Country Invocation of God

Country Invocation of God
Preamble: In the name of Allah, the

Most Beneficient, the Most Merciful
Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and
Sustainer of Worlds;
and Praise and Peace be upon
Mohammad,
Afghanistan His Last Messenger and his disciples
and followers. We the people of
Afghanistan: Believing firmly in
Almight God, relying on His divine
will and adhering to the Holy religion
of Islam.
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Preamble: WHEREAS the People of

Antigua and Barbuda— (a) proclaim
Antigua and Barbuda that they are a sovereign nation
founded upon principles that
acknowledge the supremacy of God…
Preamble: We, the representatives of
the people of the Argentine Nation,
assembled in General Constituent
Congress by the will and election of
the provinces which compose it, in
fulfillment of pre-existing pacts, with
the object of constituting the
national union, ensuring justice,
preserving domestic peace, providing
Argentina for the common defense, promoting
the general welfare, and securing the
blessings of liberty to ourselves, to
our posterity, and to all men in the
world who wish to dwell on
Argentine soil: invoking the
protection of God, source of all
reason and justice, do ordain, decree
and establish this Constitution for the
Argentine Nation.
Armenia
Preamble: WHEREAS the people of

New South Wales, Victoria, South
Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania,
humbly relying on the blessing of
Almighty God, have agreed to unite
Australia in one indissoluble Federal
Commonwealth under the Crown of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and under the
Constitution hereby established:
Austria
Azerbaijan
Preamble: ...We the Inheritors of and

Successors to this Family of Islands,
recognizing the Supremacy of God
Bahamas and believing in the Fundamental
Rights and Freedoms of the
Individual….
Bahrain
Sub-Title: In the name of Allah, the

Bangladesh
Beneficent, the Merciful
Preamble: Now, therefore, the
people of Barbados (a) proclaim that
Barbados they are a sovereign nation founded
upon principles that acknowledge
the supremacy of God,
Belarus
Belgium

Belize—
(a) affirm that the Nation of Belize
Belize shall be founded upon principles
which acknowledge the supremacy of
God
Benin
Bhutan
Preamble: Fulfilling the mandate of

our peoples, with the strength of
Bolvia Pachamama and thanks to God,
submitted Bolivia.
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botsawana
Preamble: ...promulgate, under the

protection of God, the following
Brazil CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATIVE
REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL.
Invocation: In the name of ALLAH,

the Compassionate, the Merciful,
PRAISE be
to ALLAH, the Lord of the Universe,
and may the benediction and peace
Brunei Daraussalam of
ALLAH be upon Our Leader
Muhammad and upon all his
Relations and
Friends.
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982,

Part 1, Preamble: Whereas Canada is
Canada founded upon principles that
recognize the supremacy of God and
the rule of law:
Cape Verde
Central African Republic

Chad
Chile
China
Preamble: In the exercise of their

sovereign power, represented by
their delegates to the National
Colombia Constituent Assembly, invoking the
protection of God, and in order to
strengthen the unity of the nation
Comoros
Congo
Preamble: Conscious of our

Democratic Republic of
Congo responsibilities before God, the
Nation, Africa and the World
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica—
(a) have affirmed that the
Commonwealth of Dominica is
acknowledge the supremacy of God,
faith in fundamental human rights
Dominica and freedoms, the position of the
family in a society of free men and
free institutions, the dignity of the
human person, and the equal and
inalienable rights with which all
members of the human family are
endowed by their Creator...

the Dominican people, freely and
democratically elected, assembled in
Domincan Republic the National Revisionary Assembly,
invoking the name of God, guided by
the ideology of the Fathers of the
Country…
Preamble: Interpreting the profound

sentiment, the aspirations and the
East Timor faith in God of the People of East
Timor;
Preamble: invoking the name of God

Ecuador and recognizing our diverse forms of
religiosity and spirituality.
Preamble: We, the Egyptian people,
in the name of God and by His
Egypt assistance, pledge indefinitely and
unconditionally to exert every effort
to realize:
Preamble: We, the tepresentatives of

the Salvadorean people, assembled
El Salvador in the constituent assembly, place
our confidence in God…
Preamble: We, the people of

Equatorial Guinea, conscious of our
Equatorial Guinea responsibility before God and
history…
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE

FIJI ISLANDS, SEEKING the blessing of
God who has always watched over
Fiji these islands…. WITH GOD AS OUR
WITNESS, GIVE OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION
Finland
France
Gabon
Preamble: In the name of God, the
Gambia Almighty,
Georgia
Preamble: Conscious of its
Germany responsibility before God and man,
Preamble: IN THE NAME OF THE
Ghana ALMIGHTY GOD
We the People of Ghana,
Greece
Preamble: Whereas the people of

Grenada— (a) have affirmed that
their nation is founded upon
principles that acknowledge the
Grenada fatherhood and supremacy of God
and man’s duties toward his fellow
man;
Preamble: INVOKING THE NAME OF
Guatemala GOD,
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Preamble: May God protect our
Guyana people.
Haiti
Preamble: We, the representatives

elected by the sovereign will of the
Honduran people, meeting in the
Honduras National Constituent Assembly,
invoking the protection of God and
the example of our founding fathers,
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Preamble: ...By the grace of God

Almighty and motivated by the noble
desire to live a free national life, the
people of Indonesia hereby declare
their independence…. the
Indonesia independence of Indonesia shall be
formulated into a constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia which shall be
built into a sovereign state based on
a belief in the One and Only God
Iran Preamble: In the Name of Allah, the
Compassionate, the Merciful

most merciful, the most
Iraq compassionate… Acknowledging
God’s right over us…
Preamble: In the Name of the Most
Holy Trinity, from Whom
is all authority and to Whom, as our
final end, all actions both of men and
States must be referred, We, the
Ireland people of tire,
Humbly acknowledging all our
obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus
Christ, Who sustained our fathers
through centuries of trial,
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Preamble: We the people of Kiribati,
acknowledging God as the Almighty
Father in whom we put our trust, and
with faith in the enduring value of
Kiribati our traditions and heritage, do now
grant ourselves this Constitution
establishing a sovereign democratic
State....
North Korea -
South Korea

Kuwait Beneficent, the Merciful,
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Preamble: Acknowledging our
devout gratitude to God for our
Liberia existence as a Free, Sovereign and
Independent State, and relying on His
Divine Guidance for our survival as a
Nation;
Libya
Preamble: We, John II, by the Grace

of God, Prince Regnant of
Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau,
Count of Rietberg, etc. etc. etc. make
Liechtenstein known that the Constitution of 26
September 1862 has been modified
by Us with the assent of Our Diet as
follows:
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Preamble: Resolved to promote and
develop its heritage of a pluralist
society and respectful of the
diversity, the richness, and the
dynamism of its ethical-spiritual and
socio-cultural values, among others
Madagascar the “fihavanana” and the beliefs in
God the Creator;
Aware, in the name of humanism, of
the necessity to reconcile Man as
much with his creator and his kin as
with nature and its environment,
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta

REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL
ISLANDS, trusting in God, the Giver of
our life, liberty, identity and our
Marshall Islands inherent rights, do hereby exercise
these rights and establish for
ourselves and generations to come
this Constitution, setting forth the
legitimate legal framework for the
governance of the Republic....
Preamble: Trusting in the

omnipotence of ALLAH, the
Mauritanian people proclaims its will
Mauritania to guarantee the integrity of its
territory, its independence and its
national unity and to take upon itself
its free political, economic and social
development.
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morrocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Preamble: WHEREAS we the people

of Nauru acknowledge God as the
Nauru almighty and everlasting Lord and
the giver of all good things….
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Preamble: The Nicaraguan people, all

democratic, patriotic and
revolutionary parties and
organizations of Nicaragua, its men
and women, its workers and
peasants, its glorious youth, its
heroic mothers, those Christians who
Nicaragua inspired by their belief in GOD have
joined and committed themselves to
the struggle for the liberation of the
oppressed, its patriotic intellectuals,
and all those who through their
productive work contribute to the
defense of the Homeland;
Niger
Preamble: TO LIVE in unity and

harmony as one indivisible and
indissoluble Sovereign Nation under
Nigeria God dedicated to the promotion of
inter-African solidarity, world peace,
international co-operation and
understanding:
Norway
Preamble: In the Name of Allah, the

Oman Compassionate, the Merciful
Preamble: Whereas sovereignty over
the entire Universe belongs to
Almighty Allah alone, and the
Pakistan authority to be exercised by the
people of Pakistan within the limits
prescribed by Him is a sacred trust….
Conscious of our responsibility
before Almighty Allah and men....
Preamble: ...We venture into the

future with full reliance on our own
Palau efforts and the divine guidance of
Almighty God.
Preamble: ...invoking the protection
of God, we decree the Political
Panama Constitution of the Republic of
Panama.
Preamble: ...WE, THE PEOPLE, do

now establish this sovereign nation
and declare ourselves, under the
Paupa New Guinea guiding hand of God, to be the
Independent State of Papua New
Guinea….
Paraguay Preamble: ...pleading to God…
Preamble: The Democratic

Constituent Congress, invoking God
Almighty, obeying the mandate of
the Peruvian people, and recalling
Peru the sacrifice of all the generations
that have preceded us in our country,
has formulated the following
Constitution:
Preamble: We, the sovereign Filipino

Phillippines people, imploring the aid of Almighty
God…
Preamble: ...We, the Polish Nation -
all citizens of the Republic, Both
those who believe in God as the
source of truth, justice, good and
beauty,
Poland As well as those not sharing such
faith but respecting those universal
values as arising
from other sources... Recognizing our
responsibility before God or our own
consciences,
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda

Saint Christopher and Nevis— (a)
declare that the nation is established
St. Kitts and Nevis on the belief in Almighty God and the
inherent dignity of each individual...
Saint Lucia—
(a) affirm their faith in the supremacy
of the Almighty God; (b) believe that
St. Lucia all persons have been endowed
equally by God with inalienable
rights and dignity;
Preamble: WHEREAS the Peoples of

the Islands of Saint Vincent, who are
known as Vincentians— (a) have
St. Vincent and the affirmed that the Nation is founded
Grenadines on the belief in the supremacy of
God and the freedom and dignity of
man;
Preamble: IN THE HOLY NAME OF
GOD, THE ALMIGHTY, THE EVER
LOVING
WHEREAS sovereignty over the
Universe belongs to the Omni-
Western Samoa present God alone, and the authority
to be exercised by the people of
Samoa within the limits prescribed
by His commandments is a sacred
heritage;
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe

Preamble: With the help of God, we,
Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Monarch
Saudi Arabia of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia...In
the name of God, the most
compassionate, the most Merciful.
Senegal
Serbia
Preamble: We, the People of

Seychelles, GRATEFUL to Almighty
God that we inhabit one of the most
beautiful countries in the world….
Seychelles 1[INVOKING the blessings of
Almighty God]...
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Preeamble: We the people of

Solomon Islands, proud of the
wisdom and the worthy dustoms of
our ancestors, mindful of our
common and diverse heritage and
Solomon Islands conscious of our common destiny, do
now, under the
guiding hand of God, establish the
sovereign democratic State of
Solomon Islands;....
Somalia
people. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika. Morena
boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën
South Africa Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa.
Mudzimu fhatutshedza Afurika. Hosi
katekisa Afrika.
Spain
Sri Lanka
Preamble: We the people of the

Sudan Grateful to Almighty God who
has bestowed upon us the wisdom
and will to reach a Comprehensive
Sudan Peace Agreement that has
definitively put an end to the longest
running conflict in Africa,
Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF
SURINAME,
inspired by the love for this Country
and the belief in the power of the
Almighty and guided by the
Suriname centuries-long struggle of our people
against colonialism, which was
terminated by the establishment of
the Republic of Suriname on 25
November 1975,
Preamble: Whereas We the People

of the Kingdom of Swaziland do
hereby undertake in humble
Swaziland
submission to Almighty God to start
afresh under a new framework of
constitutional dispensation…
Sweden
Switzerland Preamble: In the name of Almighty

God!...
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Preamble: We the people of Togo,

placing ourselves under the
protection of God…(4th bullet)
convinced that such a state cannot
be founded except upon political
pluralism, the principles of the
Democracy and the protection of
Togo human rights such as are defined by
the Charter of the United Nations of
1945, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of 1948 and the
International Agreements of 1966,
the African Charter of Human and
Peoples Rights adopted in 1981 by
the Organization of United Africa.
Tonga
Preamble: Whereas the People of

Trinidad and Tobago— (a) have
affirmed that the Nation of Trinidad
and Tobago is founded upon
supremacy of God, faith in
fundamental human rights and
Trinidad and Tobago freedoms, the position of the family
in a society of free men and free
institutions, the dignity of the human
person and the equal and inalienable
rights with which all members of the
human family are endowed by their
Creator;
compassionate, the merciful…
(second bullet) to remain faithful to
the teachings of Islam…(final
Tunisia paragraph) We, the representatives
of the free and sovereign people of
Tunisia, decide, by the grace of God,
the present Constitution.
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda Preamble: ...FOR GOD AND MY
COUNTRY
Preamble: ...aware of our

responsibility before God, our own
Ukraine conscience, past, present and future
generations….
Preamble: In The Name OfAllah , the
Gracious, the Merciful… May Allah,
United Arab Emirates our Protector and Defender, grant us
success.
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Preamble: ...HEREBY proclaim the

