lamp fixtures, 2.5 W/ft2
x Added two ultrasonic occupancy sensors per lab
Keys To Success
x Due to the 5’-high backs on the lab benches, two sensors per 1030 ft2 room were
specified. The manufacturer rates each sensor for 2100 ft2 in open spaces, but only
640 ft2 with partitions.
x Had good manufacturer’s support during installation.
6-6
Success Stories
x When the school first tried occupancy sensors, the maintenance staff didn’t
understand how to adjust them, so they disconnected the sensors when they
“didn’t work.” Now the staff is trained and have accepted the sensors.
Economics
Estimated lighting use savings: 41% (from 4280 hr/yr to 2555 hr/yr)
Total Cost: $4490
Estimated energy cost savings: $2220/yr
Payback: 2.0 years
Success Story: Library Stacks: Occupancy Sensors
Bryant College
Smithfield, RI
“The library just sits there, does its own thing, and nobody worries about it.”
William Gillmore,
Energy Coordinator
The Project
x Bryant College is a business college with 3000 full-time and 2000 part-time
undergraduate and graduate students.
x PIR occupancy sensors added to 36,200 ft2 of library stack areas.
x Stacks are open 18 hr/day for students; cleaning occurs at night.
x Lighting: single-tube fixtures, T8 lamps, electronic ballasts

x
Power density: 1.08 W/ft2
6-7
Success Stories
SENSORS (Stacks with some lights off)
Keys To Success
x Considered timers, but school didn’t want students to have to activate lights.
x The school tested occupancy sensors from several manufacturers before selecting a
vendor.
x Per the college’s request, the sensors were located so as to turn on lights within a
stack aisle when someone walks by the end of it — to make the stack inviting and
non-threatening.
x Main circulation aisles are kept lit because they are occupied most of the time. This
also provides a feeling of security and the appearance of an area being open.
x Lamp life: Relamping is needed only half as often (every 4 years instead of every
2 years), and there is no detectable light depreciation.
6-8
Success Stories
x The sensor manufacturer’s representative assisted with the layout and during
installation.
x Installed by staff electricians.
x Time delay setting: 5 minutes
Economics
Reduced on-time (per college monitoring): 9.8 hr/day

(lights had been on 24 hr/day)
Total Cost: $6900
Savings: $14,200/yr
Payback: 0.48 years
SENSOR (at end of stack aisle)
6-9
Success Stories
Success Story: Library Stacks: Timers
Hampshire College
Amherst, MA
“They work great; we never have a problem. If someone’s reshelving books, they sometimes have
to hit the button for more time, but that’s no big deal.”
Gai Carpenter
Head Librarian
The Project
x 19 push-button timers were installed to control lighting in library stacks.
x Conduit installed up to lighting.
x “On” time is set for 12 minutes; user can turn lights off early by pushing a second
button.
x Lighting: single-lamp fixtures, T8 lamps, electronic ballasts

x
6-10
Success Stories
Occupied aisle with lights on
6-11
Success Stories
Keys To Success
x Simple, inexpensive project
x Per client request, only two out of every three rows are switched (by a single timer).
Lights in every third row stay on to make the area look occupied and inviting.
x Circulation (main) aisles are kept lit.
Hitting timer for 12 min of light
Economics
Lighting use savings: 80% — with timers lights are on less than 1000 hr/yr; without
controls they were on about 5000 hr/yr
Total Cost: $1630
Savings: $1298/yr
Payback: 1.3 years
Success Story: Office Building: BAS
Tops Markets, Inc.

Williamsville, NY
“The key was the close cooperation between the design engineers, the controls vendor, the utility,
and ourselves. The system works well; we use about a third less electricity than the average office
building, and the office lighting levels improve associate satisfaction.”
Don Keller
Director of Facilities
6-12
Success Stories
The Project
x New Office building, 200,000 ft2
x Building Automation System (BAS) controls about 65% of lighting, mostly by

scheduling:
x At 5:30 p.m.: reduces lights to 50% output; at 10:00 p.m.: emergency

lighting only
x Occupants can use override switches for an additional 2 hours full light
(telephone override is not yet implemented).
x Lighting: Indirect, T8 with electronic ballasts, plus standard efficiency task lighting,
not controlled
x Lighting density: 1.1 W/ft2, not including task lights
Lobby
6-13
Success Stories
Open Office
Cafeteria and meeting room
Keys To Success
x Early coordination between BAS supplier, owner, and utility
x Owner decided to invest for comfort, convenience, and productivity.
x Just one main control system (the BAS) for personnel to learn
x Initially, relays in lighting panels “fused” due to high ballast inrush current.
Increasing the relay size from 20A to 40A solved the problem. The problem arose
from an extremely high inrush ballast being used with a relay that only marginally
met the 20A spec.
6-14
Success Stories
Economics
For adding control of lights to BAS:

Total Cost: $24,700 less
$12,000 utility
incentive = $12,700
Energy
Savings: $10,000/yr
Payback: 1.3 years (2.5 years without incentive)
Success Story: Open Office: Occupancy Sensors
State of Connecticut
Hartford, CT
“Working with the utility was very successful. They helped get a contractor with a good track
record, and the occupants have expressed great satisfaction.”
Bruce MacLachlan
Energy Manager
State of Connecticut
6-15
Success Stories
“Our objective was to obtain maximum energy savings without annoying the occupants.”
Ron Kleinman
Senior Program Administrator
State Buildings,
Northeast Utilities
The Project
x State of Connecticut, “55 Elm Street” Building: state Attorney General’s and
Comptroller’s Offices
x Space type: 130,000 ft2 of open offices, private offices, conference rooms, and
restrooms
x Controls: 350 dual-technology sensors — audible detection and PIR
x Lighting: T8 lamps with electronic ballasts

x
SENSOR
6-16
Success Stories
Keys To Success
x Owner and utility collaboration. Utility supplied technical design assistance, ran the
job, and provided 50% co-funding.
x Use of dual-technology sensors assured accurate detection. Sensors were set so that
both audible and PIR signals were required to turn lights on—minimizing
“false-ons”—and either detection to keep lights on—minimizing “false-offs.”
6-17
Success Stories
Economics
Estimated lighting use savings: 33%

Total Cost: $51,800 less
50%
co-funding
= $25,900
Estimated energy cost
savings: $24,500/yr
Payback: 1.1 years (2.1 years without incentive)
Success Story: Office Building: Occupancy Sensors
AlliedSignal
Torrence, CA
“We targeted smaller spaces like private offices, where a zone on the low-voltage relay system
doesn’t make sense.”
Don Page
Energy Manager
The Project
x AlliedSignal Aerospace Headquarters — office campus
x Occupancy sensors were used in smaller spaces — private offices, conference rooms,
lab areas, storerooms, and restrooms — within 18 buildings, sensors cover
approximately 280,000 ft2.
x A total of 1,800 ultrasonic occupancy sensors, about 80% wallbox sensors and 20%
ceiling sensors, were installed.
x Sensors were not used in larger spaces, e.g., open offices, which are controlled by a
relay (sweep) system.
x Lighting: T12 lamps (F40 and F34), magnetic ballasts
x Power density: 2.0 W/ft2
6-18
Success Stories
SENSOR (Private office with wallbox sensor)
SENSOR (Secretarial bay)
Keys To Success
x Chose smaller rooms that are not suitable for zones on the sweep system.
x Avoided areas where movement of guards would frequently turn lights on.
x On the wallbox sensors, management encouraged setting the Manual

on/Auto off option:
x so lights don’t come on due to brief entry (e.g., just to drop something off)
x to increase energy savings and awareness.
6-19
Success Stories
SENSOR (Conference room)
Economics
Total Cost: $120,000 less $30,000

rebate = $90,000
Savings: $69,000/yr
Payback: 1.3 years (1.7 years without utility incentive payment)
Success Story: Office and Manufacturing: Occupancy Sensors
Applied Materials
Santa Clara, CA
“Layout should be by a qualified representative of the product.”
Patrick Wong
Energy Management
Project Manager
6-20
Success Stories
The Project
x Installed approximately 2500 occupancy sensors, mostly ultrasonic, in 32 buildings