establishment of the united and free
Republic of Vanuatu founded
Vanuatu on traditional Melanesian values,
faith in God, and Christian principles,
AND for this purpose give ourselves
this Constitution.
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Oath of Office References God or Religion
Article 63: Before assuming office, the President shall take, in accordance with special procedures set by
law, the following oath of allegiance: “In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear by the
name of God Almighty that I shall obey and protect the Holy religion of Islam, respect and supervise the
implementation of the Constitution as well as other laws, safeguard the independence, national
sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan, and, in seeking God Almighty’s help and support of the
nation, shall exert my efforts towards the prosperity and progress of the people of Afghanistan.” Article
74: Before assuming office, the Ministers shall take the following oath in the presence of the President: “In
the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear in the name of God Almighty that I shall protect
the Holy religion of Islam, respect the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan, safeguard the rights of
citizens as well as independence, territorial integrity and the national unity of the people of Afghanistan,
and, in all my deeds consider the Almighty’s presence, performing the entrusted duties honestly.” Article
119: Members of the Supreme Court shall take the following oath of office in the presence of the
President: “In the of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear in the name of God Almighty to attain
justice and righteousness in accordance with tenets of the Holy religion of Islam, provisions of this
Constitution as well as other laws of Afghanistan, and to execute the judicial duty with utmost honesty,
righteousness and impartiality.”
Article 76: The President of the Republic shall take the following oath:In the name of God, most
benevolent, ever merciful “Faithful to the supreme sacrifices and the memory of our revered martyrs and
the ideals of the eternal November Revolution, I swear by God All Mighty to respect and glorify the Islamic
religion, to defend the Constitution, to work tirelessly for the continuity of the State, to work to insure the
necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the institutions and the Constitutional system, and to
strive to strengthen the democratic path, to respect the free choice of the people, as well as the
institutions and laws of the Republic, to preserve the integrity of the national territory, the unity of the
people and the nation, to protect the fundamental rights of man and citizen, to work relentlessly for the
development and the prosperity of the people, and to pursue with all my strength the realization of the
great ideals of justice, liberty and peace in the world. and God is my witness.
SCHEDULE 3: OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF ALLEGIANCE: I, , do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I
will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF OFFICE: I,
, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Antigua
and Barbuda and the law, that I will conscientiously, impartially and to the best of my ability discharge my
duties as and do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So
help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF OFFICE: I, , do swear
(or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose any counsel, advice,
opinion or vote given by any Minister as a member of the Cabinet and that I will not, except with the
authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the proper conduct of the government
of Antigua and Barbuda, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any
matter coming to my knowledge as a member of (or Secretary to) the Cabinet. So help me God. (To be
omitted in affirmation).
Article 92: On assuming office, the President and Vice President shall take an oath, consistent with their
religious beliefs, administered by the President of the Senate and before the assembled Congress, to:
“discharge with loyalty and patriotism the office of President (or Vice President) of the Nation and to
observe and have faithfully observed the Constitution of the Argentine Nation.”
SCHEDULE: OATH I, A.B., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen
Victoria, Her heirs and successors according to law. SO HELP ME GOD!
Article 62: (1) The Federal President on the assumption of his office renders the [following] solemn
promise before the Federal Assembly:
“I solemnly promise that I shall faithfully observe the Constitution and all laws of the Republic and that I
shall fulfill my duty to the best of my knowledge and conscience.” (2) The addition of a religious
affirmation is admissible.Article 72(1): The members of the Federal Government, before the assumption
of their office, shall be sworn in by the Federal President. The addition of a religious affirmation is
admissible. Article 101(4): Before the assumption of office the Land Governor is sworn in by the Federal
President, the other members are sworn in by the Land Governor. The addition of a religious affirmation is
admissible.
Article 33(l): On ascending the throne, the King takes the following oath at a special meeting of the
National Assembly: “I swear by Almighty God that I shall respect the Constitution and the laws of the
State, that I shall defend the freedoms, interests and assets of the people, and that I shall safeguard the
independence of the nation and the integrity of its territories.” Article 78: Every member of the
Consultative Council or the Chamber of Deputies shall take the following oath in public session, prior to
pursuing their work in the Chamber or its committees: “I swear by Almighty God that I shall be loyal to
the country and the King, shall respect the Constitution and the laws of the State, shall defend the
freedoms, interests and assets of the people, and shall perform my work honestly and sincerely.”
FIRST SCHEDULE: OATHS Oath ofAllegiance I, , do swear that 1 will be faithful and bear true allegiance to
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So help me God. Oath for the
due execution of the office of Governor-General. I, , do swear that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of Govemor-General. So help me God. Oath for
the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary. I, , being
appointed Prime Minister/ Minister/Parliamentary Secretary, do swear that I will to the best
ofmyjudgment, at ail times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor- General
(or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good
management of the public affairs of Barbados, and 1 do further swear that I will hot on any account, at
any time whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister or
Parliamentary Secretary and that 1 will hot, except with the authority ofthe Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the good management of the affairs of Barbados, directly or indirectly reveal the
business or proceedings ofthe Cabinet or the nature or contents of any documents communicated to me
as Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary or any matter coming to my knowledge in my capacity
as such, and that in ail things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary.
So help me God. Oath for the due execution of the office of Director of Public Prosecutions. I, , do swear
that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of
Director of Public Prosecutions. So help me God. Judicial Oath I, , do swear that I will well and truly serve
Our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth 1l, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of the Chief Justice/Justice
of Appeal/Judge ofthe High Court and I will do right to ail manner of people after the laws and usages of
Barbados without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God. Judicial Oath for Judges of the
Caribbean Court ofJustice I, , do hereby swear (or solemnly affirm) that 1 will faithfully exercise the office
of President/Judge of the Caribbean Court of Justice without fear or favour, affection or ili will and in
accordance with the Code of Judicial Conduct. (So help me God (to be omitted in affirmation)).
Article 53: Before taking his office, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath: “Before
God, the Manes [spirits] of the ancestors, the Nation and before the Béninese People, the only holder of
sovereignty; “I, President of the Republic, elected in accordance with the laws of the Republic do solemnly
swear — To respect and defend the Constitution which the Béninese People have freely given to
themselves; — To fulfil loyally the high office that the Nation has entrusted to me; — To allow myself to be
guided only by the general interest and the respect for human rights to consecrate all my strength to the
research and the promotion of the common good, of peace and of national unity; — To preserve the
integrity of the national territory; — To conduct myself everywhere as a faithful and loyal servant of the
people. In case of perjury, that I shall submit to the severity of the law.” This oath shall be received by the
President of the Constitutional Court before the National Assembly and the Supreme Court.
Article 25: ...Upon his assumption of office, standing, head uncovered, the left hand placed on the
Constitution and the right hand raised, the President of the Republic takes the following oath before the
Constitutional Court sitting in solemn audience:
“I SWEAR BEFORE GOD AND THE NATION TO SCRUPULOUSLY OBSERVE THE CONSTITUTION, TO
GUARANTEE THE INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONTINUITY OF THE REPUBLIC, TO SAFEGUARD THE INTEGRITY
OF THE TERRITORY, TO PRESERVE THE PEACE, TO CONSOLIDATE NATIONAL UNITY, TO ENSURE THE WELL-
BEING OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN PEOPLE, TO CONSCIENTIOUSLY FULFILL THE DUTIES OF MY CHARGE
WITHOUT ANY CONSIDERATION OF AN ETHNIC, REGIONAL OR DENOMINATIONAL NATURE, TO NEVER
EXERCISE THE POWERS WHICH ARE GIVEN TO ME BY THE CONSTITUTION FOR PERSONAL ENDS AND TO BE
GUIDED IN ALL MATTERS ONLY BY THE NATIONAL INTEREST AND THE DIGNITY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN
PEOPLE.”
Article 192: The President of the Republic will assume his/her office before Congress and will take the
following oath: “I swear to God and promise to the people to faithfully execute the Constitution and the
laws of Colombia.”
PART 1: THE QUEEN'S REPRESENTATIVE(4):The [Queen's Representative] shall before assuming the
functions of his office, take and subscribe before the [Chief Justice] of the High Court the following oath-
I, ............, swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her [or His] Majesty
[Specify the name of the reigning Sovereign as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second] as the Head of State of
the Cook Islands, heirs and successors, according to law, and that I will uphold the dignity of the office of
Queen's Representative, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the administration of the Cook
Islands in accordance with the Constitution and the law. So help me God. PART 1: THE HOUSE OF ARIKIS
OF THE COOK ISLANDS (10):Except for the purpose of enabling this Article to be complied with, no
member of the House of Arikis shall be permitted to sit or vote therein until he has taken and subscribed
the following oath before the [Queen's Representative] namely: I,................., swear by Almighty God that I
will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her [or His] Majesty [Specify the name of the reigning
Sovereign, as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second] as the Head of State of the Cook Islands Her [or His] heirs
and successors, according to law, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a member of
the House of Arikis of the Cook Islands. So help me God. PART 2: CABINET(15): Every Minister shall, before
assuming the functions of his office, take and subscribe before the [Queen's Representative] the following
oath: I,........., being chosen and accepted as [Prime Minister] (or a Minister) and member of Cabinet,
swear by Almighty God that I will to the best of my judgement, at all times when thereto required, freely
give my counsel and advice to the [Queen's Representative], for the good management of the affairs of
the Cook Islands and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in Cabinet
and committee and in Executive Council and committed to my secrecy, but that I will in any such things be
a true and faithful [Prime Minister] (or Minister). So help me God.
Article 194: The oath that must be taken by public officials as provided in Article 11 of this Constitution is
as follows: “Do you swear before God and promise the Country to observe and defend the Constitution
and the laws of the Republic and faithfully fulfill the duties of your office? Yes, I swear. If you do, may God
help you, and if you do not, may He and the Country call you to account.”
Article 127: Swearing In. The elected President and Vice President of the Republic, before beginning their
duties, will swear the following oath before the National Assembly: “I swear before God and this people,
by the Country and by my honor, to comply with and enforce the Constitution and the laws of the
Republic, to protect and defend its independence, to respect the rights and liberties of the citizenry and to
faithfully comply with the duties of my office.”
Article 77(3): At the swearing-in ceremony, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath: "I
swear to God, to the people and on my honor that I will fulfill with loyalty the functions that have been
invested in me, will abide by and enforce the Constitution and the laws and will dedicate all my energies
and capacities to the defense and consolidation of independence and national unity."
Article 79: Before assuming his office, the President shall take the following oath before the People’s
Assembly. “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system faithfully, to respect the Constitution
and the law, to look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial
integrity of the motherland”. Article 90: The member of the People’s Assembly shall take the following
oath before the Assembly before assuming upon his duties: “I swear by God Almighty, that I shall preserve
the safety of the nation and the Republican system, shall attend to the interests of the people and shall
respect the Constitution and law”. Article 140: Before assuming his functions, the Vice-President shall take
the following oath before the President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the
Republican system faithfully, to respect the Constitution and the law, to look after the interests of the
people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland”. Article 155: Before
assuming the duties of their office, the members of the Cabinet shall take the following oath before the
President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system faithfully, to respect
the Constitution and the law, to look after the interests of the people, and to safeguard the independence
and territorial integrity of the motherland”.
SCHEDULE: OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS-- A. OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE Oath: I,
_______A.B._____ do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Fiji
Islands, according to law. So help me God!
Affirmation I, ______A.B._____ do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will be faithful
and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Fiji Islands, according to law. B. OATH OR AFFIRMATION
FOR DUE EXECUTION OF OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OR VICE-PRESIDENT Oath: I, _______A.B._______ do
swear that I will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands in the office of [_____]. So help me
God! Affirmation: I, _______A.B._______ do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will well
and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands in the office of [_____]. C. OATH OR AFFIRMATION FOR DUE
EXECUTION OF OFFICE OF MINISTER Oath: I, _______A.B.______ being appointed Prime
Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister, do swear that I will to the best of my judgment, at
all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other person for the
time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good management of the public affairs
of the State, and I do further swear that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the
counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister and that I will not, except with the authority of
the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management of the affairs of the State,
directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet and that in all things I will be a true
and faithful Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister. So help me God! Affirmation: I,
_______A.B._______ being appointed Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister, do
solemnly, sincerely and truly declare that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times when so required,
freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other person for the time being lawfully
performing the functions of that office) for the good management of the public affairs of Fiji, and I do
further solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will not on any account, at any time
whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister and that I will not,
except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management
of the affairs of Fiji, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet and that in all
things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister. D. OATH
OR AFFIRMATION FOR DUE EXECUTION OF JUDICIAL OFFICE Oath: I, ______A.B.______ do swear that I
will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands, in the office of [_____]. I will in all things uphold
the Constitution; and I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the laws and usages of the
Republic, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God! Affirmation: I, ______A.B.______ do
solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji
Islands, in the office of [_____]. I will in all things uphold the Constitution; and I will do right to all manner
of people in accordance with the laws and usages of the Republic, without fear or favour, affection or ill
will. Passed by the House of Representatives this third day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand,
nine hundred and ninety-seven. Passed by the Senate this tenth day of July in the year of our Lord one
thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven.
Article 71(1): Before taking up office the new President shall make a programme speech
and take the following oath: "I, the President of Georgia, before the God and the Nation, declare to
observe the Constitution of Georgia, defend the independence, unity and indivisibility of the country, to
perform faithfully the duties of the President, to take care for the security and welfare of the citizens of
my country and for the revival and might of my Nation and Fatherland".
Article 56: The Federal President, upon assuming his office, takes the following oath before the assembled
Members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat: “I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of
the German people, promote their welfare, protect them from harm, uphold and defend the Basic Law
and the laws of the Federation, perform my duties conscientiously, and do justice to all. So help me God.”
The oath may also be taken without religious affirmation.
people of the Republic of Ghana and to do right to all manner of persons. I further (solemnly swear)
(solemnly affirm) that should I at any time break this oath of office, I shall submit myself to the laws of the
Republic of Ghana and suffer the penalty for it. (So help me God). To be administered by the Chief Justice
before Parliament. THE JUDICIAL OATH I, ___________________ having been appointed (Chief Justice/a
Justice of the Supreme Court/a Justice of the Court of Appeal/a Justice of the High Court of Justice, etc.)
do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the
Republic of Ghana; and that I will truly and faithfully perform the functions of my office without fear or
favour, affection or ill-will; and that I will at all times uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution
and laws of the Republic of Ghana. (So help me God). To be sworn before the President, the Chief Justice
or such other person as the Chief Justice may designate.
THE OATH OF MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF STATE I, ___________________ do (solemnly swear in the name
of the Almighty God) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously perform my duties as a
member of the Council of State and uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic
of Ghana. (So help me God).
To be sworn before the President. THE CABINET OATH I, ___________________ having been appointed a
member of the Cabinet do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will not
directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy;
and that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. (So help
me God). To be sworn before the President. THE OATH OF MINISTER OF STATE I, ___________________
having been appointed Minister of State (Deputy Minister) of the Republic of Ghana, do (in the name of
the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will at all times well and truly serve the Republic of
Ghana in the office of Minister of State (Deputy Minister); that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will, to the best of my judgment, at
all times when required, freely give my counsel and advice for the good management of the public affairs
of the Republic of Ghana; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal any matters that shall come to my
knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy as Minister of State (Deputy
Minister). (So help me God). To be sworn before the President THE OATH OF SECRECY I,
___________________ holding the office of ___________________ do (in the name of the Almighty God
swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any
matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall come to my knowledge in the discharge of
my official duties except as may be required for the discharge of my official duties or as may be specially
permitted by law. (So help me God). To be sworn before the President, the Chief Justice or such other
person as the President may designate. THE OFFICIAL OATH I, __________________ do (in the name of
Ghana in the office of ____________________ and that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana as by law established. (So help me God). To be sworn before the
President or such other person as the President may designate. THE SPEAKER’S OATH I,
___________________ do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will uphold the integrity of the
Republic of Ghana; that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as Speaker of Parliament;
SCHEDULE 3: FORMS OF OATH FORMS OF OATH OATH OF ALLEGIANCE:
I, ______________, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So help me God. [To be omitted
in affirmation.] OATH OF OFFICE: I, _____________, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will faithfully
execute the office of _____________ without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that in the execution
of the functions of that office I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Grenada. So help me
God. [To be omitted in affirmation.]
Article 135-1: Before taking office, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the
National Assembly: “I swear before God and the Nation faithfully to observe and enforce the Constitution
and the laws of the Republic, to respect and cause to be respected the rights of the Haitian people, to
work for the greatness of the country, and to maintain the nation’s independence and the integrity of its
territory.” Article 187: Members of the High Court of Justice serve on an individual basis, and on opening
proceedings, take the following oath: “I swear before God and before the Nation to judge with the
impartiality and the firmness appropriate to an honest and free man, according to my conscience and my
deep-seated conviction.”
Article 60: Every President and every person acting as
President or discharging the functions of the President
shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe
in the presence of the Chief Justice of India or, in his
absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court
available, an oath or affirmation in the following form,
that is to say- "1, A.B., do swear in the name of God(/solemnyly affirm) that I will fully execute the office of
President (or discharge the functions of the President) of India and will to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-
being of the people of India". Article 69: Every Vice-President shall, before entering upon his office, make
and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
affirmation in the following form, that is to say-
"I, A.B., do swear in the name of God(solemnly affirm) that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully Article 159:
Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon
his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court exercising jurisdiction
in relation to the State, or, in his absence, the seniormost Judge of that Court available, an oath or
affirmation in the following form, that is to say- "I, A. B., do swear in the name of God (solemnly affirm)
that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of .............
(name of the State) and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and
the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ........... (name of the State)."
Article 9: (1) Prior to taking office, the President and Vice President shall swear an oath in accordance with
their respective religions or shall make a solemn promise before the MPR or DPR. The oath or promise
shall be as follows: Presidential (Vice-Presidential) Oath: “I swear before God that, to the best of my ability,
I shall fulfill as justly as possible my duties as President (Vice-President) of the Republic of Indonesia,
uphold faithfully the Constitution, conscientiously implement all statutes and regulations, and shall devote
myself to the service of Country and Nation.” (2) In the event that the MPR or DPR is unable to convene a
sitting, the President and Vice-President shall swear an oath in accordance with their respective religions
or shall make a solemn promise before the leadership of the MPR witnessed by the leadership of the
Supreme Court.
Article 121: The President must take the following oath and affix his signature to it at a session of the
Islamic Consultative Assembly in the presence of the head of the judicial power and the members of the
Guardian Council:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, as President, swear, in the presence of the Noble
Qur’ān and the people of Iran, by God, the Exalted and Almighty, that I will guard the official religion of the
country, the order of the Islamic Republic and the Constitution of the country; that I will devote all my
capacities and abilities to the fulfilment of the responsibilities that I have assumed; that I will dedicate
myself to the service of the people, the honour of the country, the propagation of religion and morality,
and the support of truth and justice, refraining from every kind of arbitrary behaviour; that I will protect
the freedom and dignity of all citizens and the rights that the Constitution has accorded the people; that
in guarding the frontiers and the political, economic, and cultural independence of the country I will not
shirk any necessary measure; that, seeking help from God and following the Prophet of Islam and the
infallible Imams (peace be upon them), I will guard, as a pious and selfless trustee, the authority vested in
me by the people as a sacred trust, and transfer it to whomever the people may elect after me.
Article 67: Members of the Assembly must take the following oath at the first session of the Assembly and
affix their signatures to its text:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
In the presence of the Glorious Qur’ān, I swear by God, the Exalted and Almighty, and undertake, swearing
by my own honour as a human being, to protect the sanctity of Islam and guard the accomplishments of
the Islamic Revolution of the Iranian people and the foundations of the Islamic Republic; to protect, as a
just trustee, the honour bestowed upon me by the people, to observe piety in fulfilling my duties as
people’s representative; to remain always committed to the independence and honour of the country; to
fulfil my duties towards the nation and the service of the people; to defend the Constitution; and to bear
in mind, both in speech and writing and in the expression of my views, the independence of the country,
the freedom of the people, and the security of their interests.
Members belonging to the religious minorities will swear by their own sacred books while taking this oath.
Members not attending the first session will perform the ceremony of taking the oath at the first session
they attend.
Article 48: Each member of the Council of Representatives must take the following constitutional oath
before the Council prior to assuming his duties:
“I swear by God the Almighty to carry out my legal tasks and responsibilities devotedly and honestly and
preserve the independence and sovereignty of Iraq, and safeguard the interests of its people, and watch
over the safety of its land, skies, waters, resources and federal democratic system, and I shall endeavor to
protect public and private liberties and the independence of the judiciary and to adhere to the neutral
and faithful application of the laws. God is my witness.”
Article 12(8): The President shall enter upon his office by taking and
subscribing publicly, in the presence of members of both
Houses of the Oireachtas, of Judges of the Supreme Court and
of the High Court, and other public personages, the following
declaration:
"In the presence of Almighty God I ,do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will maintain the
Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws, that I will fulfil my duties faithfully and conscientiously in
accordance with the Constitution and the law, and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and
welfare of the people of Ireland. May God direct and sustain me." Article 31: Every member of the Council
of State shall at the first meeting thereof which he attends as a member take and subscribe a declaration
in the following form:
"In the presence of Almighty God I, do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will faithfully and
conscientiously fulfil my duties as a member of the Council of State." Article 34: Every person appointed a
judge under this Constitution shall make and subscribe the following declaration:
"In the presence of Almighty God I, , do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will duly and
faithfully and to the best of my knowledge and power execute the office of Chief Justice (or as the case
may be without fear or favour, affection or illwill towards any man, and that I will uphold the Constitution
and the laws. May God direct and sustain me."
First Schedule: Oath ofAllegiance: "I.................do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to
Jamaica, that I will uphold and defend the Constitution and the laws of Jamaica and that I will
conscientiously and impartially discharge my responsibilities to the people of Jamaica. So help me God."
Oath for the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary
"I .............. being appo inted Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary. do swear that I will to the
best of my judgment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor-
General (or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the
good management of the public affairs of Jamaica, and I do further swear that I will not on any account, at
Parliamentary Secretary and that I will not. except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the good management of the affairs of Jamaica, directly or indirectly reveal the
business or proceedings of the Cabinet or the nature or contents of any documents communicated to me
as a Minister/Parliamentary Secretary or any matter coming to my knowledge in my capacity as such and
that in all things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/ Parliamentary Secretary. So help me
God." Judicial Oath "I ............. I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Jamaica. that I
will uphold and
defend the Constitution of Jamaica and that I will administer justice to all
persons alike in accordance with the laws and usages of Jamaica without fear or favour, affection or ill will.
So help me God."
Article 43: The Prime Minister and Ministers shall, before assuming their duties, take the following oath,
before the King: “I swear by God, the Almighty, to be loyal to the King, uphold the Constitution, serve the
nation and perform the duties entrusted to me with honesty.” Article 80: Every Senator and Deputy shall,
before taking his seat, take an oath before his House as follows: “I swear by the Almighty God to be loyal
to the King and to the country and uphold the Constitution, serve the Nation and duly perform the duties
entrusted to me”.
Schedule 1: (1) Oath of Beretitenti.: I, , swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will
uphold the dignity of the office of Beretitenti, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the
administration of the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati in accordance with the Constitution
and the law. (2) Oath of Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti and other Ministers, and Attorney-General.: I,
, swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve the Independent and
Sovereign Republic of Kiribati in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and I do further swear [or
solemnly affirm] that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in Cabinet and
committed to my secrecy, but that I will in all things be a true and faithful [Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti]
[Minister] [Attorney-General] (3). Oath of Member of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu: I, , swear
by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Independent
and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a Member of
the Maneaba ni Maungatabu of Kiribati.
(4) Oath to be taken by Judges and Commissioners of the High Court and Judges of the Court of Appeal:
I, , swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve the Independent
and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati as a judicial officer, and I will in all things uphold the Constitution and
the law, and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Kiribati, without fear or
favour, affection or illwill.
.Article 60: Before assuming his powers the Amir shall take the following oath at a special sitting of the
National Assembly: "I swear by Almighty God to respect the Constitution and the laws of the State, to
defend the liberties, interests and properties of the people and tosafeguard the independence and
territorial integrity of the Country"
Article 50: When the President of the Republic assumes his office, he has to take the oath of loyalty to the
Nation and the Constitution before the Parliament, according to the following text: “I swear by Almighty
God to respect the Constitution of the Lebanese Nation and its laws, and to maintain the independence of
the Lebanese Homeland, and its territorial integrity.”
Schedule 1: Oath of Office of King or Regent: In the presence of Almighty God and in the full realisation of
the responsibilities and duties of the high office of King (Regent) and of the binding nature and binding
force of this Oath, I, do swear that I will obey and observe the provisions of the Constitution
and all other laws of Lesotho, that I will discharge my duties in such manner as to preserve the character
of the monarchy as a symbol of the unity of the Basotho Nation, and that I will accordingly abstain from
involving the monarchy in any way in politics, or with any political party or group.
SO HELP ME GOD. Schedule 3: Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance: I, do swear (or solemnly
affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to King , his heirs and successors, according to
this Constitution and the laws of Lesotho.
So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation]
Schedulre: (1) This Schedule shall form and be an integral part of this Constitution and shall have the same
force as any other provision thereof. (2) All public officials and employees, whether elected or appointed,
holding office of public trust, shall subscribe to a solemn oath or affirmation as follows:
" I, , do solemnly swear (affirm) that I will support, uphold, protect and defend the Constitution
and laws of the Republic of Liberia, bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and will faithfully,
conscientiously and impartially discharge the duties and functions of the office of to the best of my ability.
SO HELP ME GOD."
Article 14: The supreme function of the State is to promote the general welfare of the People. For this
purpose, the State shall provide for the institution and maintenance of law, and for the protection of the
religious, moral and economic interests of the People. Article 54: (1) The Diet shall be opened with due
solemnity by the Prince Regnant, in person or by his proxy. All the new members shall swear the following
oath to the Prince Regnant or his proxy:
“I hereby swear to observe the State Constitution and the existing laws and to promote in the Diet the
welfare of the country, without any ulterior motives, to the best of my ability and conscience. So help me
God.” Article 108: Members of the Government, State officials, and all mayors, their deputies and the
treasurers of the communes shall take the following oath on appointment: “I swear that I will be loyal to
the Prince Regnant, that I will obey the laws and that I will strictly observe the Constitution. So help me
God.”
Article 5: The following text of the oath for the Member of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania shall be
established: “I (full name),
swear to be faithful to the Republic of Lithuania, swear to respect and execute its Constitution and laws
and to protect the integrity of its lands;
swear to strengthen, to the best of my ability, the independence of Lithuania, and to conscientiously serve
my Homeland, democracy, and the welfare of the people of Lithuania. So help me God.” The oath may
also be taken omitting the last sentence.
Article 81: — (1) Before a person elected to be President or [“First Vice-President or appointed to be First
Vice-President or Second Vice-President”] takes office that person shall take the following oath which shall
be administered in public by the Chief Justice— "I.......do solemnly swear that I will well and truly perform
the functions of the high office of President (or Vice-President) of the Republic of Malawi, and that I will
preserve and defend the Constitution, and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law
without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God.". (2) Instead of taking an oath, the President
[First Vice-President or Second Vice-President] may, if he or she thinks fit, make an affirmation which shall
be in the like form with the substitution of "affirm" for "swear", and the omission of the final sentence.
Fourth Schedule: Part III: W e ............ ib n i ............. Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia do hereby swear:
Wallahi; Wabillahi; Watallahi; and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that We shall justly
and faithfully perform (carry out) our duties in the administration of Malaysia in accordance with its laws
and Constitution which have been promulgated or which may be promulgated from time to time in the
future. Further We do solemnly and truly declare that We shall at all time protect the Religion of Islam and
uphold the rules of law and order in the Country.
Schedule 1:(1) OATH OF OFFICE OF PRESIDENT: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of
Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of
Maldives and the fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the Republic of Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of the office of President
honestly and faithfully in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (2) OATH
OF OFFICE OF VICE PRESIDENT: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I
will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the
fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of
Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of the office of Vice President honestly and
faithfully in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (3) OATH OF OFFICE OF
MEMBERS OF THE CABINET: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I will
respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the
Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities entrusted to me by the President and my
duties and responsibilities as Cabinet Minister/ Attorney General honestly and faithfully in accordance
with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (4) OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS OF THE
PEOPLE’S MAJLIS: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I will respect
the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the fundamental
rights of the Maldivian citizens, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Maldives, and
will discharge my duties and responsibilities as a member of the People’s Majlis honestly and faithfully in
accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Maldives.
(5) OATH OF OFFICE OF CHIEF JUSTICE AND JUDGES: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of
Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws of
the Republic of Maldives, that I will uphold the fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens and will
discharge the duties and responsibilities of Chief Justice/ Judge honestly and faithfully in accordance with
the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (6) OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS OF
INDEPENDENT COMMISSIONS AND INDEPENDENT OFFICES: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the
name of Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the
Republic of Maldives, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Maldives, that I will uphold the
fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of Auditor
General/Prosecutor General/membership of the Elections Commission/ membership of the Judicial
Service ommission/membership of the Human Rights Commission/membership of the Civil Service
Commission/membership of the Anti-Corruption Commission honestly and faithfully in accordance with
the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives.
Article 37: The elected President assumes his functions fifteen days after the official proclamation of the
results. Before assuming his functions he swears before the Supreme Court the following oath:
“I SWEAR BEFORE GOD AND THE MALIAN PEOPLE TO PRESERVE FAITHFULLY [eh haute fidelité] THE
REPUBLICAN REGIME, TO RESPECT AND TO SEE THAT THE CONSTITUTION AND THE LAW ARE RESPECTED,
TO CARRY OUT MY DUTIES IN THE HIGHER INTEREST OF THE PEOPLE, TO PRESERVE THE DEMOCRATIC
ACHIEVEMENTS [acquis], TO GUARANTEE THE NATIONAL UNITY, THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE FATHERLAND
AND THE INTEGRITY OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORY. I COMMIT MYSELF SOLEMNLY AND ON MY HONOR TO
UNDERTAKE AND UTILIZE EVERYTHING FOR THE REALIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.”
Second Schedule: (a) Oathfor the due execution of the office of President: I ................................. solem nly
swear/affirm that I will
faithfully execute the office of President (perform the functions of
the President) of Malta, and will, to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution of Malta. (So help me God).
(b) Oath for the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or
other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary: I ................................. solemnly swear/affirm that I w ll
faithfully and conscientiously perform my duties as (Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary) in
accordance with the Constitution and the laws of Malta, without fear or favour. (So help me God). Third
Schedule: Oath of alleigiance: I.................................. solemnly swear/affirm that I will bear
true faith and allegiance to the people and the Republic of Malta
and its Constitution. (So help me God).
Article 29: The newly elected President shall take office at the expiration of the mandate of his
predecessor. Before assuming office, the President of the Republic shall take an oath with the following
words:
“I swear by Allah the Unique to discharge my functions properly and faithfully, in observance of the
Constitution and the laws, to protect the interest of the Mauritanian people, to safeguard the
independence and sovereignty of the country, the unity of the Nation (patrie) and the integrity of the
national territory. I swear by Allah the Unique not to take or to support, either directly or indirectly, an
initiative which could lead to the amendment of the constitutional provisions on the length of the
presidential term and on the conditions for its renewal, as prescribed in Articles 26 and 28 of this
Constitution.” Third Schedule: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I,................, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will
be faithful and bear true allegiance to Mauritius according to law. (So help me God.) Oath for the due
execution of the office of the prime minister or other minister or junior minister: I, ...., being appointed
Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will to the best of my
jugdment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other
person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good management of
the public affairs of Mauritius, and I do further swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any account, at
any time whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister or Junior
Minister and that I will not, except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be
required for the good management of the affairs of Mauritius, directly or indirectly reveal the business or
proceedings of the Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister or any matter coming to my knowledge in my
capacity as such and that in all things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister.
(So help me God. JUDICIAL OATH: I............, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will well and truly serve
Mauritius and the Constitution in the office of Chief Justice/Judge of the Supreme Court and I will do right
to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Mauritius without fear or favour, affection or ill will.
(So help me God.)
Article 30: Before formally assuming office, a President-elect shall make the following oath or affirmation
which shall be administered by the Chief Justice or a Judge designated by the Chief Justice for this
purpose: “I,............ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm,
That I will strive to the best of my ability to uphold, protect and defend as the Supreme Law the
Constitution of the Republic of Namibia, and faithfully to obey, execute and administer the laws of the
Republic of Namibia; That I will protect the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and the
material and spiritual resources of the Republic of Namibia; and That I will endeavour to the best of my
ability to ensure justice for all the inhabitants of the Republic of Namibia. (in the case of an oath) So help
me God.” SCHEDULE 1 : Oath/Affirmation Of Judges "I........ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that as a
Judge of the Republic of Namibia I will defend and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia as
the Supreme Law and will fearlessly administer justice to all persons without favour or prejudice and in
accordance with the laws of the Republic of Namibia. (in the case of an oath) So help me God." SCHEDULE
2 Oath/Affirmation of Ministers and Deputy-Ministers "I,........... do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of Namibia, hold my office as Minister/Deputy-Minister with honour and
dignity, uphold, protect and defend the Constitution and faithfully obey, execute and administer the laws
of the Republic of Namibia, serve the people of Namibia to the best of my ability, not divulge directly or
indirectly any matters brought before the Cabinet and entrusted to me under secrecy, and perform the
duties of my office and the functions entrusted to m e by the President conscientiously and to the best of
my ability. (in the case of an oath) So help me God." SCHEDULE 3 Oath/Affirmation of Members of the
National Assembly and the National Council "I,................ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that I will be
faithful to the Republic of Namibia and its people and I solemnly promise to uphold and defend the
Constitution and laws of the Republic of Namibia to the best of my ability.
(in the case of an oath) So help me God."
FIRST SCHEDULE, Article 18: Oath of member of Cabinet[55]: I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will
faithfully carry out my duties as a member of the Cabinet and that I will not improperly reveal any matters
of which I have become aware by reason of my membership of the Cabinet. So help me God. THIRD
SCHEDULE , Article 43: Oath of member of Parliament: I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will be
faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of Nauru and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my
duties as a member of Parliament of Nauru. So help me God! FOURTH SCHEDULE , Article 52: Oath of
Judge I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of
Nauru in the office of _____ and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear
or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God!
Article 42: Before taking office, the President of the Republic shall swear an oath on the Holy Book of his
faith before the Constitutional Court, in presence of the members of the National Assembly, in the
following terms: “Before God and before the people of Niger, I ................ President of the Republic elected
in conformity with the laws, swear solemnly on the Holy Book:.....
be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as the Governor of
State, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity,
solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the
Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will exercise the authority vested in me as Governor so as not to impede
or prejudice the authority lawfully vested in the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and so as not
to endanger the continuance of Federal Government in Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest
to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of
Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all
circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or
ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be
brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Governor of State, except as
may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Governor; and that I will devote myself to the
service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. OATH OF OFFICE OF VICE-PRESIDENT,
DEPUTY GOVERNOR, MINISTER, COMMISSIONER OR SPECIAL ADVISER: I, do solemnly
swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as Vice-
President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria/Deputy Governor of State/Minister of the
Government of the Federation/Commissioner of the Government of State/Special Adviser to
, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty,
integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to
preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official
conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the
Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do
right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not
directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my
consideration or shall become known to me as Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria/Deputy
Governor of State/Minister of the Government of the Federation/Commissioner of
State/Special Adviser to except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Vice-
President/Deputy Governor of State/Minister/Commissioner/Special Adviser. So help me God. OATH OF A
MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OR OF A HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY:
I, do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal
Republic of Nigeria; that as a Member of the Senate/House of Representatives/ House of
Assembly, I will perform my functions honestly to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with
the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and the rules of the Senate/House of
Representative/ House of Assembly and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity,
Section 9: As soon as the King, being of age, accedes to the Government, he shall take the following oath
before the Storting: "I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its
Constitution and Laws; so help me God, the Almighty and Omniscient." If the Storting is not in session at
the time, the oath shall be made in writing in the Council of State and be repeated solemnly by the King at
the first subsequent Storting. Section 44: The Princess or Prince who, in the cases mentioned in § 41,
conducts the government shall make the following oath in writing before the Storting: "I promise and
swear that I will conduct the government in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws, so help me
God, the Almighty and Omniscient."
Article 7: The Sultan, before exercising his authority, shall, in a joint session of the Oman Council and the
Defence Council, take the following oath. “I swear by Almighty Allah to respect the Basic Statute of the
State and the Laws and to fully safeguard the interests of the citizens and their freedom and to preserve
the independence of the country and its territorial integrity”. Article 50: Before assuming their powers,
the Prime Minister, his Deputies, and the Ministers shall take the following oath before the Sultan: “I
swear by Almighty Allah to be faithful to my Sultan and Country, to respect the Basic Statute of the State
and the State’s applicable laws, to fully protect its entity and territorial integrity, to guard its interests and
those of its citizens and to perform my duties faithfully and honestly”.
protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: And that, in all circumstances, I
will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. May Allah
Almighty help and guide me (A’meen). MEMBER OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OR MEMBER OF SENATE
[Article 65] (In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.)
I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan:That, as
a member of the National Assembly (or Senate), I will perform my functions honestly, to the best my
ability, faithfully, in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and
the rules of the Assembly (or Senate), and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity,
well-being and prosperity of Pakistan:
That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan: And that I
will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. May Allah Almighty
help and guide me (A’meen). GOVERNOR OF PROVINCE [Article 102] (In the name of Allah, the most
Beneficent, the most Merciful.)
I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That,
as the Governor of the Province of ________________________, I will discharge my duties, and perform
my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity,
well-being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis
for the creation of Pakistan:That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my
official decisions: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or
favour, affection or ill-will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person
any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Governor of
the province of ____________________ except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as
Governor. May Allah Almighty help and guide me (A’meen). CHIEF MINISTER OR PROVINCIAL MINISTER
[Articles 131(4) and 132(2)] (In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.) I,
____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That, as a
Chief Minister (or Minister) of the Government of the Province of ____________________, I will discharge
my duties and perform my functions honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty,
integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology
which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my
official conduct or my official decisions:
That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan:
That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour,
affection or ill-will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any
matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become know to me as Chief Minister (or
Minister) except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Chief Minister (or Minister or as
may be specially permitted by the Chief Minister). May Allah Almighty help and guide me (A’meen).
SPEAKER OF A PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY [Articles 53(2) and 127] (In the name of Allah, the most
Beneficent, the most Merciful.) I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith
Article 181: The President and the Vice-President of the Republic shall take office before the National
Assembly on the first day of July following the elections and shall take the oath of office in these words: “I
swear to God and to the Country to comply faithfully with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic.”
A citizen who professes no religious belief may dispense with the invocation to God in the oath.
Article 7: Where a law requires an Oath of Allegiance or Affirmation of Allegiance to be made, it shall be
made in the following form:— “Oath of Allegiance: I,..., do swear that I will well and truly serve and bear
true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her heirs and successors according to law. SO HELP ME
GOD.
Affirmation of Allegiance: I,..., do promise and affirm that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II. Her heirs and successors according to law
Article 7, Section 5: Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President,
or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation :
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties
as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and
defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself
to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of affirmation, last sentence will
be omitted.)
Article 104: (1.)Deputies shall be representatives of the Nation. They shall not be bound by any
instructions of the electorate. (2) Deputies, before the commencement of the exercise of the mandate,
shall take the following oath in the presence of the Sejm: (3) "I do solemnly swear to perform my duties to
the Nation diligently and conscientiously, to safeguard the sovereignty and interests of the State, to do all
within my power for the prosperity of the Homeland and the well-being of its citizens, and to observe the
Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland." The oath may also be taken with the additional
sentence "So help me, God." (4) A refusal to take the oath shall be deemed to be a renunciation of the
mandate. Article 130: The President of the Republic shall assume office upon taking the following oath in
the presence of the National Assembly: "Assuming, by the will of the Nation, the office of President of the
Republic of Poland, I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution; I pledge that I
shall steadfastly safeguard the dignity of the Nation, the independence and security of the State, and also
that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme
obligation." The oath may also be taken with the additional sentence "So help me, God." Article 151: The
Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers shall take the following oath in the presence of the
President of the Republic: "Assuming this office of Prime Minister (Deputy Prime Minister, minister) I do
solemnly
swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of
Poland, and that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever
remain my supreme obligation." The oath may also be taken with the additional sentence "So help me,
God."
Article 10: The Heir Apparent, on his appointment, shall take the following of oath:
( I swear by Almighty God to respect Sharia law, the Constitution and the law, maintain the
independence of the State and safeguard its territorial integrity, defend the freedom and interests of its
people, and be loyal to the State and the Emir). Article 74: The Emir shall take the following oath prior to
the discharge of his functions in a special session
convened by Al-Shoura Council: The Emir shall take the following oath prior to the discharge of his
functions in a special session convened by Al-Shoura Council: (I swear by Almighty God to respect Sharia
law, the Constitution and the law, protect the
independence of the State, safeguard its territorial integrity, and defend the freedom and interests of its
people). Article 92: Prior to the discharge of their duties before Al-Shoura Council and in an open session,
the Members shall take the following oath: (I swear by the Almighty God to be loyal to the country and to
the Emir, respect Sharia law, the Constitution and the law, and safeguard the interests of the people and
perform my duties with honesty and integrity). Article 119: Prior to assuming office, the Prime Minister
and the Ministers shall take before the Emir the following oath: ( I swear by Almighty God to be loyal to
the country and to the Emir , respect Shari'a Law, the Constitution and the law, fully safeguard the
interests of the people, perform my duties faithfully, conscientiously, and with honour, and fully safeguard
the territorial integrity and safety of the State).
Article 82: (1) The results of the elections for the office of President of Romania are validated by the
Constitutional Court. (2) The candidate whose election has been validated will take the following oath
before the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, in joint session: “I solemnly swear that I will dedicate all
my strength and the best of my ability to the spiritual and material welfare of the Romanian people, that I
will respect the Constitution and the laws of the country, and that I will defend democracy, the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens, and the sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial
integrity of Romania. So help me God!” Article 6(1): The state recognizes and guarantees for members of
the national minorities the right to preserve, develop, and express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and
religious identity
Article 61: "Before taking office, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, the
President of the Supreme Court, the Prime Minister, Ministers, Ministers of State and other members of
Government, the Vice Presidents of the Senate, the Deputy Speakers of the Chamber of Deputies,
Senators, Deputies, Generals in the army and Senior officers of the Rwanda Defence Forces,
Commissioners and Senior officers of the National Police, the Vice-President and Judges of the Supreme
Court, the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the High Court and the Commercial High Court, the
Prosecutor General , the Deputy Prosecutor General and such other persons as may be determined by law
shall take oath in the following words: "I,. ........................ solemnly swear to the Nation that I shall: 1'
remain loyal to the Republic of Rwanda; 2' uphold the Constitution and other laws; 30 safeguard the basic
individual human rights and the interests of the Rwandan people; 4' work for the consolidation of
national unity; 5' diligently fulfil the responsibilities entrusted to me; 6' never use the powers conferred on
me for personal ends. Should I fail to honour this oath, may I face the rigours of the law. So help me God".
Article 104: "Before assuming his/her duties of office, the President of the Republic shall take the oath of
office before the President of the Supreme Court in the presence of both Chambers of Parliament in these
words: << I, ............................... solemnly swear to the Nation that I shall: 1' remain loyal to the Republic of
Rwanda; 2' observe and defend the Constitution and the other laws; 3' diligently fulfil the responsibilities
entrusted in me; 4' preserve peace and territorial integrity; 5' consolidate national unity of Rwandans; 6'
never use the powers conferred upon me for personal ends; 7' safeguard the interests of the Rwandan
people.
Should I fail to honour this oath, may I face the rigours of the law. So help me God. ) The President of the
Republic shall be sworn in no later one month after his/her election. His/her
oath of office shall be administered by the President of the Supreme Court.
SCHEDULE 4: PART 1 : Oath (or affirmation) of allegiance I, _________, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that
I will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). PART 2: Oath (or affirmation) of office I,
______, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Saint
Christopher and Nevis and the law, that I will conscientiously, impartially and to the best of my ability
discharge my duties as __________ and do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection
or ill-will. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation).
PART 3: Oath (or affirmation) of secrecy I, ______, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any
account, at any time whatsoever, disclose any counsel, advice, opinion or vote given by any Minister as a
member of the Cabinet and that I will not, except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the proper conduct of the government of Saint Christopher and Nevis, directly or
indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any matter coming to my knowledge as a
member of (or Secretary to) the Cabinet. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation).
THIRD SCHEDULE: FORMS OF OATH, 1. Oath of Head of State (Article 28):
I, .............................., swear by Almighty God that I will uphold the dignity of the office of Head of State,
and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the administration of the Independent State of Samoa
in accordance with the Constitution and the law.
So help me God. 2. Oath of Members of the Council of Deputies(Article 28)
I, ............................, swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve the Independent State of
Samoa, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a member of the Council of Deputies in
accordance with the Constitution and the law. So help me God. 3. Oath of the Prime Minister and other
Ministers (Article 34): I, ......................, being chosen and accepted as Prime Minister [a Minister] and
member of Cabinet swear by Almighty God that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times when
thereto required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Head of State, for the good management of the
affairs of the Independent State of Samoa, and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as
shall be debated in Cabinet and Committee and in Executive Council and committed to my secrecy, but
that I will in all things be a true and faithful Prime Minister [Minister]. So help me God. 4. Oath of
allegiance to be taken and subscribed by the Speaker and Members of Parliament (Article 49 and 61):
I,..................., swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Independent
State of Samoa, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a Member of the Parliament of
Samoa. So help me God. 5. Judicial oath to be taken by Judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal
(Article 67 and 78) I, ............................., swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve the
Independent State of Samoa in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and I will do right to all
manner of people, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God.
Article 37: The President of the Republic shall be installed in his functions after having taken the oath
before the Constitutional Council in public meeting. The oath shall be taken in the following terms: “Before
God and the Senegalese Nation, I swear to faithfully fulfill the charge of the President of the Republic of
Senegal, to scrupulously observe and enforce the observance of the provisions of the Constitution and of
the laws, to devote all my strength to the defense of the constitutional institutions, territorial integrity and
national independence, and to spare no effort in the realization of African unity.” The newly elected
president of the Republic shall make a written declaration of his assets for submission to the
Constitutional Council which makes it public.
SCHEDULE 6: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and
affirm/that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Constitution of Seychelles and that I will
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of Seychelles.
SO HELP ME GOD PRESIDENTIAL OATH: I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and
affirm/that I will faithfully and diligently perform my duties and discharge my functions in the office of
President of Seychelles, that I will be faithful to the Republic of Seychelles, that I will uphold the
Constitution and the laws of Seychelles and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of
the people of Seychelles without fear or favour, affection or ill will. SO HELP ME GOD VICE-PRESIDENTIAL
OATH
I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm/that I will faithfully and diligently
perform any duties and discharge any functions in the office of Vice-President, that I will be faithful to the
Republic of Seychelles, that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws of Seychelles and that I will
dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Seychelles without fear or favour,
affection or ill will. SO HELP ME GOD
SECOND SCHEUDLUE: PRESIDEN'TS OATH “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly
affirm) that I will at all times well and truly discharge the duties of the office of the President of the
Republic of Sierra Leone according to law, that I will preserve, support, uphold, maintain and defend the
Constitution of the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law established, and that I will do right to all manner of
people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. (So help me God. THIRD SCHEDULE:
Oath of the Vice-President, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, Attorney-General and Minister of Justice,
Secretary to the President, Secretary to the Cabinet, Solicitor-General, Director of Public Prosecutions,
Members of the Electoral Commission, the Speaker, Members of Parliament, Auditor-General, Members
of the Public Service Commission, The Chief Justice and Judges of the Superior Court of Judicature,
Members of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, Members of the Police Council, Members of the
Defence Council. “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully
and truly discharge the duties of the office of of the Republic of Sierra Leone, and that I will
support, uphold and maintain the Constitution of Sierra Leone as by law established. (So help me God.)
OATH OF THE SPEAKER “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will
bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law established; that I will faithfully
and conscientiously discharge my duties as Speaker of Parliament, and that I will do right to all manner of
people in accordance with the Constitution of Sierra Leone and uphold the Laws and customs of
Parliament without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. (So help me God.) OATH OF MEMBER OF
PARLIAMENT “I having been elected a Member of Parliament do hereby (in the name of God
swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law
established, that I will uphold and defend the Constitution of Sierra Leone, and that I will faithfully and
conscientiously discharge the duties of a Member of Parliament. (So help me God.) THE JUDICIAL OATH
“I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully and truly
discharge the duties of the office of and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of
Sierra Leone as by Law established, and that I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and
usages of Sierra Leone without fear or favour affection or ill-will. (So help me God.)
SCHEDULE 1: FORMS OF OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS: 1. Oath of Allegiance I ...................... ........... , do
swear [or solemnly that affirm] I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II,
Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. [So help me God. 2. Oath for the due execution of the office of
Governor-General I ................................. do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve Her
Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of Governor-General of Solomon
Islands. [So help me God.] 3. Oath for the due execution of the office of member of the Cabinet.
I ................................. being a member of the Cabinet, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will to the best
of my judgment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor-General
of Solomon Islands (or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that
office) for the good management of the public affairs of Solomon Islands, and I do further swear [or
solemnly affirm] that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice,
opinion or vote of any particular member of the Cabinet, and that I will not, except with the authority of
the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management of the afFairs of Solomon
Islands, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any matter coming to my
knowledge in my capacity as a member of the Cabinet and that in ail things I will be a true and faithful
member of the Cabinet. [So help me
God.]
Article 73(2): Before assuming functions in the Assembly a Deputy shall take the following oath: In the
name of God and country I swear that I shall faithfully, selflessly and with full confidence serve the Somali
people, implement the principles of the Revolution of 21st October, 1969, abide by the Constitution and
laws of the country, carry out the socialist principles, protect the general interests of the people and the
Somali state, defend with all my ability the freedom, sovereignty and unity of the country, place the
general interest before private interest, and practice equality and justice among the Somali people.
Africans; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and
true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and
devote myself to the well-being of the Republic and all of its people (In the case of an oath: So help me
God.) 2 Oath or solemn affirmation of Deputy President
The Deputy President, before the Chief Justice or another judge designated by the Chief Justice, must
swear/affirm as follows— In the presence of everyone assembled here, and in full realisation of the high
calling I assume as Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, observe, uphold and maintain the
Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always—
promote all that will advance the Republic, and oppose all that may harm it; be a true and faithful
counsellor; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability
and true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and devote myself to the well-being of the
Republic and all of its people. (In the case of an oath: So help me God 3 Oath or solemn affirmation of
Ministers and Deputy Ministers Each Minister and Deputy Minister, before the Chief Justice or another
judge designated by the Chief Justice, must swear/affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all
other law of the Republic; and I undertake to hold my office as Minister/Deputy Minister with honour and
dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter
entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability.
(In the case of an oath: So help me God.) , 4 Oath or solemn affirmation of members of the National
Assembly, permanent delegates to the National Council of Provinces and members of the provincial
legislatures (1) Members of the National Assembly, permanent delegates to the National Council of
Provinces and members of provincial legislatures, before the Chief Justice or a judge designated by the
Chief Justice, must swear or affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the
Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the
Republic; and I solemnly promise to perform my functions as a member of the National Assembly/
permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces/member of the legislature of the province of
C.D. to the best of my ability. (In the case of an oath: So help me God.) (2) Persons filling a vacancy in the
National Assembly, a permanent delegation to the National Council of Provinces or a provincial legislature
may swear or affirm in terms of subitem (1) before the presiding officer of the Assembly, Council or
legislature, as the case may be. 5 Oath or solemn affirmation of Premiers, Acting Premiers and members of
provincial Executive Councils The Premier or Acting Premier of a province, and each member of the
Executive Council of a province, before the Chief Justice or a judge designated by the Chief Justice, must
swear/affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South
Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I
undertake to hold my office as Premier/Acting Premier/ member of the Executive Council of the province
of C.D. with honour and dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly
any secret matter entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the
best of my ability. (In the case of an oath: So help me God.)
6 Oath or solemn affirmation of Judicial Officers: (1) Each judge or acting judge, before the Chief Justice
or another judge designated by the Chief Justice, must swear or affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly
Article 56: To assume office, the President of the Republic elect shall take the following oath before the
National Legislature:— “I.......................swear by Almighty God, that as the President of the Republic of the
Sudan, I shall be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan and shall diligently and
honestly discharge my duties and responsibilities in a consultative manner to foster the welfare and
development of the nation; that I shall obey, preserve and defend the Constitution and abide by the laws
of the Republic; and shall protect the sovereignty of the country, promote its unity, consolidate the
democratic decentralized system of government and preserve the integrity and dignity of the people of
the Sudan; and God is my witness.” Article 71: The national minister shall, upon his appointment, assume
the functions of his office by taking the following oath before the President of the Republic:—
“I ....................... having been appointed a national minister, do hereby swear by Almighty God that I will at
all times be faithful to the Republic of the Sudan; that I will obey, respect, and uphold the Constitution and
abide by all laws of the country, loyally defend its independence, promote its unity and the democratic
decentralized system of government established by the Constitution, and to faithfully serve the people
and the country to the best of my ability; and God is my witness.” Article 89: To assume his functions,
every member of the National Legislature shall take the following oath before the appropriate Chamber:
“I.....................having been elected as Member of the National Assembly/Representative at the Council of
States, do hereby swear by Almighty God that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan
and its people; that I will obey and, respect the Constitution of the country and abide by the law; and that
I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a member of the National Legislature and serve
the people to the best of my ability; and God is my witness.”
anyone whomsoever. I swear (promise) that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in
this office, I will not accept any promises or presents, directly or indirectly, from anyone whomsoever. I
swear (promise) that I will fulfill the office of member of the Assembly conscientiously. I swear (promise)
that I will foster the well-being of Suriname to the best of my capacities. I swear (promise) obedience to
the Constitution and all other rules of law. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So
help me, God Almighty (that I declare and promise).” Article 93: At the inauguration, the President and
the Vice-President shall make the following oath or promise: “I swear (promise) that in order to be elected
President (Vice-President) of the Republic of Suriname, I have not given or promised, nor will give or
promise, directly or indirectly, under whatsoever name or pretext, anything to anyone whomsoever. I
swear (promise) that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office, I will not
accept any promises or presents, directly or indirectly, from anyone whomsoever. I swear (promise) that in
fulfilling the office of President (Vice-President) I will attend to and foster, with all my powers, the interests
of the country and the people. I swear (promise) that I will defend and preserve, with all my powers, the
independence and territory of the Republic of Suriname; that I will protect the general and particular
liberty and the rights of all people and will employ, for the maintenance and promotion of the particular
and general welfare, all means which the laws and circumstances place at my disposal, as a good and
faithful President (Vice-President) should do. I swear (promise) obedience to the Constitution and all other
rules of law.
I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help me God Almighty (That I declare and
promise!).” Article 114: On assuming office the members of the Council of State shall take the following
oath or make the following promise before the President:
“I swear (promise) that in order to be appointed member of the Council of State, I have not given or
promised, nor will I give or promise, anything, directly or indirectly, to anyone whomsoever, under
whatsoever name or pretext. I swear (promise) that in order to do or to refrain from doing anything
whatsoever in this office, I will not accept, directly or indirectly, any promises or present from anyone
whomsoever. I swear (promise) that I will perform my duties and that I will not make public the things of
which I have taken cognizance, through my appointment as member of the Council of State, and which are
entrusted to me as secret, or of which I should understand the confidential character, except to those
persons to whom I am obliged by law ex officio to communicate them. I swear (promise) obedience to the
Constitution and all other rules of law. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help
me, God Almighty (That I declare and promise!).” Article 125: On assuming office, the ministers and under-
secretaries of state shall take the following oath or make the following promise before the President: “I
swear (promise) that in order to be appointed minister I have not given or promised, nor will I give or
promise, anything, directly or indirectly, to anyone whomsoever, under whatsoever name or pretext. I
swear (promise) that in order to do or to refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office, I will not
accept, directly or indirectly, any promises or presents from anyone whomsoever.m I swear (promise) that
I will faithfully perform all the duties which the office of a minister lays upon me. I swear (promise) that I
will promote the well-being of Suriname to the best of my abilities. I swear (promise) obedience to the
Constitution and all other legal rules. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help
me, God Almighty (That I declare and promise!).”
SECOND SCHEDULE: OATHS (Oath or affirmation of allegiance) I, . . . . . . . . . . do swear (or solemnly

affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to King . . . . . . . . .., his heirs and successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation.) (Oath or Affirmation for due execution of
office) I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will well and truly serve King . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ., his heirs and successors, in the office of (here insert the description of the office). So help
me God. (To be omitted in Affirmation) (Judicial oath or Affirmation) I. . . . . . . . . . . . do swear (or solemnly
affirm) that I will well and truly serve King. . . . . . . . . . .his heirs and successors, in the office of (here insert
the description of the judicial office) and I will do right to all manner of people according to the law
without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God. (To be omitted in Affirmation)
Article 7: The constitutional oath is as follows: “I swear by God the Almighty to sincerely preserve the
republican, democratic, and popular system, respect the constitution and the laws, watch over the
interests of the people and the security of the homeland, and work and struggle for the realization of the
Arab nation’s aims of unity, freedom, and socialism.”
Article 64: Before entering office, the President of the Republic swears before the Constitutional Court
solemnly assembled with these terms: “Before God and before the people of Togo…”
Article 34: The following oath shall be taken by those who shall succeed to the throne—
“I solemnly swear before Almighty God to keep in its integrity the Constitution of Tonga and to govern in
conformity with the laws thereof.” Article 83: The following oath shall be taken by the members of the
Privy Council: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou
IV the rightful King of Tonga and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the Constitution of Tonga and
assist to the end of my power and ability in all things in connection with the Privy Council.” The following
oath shall be taken by the ministers: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty
King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV the rightful King of Tonga and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the
Constitution of Tonga and discharge the duties of my department to the end of my ability for the benefit
of the King and his Government.” The following oath shall be taken by the nobles and representatives of
the people: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV
the rightful King of Tonga and that I will righteously and perfectly conform to and keep the Constitution of
Tonga and zealously discharge my duties as a member of the Legislative Assembly.” The members of the
Privy Council shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the King. The ministers shall
sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the King. The nobles and representatives of the
people shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the Legislative Assembly. Article
95: The Chief Justice and any other judge shall take the following oath: “I swear in the presence of God
that I will be loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV the lawful King of Tonga and that I will perform
truly and with impartiality my duties as a judge in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws of the
Kingdom.” The judge shall read and sign this oath in the presence of the Cabinet:
Provided that a Chief Justice or any other judge, who is not a Tongan subject, shall take the following oath
in lieu of the foregoing oath: “I swear in the presence of God that I will perform truly and with impartiality
my duties as a judge in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws of the Kingdom”.
FOURTH SCHEDULE: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I.......................swear in the name of the Almighty God/
solemnly affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of Uganda and that I will
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution. [So help me God.] OATH OF PRESIDENT/VICE PRESIDENT
I................swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm/that I shall faithfully exercise the
functions of the President/Vice-President of Uganda and shall uphold, preserve, protect, and defend the
Constitution and observe the laws of Uganda and that I shall promote the welfare of the people of Uganda
[So help me God.] JUDICIAL OATH I........................, swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly
affirm that I will well and truly exercise the judicial functions entrusted to me and will do right to all
manner of people in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established
and in accordance with the laws and usage of the Republic of Uganda without fear or favour, affection or
ill-will. (So help me God). SPEAKER/DEPUTY SPEAKER’S OATH I.........................., swear in the name of the
Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will at all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the
Office of Speaker/Deputy Speaker and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of
Uganda as by law established. (So help me God). OATH OF PRIME MINISTER I..........................being
appointed Prime Minister of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will at
all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the office of Prime Minister, and I will support and
uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established; and that I will to the best of my
judgment at all times when required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President of Uganda and
his/her successors in office as by law established for the good management of the public affairs of the
Republic of Uganda; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal any matter as shall come to my
knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy. (So help me God). OATH OF
MINISTER I......................being appointed a Minister of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty
God/solemnly affirm that I will at all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the office of a
Minister; and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law
established; and that I will to the best of my judgment at all times when required, freely give my counsel
and advice to the President of Uganda and his/her successors in office as by law established for the good
management of the public affairs of the Republic of Uganda; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal
any matter as shall come to my knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy. [So
help me God]. OATH OF MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT I...................., swear in the name of the Almighty
God/solemnly affirm that I will give faithful service to this Parliament and support and uphold the
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established. (So help me God.)
OATH OF SECRETARY TO THE CABINET I..........................., being called upon to exercise the functions of
Secretary to the Cabinet of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will not
directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated by the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy.
(So help me God).
Article 52: The term of office of the President and the Vice President shall be five Gregorian years. They
are eligible for re-election to the same offices. Each of them shall, on assuming office, take the following
oath before the Supreme Council " I swear by Almighty God that 1 will be faithful to the United Arab
Emirates; that 1 will respect its Constitution and its laws; that I will protect the interests of the people of
the Union; that I will discharge my duties faithfully and loyally and that I will safeguard the independence
of the Union and its territorial integrity." Article 57: The Prime Minister, his Deputy and the Ministers shall,
before assuming the responsibilities of their office. take the following oath before the President of the
Union: "I swear by Almighty God that I will be loyal to the United Arab Emirates; that I will respect its
Constitution and laws; that 1 will discharge my duties faithfully; that 1 will completely observe the
interests of the people of the Union and that I will completely safeguard the existence of the Union and its
territorial integrity." Article 73: Before assuming his duties in the Council or its Committees, a member of
the Federal National Council shall take the following oath before the Council in public session: - "I swear by
Almighty God that I will be loyal to the United Arab Emirates; that I will respect the Constitution and the
laws of the Union and that I wili discharge my duties in the Council and its Committees honestly and
truthfully".
Article 160: The text of the constitutional oath to be sworn by the President of the
Republic, his deputy, members of the Rouse of Representatives, the Prime Ministers
and Cabinet members and by the speaker and members of the Consultative Council,
shall be as follows: I swear by Almighty Allah: - To adhere to the Quran (the Book of God) and the
traditions established by Prophet Mohammed, - To faithfully safeguard the Republican system; - To respect
the country 's Constitution and Laws; - To fully protect people's freedom and safeguard their interests
and;To safeguard the country's unity, independence and territorial integrity.
SCHEDULE 2: Oath or Affirmation of Loyalty I, ....................... do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will be
faithful and bear true allegiance to Zimbabwe and observe the laws of Zimbabwe. So help me God. [To be
omitted in affirmation] Oath or Affirmation of Office: I, .......................... do swear [or solemnly affirm] that
I will well and truly serve Zimbabwe in the office of ...................... So help me God. [To be omitted in
affirmation]
Oath or Affirmation of a Member of the Cabinet I, ....................... being chosen and admitted to the
Cabinet of Zimbabwe, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times
when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President of Zimbabwe for the good
management of the public affairs of Zimbabwe, that I will not, directly or indirectly, reveal such matters as
may be debated in the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy, but that I will in all things be a true and
faithful member thereof. So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation] Judicial Oath or Affirmation
I, ........................ do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve Zimbabwe in the office
of ..................... and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Zimbabwe, without
fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation]
Free Exercise Provision/Religious Freedom
Article 2: The sacred religion of Islam is the religion of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Followers of
other faiths shall be free within the bounds of law in the exercise and performance of their religious rituals.
Article 24: (1) Freedom of conscience and of religion is guaranteed. (2) Everyone is free to choose or to
change his religion or beliefs, as well as to express them individually or collectively, in public or private life,
through cult, education, practices or the performance of rituals.(3) No one may be compelled or prohibited
to take part in a religious community or its practices or to make his beliefs or faith public.
Article 36: The freedom of conscience and the freedom of opinion shall be inviolable.
Article 11: (1) The Constitution guarantees the freedom of ideas, religion and cult, and no one is bound to
state or disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs. (2) Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall
be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in the interests of public safety,
order, health or morals, or for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. (3) The
Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the
preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the State in accordance with the Andorran
tradition.
The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic Church which have
legal status in accordance with their own rules.
Article 45: Freedom of conscience and belief shall be inviolable. The Angolan State shall recognize freedom
of worship and guarantee its exercise, provided it does not conflict with public order and the national
interest Article 8(2): Religions shall be respected and the State shall protect churches and places and objects
of worship, provided they abide by the laws of the State. .
Article 11: (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of
religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others,
and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching,
practice and observance..... (5) Reference in this section to a religion shall be construed as including
references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article 3:
Whereas every person in Antigua and Barbuda is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, the right, regardless of race, place of origin, political opinions or affiliations, colour,
creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each
and all of the following, namely....(b) freedom of conscience, of expression (including freedom of the press)
and of peaceful assembly and association; and
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following rights, in accordance with the laws that regulate
their exercise, namely: of working in and practicing any lawful industry; of navigating and trading; of
petitioning the authorities; of entering, remaining in, traveling through and leaving the Argentine territory; of
publishing their ideas through the press without prior censorship; of using and disposing of their property; of
associating for useful purposes; of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and learning. Article 20:
Foreigners enjoy in the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of a citizen; they may engage in their
industry, trade or profession, own, purchase or transfer real property, navigate the rivers and coasts, freely
practice their religion, [and] make wills and marry in accordance with the laws. They are not obligated to
assume citizenship, or to pay extraordinary compulsory taxes. They may obtain naturalization by residing two
continuous years in the Nation, but the authorities may shorten this term in favor of anyone so requesting,
upon their asserting and proving services to the Republic.
Article 26: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes
the freedom to change religions or beliefs, and the freedom to preach and express these beliefs through
church ceremonies and other worship rituals in a public or private manner, alone as well as with others.
Expression of this right can be restricted only by law, if it is necessary for public security, health, morals or for
the protection of rights and freedoms of others. Article 41: Everyone shall be entitled to preserve his/her
national and ethnic identity.
People belonging to national minorities shall be entitled to the preservation and development of their
traditions, religion, language and culture.
Article 8.1: Freedom of activities for all religious organizations operating in accordance with the law shall be
guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia.
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any
religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be
required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.
Article 7
Article 48: (I) Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and religion.
(II) Everyone has the right to independently define his or her attitude towards religion, to profess religion
alone or together with others, or to profess no religion at all, to express and spread religious convictions.
(III) The free conduct of religious rites if it does not violate public order or public morality is authorized.
(IV) The violation of the freedom of religion and self-expression is not allowed.
(V) No one shall be forced to express (or demonstrate) his or her religious faith and belief, to execute
religious rituals or participate in religious ceremonies. Article 47(I): Everyone has the freedom of thought
and speech.
Article 22: (1) Except with his consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, and for the purposes of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of
religion, freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and
both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion of belief in worship, teaching, practice
and observance. (3) No religious body or denomination shall be prevented from or hindered in providing
religious instruction for persons of that body of denomination in the course of any education provided by
that body or denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in receipt of any government
subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance designed to meet, in whole or in part, the cost of such
course of education.
Article 22: Freedom of conscience is absolute. The State guarantees the inviolability of worship, and the
freedom to perform religious rites and hold religious parades and meetings in accordance with the customs
observed in the country.
Article 39: (1) Freedom or thought and conscience is guaranteed. Article 41: (1) Subject to law, public order
and morality--1. every citizen has the right to profess, practice or propagate any religion; 2. every religious
community or denomination has the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions.
Article 11: Whereas every person in Barbados is entitled to the Friugnhtdsa amnednta
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to
say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political of the
opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the individual
rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to
each and all of the following, namely-... (d) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association,Article 19 :(1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of conscience and for the purpose of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and
of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others,
practice and observance. (2) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to establish and
maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which it wholly maintains.... (7)
References in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination,
and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 31: Everyone shall have the right independently to determine one's attitude
towards religion, to profess any religion individually or jointly with others, or to profess
none at all, to express and spread beliefs connected with one's attitude towards religion,
and to participate in the performance of acts of worship and religious rituals and rites,
which are not prohibited by the law.
Article 19: Freedom of worship, its public practice and freedom to demonstrate one's opinions on all matters
are guaranteed, but offences committed when this freedom is used may be punished.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Belize is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex,
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;.... Article
11: (1) Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief and
freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and
propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section
to a religion shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions
shall be construed accordingly.
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion, of creed, of opinion
and of expression with respect for the public order established by law and regulations. The exercise of a
creed and the expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the secularity of the State. The
institutions and the religious or philosophical communities shall have the right to develop without
hindrances. They shall not be subject to the guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer
their affairs in an autonomous manner.
Article 7(4): A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. No
person shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of coercion or inducement.
Article 4: The State respects and guarantees freedom ofreligion and spiritual, according to one's
worldviews. The State is independent of religion. Article 30: In the framework of the unity of the State and
in accordance with this Constitution citizens and indigenous native peoples (campesinos) enjoy the following
rights... (3) cultural identity, religious belief, spiritually, practices, and customs and their own worldview
Article 20 cl. 2, Article 21 cl. 3 Article 106(4): ...It [The State) recognizes the freedom of conscience clause for
workers in information. Article 21: Bolivians have the following rights, expressed individually or collectively,
in public or in private within lawful limits… (3) freedom of thought, spirituality, religion, and worship,
expressed in individually or collectively, in public as well as in private, within lawful limits.
Article 2(3): Enumeration of Rights. All persons within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall enjoy
the human rights and fundamental freedoms referred to in paragraph 2 above; these include…. (g) Freedom
of thought, conscience, and religion.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the
following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; and,...
practice and observance. (2) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to establish and
maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which it wholly maintains; and no such
community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the
course of any education provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
education which it otherwise provides.
Article 5: Everyone is equal before the law, with no distinction whatsoever, guaranteeing to Brazilians and
foreigners residing in the Country the inviolability of the rights to life, liberty, equality, security and property,
on the following terms.... (6) freedom of conscience and belief is inviolable, assuring free exercise of religious
beliefs and guaranteeing, as set forth in law, protection of places of worship and their rites; (8) no one shall
be deprived of any rights because of religious beliefs or philosophical or political convictions, unless invoked
in order to be exempted from a legal obligation imposed upon all by one refusing to perform an alternative
service established by law;
Article III
Article 37(1) : ( The freedom of conscience, the freedom of thought and the choice of religion and of
religious or atheistic views shall be inviolable. The State shall assist the maintenance of tolerance and respect
among the believers from different denominations, and among believers and non-believers. Article 13(1):
The practicing of any religion shall be unrestricted.
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe, freedom of conscience, of religious or philosophical
opinion, freedom of worship, freedom of assembly, the free practice of custom as well as the freedom of
procession and of demonstration shall be guaranteed by the present Constitution subject to respect of the
law, of public order, of good morals and of the human person.
Article 31: The freedom of expression is guaranteed. The State respects the freedom of religion, thought,
conscience and opinion.
Article 43: Khmer citizens of either sex shall have the rights to freedom of belief. Freedom of belief and
religious worship shall be guaranteed by the State on the condition that such freedom does not affect other
beliefs and religions or violate public order and security. Buddhism is the religion of the State.
Preamble: no person shall be harassed on grounds of his origin, religious, philosophical or political opinions
or beliefs, subject to respect for public policy;… freedom of religion and worship shall be guaranteed;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2a: Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
Article 28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression; association; religion; worship; intellectual, artistic and
cultural creation; demonstration; and other liberties consecrated by the Constitution, by laws, and by
International Law or convention shall be guaranteed. Article 47(1): Everyone shall have freedom of
expression by speech, image, or any other medium; no one shall be harassed because of political,
philosophical, religious, or other opinions Article 48: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion, and worship shall
be inviolable; everyone shall have the right, individually and collectively, to profess or not profess a religion,
to have the religious conviction of their choice, to participate in worship and to express their faith freely, and
to spread its doctrine or conviction, while not jeopardizing the rights of others or the common good. ...(4)
Freedom of religious instruction shall be guaranteed. (5) Religious presence in hospitals and prisons, as well
as the armed forces, shall be guaranteed, as provided by law. (6) Churches shall have the right to use the
communications media to accomplish their activities and purposes, as provided by law.
(7) Protection of places of worship, as well as symbols, emblems, and religious ceremonies shall be assured;
imitation or mockery shall be prohibited.
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as well as the free exercise of worship are guaranteed
to all within the conditions established by law. Any form of religious fundamentalism (intégrisme) and
intolerance is forbidden.
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, communication, conscience, religion, the press, of
association, assembly, circulation, demonstration, and parade are guaranteed to all. These can only be
restricted by the respect of the liberties and rights of others and the imperative to safeguard the public order
and good morals.
The law determines the conditions of their exercise.
Article 19(6): Freedom of conscience, the manifestation of all beliefs and the free exercise of all beliefs,
which are not contrary to morals, good customs or public order.
Religious communities may build and maintain churches and the corresponding facilities under the
conditions of safety and hygiene fixed by the laws and ordinances.
Churches, religious communities and religious institutions of any spirituality shall have the rights granted and
acknowledged by the laws currently in force. Churches and their facilities assigned exclusively for religious
purposes shall be exempt from all types of taxes;
Article 36: Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.
No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any
religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The
state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt
public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious
bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.
Article 2: The authorities of the Republic are established in order to protect all individuals residing in
Colombia, in their life, honor, property, beliefs, and other rights and freedoms, and in order to ensure the
fulfillment of the social duties of the State and individuals.Article 18: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed.
No one will be importuned on account of his/her convictions or beliefs or compelled to reveal them or
obliged to act against his/her conscience. Article 19:Freedom of religion is guaranteed. Every individual has
the right to freely profess his/her religion and to disseminate it individually or collectively. All religious faiths
and churches are equally free before the law.
None
Article 18: The freedom of belief and the freedom of conscience are inviolable. The misuse (usage) of
religion for political purposes is prohibited.
Article 22: All persons have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
All persons have the right to express their religion or their convictions, alone or together with others, both in
public and in private, by worship, teaching, practices, carrying out of rites and a religious way of living,
subject to respect for the law, public order, morality and the rights of others. The law determines the
conditions for the exercise of these liberties.
Article 64(1): It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook Islands there exist, and shall continue to
exist, without discrimination by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the
following fundamental human rights and freedoms... (d) Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to its
maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are not
opposed to universal morality or good customs.
Article 9: The freedom of thought and expression, notably the freedom of conscience, of religious or
philosophical opinion are guaranteed to all, under reserve of respect of the law, the rights of others, of the
national security and of the public order.
Article 40: Freedom of conscience and religion and freedom to manifest other beliefs are guaranteed. Article
41:...Religious communities are free, in conformity with law, to perform publicly religious services, to open
schools, teaching establishments and other institutions, social and charitable institutions and to manage
them, and enjoy the protection and assistance of the state in their activity.
Article 8: The State recognizes, respects, and guarantees religious freedom…. The different creeds and
religions enjoy equal consideration. Article 55: The State, which recognizes, respects and guarantees
freedom of conscience and religion, simultaneously recognizes, respects, and guarantees the freedom of
every citizen to change religious creeds, or not to have any; and to profess the religious worship of their
choice, with respect for the law. The law regulates the State’s relations with religious institutions.
Article 18: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
(2) All religions whose doctrines or rites are not secret are free ...(4). Every person is free and has the right to
profess his faith and to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice or observance, either
individually or collectively, in private or in public, and to change his religion or belief.
8. No person shall be compelled to pay any tax or duty the proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole
or in part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms (CFRBF), Article 15: (1) The freedom of thought,
conscience, and religious conviction is guaranteed. Everyone has the right to change her religion or faith or to
be non-denominational. CFRBF, Article 16 (1): Everyone has the right freely to manifest her religion or faith,
either alone or in community with others, in private or public, through worship, teaching, practice, and
observance.
Section 67: Citizens shall be at liberty to form congregations for the worship of God in a manner according
with their convictions, provided that nothing contrary to good morals or public order shall be taught or
done.Section 70: No person shall by reason of his creed or descent be deprived of access to the full
enjoyment of civic and political rights, nor shall he escape compliance with any common civic duty for such
reasons.Section 71 (1): Personal liberty shall be inviolable. No Danish subject shall, in any manner
whatsoever, be deprived of his liberty because of his political or religious convictions or because of his
descent.
Article 1: It shall respect all beliefs. Article 11: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought,
conscience, religion, worship and opinion in conformity with the order established by law and the
regulations.
Article 9: (1) Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
shall be construed accordingly. Article 1: Whereas every person in Dominica is entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origins, political opinions, colour,
and all of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association; and...
Article 45: The State guarantees the freedom of conscience and of worship, subject to the public order and
respecting good customs.
Article 12: (1)The State recognizes and respects the different religious denominations, that are free in their
organization and in the exercise of their own activities, with due observance of the Constitution and the law.
(2.)The State promotes the cooperation with the different religious denominations that contribute to the
well-being of the people of East Timor.
Article 45: (1) To all is guaranteed the freedom of conscience, religion and worship and the religious
denominations that are separated from the State. (2) No one can be persecuted or discriminated against on
the basis of their religious convictions.... (4)The freedom to teach any religion in the framework of the
respective religious denomination is guaranteed.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals… (8) The right to practice, maintain, change,
profess in public or in private, one’s religion or beliefs, and to disseminate them individually or collectively,
with the restrictions that respecting the law imposes. The State shall protect voluntary religious practice as
well as the expression of those who do not profess and religion and will foster an atmosphere of plurality
and tolerance.
Article 46: The State shall guarantee the freedom of belief and the freedom of practice of religious rites.
Article 25: The free exercise of all religions, without any more limits than those outlined by morals or public
order, is guaranteed. No religion may serve to establish the marital status of persons.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and liberties.... (f) The freedom of religion and worship.
Article 19 : (1) Every person shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and belief.... (4) Every
person shall have the freedom to practice any religion and to manifest such practice.
Section 40: Everyone has freedom of conscience, religion and thought.