(about 1,000,000 ft2)
x Space types included open offices, private offices, conference rooms, lobbies,
corridors, restrooms, laboratories, manufacturing areas, and warehouse.
x Sensors turn off lighting and also set back variable air volume (VAV) boxes to
unoccupied-mode operation.
SENSOR (Open office)
Keys To Success
x Occupancy sensor manufacturer assisted with the design process.
x Used a lot of ultrasonic sensors in open offices to assure “seeing” around partitions.
x Used dual-technology sensors in manufacturing areas and clean rooms to avoid
false-offs.
6-21
Success Stories
Economics
Total Cost: $310,000

Savings: $190,000/yr
Payback: 1.6 years
SENSOR (Sensor and controlled plug strip, under shelf above desk)
SENSOR (Restroom)
6-22
Success Stories
Success Story: Retail: Occupancy Sensors
Blom Brothers Furniture
Vineland, NJ
“The sensors save us money and the customers aren’t bothered. We haven’t had any problems
with the system.”
Scott Blom
Vice-President
The Project
x Furniture showroom, 21,500 ft2
x Forty ultrasonic occupancy sensors control lights in individual furniture “scenes”

beyond front of store. Approximately one-half of the general lighting is controlled
by occupancy sensors.
x Ceiling is approximately 10’, and there are numerous 7’ partitions.
x Lighting (general): 45W par 38 halogen floods.
x Lighting density: 1.8 W/ft2 (not including display table lamps).
6-23
Success Stories
SENSOR (A “scene” with occupancy sensor and the par lamps it controls)
SENSOR (A “scene” with its own sensor)
6-24
Success Stories
Keys To Success
x To attract customers, all lights are kept on within 20–30’ of the front window and in
the main aisle. Also, some lights are kept on in the “scenes.” The owner reports no
negative impact on customers from controlling the lights.
x Used ultrasonic, not PIR, sensors because of partitions.
x Owner worked directly with controls vendor to arrive at design.
x Vendor did a trial installation in one area to assure owner satisfaction.
x Electrician was willing to stay on the job until he was sure everything worked
properly.
Economics
Owner reports that sensors turn off controlled lights for 7 hours (out of 12) per day on
average.
Total Cost: $6300
Estimated
energy cost
savings: $3200/yr
Payback: 2.0 years
Success Story: Retail: Photosensors
Wal-Mart Store
Lawrence, KS
“Because the results were so good in this store, we’ve built two more ‘Eco’ stores, in Moore,
Oklahoma and City of Industry, California.”
Patty Perez
Green Coordinator
6-25
Success Stories
Keys To Success
x The skylit area is attractive to customers and employees. The Wall Street Journal
reported that cash register records indicate that sales also benefit:
According to Tom Seay, who was then the company’s vice president for real estate, sales were
“significantly higher” in the daylit half of the store, and also higher there than in the same
departments at other stores. Employees in the half without daylighting continue to try to
have their departments moved to the daylit side.
—Wall Street Journal
A fresnel-lens light-gathering skylight
6-26
Success Stories
Store interior showing skylights and (dimmed) pendant fixtures
The Project
x 122,000 ft2 retail store (opened in June, 1993)
x One half of the store has skylights that constitute 3.4% of the roof (in that half of
the building).
x Nine of the 64 total skylights are custom light-gathering “eyebrow” shape

(preferred by occupants).
x Lighting: 1100 no-lens T-8 direct/indirect fixtures, 1.0 W/ft2. 500 fixtures
(in the daylit half of the store) have dimming electronic ballasts controlled by
photosensors.
x Photosensors installed in two of the skylight wells control all daylight dimming.
x Micro-processor control selects the lighting mode:
— Daytime: daylighting (photosensor control) adjusts lights for available daylight
— Nighttime: timing (programmable time clock) dims lights to 50% 15 minutes

before closing and to 25% at closing
— Management can override light level, e.g., for special cleaning.
6-27
Success Stories
Economics
Power monitoring showed 47% lighting savings during the daytime in the daylit half of
the store and over 50% average nighttime lighting reduction.
Total Cost: $59,000

Energy savings: $21,000/yr
Payback: 2.8 years
Sales benefit (see keys to success): This was not quantified, but just a 1% increase in
sales in the daylit half of the store, based on the industry average (not Wal-Mart)
retail sales of $300/ft2/yr, would give $180,000/yr in increased sales.
Success Story: Warehouse: Occupancy Sensors
A.A.I. Warehouse
Smithfield, RI
“We do everything we can to increase the company’s efficiency. This is part of that, and it’s been
super-successful.”
Robert V. Lallo
Chief Operating Officer
6-28
Success Stories
The Project
x A.A.I. Warehouse, Smithfield, RI — active storage for gift and jewelry storage
facility
x Forty-six PIR occupancy sensors added to 30,000 ft2
x Lighting: T8 lamps, electronic ballasts

x
SENSORS (Pointing into aisles)
6-29
Success Stories
SENSORS (At center aisle)
Typical aisle
Keys To Success
x Used PIR sensors because of high mounting (25 ft)
x Occupancy sensor manufacturer assisted with commissioning
x Mounted the first sensors on flex-cable to set position. Mounted remaining sensors
to match the established location and angle using index markings on the sensor,
which avoided having to fine-tune each sensor individually.
6-30
Success Stories
x Sensor doesn’t turn lights on until 8 ft into a storage aisle to avoid false tripping.
x Time delay setting: 10 minutes
x Center aisle is kept lit for emergency egress and to provide some light at the
midway point between the long stacks.
Economics
Total Cost: $12,500

Savings: $11,900/yr
Payback: 1.1 years
6-31
6-32
A
CONTROL SYSTEM DIAGRAMS
System Riser Diagram

Daylighting/Occupancy Sensing/Dimming/Tuning System
(Based on Lightolier “Photoset”)
A-1
Control System Diagrams

Daylighting/Occupancy Sensing/Dimming/Tuning System
(Based on Lutron “Microwatt”)
A-2

Daylighting/Occupancy Sensing/Tuning System
(Generic)
A-3

Daylighting/Occupancy Sensing/Tuning System
(Generic)
A-4
B
CODES
The newer building codes require some kind of automatic shut off of lighting. This may
be a timer, time clock, occupancy sensor, photosensor, or other device that turns off
lighting without human intervention.
The code governing your project likely will be based on one of the following standards
or on the California law.
Remember, codes are minimum requirements. Often the designer can choose controls
that are better.
ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989
While there is no single US Energy Code, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 designated
ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1989 as the MINIMUM standard that all state and local energy codes
must meet. For Federal buildings, there is a federal energy code, which is essentially
90.1-1989 with minor revisions. Most state energy codes are either simplifications of
90.1-1989 or use 90.1-1989 by reference.
To comply with 90.1-1989, and most state and federal codes, controls systems must be
designed to meet the following requirements.
Interior Lighting
Number of “control points” (e.g., switches) required:
1 per SPACE
+
1 per TASK
whichever is
OR less stringent
1 per 450 FT2
B-1
Codes
Example
600-square-foot office with three workstations
• 1 for the space plus 3 per the tasks = 4

• 1 for the space plus 2 per the area = 3 (use)
Thus: Need 3 control points (e.g., 3 switches).
Notes:
• Advanced controls like occupancy sensors count for more than one “control point”
(see table on next page)
• Manual controls must be readily accessible to occupants of the space
• Multiple switches for the same light count as one control point
• There are exceptions for security lighting and for lighting in large spaces switched as
whole (e.g., auditoriums)
• See Standard 90.1 for details
B-2
Codes
EQUIVALENT CONTROL POINTS FOR ADVANCED CONTROLS:
Equivalent Number of
Type of Control Control Points
Manually operated on-off switch 1
Occupancy sensor 2
Timer—Programmed from the space being controlled 2
Three-level (including off) step control or pre-set dimming 2
Four-level (including off) step control or pre-set dimming 3
Automatic or continuous dimming 3
Example
If you use an occupancy sensor for the office in the example on previous page, then:
• The occupancy sensor counts as 2 control points, so you just need 1 switch in
addition to make the required 3 control points. The occupancy sensor eliminates the
requirement for 2 of the manual switches.
Exterior Lighting
Exterior lighting must be automatically switched by photocell or by 7-day timer.
ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1P
This standard (proposed as of this writing) revises the Standard 90.1 control
requirements.
While the exact requirements are still being developed, it is certain that automatic-shut-
off controls will be required for most lighting systems. These requirements will favor
occupancy sensors but will also permit time clock and photoelectric controls.
California Title 24
Since 1993, California’s Building Energy Efficiency Standards, part of the State Building
Code (Title 24), have required automatic-shut-off controls and other provisions for
lighting systems. In fact, Title 24’s requirements were used as the basis of ASHRAE/IES
90.1P controls requirements. In general, projects or spaces over 5,000 ft2 must employ
automatic-shut-off controls for lighting systems. California’s code will probably change
to match 90.1P when it is approved.
B-3
B-4
C
ECONOMICS
“ A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanation.”
- SAKI
This section describes how to calculate simple payback for controls, how to determine
which fixtures to control when utilizing daylight, and how light loggers are used to
“prospect” for potential savings for various control strategies, and also gives a table
showing how frequency of switching affects lamp life. See pages 3-9 to 3-12 for more on
economics.
Simple Payback
Simple payback is the years it takes for energy savings to recoup the initial investment.
It’s calculated as:
Simple Payback =
(First Cost)/(Annual Savings)
Usually simple payback is calculated for the complete job, but it could be done per
room or per control device.
First Cost
The cost for controls is the incremental cost of the advanced controls such as occupancy
sensors, over and above the cost of conventional controls. If the advanced control
replaces something, offset the control cost with the cost of what it’s replacing (e.g., first
cost of wallbox occupancy sensor = full cost of occupancy sensor – cost of manual
switch).
First Cost (Example)
Control being contemplated: one wallbox occupancy sensor. The sensor costs $48.00. It
eliminates the need for a $3.00 manual switch. The installer’s markup is 15% and taxes
are 6%. Added labor is $5.00. The incremental cost of the sensor is ($48.00–$3.00) x 1.21
+ $5.00 = $59.45
C-1
Economics
Annual Savings
Annual Cost Savings =

(kWh/yr savings)•
(Average electric rate)•
(multiplier for HVAC effects)
These factors are explained below.
kWh/yr Savings
Calculate
(kWh/yr savings) =
(reduced hours) x (kW load)
The reduced hours number is key. It can be obtained by observation, discussion with
the owner and/or occupants, or electronic monitoring (see Light Loggers, page C-9.
Don’t guess at either reduced hours or kW load (see Tips below).
Tips:
Guess Watt??
• To find the lighting power or W/ft2 (kW load) value to use, you’ll need to do
some sort of audit. One good tool is EPRI’s LightPAD program, intended for on-
site computer entry and data verification. (See page D-1.)
• Lighting load should be adjusted to account for diversity, the fact that some lights
would be off even in the absence of advanced controls. Multiply the lighting load
by the diversity factor (typically 0.8 to 0.9). This is what you base your savings
on, not on the connected load. You can observe or monitor lighting to see how
much is actually on. Hours of operation is not obvious either and may require
electronic monitoring. Loggers incorporating occupancy or other sensors can also
indicate potential savings. (See page C-9.)
• In one study, an energy services company estimated base usage 45% higher than
the actual usage shown by monitoring. Consequently, estimated savings were
30% high.
C-2
Economics
Savings
• Diminishing returns: For the payback calculation, consider separately a second

control on the same lights. Treat the less likely control as the “second” control, and
use its added cost and added savings to get the marginal payback of the second
control.
• Don’t double dip: If you’re considering applying two controls to the same lights,
the savings percentages don’t add; rather the second strategy saves only a
percentage of what’s left after the first is implemented.
• Dimming efficiency: Dimming is not perfectly efficient. For example, at 20% light
output, power draw may be 32% of design, so savings at that point is 68%, not
80%.
kWh/yr Savings (Example):
1. Calculate kW load
Assume 1.5 W/ft2 of load and 150 ft2 per device, so each device switches
1.5 x 150 = 225 W
2. Reduced hours = Existing hours x per cent savings

Existing usage: Lights on 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., 6 days/week,
52 weeks/year = 3120 hours/year
Determine that sensor can save 35% of lighting hours.
Then 3120 hr/yr x .35 = 1092 hr/yr
3. Annual kWh savings = 1092 hr @ 225 W = 246 kWh/yr saved.
Average Electric Rate
It’s simplest to combine the demand (per kW) and electric consumption (per kWh)
charges, as shown at bottom of page. Use this rate for loads or savings that occur during
both on-peak and off-peak hours and that impact the peak demand. If all of these aren’t
involved, include only the appropriate components in the above calculation. For
example if savings won’t coincide with the time of peak demand, omit the Demand
portion.
Caution:
Reduce demand?
Include the demand portion of avoided charges only if the control(s) virtually
guarantees a fraction of lights will be off during peak demand periods. For example:
where there is automated load shedding or where multiple (say 50 to 100) occupancy
sensor zones provide randomness, assuring a fraction of lights are always off.
C-3
Economics
Average Electric Rate (Example):
1. Get rate information

• Demand charge: $5/kW/mo
• Consumption charge: On-peak: $0.07/kWh
Off-peak: $0.04/kWh
• Your hours lights on: On-peak: 2400 hr/yr
Off-peak: 1200 hr/yr
2. Calculate the cost per 1 kW per year:
• Demand portion (see Caution above):
$5/kW/mo x 1 kW x 12 mo = $60 /yr
• Consumption portion:
On-peak: $0.07/kWh x 1 kW x 2400 hr/yr = $168 /yr
Off-peak: $0.04/kWh x 1 kW x 1200 hr/yr = $48 /yr
------------
• Total: $ 276/yr
3. Calculate the Average Electric Rate:

= (Cost/1 kW/year) / (Total hours lights on / year)
= $276/yr divided by 3600 hr/yr = $.077/kWh
Multiplier for HVAC Effects
Heating and air-conditioning cost effects are nearly always secondary to the lighting
impact itself, but the net HVAC effect virtually always adds to the lighting savings, even
in cold climates. Examples of multipliers to lighting annual cost savings to account for
HVAC effects are:
Minneapolis 1.11
New York City 1.15 – Used in example
Atlanta 1.25
Houston 1.35
Values are for gas heat and standard cooling, assuming average U.S. utility rates. For
electric-resistance heat, values still exceed 1.0. See page 125 for source of additional
information.
C-4
Economics
Annual Cost Savings
Combine these factors as follows.
Annual Cost Savings (Example):

$/yr saved =
246 kWh/year x $0.077/kWh x 1.15
= $21.78 saved per year
where 1.15 = multiplier for HVAC effects (New York City) — see above
Payback
The Simple Payback Period is the incremental cost divided by the annual savings.
Payback (Example):
The simple payback period is:
First Cost/Annual Savings =
$59.45 / $21.78 per year = 2.7 years
Generally, paybacks of less than 3 years indicate an excellent investment. Paybacks

between 3 and 7 years are acceptable depending on the owner. Paybacks longer than
7 years are generally too long.
“We burn daylight.”
-W. S.
Daylighting
To find lighting fixtures for which you should consider photosensor controls
(to utilize daylight):
C-5
Economics
To calculate Equivalent Continuous-Window Height