Everyone may freely belong to churches and religious societies. There is no state church.
Everyone has the freedom to exercise his or her religion, both alone and in community
with others, in public or in private, unless this is detrimental to public order, health or
morals. Section 41: Everyone has the right to remain faithful to his or her opinions and beliefs. No one shall
be compelled to change them. Beliefs shall not excuse a violation of the law. No one shall bear legal liability
because of his or her beliefs.
Article 27: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include
the freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the freedom, either individually or in
community with others, and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance,
practice and teaching... (3) No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which would restrict or
prevent his freedom to hold a belief of his choice.
Article 35: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, religion and belief.
(2) Every person has the right, either individually or in community with others, and both in public and in
private, to manifest his or her religion or belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching..... Article 6: The
people of the Fiji Islands recognise that, within the framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the
State, the conduct of government is based on the following principles... (c) all persons have the right to
practise their religion freely and to retain their language, culture and traditions;
Section 11: Everyone has the freedom of religion and conscience. Freedom of religion and conscience entails
the right to profess and practice a religion, the right to express one's convictions and the right to be a
member of or decline to be a member of a religious community. No one is under the obligation, against his
or her conscience, to participate in the practice of a religion.
Article 1: ….It shall respect all beliefs….
Article 1(2): The freedom of conscience, thought, opinion, expression, communication, the free practice of
religion, are guaranteed to all, under the reservation of respect of public order;
Section 25 (1) Every person shall have the right to... (b) freedom of thought, conscience and belief, which
shall include academic freedom; (c) freedom to practise any religion and to manifest such practice... Section
32: Every person shall be entitled to enjoy, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language,
tradition or religion subject to the terms of this Constitution and to the condition that the rights protected by
this section do not impinge on the rights and freedoms of others or the national interest, especially unity.
Section 212
Article 9 (1): The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and religion, as well as
shall recognise the special role of the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church
of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its independence from the state. Article 19: (1) Everyone has the
right to freedom of speech, thought, conscience, religion
and belief. (2) The persecution of a person on the account of his/her speech, thought, religion or belief as
well as the compulsion to express his/her opinion about them shall
be impermissible. (3)The restriction of the freedoms enumerated in the present Article shall be
impermissible unless their manifestation infringes upon the rights of others.
Article 4: (1) The freedom of faith and of conscience, and the freedom to profess a religious or philosophical
creed, shall be inviolable. (2) The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed. (3) No one may be
compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be
regulated by a federal law. Article 136 (Weimar): (1) The civil and political rights and duties shall be neither
dependent upon nor restricted by the exercise of religious freedom. (2) The enjoyment of civil and political
rights and eligibility for public office shall be independent of religious affiliation. (3) No one shall be obliged
to disclose his religious convictions. The authorities shall have the right to inquire into a person’s
membership in a religious society only to the extent that rights or duties depend upon it or that a statistical
survey mandated by a law requires it. (4) No one may be compelled to perform any religious act or
ceremony, or to participate in religious exercises, or to take a religious form of oath. Article 137(2) (Weimar):
The freedom to form religious societies shall be guaranteed. The union of religious societies within the
territory of the Reich shall not be subject to any restrictions.
Article 21(1): All persons shall have the right to... (b) freedom of thought, conscience and belief, which shall
include academic freedom; (c) freedom to practise any religion and to manifest such practice… Article 26(1):
Every person is entitled to enjoy, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or
religion subject to the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 13: (1) Freedom of religious conscience is inviolable. The enjoyment of civil rights and liberties does
not depend on the individual’s religious beliefs. (2) All known religions shall be free and their rites of worship
shall be performed unhindered and under the protection of the law. The practice of rites of worship is not
allowed to offend public order or the good usages. Proselytism is prohibited.(3) The ministers of all known
religions shall be subject to the same supervision by the State and to the same obligations toward it as those
of the prevailing religion.
Article 1: Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say,
the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for
the rights and freedoms of others and for...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;
Article 36: The exercise of all religions is free. Any person has the right to practice his religion or belief, both
in public and in private, through education, worship, and observance, without other limits than the public
order and the respect due to the dignity of the hierarchy and the faithful of other beliefs.
Article 7: He shall be free to believe, to think and to profess his religious faith, his political or philosophical
opinions….. Article 14: The free exercise of religion shall be guaranteed. Religious institutions and
communities may be freely established and may freely administer their own affairs. They shall not be subject
to the supervision of the State.
Article 6(2): The State shall respect and protect legally-recognized religious sects. The activities of these sects
and the exercise of religious worship shall be subject to law. Article 52: (1) The freedom of conscience and of
religion is inviolable. (2) Freedom of worship is recognized for everyone,but in no case may violate the
consecrated, fundamental principles of the Constitution. (3) The freedom to teach any practiced religion
within the framework of the respective denomination is guaranteed.
Article 40: (1)Every person in Guyana is entitled to the basic right to a creative and productive life, free from
hunger, disease, ignorance and want. That right includes the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms ofothers and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;.... Article 145:
(1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this
article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and
propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance. (6) References in this article to a religion shall be construed as
including references to a religious denomination, and cognate
expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 30: All religions and faiths shall be freely exercised. Everyone is entitled to profess his religion and
practice his faith, provided the exercise of that right does not disturb law and order. Article 30-2: The law
establishes the conditions for recognition and practice of religions and faiths.
Article 77: The free exercise of all religions and cults is guaranteed without preeminence, provided they do
not violate the law and public policy.
Basic Law Article 32: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of conscience. Hong Kong residents shall have
freedom of religious belief and freedom to preach and to conduct and participate in religious activities in
public. Basic Law Article 141: (1) The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall not
restrict the freedom of religious belief, interfere in the internal affairs of religious organizations or restrict
religious activities which do not contravene the laws of the Region.... (4) Religious organizations and
believers in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may maintain and develop their relations with
religious organizations and believers elsewhere Article 149: Non-governmental organizations in fields such as
education, science, technology, culture, art, sports, the professions, medicine and health, labour, social
welfare and social work as well as religious organizations in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may
maintain and develop relations with their counterparts in foreign countries and regions and with relevant
international organizations. They may, as required, use the name "Hong Kong, China" in the relevant
activities. Bill of Rights Article 15: (1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom,
either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in
worship, observance, practice and teaching. Bill of Rights Article 23: Persons belonging to ethnic, religious or
linguistic minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to
enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.
Article 60: (1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to freedom of thought, freedom of
conscience and freedom of religion. (2) This right shall include the free choice or acceptance of a religion or
belief, and the freedom to publicly or privately express or decline to express, exercise and teach such
religions and beliefs by way of religious actions, rites or in any other way, either individually or in a group....
(4) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on
the freedom of belief and religion.
Article 63: All persons have the right to form religious associations and to practice their religion in conformity
with their individual convictions. Nothing may however be preached or practised which is prejudicial to good
morals or public order. Article 64: No one may lose any of his civil or national rights on account of his
religion, nor may anyone refuse to perform any generally applicable civil duty on religious grounds. Everyone
shall be free to remain outside religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any personal dues to
any religious association of which he is not a member. A person who is not a member of any religious
association shall pay to the University of Iceland the dues that he would have had to pay to such an
association, if he had been a member. This may be amended by law.
Preamble: LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;Article 25: (1) Subject to public order,
morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of
conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall
affect the operation
of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law- (a) regulating or restricting any economic,
financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b) providing for
social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all
classes and sections of Hindus. Explanation I.-The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be
included in the profession of the
Sikh religion. Explanation II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as
including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu
religious institutions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 28E: (1) Every person shall be free to choose and to practice the religion of his/her choice, to choose
one’s education, to choose one’s employment, to choose one’s citizenship, and to choose one’s place of
residence within the state territory, to leave it and to subsequently return to it. (2) Every person shall have
the freedom to believe in his/her faith (kepercayaan), and to express his/her views and thoughts, in
accordance with his/her conscience. Article 29: (1) The State shall be based upon the belief in the One and
Only God. (2) The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own
religion or belief. Article 281 (1): The rights to life, freedom from torture, freedom of thought and
conscience, freedom of religion, freedom from enslavement, recognition as a person before the law, and the
right not to be tried under a law with retrospective effect are all human rights that cannot be limited under
any circumstance.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-Dîn and fiqh], and this
principle will remain eternally immutable. Other Islamic schools, including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî,
and Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own
jurisprudence in performing their religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to
religious education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) and related litigation
in courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims following any one of these schools of fiqh
constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to be in
accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon the rights of the followers of other
schools. Article 13: Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities,
who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act
according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education. Article 23: The
investigation of individuals’ beliefs is forbidden, and no one may be molested or taken to task simply for
holding a certain belief. Article 26: The formation of parties, societies, political or professional associations,
as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, is
permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria
of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic Republic. No one may be prevented from participating in the
aforementioned groups, or be compelled to participate in them.
Article 2(2):This Constitution guarantees the Islamic identity of the majority of the Iraqi people and
guarantees the full religious rights of all individuals to freedom of religious belief and practice such as
Christians, Yazedis, and Mandi Sabeans.Article 39: Iraqis are free in their commitment to their personal
status according to their religions, sects, beliefs, or choices. This shall be regulated by law. Article 40: Each
individual has freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Article 41: (1) The followers of all religions and
sects are free in the: A. Practice of religious rites, including the Husseini ceremonies. B. Management of the
religious endowments, affairs and institutions. The law shall regulate this. (2) The State guarantees freedom
of worship and the protection of the places of worship. Article 43(2): (2) The State shall seek the
advancement of the Iraqi clans and tribes and shall attend to their affairs in a manner that is consistent with
religion and the law and upholds their noble human values in a way that contributes to the development of
society. The State shall prohibit the tribal traditions that are in contradiction with human rights. Article 10:
The holy shrines and religious places in Iraq are religious and cultural entities. The State is committed to
confirming and safeguarding their sanctity, and guaranteeing the free practice of rituals in them.
Article 44: (1) The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall
hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion.
(2) (i.) Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to public order and
morality, guaranteed to every citizen....
POC Article 83: All persons in Palestine shall enjoy full liberty of conscience, and the free exercise of their
forms of worship subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals.
Each religious community shall enjoy autonomy for the internal affairs of the community subject to the
provisions of any Ordinance or Order issued by the High Commissioner.
Article 19: Anyone is entitled to freely profess their religious belief in any form, individually or with others,
and to promote them and celebrate rites in public or in private, provided they are not offensive to public
morality. Article 20: No special limitation or tax burden may be imposed on the establishment, legal capacity
or activities of any organisation on the ground of its religious nature or its religious or confessionai aims.
Article 8: All religious denominations are equally free before the law. Denominations other than Catholicism
have the right to self-organisation according to their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian
law. Their relations with the State are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective
representatives.
Article 13: Whereas every person in Jamaica is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or
sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of
the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association;
andArticle 21: (1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom
of conscience,and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of
practice and observance.... (3) The constitution of a religious body or denomination shall not be altered
except with the consent of the governing authority of that body or denomination.
Article 19: Freedom of thought and conscience are inviolable. Article 20: Freedom of religion is guaranteed
to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political
authority….
Article 14: The State shall safeguard the free exercise of all forms of worship and religious rites in accordance
with the customs observed in the Kingdom, unless such exercise is inconsistent with public order or morality.
Article 19(1): Everyone shall have the right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his national, party
and religious affiliation. Article 22(1): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of conscience.
conscience, and for the purposes of this section that freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in
public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a
religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article 70: Whereas every
person in Kenya is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, tribe, place of origin or residence or other local connection, political opinions, colour,
and all of the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;
and
Article 11
Article 68: Citizens have freedom of religious beliefs. This right is granted by approving the construction of
religious buildings and the holding of religious ceremonies. No one may use religion as a pretext for drawing
in foreign forces or for harming the State and social order.
Article 19: All citizens shall enjoy freedom of conscience. Article 20(1): All citizens shall enjoy freedom of
religion.
Article 35: Freedom of belief is absolute. The State protects the freedom of practicing religion in accordance
with established customs, provided that it does not conflict with public policy or morals.
Article 14 (5): Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of religion and atheistic views.
Article 9: The state respects and protects all lawful activities of the Buddhists and of other religious
followers; mobilises and encourages the Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions
to participate in the activities which are beneficial to the country and people. All acts of creating division of
religions and classes of people are prohibited. Article 30: Lao citizens have the right and freedom to believe
or not to believe in religions.
Article 99: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 9: Freedom of conscience is absolute. Paying tribute to the Almighty, the State respects all creeds and
guarantees and protects their free exercise provided that they do not disturb the public order. It also
guarantees to the communities, regardless of their religious allegiance, the respect of their rules on personal
status and their religious interests.
Article 13: (1) Every person shall be entitled to, and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in
his enjoyment of, freedom of conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change
his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in
private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (7)
Reference in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination,
and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article 4(1): Whereas every person in Lesotho is
entitled, whatever his race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of
the following... (i) freedom of conscience. Article 16(1): Every person shall be entitled to, and (except with his
own consent) shall not be hindered in his enjoyment of freedom to associate freely with other persons for
ideological, religious, political, economic, labour, social, cultural, recreational and similar purposes.
Article 14: All persons shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion and no person shall
be hindered in the enjoyment thereof except as may be required by law to protect public safety, order,
health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. All persons who, in the practice of their
religion, conduct themselves peaceably, not obstructing others and conforming to the standards set out
herein, shall be entitled to the protection of the law
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official Language. The state protects religious
freedom in accordance with established customs.
Article 37: (1) Freedom of belief and conscience are guaranteed for all persons.
(2) The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State; other
confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent
with morality and public order.
Article 26: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion shall not be restricted.
Each human being shall have the right to freely choose any religion or belief and, either alone or with others,
in private or in public, to profess his religion, to perform religious practices, to practice and teach his belief...,
Article 43: The churches and religious organization[s] recognised by the State shall have the rights of a legal
person. Churches and religious organization[s] shall be free to proclaim their teaching, perform their
practices, and have houses of prayer, charity establishments, and schools for the training of the clergy.
Churches and religious organization[s] shall conduct their affairs freely according to their canons and
statutes.
Article 19: Freedom of religion and of public worship, as well as the freedom to express one's religious
opinions, are guaranteed, subject to the repression of offenses committed in the exercise of such freedoms.
Article 119: Pending the conclusion of the conventions referred to in Article 22, the current provisions
concerning religions remain in force.
Article 16: The freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought and public expression of thought is
guaranteed.... Article 19: (1) The freedom of religious confession is guaranteed. (2) The right to express one's
faith freely and publicly, individually or with others is guaranteed. (3) The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as
well as the Islamic Religious Community in Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church,
Jewish Community and other Religious communities and groups are separate from the state and equal
before the law.... Article 48(2): The Republic guarantees the protection of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and
religious identity of all communities. Article 110: The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Macedonia...
.protects the freedoms and rights of the individual and citizen relating to the freedom of conviction,
conscience, thought and public expression of thought, political association and activity...
Article 10
Article 33: Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and to
academic freedom.
Article 11: (1) Every person has the right to profess and practise his religion and, subject to Clause (4), to
propagate it…. (4) State law and in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya,
federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among persons
professing the religion of Islam.
None
Article 4: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, worship [culte], opinion,
expression and creation with respect to the law.
Article 32b: Whereas every person in Malta is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following, namely ... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association...
Article 40 (1): All persons in Malta shall have full freedom of conscience and enjoy the free exercise of their
respective mode of religious worship.
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and belief; to freedom
of speech and of the press; to the free exercise of religion; to freedom of peaceful assembly and association;
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
None
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there have existed and shall continue to exist
without discrimination by reason of race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject
to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, each and all of the following
human rights and fundamental freedoms...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression, of assembly and association and freedom to establish schools...
Article 11 (1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, and for the purposes of this section, that freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and both in
public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.
Article 24: Everyone is free to embrace the religion of his [or her] choice and to practice all ceremonies,
devotions or observances of his or her respective faith, provided they do not constitute a crime or offense
punishable by law. Congress shall not enact any laws that either establish or forbid any religion. Religious acts
of public worship are ordinarily performed in temples or places of worship. Those that are exceptionally
performed outside of them shall be subject to the applicable regulations and law
Article 4, Section 2: No law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free
exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes.
Article 31: (1) The freedom of conscience shall be guaranteed and its manifestations should be in a spirit of
tolerance and mutual respect. (2) The freedom of religious worship shall be guaranteed and they shall
organize themselves and operate according to their own statutes under the rule of law. (3) In the
relationships between the religious cults any manifestation of discord shall be forbidden. (4) The religious
worships shall be autonomous, independent from the State and shall enjoy the latter's support, including by
facilitating the religious assistance in the army, hospitals, penitentiaries, nursing homes and orphanages.
Article 10(2): The State shall recognize and guarantee the right of all citizens to the preservation,
development and expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity.
Article 23: The freedom of cults, that of public exercise as well as the freedom to expressing opinions in all
manners, is guaranteed, except for crimes committed by using these liberties. No one can be constrained to
help bring about the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the day of rest.
Article 9(1): The State shall respect the Church and the Church shall honour the State. Article 16: The citizens
of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy the following rights and freedoms… (15) Freedom of conscience and
religion.
Article 46: Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, as well as the right to change the religion or belief and the freedom to, individually or collectively
with others, publicly or privately, express the religion or belief by prayer, preaches, customs or rites.... Article
79: Persons belonging to minority nations and other minority national communities shall be guaranteed the
rights and liberties, which they can exercise individually or collectively with others, as follows: (1) the right to
exercise, protect, develop and publicly express national, ethnic, cultural and religious particularities... (6)the
right to establish educational, cultural and religious associations, with the material support of the state; (12)
the right to establish and maintain contacts with the citizens and associations outside of Montenegro, with
whom they have common national and ethnic background, cultural and historic heritage, as well as religious
beliefs;
Article 6: Islam is the religion of the State which guarantees to all freedom of worship.
Article 12: (3) Religious denominations shall have organisational freedom, freedom to carry out their
functions and freedom of worship, and they shall conform to the laws of the State.
(4) The State shall recognise and esteem the activities of religious denominations in order to
promote a climate of understanding, tolerance and peace, the strengthening of national
unity, the material and spiritual well being of citizens, and economic and social
development Article 54: (1) All citizens shall have the freedom to practice or not to practice a religion.... (3)
Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their religious aims freely and to own and acquire
assets for realising their objectives. (4) The protection of places of worship shall be ensured.
Article 34: Every citizen is equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess and
practise religion subject to public order, morality or health and to the other provisions of this
Constitution.Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the following rights, unless their exercise is contrary
to the laws enacted for the maintenance of Union security, law and order, community peace and tranquility,
or public order and morality... (d) the right to develop their language and literature, the culture they cherish,
the religion they profess, and their customs without prejudice to the relations between the National Ethnic
Races and to other faiths. Article 363: The Union may assist and protect the religions it recognizes to its
utmost.
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (b) freedom of thought, conscience and belief, which shall
include academic freedom in institutions of higher learning; (c) freedom to practise any religion and to
manifest such practice…
Article 11 : (1) A person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion, including freedom to
change his religion or beliefs and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private,
to manifest and propagate his religion or beliefs in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (2) Except
with his consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of a right or freedom referred to in clause
(1.) of this Article.... Article 3: Whereas every person in Nauru is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions,
colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest,
to each and all of the following freedoms, namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful
assembly and association
Article 23(1): Every person shall have the right to profess, practise and preserve his or her own religion as
handed down to him or her from ancient times paying due regard to social and cultural traditions…. Article
3: Having multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural characteristics with common aspirations,
and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, integrity, national
interest and prosperity of Nepal, all the Nepali people collectively constitute the nation.
Article 6(1): Everyone shall have the right to profess freely his religion or belief, either individually or in
community with others, without prejudice to his responsibility under the law.
Bill of Rights Act, Article 13: Everyone has the right to freedom ofthought, conscience, religion, and belief,
including the right to adopt and to hold opinions without interference. Article 15: Every person has the right
to manifest that person's religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching, either individually or
in community with others, and either in public or in private. Article 20: A person who belongs to an ethnic,
religious, or linguistic minority in New Zealand shall not be denied the right, in community with other
members ofthat minority, to enjoy the culture, to profess and practise the religion, or to use the language, of
that minority.
Article 29: Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and thought and to profess or not profess a
religion. No one shall be the object of coercive measures which diminish these rights or be compelled to
declare his/her creed, ideology or beliefs. Article 69: All persons, either individually or in a group, have the
right to manifest their religious beliefs in public or private, through worship, practices and teachings. No one
may evade obedience to the law or impede others from exercising their rights and fulfilling their duties by
invoking religious beliefs or dispositions.
Article 8: ...The Republic shall respect and protect all faiths. No religion, no belief shall assume the political
power nor interfere in the affairs of the State….. Article 26: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
opinion, expression, conscience, religion and worship. The State guarantees the free exercise of religion and
the expression of beliefs. These rights are exercised in the respect of public order, peace and social and
national unity.
Article 38(1): Every person shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom (either alone or in community with others, and in
public or in private) to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.
Section 2: All inhabitants of the Realm shall have the right to free exercise of their religion. The Evangelical-
Lutheran religion shall remain the official religion of the State. The inhabitants professing it are bound to
bring up their children in the same
Article 28: The freedom to practice religious rites according to the recognized customs is guaranteed,
provided it does not disrupt the public order or contradict with morals.
Article 20 : Subject to law, public order and morality,— (a) every citizen shall have the right to profess,
practice and propagate his religion; and (b) every religious denomination and every sect thereof shall have
the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions. Preamble: ...Wherein adequate
provision shall be made for the minorities to profess and practice their religions and develop their
culture...Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status, of opportunity and
before law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship
and association, subject to law and public morality....
Article IV Section 1: The government shall take no action to deny or impair the freedom of conscience or of
philosophical or religious belief of any person nor take any action to compel, prohibit or hinder the exercise
of religion
Article 35: All religions may be professed and all forms of worship practiced freely, without any other
limitation than respect for Christian morality and public order. It is recognized that the Catholic religion is
practiced by the majority of Panamanians.
Section 45: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion and the practice of
his religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as
not to interfere with the freedom of others, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or
restricted by a law that complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on qualified rights).... (3) No person
is entitled to intervene unsolicited into the religious affairs of a person of a different belief, or to attempt to
force his or any religion (or irreligion) on another, by harassment or otherwise. (5) A reference in this section
to religion includes a reference to the traditional religious beliefs and customs of the peoples of Papua New
Guinea. Section 32: (1) Freedom based on law consists in the least amount of restriction on the activities of
individuals that is consistent with the maintenance and development of Papua New Guinea and of society in
accordance with this Constitution and, in particular, with the National Goals and Directive Principles and the
Basic Social Obligations.
(2) Every person has the right to freedom based on law, and accordingly has a legal right to do anything that:
— (a) does not injure or interfere with the rights and freedoms of others; and (b) is not prohibited by law,
and no person:— (c) is obliged to do anything that is not required by law; and (d) may be prevented from
doing anything that complies with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b). (3) This section is not intended to
reflect on the extra-legal existence, nature or effect of social, civic, family or religious obligations, or other
obligations of an extra-legal nature, or to prevent such obligations being given effect to by law.
Article 24: Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is hereby recognized without any restrictions other
than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion…. No one may be
disturbed, questioned, or forced to give testimony by reason of his beliefs or ideology. Article 63: The right of
Indian peoples to preserve and to develop their ethnic identity in their respective habitat is hereby
recognized and guaranteed. They also have the right to freely apply their systems of political, socioeconomic,
cultural, and religious organization, and to voluntarily observe customary practices in their domestic
coexistence as long as they do not violate the fundamental rights established by this Constitution. Indian
customary rights will be taken into account when deciding conflicts of jurisdiction.
Article 2: Everyone person has the right: (1) To life, to his identity, to his moral, spiritual, and physical
integrity, and to his unrestricted development and well-being. The person is entitled to every privilege as a
matter of right..... (3) To freedom of conscience and religion, individually or collectively. No one may be
persecuted on account of his ideas or beliefs. Freedom of opinion is unlimited. All confessions may freely be
exercised publically as long as they do not offend public morals or disturb public order.... (18) ) To not reveal
their political, philosophical, religious, or other convictions, as well as maintain professional confidences.
Article 3 Section 5: No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed....
Article 53: (1) Freedom of faith and religion shall be ensured to everyone. (2) Freedom of religion shall
include the freedom to profess or to accept a religion by personal choice as well as to manifest such religion,
either individually or collectively, publicly or privately, by worshipping, praying, participating in ceremonies,
performing of rites or teaching. Freedom of religion shall also include possession of sanctuaries and other
places of worship for the satisfaction of the needs of believers as well as the right of individuals, wherever
they may be,
to benefit from religious services.
Article 41: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion and worship shall be inviolable. (2) No one shall be
persecuted, deprived of rights or exempted from civic obligations or duties because of his convictions or
religious observance. (3) No authority shall question anyone in relation to his convictions or religious
observance, save in order to gather statistical data that cannot be individually identified, nor shall anyone be
prejudiced in any way for refusing to answer. (4) Churches and other religious communities shall be separate
from the state and free to organise themselves and to perform their ceremonies and their worship. (5)
Freedom to teach any religion within the denomination in question and to use appropriate media for the
pursuit of its activities shall be guaranteed.
Article 50: Freedom to practice religious rites shall be guaranteed to all persons in accordance with the law
and the requirements of the maintenance of public order and morality.
Article 29: (1) . Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as the freedom of religious belief, may not be
restricted in any way. No one can be forced to adopt an opinion or to espouse a religious belief contrary to
his/her convictions.(2) Freedom of conscience is guaranteed; it must be expressed in a spirit of tolerance and
mutual respect. (3) All religions are free and organized in accordance with their own statutes, under the
terms defined by the law.
Article 28: Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion, including the right to profess
individually or collectively any religion or not to profess any religion, and
freely to choose, possess and disseminate religious and other convictions and act in
accordance with them.
Article 33: Freedom of thought, opinion, conscience, religion, worship and the public manifestation thereof
is guaranteed by the State in accordance with conditions determined by law.
Article 11: (1)Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom
of conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief and
Article 9: (1)Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
Article 9: (1)Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
Article 11(1): Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and, in
public or private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties for all. The following shall be guaranteed, in
particular: liberty of person and sanctity of the home, freedom of residence and of emigration, freedom of
association, freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and religion....
Article 27: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion and worship is inviolable.(2)No one may be persecuted,
deprived of right or exempted from civic obligations or duties because of his concictions or practice of
religion. (3) No one may be questioned by any authority about his convictions or religious practices except
for the collection of statistical data not individually identifiable nor be prejudiced for refusing to answer. (4)
Religious confessions are free in worship, in education and in their organization
None
Artcile 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all citizens fundamental individual freedoms, economic
and social rights as well as collective rights. These freedoms shall include in particular... religious freedoms
Article 24: The freedom of conscience, the religious and cultural freedoms and practices, and the profession
of religious teacher shall be guaranteed to all, subject to the public order.
The religious institutions and committees shall have the right to develop their activities without hindrance.
They shall not be subject to the supervision of the State. They shall regulate and manage their affairs in an
autonomous manner.
Article 43: Freedom of thought, conscience, beliefs and religion shall be guaranteed, as well as the right to
stand by one’s belief or religion or change them by choice. No person shall have the obligation to declare his
religious or other beliefs. Everyone shall have the freedom to manifest their religion or religious beliefs in
worship, observance, practice and teaching, individually or in community with others, and to manifest
religious beliefs in private or public. Freedom of manifesting religion or beliefs may be restricted by law only
if that is necessary in a democratic society to protect lives and health of people, morals of democratic
society, freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution, public safety and order, or to prevent inciting of
religious, national, and racial hatred. Parents and legal guardians shall have the right to ensure religious and
moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions. Article 44: Churches and religious
communities are equal and separated from the state. Churches and religious communities shall be equal and
free to organize independently their internal structure, religious matters, to perform religious rites in public,
to establish and manage religious schools, social and charity institutions, in accordance with the law.
Constitutional Court may ban a religious community only if its activities infringe the right to life, right to
mental and physical health, the rights of child, right to personal and family integrity, public safety and order,
or if it incites religious, national or racial intolerance. Article 79: Members of national minorities shall have a
right to: expression, preservation, fostering, developing and public expression of national, ethnic, cultural,
religious specificity...
Articlce 21: (1) Every person has a right to freedom of conscience and for the purpose of this article this right
includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change religion or belief and freedom either alone or
in community with others and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate the religion or belief
in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Article 15: Whereas every person in Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms
of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin, political opinion, colour,
and all of the following... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; Article
24(1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience and for the purpose of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom either alone or in community with others and both in
public and in private to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.
Article 15: (1) Every person has the right to profess and practise his religion and to propagate it…. (3) Every
religious group has the right— (a) to manage its own religious affairs;
(b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and
(c) to acquire and own property and hold and administer it in accordance with law....
Article 24: The freedom of thought, conscience, religious belief and faith are guaranteed. This right includes
the right to change one’s religious belief or faith. Everyone has the right to have no religion. Everyone has the
right to publicly express his/her thoughts. (2) Everyone has the right to freely express his/her religion or
faith, alone or together with others, privately or publicly, through worship, religious practices, rites, or
teachings.
Article 7: The state and religious communities shall be separate. Religious communities shall enjoy equal
rights; they shall pursue their activities freely.Article 41: Religious and other beliefs may be freely professed
in private and public life. No one shall be obliged to declare his religious or other beliefs. Parents have the
right to provide their children with a religious and moral upbringing in accordance with their beliefs. The
religious and moral guidance given to children must be appropriate to their age and maturity, and be
consistent with their free conscience and religious and other beliefs or convictions.
Article 11:( l) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
and both in public and in private, to manifest
and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (8) References in this
section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate
Article 3(1): Islam shall be the state religion. Article 31: Every person shall be entitled to profess any religion
or creed.
Article 15(1): Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion. Article
31: (1) Persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic community may not be denied the right, with
other members of that community— (a) to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language;
and (b) to form, join and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other organs of civil
society. (2) The rights in subsection (1) may not be exercised in a manner inconsistent with any provision of
the Bill of Rights.
Article 16(1): Freedom of ideology, religion and worship of individuals and communities is guaranteed, with
no other restriction on their expression than may be necessary to maintain public order as protected by law.
Article 10: Every person is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including the freedom to
have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice Article 9: The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism
the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana,
while assuring to all religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e). Article 14(1): Every citizen is
entitled to... (e) the freedom, either by himself or in association with others, and either in public or in
private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching; Article 15: (2) The
exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1)(a) shall be subject
to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and religious harmony or in relation
to parliamentary privilege, contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offense. (3) The exercise and
operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1)(b) shall be subject to such
restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and religious harmony. (4) The exercise and
operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1)(c) shall be subject to such
restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and religious harmony or national economy.
Article 27(11): The State shall create the necessary economic and social environment to enable people of all
religious faiths to make a reality of their religious principles.
Article 6: The State shall respect the following religious rights:—