(= %Window x Wall Height):
*Note: Include only window area that is

above workplane height (typically 30”)
1. Calculate Equivalent Continuous-Window Height (the window area “spread out”

into a continuous strip window).
2. Find which fixtures it’s cost-effective to control with photosensors from this table:
DAYLIGHTING DEPTH
Equivalent Photosensors cost-

Continuous- effective for fixtures this
Window Height far from windows
2' or less No fixtures
3' Fixtures up to 10'
from windows
4' 15'
5' 19'
6' 23'
7' 26'
8' 28'
Note:
If the daylighting zone depth is greater than 15 ft, consider having two separate
photosensor-controlled zones, one for fixtures near the windows and one for fixtures
further away.
C-6
Economics
Assumptions:
• Window approximately centered vertically between top of desk and ceiling
• Glass: Light tint or clear (visible transmittance ≥ 0.70)
• Shading device: Blinds or not-dense drape or shade (visible transmittance ≥ 0.12)
• Geographical location: Nearly any location
• Exposure: Facing any direction, since shading device is assumed to be withdrawn

for most of no-direct-sun hours
• Lighting: 1.4 W/ft2, 40 FC maintained
• No partitions (If there are partitions: for 5’ partitions, reduce the distance-from-
window values shown by 30% and use task lights, not controlled for daylight)
• Photosensor controls cost: $0.70/ft2 controlled area
• Electricity rate: $0.08/kWh including demand
• Cost-effective” = payback 5 years or less
Example: (Photosensors, Private Office, Fixtures to control)
For the window example above:

Equivalent Continuous Window Height = 3.8'
So control fixtures within 14' of the window.
(from Table at left, interpolating between 3' and 4' Equivalent Continuous-
Window Height)
C-7
Economics
Four-channel logger and current transmitter (CT) on lighting circuit
Light Logger data
MON 11/04/96 07:31:01 1 Turned ON

11/04/96 09:42:23 0 Turned OFF 2:11:22
11/04/96 10:02:08 1 Turned ON
11/04/96 12:23:42 0 Turned OFF 2:21:34
11/04/96 13:24:51 1 Turned ON
11/04/96 16:58:34 0 Turned OFF 3:33:43
11/04/96 18:43:06 1 Turned ON
11/04/96 18:54:25 0 Turned OFF 0:11:19
TUE 11/05/96 08:15:01 1 Turned ON
11/05/96 19:10:35 0 Turned OFF 10:55:34
WED 11/06/96 10:46:37 1 Turned ON
11/06/96 17:17:05 0 Turned OFF 6:30:28
11/06/96 18:30:10 1 Turned ON
11/06/96 18:42:14 0 Turned OFF 0:12:04
THU 11/07/96 08:05:12 1 Turned ON
11/07/96 12:30:48 0 Turned OFF 4:25:36
11/07/96 13:29:55 1 Turned ON
11/07/96 19:26:11 0 Turned OFF 5:56:16
FRI 11/08/96 07:08:47 1 Turned ON
11/08/96 15:06:31 0 Turned OFF 7:57:44
11/08/96 18:26:22 1 Turned ON
11/08/96 18:32:53 0 Turned OFF 0:06:31
C-8
Economics
Plot of light logger data

Private Office 306
11/4/96 – 11/25/96
Light Loggers
In an existing building, automated light loggers can be used to record when lights are
on and when they might have been turned off or dimmed. Loggers may sense light
directly in a fixture, or monitor current in a switch leg or lighting circuit. When
connected to the appropriate attachments (e.g., occupancy sensors or photosensors),
light loggers can estimate potential savings for virtually any control strategy.
The loggers are typically left in place for 1–2 weeks. The collected data is then
downloaded into one’s own personal computer and the results analyzed using software
provided with the loggers. Lighting usage can be reported in several ways, including:
• Plotted versus time for all days or for the average weekday or weekend day
• Calculated (hours and per cent of time) for a particular condition, e.g., when
unoccupied but lights on.
Loggers and/or attachments are available to record many load types, including lighting
status (on/off), occupancy, illumination, current, power, motor run-time, rpm, etc.
Loggers can be purchased (anywhere from $200–$2000 each), leased monthly, or often
borrowed free from controls vendors anxious to demonstrate potential savings.
C-9
Economics
Lamp Life Effects
The effect of various switching frequencies on lamp life and economics is shown in the
table below. As the number of times switched per day increases, assumed savings
increase and the frequency and cost of relamping also go up. These values assume
proper equipment selection, e.g., usually rapid start lamps and ballasts with occupancy
sensors. See also page 3-10 for plot of data and further discussion.
Assumptions here are:
• Fixture: 2-lamp, T8, 62 W / fixture
• Base case operation: 10 hr/day, 250 day/yr
• Savings from control: 35% or more, increasing with increased switching

(0% in Base case)
• Electric rate (including demand): $0.08/kWh
• Relamp cost (labor + materials): $8.00 per fixture
• Net HVAC savings multiplier: 1.15 (as for New York City; see page C-5).
• Ignores ballast life effect (the effect would not be large)
• Ignores the time value of money, but energy savings show up before added
relamping costs.
TIMES SWITCHED ON PER DAY
Times Assumed Hours on Hours Years Added Energy NET
switched Savings per start lamp life calendar relamp saving savings
on per life cost/year s per per year
day (Base=$0.71) year
Base: 1 0% 10.00 28,300 11.3 $— $— $—
5 35% 1.30 13,800 8.5 $ 0.24 $ 4.99 $ 4.76
10 42% 0.58 9,300 6.4 $ 0.54 $ 5.99 $ 5.45
15 47% 0.35 7,200 5.4 $ 0.77 $ 6.70 $ 5.94
20 50% 0.25 6,000 4.8 $ 0.96 $ 7.13 $ 6.17
30 54% 0.15 4,600 4.0 $ 1.29 $ 7.70 $ 6.41
In this example, net savings increase up to at least 30 switchings per day (lights on for
about 9 minutes each time). For lights controlled by an occupancy sensor, this would
indicate a very short time delay setting (about 5 minutes). Similarly, switching lights off
manually makes sense any time the lights will be off for 5 minutes or more.
C-10
Economics
The table on the next page compares results for three cases:
• Typical savings fractions and typical hours-lights-on, as above
• Larger savings fractions, as might occur in a warehouse or restroom
• Longer hours-lights-on (8760 hr/yr)
The table shows that, compared to Case 1 (Typical savings and hours-lights-on),
in both Case 2 (Larger savings fractions) and Case 3 (Longer hours-lights-on) there is an
increase in:
• Net savings
• The ratio of energy savings to added relamp cost
Thus, under most conditions energy savings easily outweigh added relamp costs,
even with frequent switching and short periods of lights-on. However, to reduce the
chance of false-offs you should specify a delay setting on occupancy sensors of at least
ten minutes in most applications (which will typically result in about 20 on-off cycles
per day).
For more information on lamp life, see EPRI, “It Pays to Turn Out the Lights,” listed on
page D-1.
C-11
Economics
SWITCHING EFFECTS: ADDITIONAL CASES
Times Assumed Hours Hours Years Added Energy NET Ration