(a) worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and maintain places for
these purposes, (b) establish and maintain appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions, (c) acquire
and possess movable and immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary articles and
materials related to the rites or customs of a religion or belief, (d) write, issue and disseminate religious
publications, (e) teach religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes, (f) solicit and receive voluntary
financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public institutions, (g) train, appoint, elect or
designate by succession appropriate religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any
religion or belief, (h) observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts
of religious beliefs, (i) communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and belief at
national and international levels. Article 38: Every person shall have the right to the freedom of religious
creed and worship, and to declare his religion or creed and manifest the same, by way of worship, education,
practice or performance of rites or ceremonies, subject to requirements of law and public order; no person
shall be coerced to adopt such faith, that he does not believe in, nor to practice rites or services to which he
does not voluntarily consent to. Article 47: Ethnic and cultural communities shall have the right to freely
enjoy and develop their particular cultures; members of such communities shall have the right to practice
their beliefs, use their languages, observe their religions and raise their children within the framework of
their respective cultures and customs Article 154: Human rights and fundamental freedoms as specified in
this Constitution, including respect for all religions, beliefs and customs, being of particular significance in the
National Capital, which symbolizes national unity, shall be guaranteed and enforced in the National Capital.
Article 18
Section 23: (1) A person has a right to freedom of thought, conscience or religion.
(2) Except with the free consent of that person, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of the
freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section freedom of conscience includes freedom of
thought and of religion, freedom to change religion or belief, and freedom of worship either alone or in
community with others. Section 14: The fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual
enshrined in this Chapter are hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of peaceful assembly and association and of movement;
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen shall be guaranteed the following rights and
freedoms in his relations with the public institutions… (6) freedom of worship: that is, the freedom to
practise one's religion alone or in the company of
others.
Article 15: (1)Freedom of religion and conscience is guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to choose freely
their religion or their philosophical convictions, and to profess them alone or in community with others. (3)
Everyone has the right to join or to belong to a religious community, and to follow religious teachings.
Article 35: (1) The freedom of faith is guaranteed. The state respects all religions. (2) The state guarantees
the freedom to hold any religious rites, provided they do not disturb the public order.
Article 13: The people shall have freedom of religious belief.
Article 26: (1) Everyone has the right to independently determine his (her) relationship toward religion, to
profess any religion individually or together with others, or to profess none, and to participate in the
performance of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies... (3) In this Article reference to the term "religion"
shall be construed as including reference to religious denominations, and cognate expressions shall be
construed accordingly.
Article 19(1): Every person has the right to have conscience, or faith, and choice in matters of religion,
including the freedom to change his religion religion or faith.
Premable: ...upholding all religions,.... Section 37: A person shall enjoy full liberty to profess a religion, a
religious denomination or creed, and observe religious precepts or commandments or exercise a form of
worship in accordance with his belief; provided that it is not contrary to his civic duties, public order or good
morals. In exercising the liberty referred to in paragraph one, a person shall be protected from any act of the
State, which is derogatory to his rights or detrimental to his due benefits on the grounds of professing a
religion, a religious denomination or creed or observing religious precepts or commandments or exercising a
form of worship in accordance with his different belief from that of others. Section 79: The State shall
patronize and protect Buddhism as the religion observed by most Thais for a long period of time and other
religions, promote good understanding and harmony among followers of all religions as well as encourage
the application of religious principles to create virtue and develop the quality of life.
Article 10: All religious denominations are equal before the law. Every Tibetan shall have the right to
freedom of thought, conscience and religion. These religious rights include the freedom to manifest one's
belief, to receive initiation into religious traditions, practice with matters relating to religious commitment,
such as preaching and worship of any religion, either alone or in community with others. Article 12: Subject
to any law imposing restrictions in the immediate and ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for the
benefit of the public, and subject to legal restrictions imposed by the Tibetan Assembly during the
tenureship of a civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the following rights and freedoms... (g) right to
form, and become a member of any religious, cultural, economic, corporate, union or other association;
Article 2: Republic of Togo assures equality before the law of all citizens, regardless of origin, race, sex, social
condition, or religion. It respects all political and philosophical opinions as well as religious beliefs. Article 25:
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, worship, opinion, and expression. The
exercise of these rights and liberties is made with respect to the liberties of others, the public order, and
norms established by law and regulations. The organization and practice of religious beliefs is freely exercised
with respect to the law. The same is true for philosophical orders. The exercise of worship and expression of
belief are carried out with respect to the laicite of the State. Religious confessions have the right to organize
themselves and to freely exercise their activities with respect to the law.
Article 5: All men are free to practise their religion and to worship God as they may deem fit in accordance
with the dictates of their own consciences and to assemble for religious service in such places as they may
appoint. But it shall not be lawful to use this freedom to commit evil and licentious acts or under the name
of worship to do what is contrary to the law and peace of the land.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and Tobago there have existed and shall
continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour, religion or sex, the following
fundamental human rights and freedoms, namely... (h) freedom of conscience and religious belief and
observance;
Article 5: The Republic of Tunisia guarantees the inviolability of the human being and the liberty of
conscience and protects the free exercise of worship, as long as it does not interefere with the public order.
Article 24: Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religious belief and
conviction. Acts of worship, religious services, and ceremonies shall be conducted freely, provided that they
do not violate the provisions of Article 14. No one shall be compelled to worship, or to participate in religious
ceremonies and rites, to reveal religious beliefs and convictions, or be blamed or accused because of his
religious beliefs and convictions.... No one shall be allowed to exploit or abuse religion or religious feelings,
or things held
sacred by religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the purpose of personal or political
influence, or for even partially basing the fundamental, social, economic, political, and
legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 25: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and
opinion. No one shall be compelled to reveal his thoughts and opinions for any reason or purpose, nor shall
anyone be blamed or accused on account of his thoughts and opinions.
Article 12: The State guarantees freedom of religion and conscience and their equality before the law.
Religious associations are separate from the State and may not perform State functions. The educational
system of the State is separate from religious organizations and has a secular character. Everyone has the
right to independently determine his (her) religious affiliation and to profess individually or with others any
religion or no religion at all, to express and disseminate religious convictions, and to participate in the
practice of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following fundamental rights and freedoms... (e)
freedom of belief (see section 23)... Section 23: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to
— (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and (b) section 29 (protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.); and
(c) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and (d) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and (e) section 33
(hostile disciplined forces); and (f) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public
emergencies), except with his consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of belief. (2)
For the purposes of this section, freedom of belief includes— (a) freedom of thought, religion and belief; and
(b) freedom to change religion or belief; and (c) freedom, either alone or with others, to show and to spread,
both in public and in private, a religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (8) The
protection given by this section to freedom of religion or belief applies equally to freedom not to have or
hold a particular religion or belief, or any religion or belief. (9) A reference in this section to a religion
includes a reference to a religious denomination and to the beliefs of a religion or religious denomination.
Section 10(3): This section is not intended to deny the existence, nature or effect of cultural, social, civic,
family or religious obligations, or other obligations of a non-legal nature, or to prevent such obligations being
given effect by law if, and so far as, it may be thought appropriate to do so. Section 29: ...(2) This includes
recognition of—
(a) the right to worship, or not to worship, in whatever way the conscience of the individual tells him; and (b)
the right to hold, to receive and to communicate opinions, ideas and information... (5) Subject to section 15
(definition of “reasonably justifiable in a democratic society”) nothing contained in a law or done under a law
shall be considered to be inconsistent with section 23 (freedom of belief) or 24(freedom of expression) to
the extent that the law makes provision regulating or placing restrictions on any exercise of the right— (a) to
spread beliefs; or
(b) to communicate opinions, ideas and information; if the exercise of that right may otherwise conflict with
subsection (4).
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to… (b) freedom of thought, conscience and belief which
shall include academic freedom in institutions of learning; (c) freedom to practise any religion and manifest
such practice which shall include the right to belong to and participate in the practices of any religious body
or organisation in a manner consistent with this Constitution; Atticle 37: Every person has a right as
applicable, to belong to, enjoy, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, cultural institution,
language, tradition, creed or religion in community with others.
Article 35: Everyone has the right to freedom of personal philosophy and religion. This right includes the
freedom to profess or not to profess any religion, to perform alone or collectively and without constraint
religious rites and ceremonial rituals, and to conduct religious activity....
Article 32: Freedom to exercise religious worship shall be guaranteed in accordance with established
customs, provided that it does not conflict with public policy or violate public morals.
Human Rights Act, Article 13: (1) If a court’s determination of any question arising under this Act might
affect the exercise by a religious organisation (itself or its members collectively) of the Convention right to
freedom of thought, conscience and religion, it must have particular regard to the importance of that right.
(2) In this section “court” includes a tribunal.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof;
Article 5:All religious denominations are free in Uruguay. The State does not sustain any religion. It recognizes
the Catholic Church’s dominion over all the temples that have been totally or partially constructed with
Exchequer funds, except the chapels which are destined for service as shelters, hospitals, prisons, and other
public establishments. It also declares the designated buildings of worship of the various religions exempt
from all type of taxes.
Article 31: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed to all Everyone shall have the right to
profess or not to profess any religion. Any compulsory imposition of religion shall be
impermissible.
Article 5(1): The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any restrictions imposed by law on non-
citizens, all persons are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without
discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political opinions,
language or sex but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public
interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health... (f) freedom of conscience and worship;
Article 59: The State will guarantee freedom of religion and of cult. Every person has a right to profess his
religious faith and cults and to manifest his beliefs in private or in public, by means of education or other
practices, as long as it is not opposed to morality, good customs and the public order. The independence and
autonomy of churches and religious confessions is guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those
derived from this Constitution and the law. The father and the mother have a right [that] their children
receive the religious education which is in accordance with their convictions. Nobody can invoke religious
creeds or disciplines to evade compliance with the law or to keep another from the exercise of his rights.
Article 61: Every person has a right to the freedom of conscience and to manifest it, except [if] its practice
affects personality or constitutes a crime. Conscientious objection cannot be invoked to evade compliance
with the law or to impede compliance of others with it or [impede] the exercise of their rights
Article 70: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or follow none.
All religions are equal before the law. The places of worship of all faiths and religions are protected by the
law. No one has the right to infringe on the freedom of faith and religion or to take advantage of the latter to
contravene State laws and policies.
None
Preamble: DECLARE the Republic a Christian nation while upholding the right of every person to enjoy that
person’s freedom of conscience or religion Article 19: (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be
hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this Article the said
freedom includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,
either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his
religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance
Article 19: (1) Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, that is to say, freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to
change his religion or belief, and freedom, whether alone or in community with others, and whether in
public or in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief through worship, teaching, practice and
observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a
religious denomination and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article 11: It is recognised
and declared that every person in Zambia has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political
opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital status, but subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and
all of the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly, movement and association;
Negative Religious Freedom/Atheism- freedom from
Limitations on Religious Freedom religion
Article 11(2) Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs
shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by
law and are necessary in the interests of public safety,
order, health or morals, or for the protection of the
fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
Article 45: Freedom of conscience and belief shall be

inviolable. The Angolan State shall recognize freedom of
worship and guarantee its exercise, provided it does not
conflict with public order and the national interest.
Article 11(4): Nothing contained in or done under the

authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or
in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in
question makes provision that is reasonably required— (a)
in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public
morality or public health; or
(b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of
other persons, including the right to observe and practise
any religion without the unsolicited intervention of
members of any other religion,
and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be,
the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to
be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.
Article 26: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion.....
Expression of this right can be restricted only by law, if it is
necessary for public security, health, morals or for the
protection of rights and freedoms of others.
Article 18(II): The spread and propaganda of Article 48(II):Everyone has the right to independently
religions (religious movements) which humiliate human define his or her attitude towards religion, to profess
dignity and contradict the principles of humanity are religion alone or together with others, or to profess no
banned. religion at all, to express and spread religious convictions.

in contravention of this Article to the extent that the law in
question makes provision which is reasonably required— (a)
in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public
morality or public health; or (b) for the purpose of
protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons,
including the right to observe and practice any religion
without the unsolicited interference of member of any
other religion,—and except so far as that provision or, as
the case may be, the thing done under the authority
thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a
democratic society.
question makes
provision- (a) which is reasonably required- (i) in the
interests of defence, public safety, public order, public
morality or public health; or (ii) for the purpose of
including the right to observe and practise any religion
without the unsolicited intervention of members of any
other religion; or (b) with respect to standards or
qualifications to be required in relation to places of
education including any instruction
Article 16: Relations between the State and religious

organizations shall be regulated by the law
with regard to their influence on the formation of the Article 31: Everyone shall have the right independently to
spiritual, cultural and state traditions of the Belarusian determine one's attitude
people. The activities of confessional organizations, their towards religion, to profess any religion individually or
bodies and representatives, that are directed against the jointly with others, or to profess
sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, its constitutional none at all, to express and spread beliefs connected with
system and civic harmony, or involve a violation of civil one's attitude towards religion, and to participate in the
rights and liberties of its citizens as well as impede the performance of acts of worship and religious rituals and
execution of state, public and family duties by its citizens or rites, which are not prohibited by the law.
are detrimental to their health and morality shall be
prohibited.
authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with
or in contravention of this section to the extent that the
law in question makes provision which is reasonably
required— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health; (b) for the
purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other
persons, including the right to observe and practise any
religion without the unsolicited intervention of members
of any other religion; or (c) for the purpose of regulating
educational institutions in the interest of the persons who
receive or may receive instruction in them.
Article 7(22): Notwithstanding the rights conferred by this
Constitution, nothing in this Article shall prevent the State
from subjecting reasonable restriction by law, when it
concerns…. (d) Incitement to an offence on the grounds of
race, sex, language, religion or region;
other religion, and except so far as that provision or, as the
case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is
shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic
society.
Article 37(2): The freedom of conscience and religion shall Article 37 (1) :The freedom of conscience, the freedom of
not be practised to the detriment of national security, thought and the choice of religion and of religious or
public order, public health and morals, or of the rights and atheistic views shall be inviolable. The State shall assist the
freedoms of others. Article 58(2): Obligations established maintenance of tolerance and respect among the believers
by the Constitution and the law shall not be defaulted upon from different denominations, and among believers and
on grounds of religious or other convictions. non-believers
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe,

freedom of conscience, of religious or philosophical
opinion, freedom of worship, freedom of assembly, the
free practice of custom as well as the freedom of
procession and of demonstration shall be guaranteed by
the present Constitution subject to respect of the law, of
public order, of good morals and of the human person.
Article 43: ...Freedom of belief and religious worship shall

be guaranteed by the State on the condition that such
freedom does not affect other beliefs and religions or
violate public order and security….
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as
well as the free exercise of worship are guaranteed to all
within the conditions established by law. Any form of
religious fundamentalism (intégrisme) and intolerance is
forbidden.
Article 27: ...These can only be restricted by the respect of
the liberties and rights of others and the imperative to
safeguard the public order and good morals. The law
determines the conditions of their exercise.
Article 19(6)...which are not contrary to morals, good

customs or public order. Religious communities may build
and maintain churches and the corresponding facilities
under the conditions of safety and hygiene fixed by the laws
and ordinances…..
Article 36: ...No one may make use of religion to engage in

activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of
citizens or interfere with the educational system of the
state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject
to any foreign domination.
Article 22: ...subject to respect for the law, public order,
morality and the rights of others. The law determines the
Article 9: The freedom of thought and expression, notably
the freedom of conscience, of religious or philosophical
opinion are guaranteed to all, under reserve of respect of
the law, the rights of others, of the national security and of
the public order.
Article 16: Freedoms and rights may only be restricted by

law in order to protect freedoms and rights of others, public
order, public morality and health. Any limitation of
freedoms and rights must be proportionate to the need for
limitation in each individual case.
Article 55: The State, which recognizes, respects and

Article 55: ...with respect for the law. The law regulates the guarantees freedom of conscience and religion,
State’s relations with religious institutions. simultaneously recognizes, respects, and guarantees the
freedom of every citizen to change religious creeds, or not
to have any…
Article 18: (6)Freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief
law and are necessary in the interests of the security of the
Republic, the constitutional order, the public safety, the
public order, the public health, the public morals; or for the
protection of the rights and liberties guaranteed by this
Constitution to any person.(7) Until a person attains the age
of sixteen, the decision as to the religion to be professed by
him shall be taken by the person having the lawful
guardianship of such person.
CFRBF, Article 16(4): The exercise of these rights may be

limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a
democratic society for the protection of public safety and
order, health and morals, or the rights and freedoms of
others.
Section 67: Citizens shall be at liberty to form congregations

for the worship of God in a manner according with their
convictions, provided that nothing contrary to good morals
or public order shall be taught or done.
morality or public health; (b) for the purpose of protecting
the rights and freedoms of other persons, including the
right to observe and practise any religion without the
unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion;
or (c) for the purpose of regulating educational institutions
in the interests of the persons who receive or may receive
instruction in them,
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all

individuals… (8) The right to practice, maintain, change,
profess in public or in private, one’s religion or beliefs, and
Article 66(8): ...with the restrictions that respecting the law to disseminate them individually or collectively, with the
imposes. restrictions that respecting the law imposes. The State shall
protect voluntary religious practice as well as the
expression of those who do not profess and religion and
will foster an atmosphere of plurality and tolerance.
Section 40: ...Everyone has the freedom to exercise his or
her religion, both alone and in community with others, in
public or in private, unless this is detrimental to public
order, health or
morals.
Article 27(5): Freedom to express or manifest one’s religion
or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are
prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public
safety, peace, health, education, public morality or the
fundamental rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure
the independence of the state from religion.
Article 35(4):
(4) The right set out in subsection (2) may be made subject
to such limitations prescribed by law as are necessary: (a) to
protect: (i) the rights or freedoms of other persons; or (ii)
public safety, public order, public morality or public health;
or (b) to prevent a public nuisance.
Section 11: ….No one is under the obligation, against his or
her conscience, to participate in the practice of a religion.
Article 1(13): ...religious communities conduct and

administrate their affairs in an independent manner, under
reserve of respect of the principles of national sovereignty,
public order and the preservation of the moral and mental
integrity of the individual. Political associations, parties or
formations, syndicates, societies, establishments for social
interests as well as religious communities of which the
activities are contrary to law, or to the good relations of
ethnic groups or ensembles may be prohibited according to
the terms of the law.
Section 25(4): (4) The freedoms referred to in subsections
(1) and (2) shall be exercised subject to the law of The
Gambia in so far as that law imposes reasonable restrictions
on the exercise of the rights and freedoms thereby
conferred, which are necessary in a democratic society and
are required in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity
of The Gambia, national security, public order, decency or
morality, or in relation to contempt of court. Section 32:
...subject to the terms of this Constitution and to the
condition that the rights protected by this section do not
impinge on the rights and freedoms of others or the
national interest, especially unity. Section 17(2): ...but
subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest.
Article 19(3): The restriction of the freedoms enumerated

in the present Article shall be
impermissible unless their manifestation infringes upon the
rights of others.
Article 21(2): (2) A restriction on a person’s freedom of
movement by his lawful detention shall not be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of this article. (4)
Nothing in, or done under the authority of, a law shall be
held to be inconsistent with, or in contravention of, this
article to the extent that the law in question makes
provision— (a) for the imposition of restrictions by order of
a court, that are required in the interest of defence, public
safety or public order, on the movement or residence within
Ghana of any person; or ... (e) that is reasonably required
for the purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana
against the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which
exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood of
Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or incites
hatred against other members of the community; except so
far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done
under the authority of that law is shown not to be
reasonably justifiable in terms of the spirit of this
Constitution. Article 26(2): All customary practices which
dehumanise or are injurious to the physical and mental
well-being of a person are prohibited.
Article 13(2): ...The practice of rites of worship is not
allowed to offend public order or the good usages.
Proselytism is prohibited
Article 9(5): (5) Nothing contained in or done under the

question makes provision which is reasonably required—
(a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order,
public morality or public health; or
members of any other religion, and except so far as that
provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the
authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable
in a democratic society.
Article 36: …without other limits than the public order and
the respect due to the dignity of the hierarchy and the
faithful of other beliefs.
authority of any law shail be held to be inconsistent with or
in contravention ofthis article to
the extent that the law in question makes provision-
(a) which is reasonably required- (i) in the interests of
defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public
health; or (ii) for the purpose ofprotecting the rights and
freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe
and practice any religion without the unsolicited
intervention ofmembers of any other religion; or (iii) with
respect to standards or qualifications to be required in
relation to places of education including any instruction
(not being religious instruction) given at such places.
Article 30: …Everyone is entitled to profess his religion and

practice his faith, provided the exercise of that right does
not disturb law and order.
Article 77: ...provided they do not violate the law and

public policy.
Bill of Rights, Article 15(3): Freedom to manifest one's
religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as
are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public
safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights
and freedoms of others.
Article 63: Nothing may however be preached or practised Article 64: ...Everyone shall be free to remain outside
which is prejudicial to good morals or public order religious associations.
Article 25: (1) Subject to public order, morality and health
and to the other provisions of this Part...(2) Nothing in this
article shall affect the operation of any existing law or
prevent the State from making any law- (a) regulating or
restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular
activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b)
providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing
open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to
all classes and sections of Hindus. Explanation I.-The
wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be
included in the profession of the Sikh religion. Explanation
II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus
shall be construed as including a reference to persons
professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the
reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed
accordingly. Article 26: Subject to public order, morality and
health...
Article 28J(2): In exercising his/her rights and freedoms,

every person shall have the duty to accept the restrictions
established by law for the sole purposes of guaranteeing
the recognition and respect of the rights and freedoms of
others and of satisfying just demands based upon
considerations of morality, religious values, security and
public order in a democratic society.
Article 26: ...No one may be prevented from participating
in the aforementioned groups, or be compelled to
participate in them.
Article 44(2i): Freedom of conscience and the free
profession and practice of religion are, subject to public
order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen.
Article 19: ...provided they are not offensive to public

morality Article 8: All religious denominations are equally
free before the law. Denominations other than Catholicism
have the right to self-organisation according to their own
statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian law.
question makes provision which is reasonably required- (a)
protecting the rights and freedoms
of other persons, including the right to observe
and practise any religion without the unsolicited
intervention of members of any other religion.
Article 14: ...unless such exercise is inconsistent with public
order or morality.
Article 5: (4) Activities of political parties and trade unions
of other states, religious parties as well as financing political
parties and trade unions by foreign legal entities and
citizens, foreign states and international organizations shall
not be permitted in the Republic. (5) Activities of foreign
religious associations on the territory of the Republic as
well as appointment of heads of religious associations in
the Republic by foreign religious centers shall be carried out
in coordination with the respective state institutions of the
Republic. Article 22(2): The right to freedom of conscience
must not specify or limit universal human and civil rights
and responsibilities before the state. Article 39: (1) Rights
and freedoms of an individual and citizen may be limited
only by laws and only to the extent necessary for protection
of the constitutional system, defense of the public order,
human rights and freedoms, health and morality of the
population.... (3) Any form of restrictions to the rights and
freedoms of the citizens on political grounds shall not be
permitted. Rights and freedoms stipulated by articles 10-11;
13-15 paragraph 1 of article 16; article 17; article 19; article
22; paragraph 2 of article 26 of the Constitution shall not be
restricted in any event.

other persons, including the right to observe and practise a
religion without the unsolicited intervention of members of
another religion, and except so far as that provision or, as
democratic society.
Article 68: ...This right is granted by approving the
construction of religious buildings and the holding of
religious ceremonies. No one may use religion as a pretext
for drawing in foreign forces or for harming the State and
social order.
Article 35: ...provided that it does not conflict with public

policy or morals.
Article 14 (5): Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of

religion and atheistic views.
Article 30: Lao citizens have the right and freedom to
believe or not to believe in religions.
Article 116: Trights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six,

ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and
two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one
hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to
restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to
protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure
of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the
basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions
may also be imposed on the expression of religious
beliefs.
Article 9: …provided that they do not disturb the public

order
Article 13: (5) Nothing contained in or done under the
question makes provision— (a) in the interests of defence,
or (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms
of other persons, including the right to observe and practice
members of any other religion. (6) A person shall not be
permitted to rely in any judicial proceedings upon such a
provision of law as is referred to in subsection (5) except to
the extent to which he satisfies the court that that provision
or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority
thereof does not abridge the rights and freedoms
guaranteed by this section to a greater extent than is
necessary in a practical sense in a democratic society in the
interests of any of the matters specified in subsection (5)(a)
or for the purpose specified in subsection (5)(b).
Article 14: ...no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment
thereof except as may be required by law to protect public
and freedoms of others…..
Article 37(2): The Roman Catholic Church is the State

Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State;
other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds
and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with
morality and public order.
Article 26: ...Freedom of a human being to profess and
spread his religion or belief may not be limited otherwise
than by law and only when this is necessary to guarantee
the security of society, the public order, the health and
morals of the people as well as other basic rights and
freedoms of the person. Article 28: While implementing his
rights and freedoms, the human being must observe the
Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Lithuania and
must not restrict the rights and freedoms of other people.
Article 43: The teaching proclaimed by churches and
religious organization[s], other religious activities and
houses of prayer may not be used for purposes which are in
conflict with the Constitution and laws.
Article 54: The freedoms and rights of the individual and

citizen can be restricted only in cases determined by the
Constitution. The freedoms and rights of the individual and
citizen can be restricted during states of war or emergency,
in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. The
restriction of freedoms and rights can not discriminate on
grounds of sex, race, colour of skin, language, religion,
national or social origin, property or social status. The
restriction of freedoms and rights can not be applied to the
right to life, the interdiction of torture, inhuman and
humiliating conduct and punishment, the legal
determination of
punishable offences and sentences, as well as to the
freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought and
religious confession.
Article 44: (1)There shall be no derogation, restrictions or
limitation with regard to… (h) the right to freedom of
conscience, belief, thought and religion and to academic
freedom. (2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), no
restrictions or limitations may be placed on the exercise of
any rights and freedoms provided for in this Constitution
other than those prescribed by law, which are reasonable,
recognized by international human rights standards and
necessary in an open and democratic society. (3) Laws
prescribing restrictions or limitations shall not negate the
essential content of the right or freedom in question, shall
be of general application.
Article 11: (4) State law and in respect of the Federal
Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, federal
law may control or restrict
the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among
persons professing the religion of Islam.
(5) This Article does not authorize any act contrary to any
general law relating to public order, public health or
morality.
Article 4: ...with respect to the law.
Article 32b:but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and
all of the following...
in contravention of subarticle
(1), to the extent that the law in question makes provision
that is reasonably required in the interests of public safety,
public order, public morality or decency, public health, or
the protection of the rights and freedoms of others, and
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the
thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be
reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.
Article 2, Section 1: (2) Nothing in this Section shall be

construed to invalidate reasonable restrictions imposed by
law on the time, place, or manner of conduct, provided (a)
the restrictions are necessary to preserve public peace,
order, health, or security or the rights or freedoms of
others; (b) there exist no less restrictive means of doing so;
and (c) the restrictions do not penalize conduct on the basis
of disagreement with the ideas or beliefs expressed.
Article 3: ...and the provisions of this Chapter shall have
effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights
and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection
as are contained in those provisions, being limitations
designed to ensure that the enjoyment of those rights and
freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights
and freedoms of others or the public interest. Article 5: (5)
Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any
law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention
of this section to the extent that the law in question makes
provision— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health; or\ (b) for the
religion or belief without the unsolicited intervention of
persons professing any other religion or belief, except so far
as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done
under its authority is shown not to be reasonably justifiable
in a democratic society
Article 24: ...provided they do not constitute a crime or
offense punishable by law.
Article 10, Section 9 (b): A civil right may be impaired only

to the extent actually required for the preservation of
peace, health, or safety….
Article 23: ...except for crimes committed by using these
liberties.
Article 9(1): the Church shall honor the state
Article 24: Guaranteed human rights and freedoms may be

limited only by the law, within the
scope permitted by the Constitution, to the extent
necessary in an open and democratic society in order to
satisfy the purpose for which the limitation has been
permitted. Limitations shall not be introduced for purposes
other than the ones for which they were prescribed. Article
46: ...Freedom to express religious beliefs may be restricted
only if so required in order to protect life and health of the
people, public peace and order, as well as other rights
guaranteed by the Constitution.
Article 34: ...subject to public order, morality or health and
to the other provisions of this Constitution Article 360: (a)
The freedom of religious practice granted in section 34 shall
not include economic, financial, political or other secular
activities that may be associated with said religious practice.
(b) The freedom of religious practice so guaranteed shall
not prevent the Union from enacting laws for the purpose
of public welfare and reform. Article 364: The abuse of
religion for political purposes is prohibited. Moreover, any
act which is intended or is likely to promote feelings of
hatred, enmity or discord between racial or religious
communities or sects is contrary to this Constitution. A law
may be promulgated to punish such activity.
Article 11(4); (4) Nothing contained in or done under the
in contravention of the provisions of this Article to the
extent that that law makes provision which is reasonably
required—
public morality or public health; (b) for protecting the rights
and freedoms of other persons, including the right to
observe and practise any religion without the unsolicited
intervention of members of some other religion; or (c) for
regulating the secular education provided in any place of
education in the interests of the persons receiving
instruction in that place.
Article 23(1): ...Provided that no person shall be entitled to
convert another person from one religion to another, and
no person shall act or behave in a manner which may
infringe upon the religion of others.
Article 6(2): Rules concerning the exercise of this right

other than in buildings and enclosed places may be laid
down by Act of Parlimanet for the protectio of health, in the
interest of traffic and to combat or prevent disorders.
Article 69: ...No one may evade obedience to the law or
impede others from exercising their rights and fulfilling Article 29: Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience
their duties by invoking religious beliefs or dispositions. and thought and to profess or not profess a religion…..
Article 26: ...These rights are exercised in the respect of
public order, peace ,and social and national unity.
Article 38(4): Nothing in this section shall entitle any person

to form, take part in the activity or be a member of a secret
society Article 45: Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41
of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is
reasonably justifiable in a democratic society— (a) in the
interest of defence, public safety, public order, public
protecting the rights and freedom of other persons.
Section 2: …The inhabitants professing it are bound to bring
up their children in the same Section 16: The King ordains
all public church services and public worship and all
meetings and assemblies dealing with religious matters, and
ensures that public teachers of religion follow the norms
prescribed for them
Article 28: ...provided it does not disrupt the public order

or contradict with morals.
Article 20 : Subject to law, public order and morality….
Article 37: The state shall… (h) prevent the consumption of
alcoholic liquor otherwise than for medicinal and, in the
case of non-Muslims, religious purposes….
Article 35: ...without any other limitation than respect for
Christian morality and public order...
Article 38: (1) For the purposes of this Subdivision, a law

that complies with the requirements of this section is a law
that is made and certified in accordance with Subsection
(2), and that:— (a) regulates or restricts the exercise of a
right or freedom referred to in this Subdivision to the extent
that the regulation or restriction is necessary:— (i) taking
account of the National Goals and Directive Principles and
the Basic Social Obligations, for the purpose of giving effect
to the public interest in:— (A) defence; or (B) public safety;
or (C) public order; or (D) public welfare; or (E) public health
(including animal and plant health); or (F) the protection of
children and persons under disability (whether legal or
practical); or (G) the development of under-privileged or
less advanced groups or areas; or (ii) in order to protect the
exercise of the rights and freedoms of others; or (b) makes
reasonable provision for cases where the exercise of one
such right may conflict with the exercise of another, to the
extent that the law is reasonably justifiable in a democratic
society having a proper respect for the rights and dignity of
mankind. (2) For the purposes of Subsection (1), a law
must:—
(a) be expressed to be a law that is made for that purpose;
and (b) specify the right or freedom that it regulates or
restricts; and (c) be made, and certified by the Speaker in
his certificate under Section 110 (certification as to making
of laws) to have been made, by an absolute majority. (3)
The burden of showing that a law is a law that complies
with the requirements of Subsection (1) is on the party
relying on its validity.
Article 53(5): The freedom to publicly express religion may
be limited only by means of statute
and only where this is necessary for the defence of State
security, public order, health, morals or the freedoms and
rights of others.
Article 50: …in accordance with the law and the

requirements of the maintenance of public order and
morality.
Article 29(4); All forms, means, acts, or actions of religious
enmity are prohibited in the relationship between the cults.
Article 53: (1)The exercise of certain rights or freedoms may
be restricted only by law and only if this is necessary, as the
case may be, to defend national security, public order,
health, or public morals, or the rights and freedoms of
citizens; to investigate a crime; or to prevent the
consequences of a natural calamity, a disaster or a
particularly severe catastrophe. (2) The restriction can only
be imposed if it is necessary in a democratic society. The
measure must be proportionate to the situation which
caused it, has to be applied in a non-discriminatory manner
and may not eliminate the right or freedom in question.
Article 55(3): Human and civil rights and freedoms may be

limited by federal law only to the extent necessary for the Article 28: Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of
protection of the basis of the constitutional order, morality, conscience and religion, including the right to profess
health, rights and lawful interests of other people, and for individually or collectively any religion or not to profess any
ensuring the defence of the country and the security of the religion…
State.
question makes provision that is reasonably required—
public morality or public health;
members of any other religion; or (c) for the purpose of
regulating educational institutions in the interests of the
persons who receive or may receive instruction in them,

Article 11(2): Nothing in clause (1) shall affect the operation
of any existing law or prevent the State from making any
law in so far as that existing law or the law so made
imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right
conferred under the provisions of that clause in the
interests of national security or of public order, health or
morals, or for protecting the rights and freedom of others,
including their rights and freedom to observe and practice
their religion without the unsolicited interference of
members of other religions.
Article 24: …subject to the public order…..
Article 43: ....Freedom of manifesting religion or beliefs may
be restricted by law only if that is necessary in a democratic
society to protect lives and health of people, morals of
democratic society, freedoms and rights guaranteed by the
Constitution, public safety and order, or to prevent inciting
of religious, national, and racial hatred..... Article 44: ...
Constitutional Court may ban a religious community only if
its activities infringe the right to life, right to mental and
physical health, the rights of child, right to personal and
family integrity, public safety and order, or if it incites
religious, national or racial intolerance.
Article 21(2): The freedom to manifest and propagate a

religion or belief may be subject to such limitations as may
be prescribed by a law and necessary in a democratic
society— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public
order, public morality or public health; or (b) for the
purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other
persons.
question makes a provision which is reasonably required—
(a) in the interest of defence, public safety, public order,
public morality or public health; or (b) for the purpose of
protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons
without the unsolicited intervention of the members of any
other religion; and except in so far as that provision or, as
thereof, is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a
democratic society.
Article 15(4): This Article does not authorise any act

contrary to any general law relating to public order, public
health or morality
Article 24(4): Conditions for exercising of rights under Article 24(1): The freedom of thought, conscience, religious
paragraphs 1 to 3 may be limited only by law, if such a belief and faith are guaranteed. This right includes the right
measure is necessary in a democratic society to protect to change one’s religious belief or faith. Everyone has the
public order, health, morals, or the rights and freedoms of right to have no religion. Everyone has the right to publicly
others. express his/her thoughts.
Article 11(6): (6) Nothing contained in or donc under the
including the right to practise and observe any religion
case may be, the thing donc under the authority thereof is
society.
Article 15(2): (2) Religious observances may be conducted
at state or state-aided institutions, provided that— (a) those
observances follow rules made by the appropriate public
authorities; (b) they are conducted on an equitable basis;
and (c) attendance at them is free and voluntary. Article
31(2): The rights in subsection (1) may not be exercised in a
manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights.
Article 16(1): ...with no other restriction on their expression

than may be necessary to maintain public order as
protected by law.
Article 38: ...subject to requirements of law and public
order...
Section 23(4): Nothing contained in or done under the
question makes provision— (a) that is reasonably required
morality or public health; or (b) that is reasonably required
for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of
any religion or belief without the unsolicited intervention of
members of any other religion or belief.
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: The rights
and freedoms referred to in Article 1, points I to 5, in
Articles 6 and 8, and in
Article 11, paragraph two, may be restricted in law to the
extent provided for in Articles 13 to
16. With authority in law, they may be restricted by other
statute in cases under Chapter 8,
Article 7, paragraph one, point 7, and Article 10. Freedom
of assembly and freedom to
demonstrate may similarly be restricted also in cases under
Article 14, paragraph one, sentence
two. The restrictions referred to in paragraph one may be
imposed only to satisfy a purpose acceptable in a
democratic society. The restriction must never go beyond
what is necessary having regard to the purpose which
occasioned it, nor may it be carried so far as to constitute a
threat to the free formation of opinion as one of the
fundaments of democracy. No restriction may be imposed
solely on grounds of a political, religious, cultural or other
such opinion.....
Article 25(2): ...provided they do not disturb the public

order.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to independently

determine his (her) relationship toward religion, to profess
any religion individually or together with others, or to
profess none…
Article 19(2): Protection of rights referred to in this Article
shall be in accordance with the provisions prescribed by the
laws which are of importance to a democratic society for
security and peace in the society, integrity of the society
and the national coercion.
Section 37: ... provided that it is not contrary to his civic

duties, public order or good morals.
Article 14: The exercise of the rights and liberties
guaranteed by the present Constitutions may be subject
only to limitations specifically provided for by law and
necessary for the protection of national security, the public
order, public health, morals or the fundamental rights and
freedoms of others. Article 25: The exercise of these rights
and liberties is made with respect to the liberties of others,
the public order, and norms established by law and
regulations.... Religious confessions have the right to
organize themselves and to freely exercise their activities
with respect to the law.
Article 5:..But it shall not be lawful to use this freedom to
commit evil and licentious acts or under the name of
worship to do what is contrary to the law and peace of the
land.
Article 24: ..provided that they do not violate the provisions
of Article 14…. No one shall be allowed to exploit or abuse
religion or religious feelings, or things held sacred by
religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the purpose of
personal or political influence, or for even partially basing
the fundamental, social, economic, political, and
legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 14: None
of the rights and freedoms embodied in the Constitution
shall be exercised with the aim of violating the indivisible
integrity of the state with its territory and nation, and
endangering the existence of the democratic and secular
order of the Turkish Republic based upon human rights. No
provision of this Constitution shall be interpreted in a
manner that enables the State or individuals to destroy the
fundamental rights and freedoms embodied in the
Constitution or to stage an activity with the aim of
restricting them more extensively than stated in the
Constitution Article 13: Fundamental rights and freedoms
may be restricted only by law and in conformity with the
reasons mentioned in the relevant articles of the
Constitution without infringing upon their essence. These
restrictions shall not be in conflict with the letter and spirit
of the Constitution and the requirements of the democratic
order of the society and the secular Republic and the
principle of proportionality.
Article 21: The exercise of rights and freedoms must not Article 12: ...Everyone has the right to independently
violate the rights and freedoms of other persons, moral determine his (her) religious affiliation and to profess
rules, or the social order, or harm the national security. individually or with others any religion or no religion at all…
Section 23: (6) Nothing in or done under a law shall be

considered to be inconsistent with this section to the extent
that the law makes provision which is reasonably required
— (a) in the interests of— (i) defence; or (ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order; or (iv) public morality; or (v) public health;
or (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms
Article 35: ...The exercise of this right may be restricted by
law only in the interests of protecting public order, the
health and morality of the population, or protecting the
rights and freedoms of other persons.
Article 32:...provided that it does not conflict with public
policy or violate public morals.
Article 31: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed to all
Everyone shall have the right to
profess or not to profess any religion. Any compulsory
imposition of religion shall be
impermissible.
Article 59: ...As long as it is not opposed to morality, good

customs and the public order. The independence and
autonomy of churches and religious confessions is
guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those
derived from this Constitution and the law.... Nobody can
invoke religious creeds or disciplines to evade compliance
with the law or to keep another from the exercise of his
rights. Article 61: ...except [if] its practice affects personality
or constitutes a crime. Conscientious objection cannot be
invoked to evade compliance with the law or to impede
compliance of others with it or [impede] the exercise of
their rights
Article 70: ... No one has the right to infringe on the Article 70: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of
freedom of faith and religion or to take advantage of the religion; he can follow any religion or follow none…..
latter to contravene State laws and policies.
in contravention of this Article to the extent that it is shown
that the law in question makes provision which is
reasonably required— (a) in the interests of defence, public
safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (b)
other persons, including the right to observe and practice
members of any other religion: and except so far as that
provision or, the thing done under the authority thereof as
the case may be, is shown not to be reasonably justified in a
democratic society.
Article 19(5):Nothing contained in or done under the

authority of any law shall be held to be in contravention of
subsection (1) or (3) to the extent that the law in question
makes provision— (a) in the interests of defence, public
safety, public order, public morality or public health; (b) for
the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other
persons professing any other religion or belief; or (c) with
relation to places of education, including any instruction,
not being religious instruction, given at such places; except
so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing
done under the authority thereof is shown not to be
Provisions Against Coercion- No oath, no tax, not
Non-Derogable During War/Emergency compelled to profess your belief,
Article 24(3) No one may be compelled or prohibited to

take part in a religious community or its practices or to
make his beliefs or faith public
Article 11: (1) The Constitution guarantees the freedom of
ideas, religion and cult, and no one is bound to state or
disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.
Article 52(2) On no account shall the declaration of

a state of siege or state of emergency affect the right
to life, personal integrity, personal identity, civil
capacity, citizenship, the non-retroactive nature of
penal law, the right of the accused to defense or
freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 11(3):No person shall be compelled to take any oath

which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath
in a manner which is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 47(II): Nobody may be forced to identify or refuse his
or her ideas and principles. Article 48 (V)No one shall be
forced to express (or demonstrate) his or her religious faith
and belief, to execute religious rituals or participate in
religious ceremonies.
Article 22(4): No person shall be compelled to take any oath

which is contrary to his religion or belief of to take any oath
Article 31: Everyone shall have the right independently to

determine one's attitude
towards religion, to profess any religion individually or
jointly with others, or to profess
none at all, to express and spread beliefs connected with
one's attitude towards religion,
and to participate in the performance of acts of worship and
religious rituals and rites,
which are not prohibited by the law. Article 33: Everyone is
guaranteed freedom of thoughts and beliefs and their free
expression. No one shall be forced to express one's beliefs
or to deny them. No monopolization of the mass media by
the State, public associations or individual citizens and no
censorship shall be permitted. Article 4. Democracy in the
Republic of Belarus shall be exercised on the basis of
diversity of political institutions, ideologies and views. The
ideology of political parties, religious or other public
associations, social groups may not be made mandatory for
citizens.
Article 20: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way
whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion or to
observe its days of rest.
Article: (1) Except with his own consent, a person shall not
be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom,
either alone or in community with others, and both in
public and in private, to manifest and propagate his
religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.... (4) A person shall not be compelled to take
any oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to
take any oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion
or belief.
Article 7(4): A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to
freedom of thought, conscience and religion. No person
shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of
coercion or inducement.
Article 20: no one can be compelled to join an association

or to remain in one;
Article 57(3): Following a proclamation of war,
martial law or a state of emergency the exercise of Article 38: No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his
individual civil rights may be temporarily curtailed by rights because of his views, nor shall be obligated or forced
law, except for the rights established by Art. 28, Art. to provide information about his own or another person's
29, Art. 31 paras 1, 2 and 3, Art. 32 para 1, and Art. views.
37.
Article 269: A declaration of martial law or a state of
emergency shall, in no case, affect rights to life,
physical integrity, personal identity, civil status, and Article 28(3): No one may be forced to declare his ideology,
citizenship, the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the religion, or political or union affiliation.
right of the accused to defense, freedom of
conscience and religion.
Article 36: ...No state organ, public organization or individual
may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any
religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who
believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The state
protects normal religious activities.
Article 18: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed. No one will

be importuned on account of his/her convictions or beliefs
or compelled to reveal them or obliged to act against
his/her conscience. Article 68: Parents have the right to
select the type of education for their minor children. In
state institutions, no individual may be obliged to receive
religious instruction.
Article 61: : In no case, not even when the state of
siege or the state of emergency has been proclaimed
in accordance with Articles 87 and 88 of this
Constitution, is a derogation admissible from the
following rights and fundamental principles... The
freedom of thought, of conscience and religion.
Article 17: During a state of war or an immediate
threat to the independence and unity of the State, or
in the event of severe natural disasters, individual
freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution
may be restricted. This shall be decided by the
Croatian Sabor by a two-thirds majority of all
members or, if the Croatian National Parliament is
unable to meet on the proposal of the Government
and the signature of the Prime Minister, by the
President of the Republic. The extent of such
restrictions shall correspond to the nature of the
danger, and may not result in the inequality of
citizens in respect of race, color, sex, language,
religion, national or social origin.
Article 18(5): (5) The use of physical or moral compulsion
for the purpose of making a person change or preventing
him from changing his religion is prohibited. Article 18(8):
No person shall be compelled to pay any tax or duty the
proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in part
for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Article 9: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
person under the age of eighteen years, the consent of his
guardian) a person attending any place of education,
detained in any prison or corrective institution or serving in
a naval, military or air force shall not be required to receive
religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or
observance relates to a religion which is not his own. (3) (4)
A person shall not be compelled to take any oath which is
contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath in a
manner which is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 263: State of Defense: In the case of national

sovereignty or territorial integrity being placed in
grave or imminent danger by external, armed
aggressions, the Executive Power, without damaging
the inherent responsibilities of his office, may
request that the National Congress declare a state of
defense (emergency). In this state, the following
cannot be suspended: (3) The freedom of conscience
and of worship, according to the regulations of
Article 45.
Article 25(5): In no case shall a declaration of a state

of siege affect the right to life, physical integrity,
citizenship, non-retroactivity of the criminal law,
defense in a criminal case and freedom of conscience
and religion, the right not to be subjected to torture,
slavery or servitude, the right not to be subjected to
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment, and the guarantee of non-
discrimination.

individuals…. (11) The right to not reveal one’s convictions.
No one shall be obligated to declare the same. In no case
can personal information or third party information
concerning religious beliefs, affiliations, or political
thoughts, or information concerning health or sexual life be
demanded or utilized without authorization of the person
or their legitimate representatives, unless necessary for
medical attention.
Article 27(3): No one shall be subject to coercion or other
means which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold
a belief of his choice.
Article 35(6): (6) A person must not be compelled to take an

oath, or to take an oath in a manner, that is contrary to his
or her religion or belief or that requires him or her to
express a belief that he or she does not hold.
Article 19(2):The persecution of a person on the account of
his/her speech, thought, religion or belief as well as the
compulsion to express his/her opinion about them shall
be impermissible.
Article 136 (Weimar): (3) No one shall be obliged to disclose
his religious convictions. The authorities shall have the right
to inquire into a person’s membership in a religious society
only to the extent that rights or duties depend upon it or
that a statistical survey mandated by a law requires it. (4) No
one may be compelled to perform any religious act or
ceremony, or to participate in religious exercises, or to take
a religious form of oath.
Article 13(5): No oath shall be imposed or administered
except as specified by law and in the form determined by
law.

Article 31(2): The declaration of a state of siege or
state of emergency can in no case affect the right to
life, personal integrity, personal identity, civil
penal law, the right of defense of the accused, and
the freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 145(4): (4) No person shall be compelled to take any
oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any
oath in a manner which
is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 30-1: No one may be compelled to belong to a

religious organization or to follow a religious teaching
contrary to his convictions.
Bill of Rights Section 5: (1) In time of public
emergency which threatens the life of the nation and
the existence of which is officially proclaimed,
measures may be taken derogating from the Bill of
Rights to the extent strictly required by the Bill of Rights, Article 15(2): No one shall be subject to
exigencies of the situation, but these measures shall coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to
be taken in accordance with law. (2) No measure adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
shall be taken under Subsection (1) that... (b)
involves discrimination solely on the ground of race,
colour, sex, language, religion or social origin; or
Article 64: ...Everyone shall be free to remain outside

religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any
personal dues to any religious association of which he is not
a member. A person who is not a member of any religious
association shall pay to the University of Iceland the dues
that he would have had to pay to such an association, if he
had been a member. This may be amended by law.
Article 27: No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes,
the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in
payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of
any particular religion or religious denomination.
Article 26: The formation of parties, societies, political or
professional associations, as well as religious societies,
whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized
religious minorities, is permitted provided they do not
violate the principles of independence, freedom, national
unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic
Republic....
Article 5(2):The State guarantees the protection of the

individual from intellectual, political and religious coercion
minor, the consent of his parent or guardian), no person
attending any place of education shall be required to receive
observance relates to a religion or a religious body or
denomination other than his own..... (5) No person shall be
compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his religion
or belief or to take any oath in a manner which is contrary
to his religion or belief.
Article 20: ... No person shall be compelled to take part in

any religious act, celebration, rite or practice….
Article 19(1): Everyone shall have the right to determine
and indicate or not to indicate his national, party and
religious affiliation

minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending a
place of education shall be required to receive religious
instruction or to take part in or attend a religious ceremony
or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion other than his own. (4) No person shall
be compelled to take an oath which is contrary to his
religion or belief or to take an oath in a manner which is
contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 14(6): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of
thought, speech and press, as well as to
unimpeded expression of those thoughts and beliefs. No
one shall be forced to express their
opinions and beliefs
minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending any
instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
observance relates to a religion other than his own. (4) No
person shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary
to his religion or belief or to take any oath in a manner
which is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 26: ….No one may compel another person or be
compelled to choose or profess any religion or belief….
Article 27: A human being’s convictions, practiced religion
or belief may not serve as justification for a crime or for
failure to execute laws
Article 20: No one may be forced to take part in any way

whatsoever in the acts and ceremonies of a religion or to
Article 44: (1)There shall be no derogation,
restrictions or limitation with regard to… (h) the right
to freedom of conscience, belief, thought and
religion and to academic freedom Article 45: (3)
Derogation shall only be permissible during a state of
emergency— (a) with respect to freedom of
expression, freedom of information, freedom of
movement, freedom of assembly and rights under
section 19 (6) (a) and section 42 (2) (b); (b) to the
extent that such derogation is not inconsistent with
the obligations of Malawi under International Law;
and
(c) to the extent that— (i) in the case of war or threat
of war, it is strictly required to prevent the lives of
defensive combatants and legitimate military
objectives from being placed in direct jeopardy; or
(ii) in the case of a widespread natural disaster, it is
strictly required for the protection and relief of those
people in the disaster area.
Article 11(2): No person shall be compelled to pay any tax
the proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in
part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Article 12: (3) No person shall be required to receive
instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of
worship of a religion other than his own. (4) For the
purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a person under the
age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or
guardian.
Article 40(2): No person shall be required to receive
instruction in religion or to show knowledge or proficiency
in religion if, in the case of a person who has not attained
the age of sixteen years,
objection to such requirement is made by the person who
according to law has authority over him and, in any other
case, if the person so required objects thereto: Provided
that no such requirement shall be held to be inconsistent
with or in contravention of this article to the extent that the
knowledge of, or the proficiency or instruction in, religion is
required for the teaching of such religion, or for admission
to the priesthood or to a religious order, or for other
religious purposes, and except so far as that requirement is
shown not to be reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society.
observance relates to a religion that he does not profess. (3)
No religious community or denomination shall be prevented
from making provision for the giving, by persons lawfully in
Mauritius, of religious instruction to persons of that
community or denomination in the course of any education
provided by that community or denomination. (4) No
person shall be compelled to take any oath that is contrary
to his religion or belief or to take any oath in a manner that
Article 23:No one can be constrained to help bring about
the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the
day of rest.
Article 19(2): In case of a state of emergency or war,

the human rights and freedoms as defined by the
Constitution and other laws shall be subject to
limitation only by a law. Such a law shall not affect
the right to life, the freedom of thought, conscience
and religion, as well as the right not to be subjected
to torture, inhuman and cruel treatment.
Article 25: During the proclaimed state of war or

emergency, the exercise of certain human rights and
liberties may be limited, to the necessary extent. The
limitations shall not be introduced on the grounds of
sex, nationality, race, religion, language, ethnic or
social origin, political or other beliefs, financial
standing or any other personal feature. There shall Article 46: ...No one shall be obliged to declare own
be no limitations imposed on the rights to: life, legal religious and other beliefs....
remedy and legal aid; dignity of and respect for a
person; fair and public trail and the principle of
legality; presumption of innocence; defense;
compensation of damage for illegal or ungrounded
deprivation of liberty and ungrounded conviction;
freedom of thought, conscience and religion; entry
into marriage.
Article 286: The declaration of a state of siege or a
state of emergency shall in no event restrict or
suspend the right to life, the right to personal
integrity, the right to civil capacity and to citizenship,
the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the right of
accused persons to a defence, and freedom of
religion.
Article 11(3): Except with his consent or, if he is under the
age of twenty years, the consent of his parent or guardian,
no person attending a place of education is required to
receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a
religious ceremony or observance if that instruction,
ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his
own religion or belief.
Article 29: ...No one shall be the object of coercive
measures which diminish these rights or be compelled to
declare his/her creed, ideology or beliefs.
Article 38(2): No person attending any place of education
shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take
part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if
such instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a
religion other than his own, or a religion not approved by
his parent or guardian.
Article 21: No person shall be compelled to pay any special
tax the proceeds of which are to be spent on the
propagation or maintenance of any religion other than his
own. Article 22: (1) No person attending any educational
institution shall be required to receive religious instruction,
or take part in any religious ceremony, or attend religious
worship, if such instruction, ceremony or worship relates to
a religion other than his own. (2) In respect of any religious
institution, there shall be no discrimination against any
community in the granting of exemption or concession in
relation to taxation.
Article IV Section 1: The government shall take no action to

deny or impair the freedom of conscience or of
philosophical or religious belief of any person nor take any
action to compel, prohibit or hinder the exercise of religion
Section 45: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of
conscience, thought and religion and the practice of his
religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and
propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to
interfere with the freedom of others, except to the extent
Article 233(3): An emergency law:—(a) may not that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a
alter… (iii) Section 45 (freedom of conscience, law that complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on
thought and religion); or qualified rights).... (3) No person is entitled to intervene
unsolicited into the religious affairs of a person of a different
belief, or to attempt to force his or any religion (or irreligion)
on another, by harassment or otherwise. (4) No person may
be compelled to take an oath that is contrary to his religion
or belief, or to take an oath in a manner or form that is
Article 24: ...No one may be disturbed, questioned, or
forced to give testimony by reason of his beliefs or ideology.
Article 2: Every person has the right... (18) To not reveal

their political, philosophical, religious, or other convictions,
as well as maintain professional confidences.
Article 233: The statute specifying the scope of
limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and
citizens in times of martial law and states of Article 53: (6) No one shall be compelled to participate or
emergency shall not limit the freedoms and rights not participate in religious practices.
specified in.... Article 53 (conscience and religion)..... (7) No one may be compelled by organs of public authority
Limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and to disclose his philosophy
citizens only by reason of race, gender, language, of life, religious convictions or belief.
faith or lack of it, social origin, ancestry or property
shall be prohibited.
Article 19(6): Under no circumstances shall a

declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency Article 41(3): No authority shall question anyone in relation
to his convictions or religious observance, save in order to
affect the rights to life, personal integrity, personal
identity, civil capacity and citizenship, the non- gather statistical data that cannot be individually identified,
retroactivity of the criminal law, defendants' right to nor shall anyone be prejudiced in any way for refusing to
answer.
a defence, or freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 29: (1) . Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as
the freedom of religious belief, may not be restricted in any
way. No one can be forced to adopt an opinion or to
espouse a religious belief contrary to his/her convictions.
Article 29(3): Nobody shall be forced to express his

thoughts and convictions or to deny them.
Article 137: "...A declaration of a state of siege or of
a state of emergency shall not under any
circumstances violate the right to life and physical
integrity of the person, the rights accorded to people
by law in relation to their status, capacity and
nationality; the principle of non-retroactivity of
criminal
law, the right to legal defence and freedom of
conscience and religion...."
Article 11: (3) Every religious community shall be entitled, at

its own expense, to establish and maintain places of
education and to manage any place of education that it
wholly maintains and such a community shall not be
prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of
that community in the course of any education that it
wholly maintains or in the course of any education that it
otherwise provides. (4) A person shall not be compelled to
take any oath that is contrary to his religion or belief or to
take any oath in a manner that is contrary to his religion or
belief.
education and to manage any place of education which it
maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from
providing religious instruction for persons of that
community in the course of any education provided by that
community whether or not it is in receipt of a government
subsidy or other form of financial assistance designed to
meet in whole or in part the cost of such course of
education. (4) A person shall not be compelled to take any
oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion or belief.