switched Savings on per lamp calendar relamp savings savings Energy
on per start life life cost/year per year per year savings/
day (above Added
Base) relamp
1. Typical savings and hours-lights-on, from previous table:
Base:1 10% 10.00 28,300 11.3 Base=$0.71 $— $— n.a.
10 42% 0.58 9300 6.4 $0.54 $5.99 $5.45 11.1
20 50% 0.25 6000 4.8 $0.96 $7.13 $6.17 7.4
2. Larger savings fractions:
Base: 1 0% 10.00 28,300 11.3 Base=$0.71 $— $— n.a.
10 71% 0.29 6500 9.0 $0.19 $10.12 $ 9.94 54.6
20 80% 0.10 3600 7.2 $0.40 $11.41 $11.00 28.2
3. Longer hours-lights-on (8760 hr/yr):
Base: 1 0% 24.00 32,500 3.7 Base=$2.16 $— $— n.a.
10 42% 1.39 14,300 2.8 $0.69 $20.99 $20.30 30.6
20 50% 0.60 9500 2.2 $1.53 $24.98 $23.45 16.3
C-12
D
REFERENCES AND RESOURCES
Selected References
For information on Sources, see “Organizations” on next page.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993 (Revision 1),
189 pages, free to EPRI-member utilities. An excellent compendium of all important
aspects of lighting energy efficiency. Includes information on lighting sources, lighting
calculation methods, lighting systems, daylighting, occupancy sensors, time scheduling,
and retrofit technologies. Especially useful are tables of luminaire system performance
for many lamps and lamp-ballast combinations in specific luminaire types.
Source: EPRI.
EPRI, Commercial Lighting Efficiency Resource Book, 1991, 121 pages, free to EPRI-member
utilities. Mainly a list of resources including lighting demonstration centers, utility
incentive programs (somewhat dated at this writing), education opportunities,
publications, and organizations. The Resource Book also provides background
information, examples, and specific references. Source: EPRI.
EPRI, “It Pays to Turn Off the Lights.” EPRI Lighting Bulletin, No. 4, April, 1993.
Describes switching effect on lamp life with data and examples. Source: EPRI
EPRI, Lighting Evaluation System (LES) and Lighting Diagnostic and Commissioning System
(LDCS) computer programs, free to EPRI-member utilities. LES and LDCS are computer
programs used with a specific brand of light logger to survey lighting usage and
evaluate potential savings (LES) or evaluate the performance of an installation (LDCS).
Source: EPRI.
EPRI, Lighting Fundamentals Handbook, TR-101710, 1992, 149 pages, free to EPRI-member
utilities. This useful book covers all aspects of electric lighting, including optics,
photometry, lamps, ballasts, luminaires, controls, lighting needs, calculations, and
economics. The Lighting Controls chapter has good descriptions of control strategies
and technologies, but stops short of treating specific space types. Source: EPRI.
EPRI, LightPAD 2.0 computer program, 1995, free to EPRI-member utilities. This
Windows program allows on-site lighting audits using a laptop or pen-based computer.
D-1
References and Resources
Lighting fixtures, controls, and other variables are input in order to define and compare
alternative lighting systems in terms of energy use and lighting levels. Lighting
calculations are based on the “lumen” method; the program does not do point-by-point
calculations or isolux mapping. Source: EPRI.
EPRI, Occupancy Sensors, 1992, 6 pages, free to EPRI-member utilities. This brochure
summarizes the different technologies, gives suggested savings for various space types,
and offers some excellent case studies. Source: EPRI.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Light Brief, 430-F-92-005, August, 1992, free.
This EPA Green Lights brochure headlined “In the Dark About Occupancy Sensors?”
is very brief, but includes air pollution emissions effects of electricity conservation and
suggests what questions to ask when considering a retrofit. Source: EPA Green Lights
Program.
Lighting Research Center (LRC), Specifier Reports, Occupancy Sensors, 1993, 20 pages,
$30. Describes sensor types, adjustments, and coverage. The main purpose, though, is
to present the results of extensive tests to compare to performance of various types of
sensors from various manufacturers in a test room at LRC. The testing is believed
flawed, however, and at this writing, a revision is in process. Source: LRC.
LRC, Specifier Reports, Dimming Electronic Ballasts, 1995, 20 pages, $30. Describes the
operation and application of dimming electronic ballasts. Test results of electrical
characteristics (e.g., power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), and inrush current)
of specific manufacturers’ ballasts are reported. Source: LRC.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), NEMA Guide to Lighting

Controls, 1992, 44 pages, $15 plus $5 S&H. Good treatment of general strategies and
benefits of controls, including occupancy sensors, dimmers, and centralized controls.
Source: NEMA.
Robert A. Rundquist, Karl F. Johnson, and Donald J. Aumann, “Calculating Lighting

and HVAC Interactions,” ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 35, No.11, November, 1993. Provides a
hand calculation form for the dollar impacts on lighting, cooling, and heating of a
lighting change. Components include demand and consumption electric charges,
heating cost, and cooling equipment first cost impact. Cooling and heating factors for
use in the calculation are listed for 153 U.S. cities.
Allan J. Wenzel and Jerome V. Biedny, Jr., “Making Sense of Occupancy Sensors,”
Consulting-Specifying Engineer, September, 1994. This article gives practical
information on sensor selection and savings.
D-2
Organizations
E Source: A membership organization that provides applications-oriented research

designed to advise agencies, utilities, and end-users about evolving technologies and
their proper application. Considerable attention is paid to electric lighting. Publications
include technology review manuals, bulletins, and newsletters; annual membership
conferences provide immersion-level education and updating. E Source materials are
generally only available to members. Address: E Source, 1033 Walnut Creek, Boulder,
CO 80302. Phone: 303-440-8500. Fax: 303-440-8502. World Wide Web Home Page:
http://www.esource.com.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI): Funded by some 700 member utilities, EPRI
studies the generation, delivery, and use of electricity, with special attention paid to
cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns. At EPRI’s headquarters in Palo Alto,
California, more than 350 scientists and engineers manage some 1600 ongoing projects
throughout the world. To access EPRI lighting information, contact your local utility,
generally through the commercial lighting department. EPRI member utilities can
contact the EPRI Lighting Information Office, (800)525-8555. Home page for the public:
http://www.epri.com. Home page for member utilities with password:
http://www.epriweb.com.
Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO): Funds, contracts for, and
administers R&D programs to improve the generation, delivery, and efficient end use of
electric power. These functions are performed on behalf of its core members—seven
New York State electric utilities—and other utilities, manufacturers, and related
organizations that cosponsor ESEERCO’s projects. Address: ESEERCO, 1515 Broadway,
43rd Floor, New York, NY 10036. Phone: 212-302-1212, ext 170. Fax: 212-302-1377. Home
Page: http://www.eseerco.org.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA): The IESNA is the continent’s
main lighting society. Most people and organizations in the lighting field are IESNA
members. IESNA organizations exist in other countries and exchange nomenclature and
science. Publications include the IESNA Lighting Handbook, the quarterly Journal of the
IESNA, the monthly popular magazine Lighting Design + Application, numerous IESNA
Recommended Practices and Standards, and other printed materials and videos. IESNA
also offers lighting classes. All IESNA publications and classes are available to members
and the public. Information on controls is embedded throughout IESNA products.
Address: IESNA, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10020. Phone: 212-248-5000. Fax: 212-
248-5017. Home page: http://www.iesna.org.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Department of Energy: LBNL’s Center for
Building Science (CBS) performs scientific research and encourages commercialization
of energy-efficient technologies. Research fields include windows, daylighting, electric
D-3
lighting and other building systems. Address: LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley,
CA 94720. Phone: 510-486-6845. Fax: 510-486-4089. Home Page:
http://eandle.lbl.gov/BTB/BTP.html.
Lighting Research Center (LRC): The LRC is a research organization associated with
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Activities include research and
testing in the areas of lighting products (photometry, efficiency, power quality, etc.),
human factors, and lighting applications. Address: Lighting Research Center, RPI,
Greene Building 115, Troy, NY 12180. Phone: 518-276-8716. Fax: 518-276-2999. Home
page: http://www.rpi.edu/dept/lrc/LRC.html.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA): NEMA is the trade association of

the electric manufacturing industry. Many lighting standards, including American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards for many electric devices and lamps, are
developed by NEMA committees; NEMA works closely with IESNA. The Lighting
Controls Council of NEMA serves to develop applicable standards for controls
manufacturing and to develop and publish NEMA publications and materials for use
by consumers. Address: NEMA, 2101 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037.
Phone: 703-841-3200. Fax: 703-841-3300. Home page: http://www.nema.org.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Green Lights and Energy Star Programs: These
programs encourage businesses and others to install energy-efficient technologies.
Materials available to the general public include an informational video on occupancy
sensors, and software and manuals on lighting upgrades. Phone toll-free: 888-STAR-
YES (888-782-7937). Home page: http//www.epa.gov/appd.html.
Other Resources
Manufacturers of lighting controls offer good application guides for their own products.
These guides, either within product catalogues or as separate publications, include
coverage data, drawing templates, and recommended sensor placements. Often,
computer drawing templates are also provided on disk.
Manufacturers’ representatives or regional managers often will personally lay out jobs or
assist designers, to reduce the chance of problems. Such a layout will likely be specific
to one manufacturer, but it may be the best way to assure a good design. These
representatives may also then follow through at the job site to assure the design intent
is carried out.
Facilities managers that have successfully used controls are often willing to share their
good and bad experiences. One shouldn’t presume on these managers’ generosity, but
this is often a good way to compare different manufacturers’ products and the quality
of their local support.
D-4
E
VENDOR PRODUCT TABLE
Key to Product Names in Vendor Product Table:

Product name in table Full product name in survey
Manual switches Manual switches (toggle, rocker, etc.)
Wallbox dimmers Wallbox dimmers for fluorescent or HID
Time clocks Time clocks (integral clock/switch)
Time of day controllers Time of day programmable controllers
Timers, mechanical Timer switches, mechanical
Timers, electronic Timer switches, electronic
Fluoresc. dimming ballasts Fluorescent dimming ballasts
HID dimming ballasts HID dimming ballasts
Autotransformers Autotransformers
Circuit dimmers Circuit dimmers for energy savings
HID multi-level systems HID multi-level controls systems
Interior photoswitches Interior photoswitches
Exterior photoswitches Exterior photoswitches
EMS/BAS Energy mgmt./building automation systems
Relays or contactors Lighting relays or contactors
Lighting mgmt. systems Lighting management systems: time-based with manual and
other inputs
Wallbox occ. sensors Wallbox occupancy sensor/switches
Ceiling/wall occ. sensors Ceiling/wall interior occupancy sensors
Workstation occ. sensors Workstation/personal occupancy sensors
Occ. sensor systems Occupancy sensor systems
O. S. system components Occupancy sensor system components
Outdoor motion sensors Outdoor motion sensor switches
Interior photosensors Interior photosensors
Adaptation compensation Adaptation compensation systems
Daylighting & other functions Systems incorporating daylighting with other control
functions
Light loggers Light loggers
E-1
Vendor Product Table
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
Companies in Table, Addresses, and Phone Numbers
v = voice, f= fax
Advanced Control Technologies, Inc.

8076 Woodland Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46278
v: 317-337-0100, f: 317-337-0200
AMX Corp.
11995 Forestgate Drive, Dallas, TX 75243
v: 800-222-0193, f: 214-907-2053
Architectural Energy Corporation

2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80301
v: 303-444-4149, f: 303-444-4304
Area Lighting Research, Inc.

60 Asbury Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840
v: 908-852-2205, f: 908-852-2816
Aromat Corporation
629 Central Avenue, New Providence, NJ 07974
v: 908-771-5655, f: 908-771-5656
Beta Lighting
1200 92nd Street, Sturtevant, WI 53177
v: 800-236-6800, f: 414-886-2779
Bryant Electric, Inc.

185 Plains Road, Milford, CT 06460-2465
v: 203-876-3627, f: 203-876-3675
Conservalite Technologies Inc.

660 Fame Road, Dayton, OH 45449
v: 800-291-1853, f: 800-337-2526
Current Industries, Inc.

1893 E. Aurora Road, Twinsburg, OH 44087
v: 888-347-1477, f: 216-963-3060
Dark to Light (DTL)

590 Washington Street, Pembroke, MA 02359
v: 617-826-1186, f: 617-826-1196
E-6
DC To Light
5825 North Calle Tiburon, Tucson, AZ 85704-1725
v: 520-293-0031, f: 520-293-0031
Digital Lighting Systems Inc.

7588 Northwest Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33126
v: 305-264-8391, f: 305-261-6637
Diversitec, Inc.
307 South Whitley Street, Columbia City, IN 46725
v: 800-986-5200, f: 219-244-4144
Douglas Lighting Controls

2077 Alberta Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y IC4, Canada
v: 604-873-2797, f: 604-873-693
Eclipse Technologies
23 Pebble Ridge Court, Rockville, MD 20854-2650
v: 301-340-1797, f: 301-340-1245
Edwin Jones Co. Inc.

6445 Prestonshire, Dallas, TX 75225
v: 800-706-4000, f: 214-361-4010
Electronic Lighting Inc.

1530 O’Brien Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025
v: 800-395-5767, f: 415-325-5932
Electronics Diversified Inc.

1675 N.W. Cornelius Pass Road, Hillsboro, OR 97124
v: 503-645-5533, f: 503-629-9877
Fisher Pierce
90 Libbey Parkway, Weymouth, MA 02189
v: 617-340-0700, f: 617-340-0728
Garcy/SLP
209 Kirby Road, Portland, TN 37148
v: 800-221-7913, f: 615-325-7385
E-7
GE Total Lighting Control

225 Service Avenue
Warwick, RI 02886
v: 800-852-2778, f : 401-886-6470
Holophane Corp.
214 Oakwood Avenue, Newark, OH 43055
v: 614-345-9631, f: 614-349-4426
Home Automation, Inc.

2709 Ridgelake Drive, Metairie, LA 70002
v: 504-833-7256, f: 504-833-7258
Home Equipment Mfg. Company

14481 Olive Street, Westminster, CA 92683
v: 714-892-6681, f: 714-898-4502
Honeywell Inc.
POB 524, Minneapolis, MN 55440-0524
v: 612-951-2907 or 800-345-6770, f: 612-951-3465
Hubbell Incorporated Wiring Device-Kellems

1613 State Street, Bridgeport, CT 06605
v: 203-337-3100, f: 203-579-2892
Hunt Control Systems, Inc.

200 Rome Court, Fort Collins, CO 80524
v: 970-484-9048, f: 970-493-4125
Hybrinetics, Inc.
POB 14399, Santa Rosa, CA 95407
v: 707-585-0333, f: 707-585-7313
Intelligent Lighting Controls, Inc.

5229 Edina Industrial Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55439
v: 612-829-1900, f: 612-829-1901
Intermatic, Inc.
Intermatic Plaza, Spring Grove, IL 60081
v: 815-675-2321, f: 815-675-1043
Italavia
Capdevila 3545, Buenos Aires, 1431, Argentina
v: 1-545-6770, f: 1-545-3886
E-8
Lehigh Electric Products Co.

6265 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA 18106
v: 610-395-3386, f: 610-395-7735
Leviton Manufacturing Company, Inc.

59-25 Little Neck Parkway, Little Neck, NY 11362
v: 718-281-6384, f: 718-631-6439
Lightolier
631 Airport Road, Fall River, MA 02720
v: 508-646-3104, f: 508-646-3204
Lightolier CFI Division of Canlyte

3015 Louis Amos, Lachine, PQ H8T 1C4, Canada
v: 514-636-0670, f: 514-636-0460
Lightolier Controls
2413 South Shiloh Drive, Garland, TX 75041
v: 800-526-2731, f: 214-271-4077
Lithonia Lighting USA

POB A, Conyers, GA 30207-0067
v: 770-922-9000 f: 770-922-1370
Logic Labs Inc.

751 Miller Drive, SE. Leesburg, VA 22075
v: 703-779-8144, f: 703-777-5964
Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.

7200 Suter Road, Coopersburg, PA 18017
v: 610-282-3800, f: 610-282-3044
Macro Electronics Corp.

1611 Headway Circle, Building 1, Austin, TX 78754
v: 512-837-5100, f: 512-837-1040
MicroLite Corporation
1150 Powis Road, West Chicago, IL 60185
v: 708-876-0500, f: 708-876-9654
Milbank West
POB 6470, Anaheim, CA 92816
v: 714-939-9655, f: 714-939-9786
E-9
Mitor Industries Inc.

POB 4339, Mankato, MN 56002-4339
v: 507-387-1599, f: 507-387-7491
MyTech Corporation
706 Brentwood Street, Austin, TX 78752
v: 512-450-1100, f: 512-450-1215
North Fork Retrofit

511 Carpenter Street, Greenport, NY 11944
v: 800-213-2922, f: 516-477-2922
Novitas, Inc.
5875 Green Valley, Culver City, CA 90230
v: 310-568-9600, f: 310-568-9697
Onset Instruments
POB 3450, Pocasset, MA 02559-3450
v: 508-563-9000, f: 508-563-9477
Pacific Science & Technology, Inc.

64 NW Franklin Avenue, Bend, OR 97701
v: 800-388-0770, f: 503-385-9333
Paragon Electric Co., Inc.

606 Parkway Blvd., Two Rivers, WI 54241
v: 414-793-1161, f: 414-793-3736
Pass & Seymour/Legrand

POB 4822, Syracuse, NY 13221
v: 800-223-4185, f: 315-468-8388
PLC Multipoint
3101 111th Street, Southwest, #F, Everett, WA 98290
v: 206-353-7552, f: 206-353-3353
Precision Multiple Controls, Inc.

33 Greenwood Avenue, Midland Park, NJ 07432
v: 201-444-0600, f: 201-445-8575
Prescolite Division of C.P.M. Lighting, Inc.

1251 Doolittle Drive, San Leandro, CA 94577
v: 510-577-5381, f: 510-577-5022
E-10
RAB Electric
170 Ludlow Avenue, Northvale, NJ 07647
v: 201-784-8600, f: 201-784-0077
Sensor Switch, Inc.

10 Capital Drive, Wallingford, CT 06492
v: 203-265-2842, f: 203-269-9621
Solium Inc.
41 Pacella Park Drive, Randolph, MA 02368
v: 617-767-7419, f: 617-767-7423
Stocker & Yale, Inc.

32 Hampshire Road, Salem, NH 03079
v: 603-893-8778, f: 603-893-5604
Superior Electric
383 Middle Street, Bristol, CT 06010
v: 860-585-4500, f: 860-582-3784
Thomas Controls
1015 South Green Street, Tupelo, MS 38801
v: 601-842-7212, f: 601-841-5596
Thomas Lighting
189 Bullock Drive, Markham, ON L3P 1W4, Canada
v: 905-294-9570, f: 905-294-9811
TORK
1 Grove Street, Mount Vernon, NY 10550
v: 914-664-3542, f: 914-664-5052
Triad Technologies Inc.

2976 Pacific Drive, Norcross, GA 30071
v: 770-242-1922, f: 770-242-1944
Unenco Services, Inc.

1350 South Loop Road, Suite 104, Alameda, CA 94502-7081
v: 510-337-1000, f: 510-337-1100
Unidim
2 East Fayette Street, Fifth Floor, Baltimore, MD 21202
v: 410-576-0576, f: 410-576-2437
E-11
VIDESSENCE
189 Airport Boulevard, Burlingame, CA 94010
v: 415-579-7577, f: 415-579-7579
The Watt Stopper, Inc.

2800 De La Cruz Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95050
v: 800-879-8585, f: 408-988-5373
Wide-Lite
POB 606, San Marcos, TX 78667
v: 512-392-5821, f: 512-753-1122
Xenergy
3 Burlington Woods, Burlington, MA 01803-4543
v: 800-967-4393, f: 617-229-4867
E-12
F
ANSWER TO EXERCISES
Do it now :
“A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are built for. “
—John A. Shedd
“Life is a banquet, and most of us are starving to death.”
—Auntie Mame (By Patrick Dennis)
“Stop swimming so hard/and climb in the boat/with Noah”
—Rumi
Answers to the Exercises at the end of Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are :
Chapter 2, Strategies and Devices (p. 2-46 to 2-48)

1. c
2. Strategy, Device, System
3. Occupancy Sensors : Occupancy Responsive
Timers : Timing
Photosensors : Daylighting
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. a
12. d
13. b
14. d
F-1
Answer to Exercises
Chapter 3, Design Process (p.3-21 to 3-23)
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. z
5. b
6. e
Chapter 4, After Installation (p. 4-6 to 4-7)
1. c
2. a
3. s
4. h
F-2
I
INDEX
adaptation compensation, 2-2, 3-20
design patterns, 5-1
adjustment, 4-4, 4-6
audience, 1-2
air-gap disconnect, 2-6
airport concourse, 3-21
auditorium, 5-3
auxiliary switch, 2-9
bidding, 2-34, 3-17
boogey, 3-23
brains, 2-37
building automation system (BAS), 2-35, 3-3
case study, 6-1
case studies, 2-40, 2-41, 6-1 – 6-32
classroom, 5-7, 6-2
client, 3-2
codes, 3-2, B-1
I-10
Index
combined controls, 2-37, 2-46
commissioning, 2-32, 4-1 – 4-6
conference room, 5-17
cooling and heating, 3-10, 3-11, C-4
cost, 3-9
daylighting, 2-1, 2-30, 3-2
calculation, C-3
case study, 6-1
demand, 3-6, C-3
design steps, 3-1 – 3-9
device, 2-4, 3-12, 5-1
versus strategies, 2-4
diversity, C-2
economics, 2-18, 3-8 – 3-12, C-1 – C-12
electric rate, 3-6, 3-7, C-3
electric use profile, 3-6 – 3-8
electronic switch, 2-5
energy management system (EMS), 2-36
exercises, 2-46, 3-23, 4-6
answers, F-1
exterior lighting, 3-4, B-3
I-2
Index
file/storage, 5-26
furnishings, 2-15, 2-16, 4-3
gymnasium, 5-32
hallway, 5-36
harmonic distortion, 3-19
hearing aids, 2-20
HVAC, 2-9, 2-36
HVAC effects, 3-16, 3-11, 3-21, C-4
initiating device, 2-32
installation, 3-14, 4-1
interference on drawings, 3-16
laboratory, 5-49, 6-5
lamp life, 2-12, 3-18, C-10 – C-11
latching switch, 2-5
library reading area, 5-59
library stacks, 5-68, 6-7, 6-10
light logger, 3-6, 3-9, 4-5, C-9
lighting controls, 1-1
reasons for use, 1-1
Lighting Diagnostic and Commissioning System (LDCS), 4-5
Lighting Evaluation System (LES), 3-6
LightPAD, C-2, D-1
load shedding, 2-2
I-3
Index
local master controller, 2-44
logical choices, 3-3
lumen maintenance, 2-2
maintenance, 4-5
manual dimmer, 2-24
control signal, 2-27
dimming efficiency, 2-25
per cent output, 2-27
risks, 2-28
wireless remote, 2-26
manual dimming, 2-2
manual switch, 2-5, B-1 – B-3
manual switching, 2-3 – 2-5, 2-12, 3-11, C-1
manufacturers’ help, 3-11 – 3-14, 4-6
monitoring, 3-8, 3-15, 4-2, C-2
monkey, 2-49
myths, 3-18
occupancy responsive, 2-2
occupancy sensor, 2-5
audible detection, 2-14
automatic on/off, 2-13
I-4
Index
occupancy sensor — continued
case studies, 6-1
coverage diagram, 3-13
coverage pattern, 2-11
dead spots, 2-15
design considerations, 2-15
dry contacts, 2-9
dual technology, 2-7
electromagnetic interference (EMI), 2-16
false-off, 2-7, 2-10, 2-16, 2-18
false-on, 2-7, 2-10, 2-16
features, 2-6
furnishings, 2-15, 4-3
hearing aids, 2-20
high-low control, 2-12
inrush, 2-16, 3-19
light sensor, 2-9
manual on/auto off, 2-12
manual override options, 2-12, 2-13
manual switching, 3-11, 4-4
microphonics, 2-7
no user override, 2-12
I-5
Index
packages, 2-6, 2-8
passive infrared, 2-6
personal, 2-9, 2-20, 6-14
risks, 2-22
sensitivity, 2-7
technologies, 2-6
templates, 3-14
time delay, 2-10
time-out warning, 2-6
ultrasonic, 2-6
under-loading, 2-16
zero-crossing, 2-20
occupant interaction, 3-2, 3-24, 4-4, 4-6
office building, 2-38, 2-41, 6-1, 6-12, 6-18
open office, 3-13, 5-77, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16
photoelectric controls, 2-28
adjustment, 2-9
closed- and open-loop, 2-29
risks, 2-16
photosensor, 2-28
control signal, 2-27
field of view, 2-30
I-6
Index
photoswitch, 2-28
power pack, 2-10
powerline-carrier system, 2-34
private office, 5-87, 6-16
prospecting, 3-6
punchlist, 4-2
radiation, 3-19
references and resources, D-1
relay system, 2-35 – 2-48
restroom, 2-14, 5-97, 6-16
retail space, 3-3, 5-101, 6-23, 6-25
risks, 2-16, 2-22, 2-24, 2-28, 2-31, 3-16 – 3-23
scene controls, 2-26
shopping mall, 3-20
slam dunks, 3-3
slave pack, 2-11
smart ballast, 2-45
space types, 2-10
airport concourse, 3-21
auditorium, 5-3
classroom, 5-7, 6-2
conference room, 5-17
file/storage, 5-26
I-7
Index
gymnasium, 5-32
hallway, 5-36
laboratory, 5-48, 6-5
library reading area, 5-59
library stacks, 5-68, 6-7, 6-10
office building, 2-38, 2-41, 6-1, 6-12, 6-18
open office, 2-13, 5-77, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16
private office, 5-87, 6-16
restroom, 2-14, 5-97, 6-16
retail space, 3-3, 5-101, 6-23, 6-25
shopping mall, 3-20
warehouse, 5-109, 6-28
space types and devices, 3-4
specifications, 3-12, 4-1
strategy, 2-1
symbols, 2-2
success stories, 2-38, 6-1 – 6-31
sweep system, 2-5, 2-35, 2-38 – 2-41
system, 2-4, 2-32, A-1– A-4
task light, 2-20
time clock, 2-22
astronomic correction, 2-22
I-8
Index
risks, 2-24
timer, 2-21
risks, 2-22
case study, 6-10
timing, 2-2
touch switch, 2-5
transformer-relay, 2-10
trial installation, 3-14
troubleshooting, 4-5
tuning, 2-2
vendors, 2-33, 3-12, 3-13, 3-17, D-4, E-1
warehouse, 5-109, 6-28
Photo credits: page 2-39 – 2-40: courtesy GE Wiring Devices; p. 2-42: Robert Benson;
p. 3-8: Bob Rundquist; p. 3-21: James R. Benya; p. 6-3 – 6-4: courtesy Sensor Switch;
p. 6-5, 6-6: Scott Gould; p.6-8 – 6-9: courtesy The Wattstopper; p. 6-11– 6-12:
Bob Rundquist; p. 6-13 – 6-14: Paul Maze; p. 6-16 – 6-17: courtesy Sensor Switch;
p. 6-19 – 6-20: courtesy AlliedSignal; p. 6-21 – 6-22: courtesy The Wattstopper;
p. 6-23 – 6-24: courtesy The Wattstopper; p. 6-26 – 6-27: courtesy Lutron Electronics Co.,
Inc.; p. 6-29 – 6-30: Bob Rundquist; p. C-8: Bob Rundquist.
Cover art: James Allmon, who also crafted the cartoon-type art in the book.
I-9
I-10
Target: About EPRI
Technology Leap to Residential and Commercial EPRI creates science and technology solutions for
Markets
the global energy and energy services industry. U.S.
electric utilities established the Electric Power
Research Institute in 1973 as a nonprofit research
consortium for the benefit of utility members, their
customers, and society. Now known simply as EPRI,
the company provides a wide range of innovative
products and services to more than 1000 energy-
related organizations in 40 countries. EPRI’s
multidisciplinary team of scientists and engineers
draws on a worldwide network of technical and
business expertise to help solve today’s toughest
energy and environmental problems.
EPRI. Electrify the World
© 2002 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights

reserved. Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered
service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
EPRI. ELECTRIFY THE WORLD is a service mark of the Electric
Power Research Institute, Inc.
Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America
TR-107230
EPRI • 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 • PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303 • USA
800.313.3774 • 650.855.2121 • askepri@epri.com • www.epri.com

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Lighting Controls: Patterns for Design

Patterns for Design

Final Report, December 1996

ESEERCO Project Managers

Electric Power Research Institute

EPRI Project Manager

ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS REPORT

Lighting accounts for about one-third of electricity use in commercial buildings.

The time has come for lighting controls.

Dilbert reprinted by permission of United Feature Syndicate, Inc.

The principal authors were Robert A. Rundquist, R. A. Rundquist Associates; Tom

Stan Lynch, Don Munroe, and Jerry Mix, The WattStopper

2 STRATEGIES AND DEVICES ............................................................................................ 2-1

3 DESIGN PROCESS ............................................................................................................ 3-1

4 AFTER INSTALLATION ..................................................................................................... 4-1

5 DESIGN PATTERNS .......................................................................................................... 5-1

6 SUCCESS STORIES .......................................................................................................... 6-1

INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... I-1

“There’s husbandry in heaven;

Lighting without controls is like an automobile without a gas pedal.

What are Lighting Controls?

Why use Controls?

There are four primary reasons for using lighting controls:

Purpose of This Book

The rest of this book is laid out as follows:

STRATEGIES = What you do

• Strategies are the general approaches taken to controlling lighting, such as

Lighting Control Strategies

Strategies for saving lighting energy include:

• Timing: Switching lights on prearranged schedules.

• Manual Dimming: Adjusting lights by hand (user controlled).

• Daylighting: Dimming or turning out lights automatically when daylight from

• Load Shedding: Reducing lighting power at times of peak electrical demand.

Strategy How It Saves Energy How Much It Can Save

Tuning Sets lights to lowest usable level 10-50%, depending on how

Stepped Turns off banks of lights switched 10-40%

Lighting Control Devices

DEVICES AND SYSTEMS VERSUS STRATEGIES

Good device or system application Limited device or system application

Standard Wall Switches

Electronic or “Touch” Switches

There are three basic technologies used for detecting motion:

• Passive Infrared (PIR)

Impending Shutoff (“Time-out”) Warning

• Generally available on wall-mounted sensors only.

• Audible signal can’t be heard by the hearing impaired.

Decora Style Touch on

Occupancy Sensor Technologies

Occupancy Sensor packages

• Best for small rooms such as private offices

• Used in place of a standard wall switch

• Completely self contained

• Adjustments are usually made under faceplate

• Some are switchable between “Automatic on/off” and

High-Wall And Corner Sensors

• Best application is for corridors and larger rooms

• Often provides optimal viewing angle

• PIR, ULT, or dual mode

• Connects to transformer-relay or large system

• Adjustments made on case

• Good general application package

• Self-contained or connects to transformer-relay or large system

• Several sensors may be interconnected to cover any size room