community whether or not it is in receipt of a government
Article 12(1): No person attending any educational
institution shall be required to receive religious instruction
or take part in any religious ceremony or attend religious
worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to
a religion other than his own.
Article 27(3): No one may be questioned by any authority

about his convictions or religious practices except for the
collection of statistical data not individually identifiable nor
be prejudiced for refusing to answer.
Article 202: Upon proclamation of the state of
emergency or war, derogations from human and
minority rights guaranteed by the Constitution shall
be permitted only to the extent deemed necessary. Article 43: ....No person shall have the obligation to declare
Measures providing for derogation shall not bring his religious or other beliefs…..
about differences based on race, sex, language,
religion, national affiliation or social origin.
Article 21: (3) A person attending any place of education

shall not be compelled to impart or receive religious
ceremony or observance.
(4) Subject to this Constitution or any other law, a person
shall not be compelled to take any oath that is contrary to
the religion or belief of that person or to take any oath in a
manner that is contrary to that religion or belief.... (6) A law
shall not make provision for the establishment of any
religion or the imposition of any religious observance.
Article 24: (2) Except with his own consent (or if he is a
miner the consent of his parent or guardian) no person
religious instruction or to take part in or to attend any
own.... (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath

worship of a religion other than his own.
Article 16: Human rights and fundamental freedoms
provided by this Constitution may
exceptionally be temporarily suspended or restricted
during a war and state of
emergency. Human rights and fundamental freedoms
may be suspended or
restricted only for the duration of the war or state of
emergency, but only to the extent
required by such circumstances and inasmuch as the Article 41: ... No one shall be obliged to declare his religious
measures adopted do not or other beliefs….
create inequality based solely on race, national
origin, sex, language, religion,
political or other conviction, material standing, birth,
education, social status or any other personal
circumstance.
The provision of the preceding paragraph does not
allow any temporary suspension
or restriction of the rights provided by Articles 17,
18, 21, 27, 28, 29 and 41.

person who bas not attained the age of eighteen years, the
consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
education shall be required to receive religious instruction
or take part in or attend any religious ceremony or
observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
be compeiled to take any oath which is contrary
Article 16(2): No one may be compelled to make statements
regarding his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.
Article 211: The President of the Republic, with the
consent of the First Vice President, may during the
state of emergency take, by virtue of law or
exceptional order, any measures that shall not
derogate from the provisions of this Constitution and
the Comprehensive Peace Agreement except as may Article 38:...no person shall be coerced to adopt such faith,
be provided herein:— (a) to suspend part of the Bill
of Rights. However, there shall be no infringement on that he to
does not believe in, nor to practice rites or services
which he does not voluntarily consent to.
the right to life, freedom from slavery, freedom from
torture, the right of non-discrimination on the basis
of race, sex, religious creed, the right in litigation or
the presumption of innocence and legal
representation,
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 2: Every
citizen shall be protected in his relations with the public
institutions against any
coercion to divulge an opinion in a political, religious,
cultural or other such connection. He shall
furthermore be protected in his relations with the public
institutions against any coercion to
participate in a meeting for the formation of opinion or a
demonstration or other manifestation of
opinion, or to belong to a political association, religious
community or other association for
opinion referred to in sentence one.
Article 15(4): No one shall be forced to join or belong to a

religious community. to participate in
a religious act, or to follow religious teachings.
Article 15: In times of war, mobilization, martial law,
or state of emergency, the exercise of fundamental
rights and freedoms can be partially or entirely
suspended, or measures may be taken, to the extent
required by the exigencies of the situation, which
derogate the guarantees embodied in the Article 24: ...No one shall be compelled to worship, or to
Constitution, provided that obligations under participate in religious ceremonies and rites, to reveal
international law are not violated. religious beliefs and convictions, or be blamed or accused
Even under the circumstances indicated in the first because of his religious beliefs and convictions…. Article 25:
paragraph, the individual's right to Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and opinion.
life, and the integrity of his or her material and No one shall be compelled to reveal his thoughts and
spiritual entity shall be inviolable except opinions for any reason or purpose, nor shall anyone be
where death occurs through lawful act of warfare; no blamed or accused on account of his thoughts and opinions.
one may be compelled to reveal
his or her religion, conscience, thought or opinion,
nor be accused on account of them;
offences and penalties may not be made retroactive,
nor may anyone be held guilty until so proven by a
court judgment.
Section 36: Nothing in or done under a law shall be
considered to be inconsistent with— (a) section 16 Section 23: (4) Except with his consent, no-one attending a
(life); or (b) section 17 (personal liberty); or (c) place of education shall be required—
section 21 (privacy of home and property); or (d) (a) to receive religious instruction; or
section 23 (freedom of belief); or (e) section 24 (b) to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or
(freedom of expression); or (f) section 25 (freedom observance, if the instruction, ceremony or observance
of assembly and association); or (g) section 26 relates to a religion or belief other than his own. (5) No-one
(freedom of movement); or (h) section 27 (freedom shall be compelled—
from discrimination), to the extent that the law— (i) (a) to take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to
makes any provision, in relation to a period of public his religion or belief; or (b) to take an oath or make an
emergency; or (j) authorizes the doing, during any affirmation in any manner that is contrary to his religion or
such period, of any thing, that is reasonably belief.
justifiable for the purpose of dealing with any
situation that arises or exists during that period.
profess or not to profess any religion. Any compulsory
impermissible.
Article 19: (3) No religious community or denomination shall
be prevented from providing religious instruction for
persons of that community or denomination in the course
of any education provided by the community or
denomination or from establishing and maintaining
institutions to provide social services for such persons. (4)
No person shall be compelled to take any oath which is
Article 19: (3) No religious community shall be prevented

from making provision for the giving by persons lawfully in
Zimbabwe of religious instruction to persons of that
community, whether or not that community is in receipt of
any subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance from
the State. (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath
that is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath in
a manner that is contrary to his religion or belief.
Implementation of International Treaties/International Law
Protecting Religious Freedom
Preamble: ...Observing the United Nations Charter as well as the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights...
Article 5: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding in
Andorra.
Article 21: Constitutional and legal norms related to fundamental

rights shall be interpreted and incorporated in keeping with The
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the African Charter on the
Rights of Man and Peoples and other international instruments to
which Angola has adhered
Article 75: The Congress shall have power…. (22) To approve or reject
treaties entered with other nations and with international
organizations, and concordats with the Holy See. Treaties and
concordats have higher standing than laws.... The following
[international instruments], under the conditions under which they
are in force, stand on the same level as the Constitution, [but] do not
repeal any article in the First Part of this Constitution, and must be
understood as complementary of the rights and guarantees
recognized therein: The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties
of Man; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the American
Convention on Human Rights; the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protocol; the [International]
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide; the
International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial
Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture and
other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and
the Convention on the Rights of the Child. They may only be
denounced, if such is to be the case, by the National Executive Power,
after prior approval by two-thirds of the totality of the members of
each Chamber. Other treaties and conventions on human rights, after
being approved by Congress, shall require the vote of two-thirds of
the totality of the members of each Chamber in order to enjoy
standing on the same level as the Constitution.[4]
Article 3: A human being, his/her dignity, fundamental rights and

freedoms are an inalienable and ultimate value.
The Republic of Armenia shall ensure the protection of fundamental
human and civil rights and freedoms in conformity with the principles
and norms of international law.
The State’s exercise of power shall be limited by the fundamental
human and civil rights and freedoms.
Article 8: The Republic of Belarus shall recognize the supremacy of the
universally acknowledged principles of international law and ensure
that its laws comply with such
principles. The Republic of Belarus in conformity with principles of
international law may on a voluntary basis enter interstate formations
and withdraw from them. The conclusion of international treaties that
are contrary to the Constitution shall not be permitted.
Preamble: ...Reaffirm our attachment to the principles of democracy
and human rights as they have been defined by the Charter of the
United Nations of 1945 and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights of 1948, by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
adopted in 1981 by the Organization of African Unity and ratified by
Bénin on January 20, 1986 and whose provisions make up an integral
part of this present Constitution and of Béninese law and have a value
superior to the internal law...
Preamble: Inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the
International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, and the Declaration on the Rights of
Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic
Minorities, as well as other human rights instruments,
Preamble:....SUBSCRIBING to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights of 1948 and to the international instruments dealing with
economic, political, social and cultural problems, — REAFFIRMING
solemnly our commitment to the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights of 1981....
Preamble: Proclaiming our commitment to the respect of the

fundamental rights of the individual as they result in particular from
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of December 10, 1948, the
International Covenants on Human Rights of December 16, 1966 and
the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of June 18, 1981;
Article 31: The Kingdom of Cambodia recognizes and respects human

rights as stipulated in the United Nations Charter, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the covenants and conventions
related to human rights, women's rights and children's rights....
Preamble: ...affirm our attachment to the fundamental freedoms
enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter
of the United Nations, The African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights and all duly ratified International Conventions relating thereto,
in particular, to the following principles...
Article 17: (1) Laws and international conventions may grant rights,
liberties, and guarantees not provided for in the Constitution. (2) The
extent and the essential content of constitutional norms regarding
rights, liberties, and guarantees may not be restricted by means of
interpretation. (3) Constitutional and legal norms regarding
fundamental rights may be interpreted and integrated in accordance
with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Preamble: Reaffirms its adherence to the Charter of the Organization

of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man
of December 10, 1948, and to the International Covenants of
December 16, 1966relating to economic, social, and cultural rights on
the one hand, and to civil and political rights on the other,
Preamble: Reaffirm our commitment to the principles of the Rights of
Man as defined by the Charter of the United Nations of 1945, by the
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1948 and the African
Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 1981;
Article 93: International treaties and agreements ratified by Congress

that recognize human rights and prohibit their limitation in states of
emergency have domestic priority. The rights and duties mentioned in
this Charter will be interpreted in accordance with international
treaties on human rights ratified by Colombia.
Preamble: ...to emphasize their commitment to the principles and

fundamental rights defined by the Charter of the United Nations, by
the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, by the Pact of the
League of Arab States, by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as well as
by the international conventions, particularly those relating to
childrens’ and womens’ rights....
Preamble: our adherence and attachment to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the
Child and the Rights of Women, particularly to the goal of equal
representation of men and women in the institutions of the country,
as well as to the international instruments relating to the protection
and promotion of human rights;
Preamble: Proclaims its adherence to the rights and freedoms as
defined in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1948 and
in the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 1981;
Article 12(b): bases its international relations on the principles of

equality of rights, free determination of peoples, territorial integrity,
independence of States, international cooperation for mutual and
equitable benefit and interest, peaceful settlement of controversies,
marked by equality and respect, and the other principles proclaimed
in the United Nations Charter and in other international treaties to
which Cuba is a party
Article 23: Fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution shall not
exclude any other rights provided for by the law and shall be
interpreted in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
Preamble: ...Firmly relying on the principles of social justice solemnly
reaffirmed in the rights and liberties of Man defined and consecrated
by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948…
Section 3: The state authority shall be exercised solely pursuant to the

Constitution and laws which are in conformity therewith. Generally
recognised principles and rules of international law are an inseparable
part of the Estonian legal system….
Article 13(2): The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this
Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to the principles
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants
on Human Rights and international instruments adopted by Ethiopia
Preamble: Solemnly affirms its adherence to the rights of man and
the fundamental liberties such as they result from the Declaration of
the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, consecrated by the African
Charter of the Rights of Man and the Rights of Peoples of 1981, and
by the National Charter of Liberties of 1990
Article 6(2): The legislation of Georgia shall correspond to universally
recognised principles and rules of international law. An international
treaty or agreement of Georgia unless it contradicts the Constitution
of Georgia, the Constitutional Agreement, shall take precedence over
domestic normative acts.
Article 25: The general rules of international law shall be an integral
part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and
directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal
territory.
Article 28(1): The generally recognised rules of international law, as
well as international conventions as of the time they are ratified by
statute and become operative according to their respective
conditions, shall be an integral part of domestic Greek law and shall
prevail over any contrary provision of the law. The rules of
international law and of international conventions shall be applicable
to aliens only under the condition of reciprocity.
Preamble: Proclaim… Its adherence to the ideals and principles, rights
and duties established in the United Nations Charter, the Universal
Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Charter of the Organization for
African Unity and the African Charter of the Rights of Man and
Peoples.
Preamble: The Haitian people proclaim this constitution in order
to:Ensure their inalienable and imprescriptible rights to life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness; in conformity with the Act of
Independence of 1884 and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of
Man of 1948.... Article 19: The State has the absolute obligation to
guarantee the right to life, health, and respect of the human person
for all citizens without distinction, in conformity with the Universal
Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Preamble: Taking into consideration its geo-political situation in the
region and its committed participation among the nations and
adopting as its own: — The International Charter of the Rights of Man,
— The African Charter of the Rights of Man and of People, — The
Conventions concerning the Rights of the Woman and of the Child
which are all considered an integral part of its positive law.
Preamble: ...subscribe to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of
Man of December 10, 1948 and to the African Charter of the Rights of
Man and People of June 27, 1981,
Article 4: (1) Constitutional provisions on human rights and freedoms
shall be interpreted and enforced in accordance with the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, other conventions and treaties to which
the Republic of Moldova is a party. (2) Wherever disagreements
appear between the conventions and treaties on fundamental human
rights to which the Republic of Moldova is a party and its domestic
laws, priority shall be given to international regulations.
Article 43: The constitutional principles in respect of fundamental
rights shall be interpreted and integrated in harmony with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the African Charter of
Human and Peoples Rights.
Article 46:All persons in the national territory shall enjoy State
protection and recognition of the rights inherent to the human
person, as well as unrestricted respect, promotion and protection of
those human rights, and the full applicability of the rights set forth in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in the American
Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man; in the International Pact
of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; in the International Pact of
Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations; and in the American
Convention of Human Rights of the Organization of American States.
Article 39: (1) The question, whether a law or act is reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society having a proper regard for the rights
and dignity of mankind, is to be determined in the light of the
circumstances obtaining at the time when the decision on the
question is made. (2) A law shall not be declared not to be reasonably
justifiable in a society having a proper regard for the rights and dignity
of mankind except by the Supreme Court or the National Court, or any
other court prescribed for the purpose by or under an Act of the
Parliament, and unless the court is satisfied that the law was never so
justifiable such a declaration operates as a repeal of the law as at the
date of the declaration. (3) For the purposes of determining whether
or not any law, matter or thing is reasonably justified in a democratic
society that has a proper regard for the rights and dignity of mankind,
a court may have regard to:— (a) the provisions of this Constitution
generally, and especially the National Goals and Directive Principles
and the Basic Social Obligations; and (b) the Charter of the United
Nations; and (c) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and any
other declaration, recommendation or decision of the General
Assembly of the United Nations concerning human rights and
fundamental freedoms; and (d) the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the
Protocols thereto, and any other international conventions,
agreements or declarations concerning human rights and
fundamental freedoms; and
(e) judgements, reports and opinions of the International Court of
Justice, the European Commission of Human Rights, the European
Court of Human Rights and other international courts and tribunals
dealing with human rights and fundamental freedoms; and (f)
previous laws, practices and judicial decisions and opinions in the
country; and
(g) laws, practices and judicial decisions and opinions in other
countries; and (h) the Final Report of the pre-Independence
Constitutional Planning Committee dated 13 August 1974 and
presented to the pre-Independence House of Assembly on 16 August
1974, as affected by decisions of that House on the report and by
decisions of the Constituent Assembly on the draft of this
Constitution; and
(i) declarations by the International Commission of Jurists and other
similar organizations; and (j) any other material that the court
considers relevant.
Article 206(Fourth): The norms concerning the rights and freedoms
that the Constitution recognizes are interpreted in accordance with
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the treaties and
international agreements concerning corresponding matters ratified
by Peru.
Article 16: (1) The fundamental rights enshrined in this Constitution
shall not exclude such other rights as may be laid down by law and in
the applicable rules of international law. (2) The provisions of this
Constitution and of laws concerning fundamental rights shall be
interpreted and construed in accordance with the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Article 20: (1) Constitutional provisions on the rights and freedoms of
citizens shall be interpreted and applied in accordance with the
Universal Declaration on Human Rights and with other treaties and
pacts to which Romania is a party. (2) In case of an inconsistency
between domestic law and the international obligations resulting from
the covenants and treaties on fundamental human rights to which
Romania is a party, the international obligations shall take
precedence, unless the Constitution or the domestic laws contain
more favorable provisions
Article 1: The Republic of San Marino recognises the general
principles of international law as an integral part of its own legal
order, rejects war as a means of settling disputes between States,
subscribes to the international conventions on human rights and
freedoms and reasserts the right of political asylum.
Article 12(2): The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

proclaims its adherence to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of
Man and to its principles and objectives of the Organization of African
Unity and of the United Nations Organization.
Preamble: AFFIRMS its adherence to the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen of 1789 and to the international instruments
adopted by the Organization of the United Nations and the
Organization of African Unity, in particular the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of December 10, 1948, the Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women of
December 18, 1979, the Convention on the Rights of the Child of
November 20, 1989 and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights of June 27, 1981;
Article 194: ...Ratified international treaties and generally accepted
rules of the international law shall be part of the legal system of the
Republic of Serbia. Ratified international treaties may not be in
noncompliance with the Constitution......
Article 1(2): The Slovak Republic recognizes and honors general rules
of international law, international treaties by which it is bound and its
other international obligations.
Article 8: Laws and regulations must comply with generally accepted
principles of international
law and with treaties that are binding on Slovenia. Ratified and
published treaties shall be applied directly. Article 153: ...Laws must
be in conformity with generally accepted principles of international
law and with valid treaties ratified by the National Assembly, whereas
regulations and other general legal acts must also be in conformity
with other ratified treaties....
Article 19: The Somali Democratic Republic shall recognize the

Universal declaration of human rights and generally accepted rules of
international law.
Article 9(f): that human dignity is preserved and upheld in accordance
with the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
. Article 24: The provisions of international treaties are reserved
Human Rights Act: An Act to give further effect to rights and freedoms
guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights; to
make provision with respect to holders of certain judicial offices who
become judges of the European Court of Human Rights; and for
connected purposes
Article 6: The Republic of Yemen confirms its adherence to the UN
Charter, the International Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of
the Arab League, and Principles of international Law which are
generally recognized.
Religion and Culture/Diversity/Heritage/Tolerance
Article 8(3): A Bhutanese citizen shall foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit
of brotherhood amongst all the people of Bhutan transcending religious,
linguistic, regional or sectional diversities.
Preamble: Do make an effort to establish a model that we can be proud of, that
reflects our Brunei culture which is imbued in religion and steadfast with rich
custom.
Article 1: Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular, democratic, unitary
Republic which respects its ethnic and religious diversity.
Preamble: Proud of its national, linguistic unity and its ethnic, cultural and
religious diversity which contribute to the richness of its character,
Preamble: So (it is) that the Sovereign National Conference, held in N’Djaména
from January 15 to April 7, 1993, and having gathered the political parties, the
civil society associations, the corps of the State, religious and traditional
authorities, the representatives of the rural world, and personal resources, gave
back the Chadian people their confidence and allowed the advent of a new
era..... Affirm by this Constitution, our will to live together in respect of ethnic,
religious, regional and cultural diversity; to build a State of law and a united
Nation founded on public liberties and fundamental Rights of Man, dignity of
the human person, and political pluralism, on the African values of solidarity
and fraternity;
Preamble: Conscious of their ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, and
desirous to build one nation unified in solidarity and prosperous;
Preambe: Solemnly reaffirm their determination to fight all forms of tyranny,
oppression, social, cultural or religious domination and segregation, to defend
national independence, to respect and guarantee human rights and the
fundamental rights of the citizen
Article 12: The society shall be committed to safeguarding and protecting
morals, promoting the genuine Egyptian traditions and abiding by the high
standards of religious education, moral and national values, historical heritage
of the people, scientific facts, socialist conduct and public morality within the
limits of the law. The State is committed to abiding by these principles and
promoting them.
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of the
Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious communities of Ethiopia to
live together in equality and unity.
Article 20: Each citizen shall have the duty to respect the honor and the
opinions of others.
Article 51A: It shall be the duty of every citizen of India... (e) to promote
harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
Article 3: Iraq is a country of many nationalities, religions and sects, and is a
founding and active member of the Arab League and committed to its
covenant. Iraq is a part of the Islamic world
Article 6: Its inspiration is its Arabic and Islamic heritage, humanitarian values
and the specific conditions of the Libyan society.
Article 10(2): The State shall recognize and guarantee the right of all citizens to
the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural,
linguistic and religious identity.
Article 19: Every person shall be entitled to enjoy, practice, profess, maintain
and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the terms of
this Constitution and further subject to the condition that the rights protected
by this Article do not impinge upon the rights of others or the national interest.
Article 180: The communities of the Atlantic Coast have the right to live and
develop themselves under the forms of social organization that correspond to
their historic and cultural traditions. The State guarantees these communities
the benefits of their natural resources, the effectiveness of their forms of
communal property and the free election of their authorities and
representatives. Furthermore, it guarantees the preservation of their cultures
and languages, religions and customs.
Article 15: (3) For the purpose of promoting national integration, it shall be the
duty of the State to… (c) encourage inter-marriage among persons from
different places of origin, or of different religious, ethnic or linguistic association
or ties; and (d) promote or encourage the formation of associations that cut
across ethnic, linguistic, religious or other sectional barriers.... Article 23: The
national ethics shall be Discipline, Integrity, Dignity of Labour, Social Justice,
Religious Tolerance, Self-reliance and Patriotism.
Article 7: The state supports the strengthening of links with Romanians outside
the country’s borders and works for the preservation, development, and
expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identity, by
respecting the legislation of the state of which they are citizens.
Article 10: The state shall aspire to promote family bonds and Arab-Islamic
values. It shall take care of all individuals and provide the right conditions for
the growth of their talents and skills.
Article 13: Every citizen shall… (e) respect the dignity and religion of other
individuals, and the rights and interests of others;
Article 6(5): A Pan South African Language Board established by national
legislation must— (a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and
use of... (ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious
purposes in South Africa.
Preamble:Mindful of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural diversity in the Sudan,
desecration, unlawful removal or illegal export. Article 1: (1) The Republic of

the Sudan is an independent, sovereign State. It is a democratic, decentralized,
multi-cultural, multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and multi-lingual
country where such diversities co-exist.... (3) The Sudan is an all embracing
homeland where religions and cultures are sources of strength, harmony and
inspiration Preamble:Mindful of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural diversity in
the Sudan... Further committed to gearing governance, in the coming phase of
our political advancement, towards the enhancement of economic
development, promotion of social harmony, deepening of religious tolerance
and building trust and confidence in the society generally, Article 4: This
Constitution is predicated upon and guided by the following principles... (b)
religions, beliefs, traditions and customs are the source of moral strength and
inspiration for the Sudanese people, Article 16(1): The State shall enact laws to
protect the society from corruption[,] delinquency and social evils and steer the
society as a whole towards virtuous social values consistent with religions and
cultures of the Sudan. Article 155: Law enforcement agencies of the National
Capital shall be representative of the population of the Sudan and shall be
adequately trained and made sensitive to the cultural, religious and social
diversity in the Sudan. Article 156: Without prejudice to the competence of any
national institution to promulgate laws, judges and law enforcement agencies
shall, in dispensing justice and enforcing law in the National Capital, be guided
by the following:— (a) tolerance shall be on the basis of peaceful coexistence
between the Sudanese people of different cultures, religions and traditions...
Article 5:(2) Nationally enacted legislation applicable to Southern Sudan or
states of Southern Sudan shall have as its sources of legislation popular
consensus, the values and the customs of the people of the Sudan, including
their traditions and religious beliefs, having regard to Sudan’s diversity. (3)
Where national legislation is currently in operation or is to be enacted and its
source is religion or custom, then a state, and subject to Article 26 (a) herein in
the case of Southern Sudan, the majority of whose residents do not practice
such religion or customs may a) either introduce legislation so as to allow
practices or establish institutions, in that state consistent with their religion or
customs, or (b) refer the law to the Council of States to be approved by a two-
thirds majority of all the representatives or initiate national legislation which
will provide for such necessary alternative institutions as may be
appropriate.Article 165(1): There shall be established a Southern Sudan Council
of Ministers to be appointed by the President of Government of Southern
Sudan, in consultation with the Vice President and approved by Southern Sudan
Assembly. The Government of Southern Sudan shall be established with due
regard to the need for inclusiveness in recognition of ethnic, religious diversity
and gender.
Section 70: Every person shall have a duty to uphold the nation, religions, the
King and the democratic regime of government with the King as Head of State
under this Constitution.
Article 4: It shall be the duty of the Tibetan Administration to adhere to the
principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as specified by the
United Nations, and to also urge and encourage all other countries of the world
to respect and comply with such Declarations, and shall emphasize the
promotion of the moral and material well-being of the Tibetan people, the
safeguarding of their social, cultural, religious and political rights, and in
particular, the ultimate achievement of their common goal.
Preamble II(iii): Every effort shall be made to integrate all the peoples of
Uganda while at the same time recognising the existence of their ethnic,
religious, ideological, political and cultural diversity.
Article 11: The State promotes the consolidation and development of the
Ukrainian nation, of its historical consciousness, traditions and culture, and also
the development of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all
indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine
Article 60: Defending religion and the homeland is a sacred duty, military duty
is an honour, and national service is to be organized by law.
Freedom of Expression
Article 34: Freedom of expression shall be inviolable. Every Afghan shall have
the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as
other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution. Every Afghan
shall have the right, according to provisions of law, to print and publish on
subjects without prior submission to state authorities. Directives related to the
press, radio and television as well as publications and other mass media shall
be regulated by law.
Article 22: (1) Freedom of expression is guaranteed. (2) Freedom of the press,
radio and television is guaranteed. (3) Prior censorship of means of
communication is prohibited. (4) The law may require authorization to be
granted for the operation of radio or television stations.
Article 41: The freedoms of expression, association and assembly shall be

guaranteed to the citizen.
Article 12: Freedoms of expression, of communication and of information are
guaranteed. The law shall regulate the right of reply, the right of correction and
professional secrecy. Preliminary censorship or any other means of ideological
control on the part of the public authorities shall be prohibited.
Article 2: The Republic of Angola shall be a democratic State based on the rule
of law, national unity, the dignity of the individual, pluralism of expression and
political organization, respecting and guaranteeing the basic rights and
freedoms of persons, both as individuals and as members of organized social
groups. Article 32(1): Freedom of expression, assembly, demonstration and all
other forms of expression shall be guaranteed.
Article 12(1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of expression.
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following rights, in
accordance with the laws that regulate their exercise, namely: of working in
and practicing any lawful industry; of navigating and trading; of petitioning the
authorities; of entering, remaining in, traveling through and leaving the
Argentine territory; of publishing their ideas through the press without prior
censorship; of using and disposing of their property; of associating for useful
purposes; of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and learning.,
Article 27: Everyone shall have the right to freely express his/her opinion. No
one shall be forced to rescind or change his/her opinion. Everyone shall have
the right to the freedom of expression including freedom to search for, receive
and impart information and ideas by any means of information media
regardless of frontiers.
Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be
guaranteed.
The State guarantees the existence and activities of independent and public
radio and television offering a variety of informational, cultural and
entertaining programs.
Article 23(1): Except with his consent, no person shall be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purposes of this Article
the said freedom includes freedom to hold opinions, to receive and impart
ideas and information without interference, and freedom from interference
with his correspondence.
Article 23: Freedom of opinion and scientific research is guaranteed. Everyone
has the right to express his opinion and publish it by word of mouth, in writing
or otherwise under the rules and conditions laid down by law, provided that
the fundamental beliefs of Islamic doctrine are not infringed, the unity of the
people is not prejudiced, and discord or sectarianism is not aroused.
Article 39(2): Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the

interests of the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states,
public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court,
defamation or incitement to an offence— 1. the right of every citizen of
freedom of speech and expression; and
2. freedom of the press, are guaranteed.
enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purposes of this section
the said freedom includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference,
freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom
to communicate ideas and information without interference and freedom from
interference
Article 33: Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thoughts and beliefs and their
free expression. No one shall be forced to express one's beliefs or to deny
them. No monopolization of the mass media by the State, public associations
or individual citizens and no censorship shall be permitted.
Article 12 (1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold
opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information
without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any
person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his
correspondence.
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience, of
religion, of creed, of opinion and of expression with respect for the public
order established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and the
expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the secularity of the
State. The institutions and the religious or philosophical communities shall
have the right to develop without hindrances. They shall not be subject to the
guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer their affairs in an
autonomous manner.
Article 7(2): A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech,
opinion and expression.
Article 106: (1) The State guarantees the right of communication and the right
to information. (2) The State guarantees the Bolivians and the Bolivian people
the right to freedom of expression, opinion and information, amendment and
response, and the right to
freely express ideas through any media without prior censorship.
(3) The State guarantees workers and workers in the press,
freedom of expression, the right of communication, and the right to
information. Article 106(5): To freely express and disseminate thoughts and
opinions through any means of communication, orally, written or visual,
individually or collectively.
Article 2(3h): Freedom of expression.

enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold
correspondence.
Article 5(9): expression of intellectual, artistic, scientific, and communication

activity is free, independent of any censorship or license;
Article 39: (1) Everyone shall be entitled to express an opinion or to publicize it
through words, written or oral, sound or image, or in any other way. (2) This
right shall not be used to the detriment of the rights and reputation of others,
or for the incitement of a forcible change of the constitutionally established
order, the perpetration of a crime, or the incitement of enmity or violence
against anyone.
Article 8: Freedom of opinion and of the press, and the right to information
shall be guaranteed. Every person shall have the right to express and to
disseminate his opinions within the limits of the existing statutes and
regulations.
Article 31: The freedom of expression is guaranteed. The State respects the
freedom of religion, thought, conscience and opinion.
Article 41: Khmer citizens shall have freedom of expression of their ideas,
freedom of information, freedom of publication and freedom of assembly. No
one shall exercise these rights to infringe upon the honor of others, or to affect
the good customs of society, public order and national security. The regime of
the media shall be determined by law.
Preamble: the freedom of communication, of expression, of the press, of
assembly, of association, and of trade unionism, as well as the right to strike
shall be guaranteed under the conditions fixed by law;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2b: freedom of thought,

belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media
of communication;
Article 47(1): Everyone shall have freedom of expression by speech, image, or

any other medium; no one shall be harassed because of political, philosophical,
religious, or other opinions. Article 28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression;
association; religion; worship; intellectual, artistic and cultural creation;
demonstration; and other liberties consecrated by the Constitution, by laws,
and by International Law or convention shall be guaranteed. Article 47(2): The
right to airtime may also be granted by law to trade unions, companies, and
religious institutions.
\
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, communication,
conscience, religion, the press, of association, assembly, circulation,
demonstration, and parade are guaranteed to all.
Article 19(12): Freedom to express opinions and disseminate information,

without prior censorship, in any form and by any means, without prejudice to
the responsibility for crimes and abuses that are committed in the exercise of
these freedoms, in conformity with the law which must be passed by a
qualified quorum....
Article 20: Every individual is guaranteed the freedom to express and diffuse
his/her thoughts and opinions, to transmit and receive information that is true
and impartial, and to establish mass communications media.
Preamble: freedom of expression and of assembly, freedom of association and

freedom to organize trade unions, subject to respect for morals and public
order;
Article 19: All citizens (tout citoyen) have the right to express and to diffuse
freely their opinion by speech, by writing, by image and any other form of
communication. The freedom of the press and the freedom of information are
guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. Access to the sources of information is
free. Every citizen has the right to information and communication. The
activities relative to these domains shall be exercised with respect for the law.
Article 23: All persons have the right to freedom of expression.

This right implies the freedom to express their opinions and convictions, in
particular by speech, in print and through pictures, subject to respect for the
law, public order and morality.
Article 64(1e): Freedom of speech and expression;

Article 28: No one may be disturbed or persecuted for the expression of his
opinions or for any act which does not infringe the law. Private actions which
do not harm the morals or public order, or which do not cause any damages to
third parties are outside the scope of the law. However, clergymen or secular
individuals cannot make political propaganda in any way invoking religious
motives or making use of religious beliefs.
Article 10: Each has the right to express and to freely disseminate their ideas.
All propaganda having for its object or for its effect to make one social group
prevail over another, or to encourage racial or religious hatred is forbidden.
Article 38: Freedom of thought and expression are guaranteed. Freedom of

expression includes freedom of the press and other media of communication,
freedom of speech and public expression, and the free establishment of all
institutions of public communication. Censorship is forbidden. Journalists have
the right to freedom of reporting and access to information. The right to
correction and reply is guaranteed to anyone whose constitutional rights have
been violated by public information.
Article 19(1): Every person has the right to freedom of speech and expression
in any form.
CFRBF, Article 17: (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information
are guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express his views in speech, in
writing, in the press, in pictures, or in any other form, as well as freely to seek,
receive, and disseminate ideas and information irrespective of the frontiers of
the state.
Article 15: Everyone shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his
opinions by word, pen, or image. These rights shall be subject to the provisions
of the law as well as to respect for the honour of other persons…..
Article 10(1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
correspondence. Article 1: Whereas every person in Dominica is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his race,
place of origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and
all of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and
of assembly and association; and...
Article 49: . Everyone has the right to freely express their thoughts, ideas, and
opinions, through whatever means, without prior approval….
Article 40: (1) All persons have the right to freedom of expression and the right
to inform and be informed impartially. (2) The exercise of freedom of
expression and information cannot be limited by any type of censorship. (3)
The exercise of rights and liberties referred to in this Article is regulated by law
based on the imperative of respect for the Constitution and the dignity of the
human person.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals… (6) The right to
opinion and to freely express one’s thoughts and in all forms and
manifestations
Article 47: Freedom of opinion is guaranteed. Every individual has the right to
express his opinion and to disseminate it verbally or in writing or by
photography or by other means within the limits of the law.
Article 6: Everyone can freely express and disseminate their thoughts as long
as they do not subvert the public order nor harm morals, honor, or the privacy
of others. The exercise of this right may not be subject to previous
examination, censorship, or pledge; but those who make use of it, who violate
the law, shall be liable for the offense committed.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and liberties…. (b) The free
expression of thought, ideas, and opinions.
Article 19(2): Every person shall have the freedom of speech and expression,
including freedom of the press and other media.
Section 45: Everyone has the right to freely disseminate ideas, opinions, beliefs
and other information by word, print, picture or other means. This right may
be restricted by law to protect public order, morals, and the rights and
freedoms, health, honour and good name of others. This right may also be
restricted by law for state and local government public servants, to protect a
state or business secret or information received in confidence, which has
become known to them by reason of their office, and the family and private
life of others, as well as in the interests of justice. There is no censorship.
Article 29: (1) Everyone has the right to hold opinions without inteference.(2)
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without any interference. This
right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the
form of art, or through any media of his choice. (3) Freedom of the press and
other mass media and freedom of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of
the press shall specifically include the following elements: (a) Prohibition of
any form of censorship. (b) Access to information of public interest.
Article 30(1): (1) Every person has the right to freedom of speech and
expression, including:
(a) freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas; and (b)
freedom of the press and other media….
Section 12: Everyone has the freedom of expression. Freedom of expression
entails the right to express, disseminate and receive information, opinions and
other communications without prior prevention by anyone. More detailed
provisions on the exercise of the freedom of expression are laid down by an
Act. Provisions on restrictions
relating to pictorial programmes that are necessary for the protection of
children may be laid down by an Act. Documents and recordings in the
possession of the authorities are public, unless their publication has for
compelling reasons been specifically restricted by an Act. Everyone has the
right of access to public documents and recordings.
Article 4: ...Statutes shall guarantee pluralism in the expression of opinions and

equitable participation of political parties and groups in the democratic life of
the Nation.
Section 25(1a): freedom of speech and expression, which shall include
freedom of the press and other media;
Article 34(1): The state shall promote the development of culture, the
unrestricted
participation of citizens in cultural life, expression and enrichment of cultural
originality, recognition of national and common values and deepening of
international cultural relations.
Article 5(1): Everyone has the right to freely express and disseminate his
opinions in speech, writing, and pictures and to inform himself without
hindrance from generally accessible sources. The freedom of the press and the
freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films are guaranteed. There
shall be no censorship.
Article 21(1a): freedom of speech and expression, which shall include freedom
of the press and other media;
Article 14: (1) Every person may express and propagate his thoughts orally, in
writing and through the press in compliance with the laws of the State.(2) The
press is free. Censorship and all other preventive measures are prohibited.
(3)The seizure of newspapers and other publications before or after circulation
is prohibited. Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be allowed
exceptionally after circulation and in case of: (a) an offence against the
Christian or any other known religion. ... (4) In all the cases specified under the
preceding paragraph, the public prosecutor must, within twenty-four hours
from the seizure, submit the case to the judicial council which, within the next
twenty-four hours, must rule whether the seizure is to be maintained or lifted;
otherwise it shall be lifted ipso jure. An appeal may be lodged with the Court
of Appeals and the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court by the publisher of the
newspaper or other printed matter seized and by the public prosecutor.
(5) Every person offended by an inaccurate publication or broadcast has the
right to reply, and the information medium has a corresponding obligation for
full and immediate retraction. Every person offended by an insulting or
defamatory publication or broadcast has also the right to reply, and the
information medium has a corresponding obligation for immediate publication
or transmission of the reply. The manner in which the right to reply is exercised
and in which the full and immediate retraction or publication and transmission
of the reply is made, shall be specified by law.
Article 10(1): (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
correspondence.
Article35: The expression of thought through any mass medium without
censorship or prior permission is free. This constitutional right cannot be
restrained by law or any governmental provision. Whoever enjoying this
freedom should fail to respect private lives or morals will be held responsible in
accordance with the law. Whoever may feel aggrieved has the right to publish
his defense, clarifications, and rectifications....
Article 7: ...He shall be free to express, to manifest and to disseminate his ideas
and opinions by speech, by writing and by image….
Article 51(1):Everyone has the right to freely express and disclose their
thoughts through whatever available means, as well as the right to inform, to
inquire, and to be informed without impediment or discrimination
Article 146: (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold
interference and freedom from interference with his correspondence.
Article 28: Every Haitian has the right to express his opinions freely on any
matter by any means he chooses.
Article 72: Expression of thought shall be free, and may be expressed through
any means of dissemination, without prior censorship. Those who abuse this
right, and those who by direct or indirect methods restrict or limit the
communication and circulation of ideas and opinions shall be liable before the
law. Article 74: The right to freedom of thought and expression may not be
restricted by indirect means, such as the abuse of government or private
controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in
the dissemination of information. Article 75: The law which regulates the
expression of thought, may establish prior censorship to protect the ethical
and cultural values of the society, as well as the rights of persons, especially
those of childhood, adolescence and youth.
Basic Law Article 27: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of speech, of the
press, and of publication ; freedom of association, of assembly, of procession,
and of demonstration; and the right and freedom to form and join trade
unions, and to strike. Bill of Rights Article 16: (1) Everyone shall have the right
to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to
freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,
in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his
choice....
Article 61 (1): In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to freely
express his opinion, and furthermore to access and distribute information of
public interest.
Article 73: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and belief. Everyone
shall be free to express his thoughts, but shall also be liable to answer for them
in court. The law may never provide for censorship or other similar limitations
to freedom of expression.
Freedom of expression may only be restricted by law in the interests of public
order or the security of the State, for the protection of health or morals, or for
the protection of the rights or reputation of others, if such restrictions are
deemed necessary and in agreement with democratic traditions.
Article 19(1): All citizens shall have the right-- (a)to freedom of speech and
expression
Article 28E: (2) Every person shall have the freedom to believe in his/her faith
(kepercayaan), and to express his/her views and thoughts, in accordance with
his/her conscience.(3) Every person shall have the freedom to associate, to
assemble and to express opinions.
Article 24: Publications and the press have freedom of expression except when
it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the
public. The details of this exception will be specified by law.
Article 36: The State guarantees [the following] in a way that does not violate
public order and morality: (A) Freedom of expression, through all means.
Article 40(6i): The State guarantees liberty for the exercise of the following
rights, subject to public order and morality: (a) The right of the citizens to
express freely their convictions and opinions. The education of public opinion
being, however, a matter of such grave import to the common good, the State
shall endeavour to ensure that organs of public opinion, such as the radio, the
press, the cinema, while preserving their rightful liberty of expression,
including criticism of Government policy, shall not be used to undermine public
order or morality or the authority of the State. The publication or utterance of
blasphemous, seditious, or indecent matter is an offence which shall be
punishable in accordance with law.
Article 21: Anyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech,
writing, or any other form of communication….
Article 22(1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be
Ofreedom hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the
purposes of this section the said freedom includes the freedom to hold
opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without
interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence and
other means of communication.
Article 22: Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and
all other forms of expression are guaranteed.
No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of
communication be violated.
Article 15(i): The State shall guarantee freedom of opinion. Every Jordanian
shall be free to express his opinion by speech, in writing, or by means of
photographic representation and other forms of expression, within the limits
of the law.
Article 20: (1) The freedom of speech and creative activities shall be
guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited. (2) Everyone shall have the right to
freely receive and disseminate information by any means not prohibited by
law. The list of items constituting state secrets of the Republic of Kazakhstan
shall be determined by law.
correspondence.
Article 67: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the press, of
assembly, demonstration and association.
The State shall guarantee conditions for the free activity of democratic political
parties and social organizations.
Article 21(1): All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and
freedom of assembly and association.
Article 37: Freedom of the press, printing and publishing shall be guaranteed in
accordance with the conditions and manner specified by law.
Article 14(6): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, speech and
press, as well as to
unimpeded expression of those thoughts and beliefs. No one shall be forced to
express their
Article 31: Lao citizens have the right and freedom of speech, press and
assembly; and have the right to set up associations and to stage
demonstrations which are not contrary to the law.
Article 100: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes
the right to freely receive, keep and distribute information and to express his
or her views. Censorship is prohibited
Article 13: The freedom of opinion, expression through speech and writing, the
freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, and the freedom of
association, are all guaranteed within the scope of the law.
Article 4(1): (j) freedom of expression Article 14(1): Every person shall be
entitled to, and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in his
enjoyment of, freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions
without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without
interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information
Article 15: (a) Every person shall have the right to freedom of expression, being
fully responsible for the abuse thereof. This right shall not be curtailed,
restricted or enjoined by government save during an emergency declared in
accordance with this Constitution. (b) The right encompasses the right to hold
opinions without interference and the right to knowledge. It includes freedom
of speech and of the press, academic freedom to receive and impart
knowledge and information and the right of libraries to make such knowledge
available. It includes non-interference with the use of the mail, telephone and
telegraph. It likewise includes the right to remain silent.
Article 13: Freedom of Opinion is guaranteed within the limits of public

interest and the principles of the Revolution.
Article 40: Every person shall be entitled to freely express his opinion and to
communicate his ideas by word of mouth or in writing, print or pictures within
the limits of the law and morality; no censorship may be exercised except in
respect of public performances and exhibitions.
Article 26: The human being shall have the right to have his own convictions
and freely express them. The human being must not be hindered from seeking,
receiving and imparting information and ideas. Freedom to express
convictions, to receive and impart information may not be limited otherwise
than by law, if this is necessary to protect the health, honour and dignity,
private life, and morals of a human being, or to defend the constitutional order.
Freedom to express convictions and to impart information shall be
incompatible with criminal actions—incitement of national, racial, religious, or
social hatred, violence and discrimination, with slander and disinformation.
The citizen shall have the right to receive, according to the procedure
established by law, any information concerning him that is held by State
institutions.
Article 24: The freedom to express opinions in speech iand n all matters, and
the freedom of the press are guaranteed, with the exception of crimes
committed on the exercise of these freedoms. No censorship can be permitted.
Article 16: The freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought and public
expression of thought is guaranteed.
The freedom of speech, public address, public information and the
establishment of institutions for public information is guaranteed.
Free access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of
information are guaranteed. The right of reply via the mass media is
guaranteed. The right to a correction in the mass media is guaranteed. The
right to protect a source of information in the mass media is guaranteed.
Censorship is prohibited
Article 10: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, of communication, of
[the] press, of association, of assembly, of movement [circulation], of
conscience and of religion are guaranteed to all and can be limited only with
respect to the freedoms and rights of others and by the imperative to
safeguard the public order.
Article 25: Every person shall have the right to freedom of expression. Article
34: Every person shall have the right to freedom of opinion, including the right
to hold opinions without interference to hold receive and impart opinions.
Article 10(a): Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4)- (a) every citizen has the right
to freedom of speech and expression;
Article 27: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and the freedom to
communicate opinions and expression in a manner that is not contrary to any
tenet of Islam.
Article 7: The freedom of the press is recognized and guaranteed. It is

exercised within the conditions specified by the law. Equal access for all to the
State media is assured by an independent organ whose statute is established
by an organic law.
Article 32b: Whereas every person in Malta is entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his
race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to
each and all of the following, namely ... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of peaceful assembly and association... Article 41(1): Except
with his own consent or by way of parental freedom of discipline, no person
shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including
freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and
information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and
information without interference (whether the communication be to the public
generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience, and belief; to freedom of speech and of the press; to the free
exercise of religion; to freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and to
petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Article 10: The State shall guarantee to all its citizens public and individual
freedoms, that is... — the freedom of opinion and thought;
— the freedom of expression;
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there have
existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race,
place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, each and all
of the following human rights and fundamental freedoms... (b) freedom of
conscience, of expression, of assembly and association and freedom to
establish schools.... (1) Article 12(1): Except with his own consent, no person
shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say,
freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information
without interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence.
Article 6: The expression of ideas shall not be subject to any judicial or
administrative investigation unless such expression offends good morals,
infringes upon the rights of others, incites crime, or disturbs the public order;
the right to a reply shall be exercised subjects to the terms established by law.
Freedom of information shall be guaranteed by the State. Article 7: The
freedom to write and publish writings on any subject is inviolable. No law or
authority may establish prior censorship, require bonds from authors or
printers, or restrict the freedom of printing, which shall be limited only by the
respect due to private life, morals, and public peace. Under no circumstances
may a printing press be seized as the instrument of a crime.
Article 4, Section 1: No law may deny or impair freedom of expression,

peaceable assembly, association, or petition.
Article 32(1): Every citizen shall be guaranteed the freedom of thought and
opinion, as well as the freedom of expression in public by way of word, image
or any other means possible.
Article 23: The freedom of cults, that of public exercise as well as the freedom
to expressing opinions in all manners, is guaranteed…
Article 16: The citizens of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy the following
rights and freedoms… (16) Freedom of thought, opinion and expression,
speech, press, peaceful assembly. Procedures for organizing demonstrations
and other assemblies shall be determined by law.
Article 47: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression by speech,
writing, picture or in some other manner. The right to freedom of expression
may be limited only by the right of others to dignity, reputation and honor and
if it threatens public morality or the security of Montenegro.
Article 9: The Constitution guarantees to all citizens… Freedom of opinion,

freedom of expression under all its forms and freedom to assemble… No
restrictions can be imposed on such freedoms other than by law.
Article 48(1): All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression and to
freedom of the press, as well as the right to information.
Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the following rights, unless their
exercise is contrary to the laws enacted for the maintenance of Union security,
law and order, community peace and tranquility, or public order and morality…
(a) the right to express and publish freely one’s convictions and opinions...
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (a) freedom of speech and
expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media…
Article 12(1): A person has the right to freedom of expression. Article 3:

Whereas every person in Nauru is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place
of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following freedoms, namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of
peaceful assembly and association
Article 12(3):Every citizen shall have the following freedoms… (a) freedom of
opinion and expression…. Provided that, (1) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall be
deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on
any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, or which
may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the people of
various castes, tribes, religions or communities, or on any act of defamation,
contempt of court or incitement to an offense, or on any act which may be
contrary to decent public behaviour or morality.
Article7(1) : No one shall require prior permission to publish thoughts or

opinions throught the press, without prejudice to the responsibility of overy
person under the law.
Article 14: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the
freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in
any form.
Article 30: Nicaraguans have the right to freely express their convictions in
public or in private, individually or collectively, in oral, written or any other
form.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, opinion, expression,
conscience, religion, and worship.
Article 39(1): Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including

without interference.
Section 100: There shall be freedom of expression.
No person may be held liable in law for having imparted or received
information, ideas or messages unless this can be justified in relation to the
grounds for freedom of expression, which are the seeking of truth, the
promotion of democracy and the individual's freedom to form opinions. Such
legal liability shall be prescribed by law. Everyone shall be free to speak his
mind frankly on the administration of the State and on any other subject
whatsoever. Clearly defined limitations to this right may only be imposed when
particularly weighty considerations so justify in relation to the grounds for
freedom of expression.
Article 29: The freedom of opinion and expression thereof through speech,
writing or other forms of expression is guaranteed within the limits of the Law.
Preamble: ...Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including
equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political
justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and
association, subject to law and public morality... Article 19: Every citizen shall
have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be
freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in
the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defence of
Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order,
decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or
incitement to an offence.
Article IV, Section 2: The government shall take no action to deny or impair the
freedom of expression or press. No bona fide reporter may be required by the
government to divulge or be jailed for refusal to divulge information obtained
in the course of a professional investigation.
Article 37: Every person may express his/her opinion freely, either orally, in
writing or by any other means, without being subject to prior censorship. Legal
responsibility (liability) will, however, be incurred when by any of these means,
the reputation or honor of persons is assailed, or when social security or public
order is attacked.
Article 46: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of expression and
publication, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or
restricted by a law… (2) In Subsection (1), “freedom of expression and
publication” includes: (a) freedom to hold opinions, to receive ideas and
information and to communicate ideas and information, whether to the public
generally or to a person or class of persons....
Article 26: The free expression and dissemination of thoughts and opinions
without any type of censorship are hereby guaranteed. No law will be passed
that could restrict or make these rights unfeasible. There will be no press
crimes; they will be considered common crimes committed through the press.
Everyone has the right to generate, process, or disseminate information and to
use any legal, effective instrument to achieve these goals.
Article 2: Everyone person has the right... To freedom of information, opinion,

expression and diffusion of ideas whether oral, written, or visual through any
communications media without prior authorization or censorship or restraint
whatsoever, under protection of the law. Offenses committed through books,
the press, and other communications media are specified in the Criminal Code
and may be tried in ordinary courts. Any action which suspends or forbids any
means of expression or impedes it to circulate freely is an offense. The rights of
informing and expressing an opinion include those of establishing
communications media.
Article 3, Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech,

of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the Government for redress of grievances
Article 54(1): The freedom to express opinions, to acquire and to disseminate
information shall be ensured to everyone.
Article 37(1): Everyone shall possess the right to freely express and publicise
his thoughts in words, images or by any other means, as well as the right to
inform others, inform himself and be informed without hindrance or
discrimination.
Article 47: Freedom of expression of opinion and scientific research is

guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in
the law.
Article 30(1): The freedom to express ideas, opinions, and beliefs, and the
freedom of creation in any form—orally, in writing, through images, by means
of sound, or by any other means of public communication—are inviolable.
Article 29(2): Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

Article 34: "Freedom of press and freedom of information are recognized and
guaranteed by the State. Freedom of speech and freedom of information shall
not prejudice public order and good morals, the right of every citizen to
honour, good reputation and the privacy of personal and family life. It is also
guaranteed so long as it does not prejudice the protection of the youth and
minors. The conditions for exercising such freedoms shall be determined by
law.
There is hereby established an independent institution known as the "Media
High Council". The law shall determine its responsibilities, organization and
functioning."
Article 12(1): (Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
interference (whether the communication is to the public generally or to any
correspondence.
correspondence.
correspondence.
Article 13(1): All citizens of Samoa shall have the right— (a) To freedom of
speech and expression….
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties for all. The
following shall be guaranteed, in particular: liberty of person and sanctity of
the home, freedom of residence and of emigration, freedom of association,
freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and religion....
Article 29(1) : All have the right to freely express and divulge their thinking by
word, by image or by any other means.
Article 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all citizens fundamental
individual freedoms, economic and social rights as well as collective rights.
These freedoms shall include in particular:Civil and political freedoms: freedom
of opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of
association, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, freedom of
manifestation;
• cultural freedoms;
Article 46: The freedom of thought and expression shall be guaranteed, as well
as the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through
speech, writing, art or in some other manner. Freedom of expression may be
restricted by the law if necessary to protect rights and reputation of others, to
uphold the authority and objectivity of the court and to protect public health,
morals of a democratic society and national security of the Republic of Serbia.
Article 22(1): Every person has a right to freedom of expression and for the
purpose of this article this right includes the freedom to hold opinions and to
seek, receive and impart ideas and information without interference.
enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purpose of this section
the said freedom includes the freedom to hold opinions and to receive and
impart ideas and information without interference, freedom from interference
with his correspondence, freedom to own, establish and operate any medium
for the dissemination of information, ideas and opinions, and academic
freedom in institutions of learning.... Article 15: Whereas every person in
Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin,
political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association;
Article 14(1): Subject to clauses (2) and (3)—

(a) every citizen of Singapore has the right to freedom of speech and
expression;
Article 26: (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are
guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express his/her views in word,
writing, print, picture, or other means as well as the right to freely seek,
receive, and spread ideas and information irrespective of state borders. The
issuing of press is not subject to approval procedures. Enterprise in the fields of
radio and television may be subject to the awarding of an approval from the
state. The conditions shall be laid down by law.
Article 39: Freedom of expression of thought, freedom of speech and public
appearance, of the press and other forms of public communication and
expression shall be guaranteed. Everyone may freely collect, receive and
disseminate information and opinions.
freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to
communicate ideas and information without interference and freedom from
interference with his correspondence.
Article 24(2):The citizen shall further be entitled to express his opinion in any
manner, freedoms of publication and speech.
Article 16: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes
— (a) freedom of the press and other media; (b) freedom to receive or impart
information or ideas; (c) freedom of artistic creativity; and (d) academic
freedom and freedom of scientific research. (2) The right in subsection (1) does
not extend to— (a) propaganda for war; (b) incitement of imminent violence;
or
(c) advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and
that constitutes incitement to cause harm.
Article 20(1): The following rights are recognized and protected:

(a) the right to freely express and spread thoughts, ideas and opinions through
words, in writing or by any other means of reproduction.
Article 14(1): (1) Every citizen is entitled to—
(a) the freedom of speech and expression including publication;
Article 39(1): Every citizen shall have an unrestricted right to the freedom of
expression, reception of information, publication, and access to the press
without prejudice to order, safety or public morals as determined by law.
Article 19:Everyone has the right to make public his thoughts or feelings and to
express his opinion through the printed press or other means of
communication, notwithstanding everyone’s responsibility according to the
law.
Section 24(1): A person has a right of freedom of expression and opinion.

Section 14: The fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual
enshrined in this Chapter are hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association
and of movement
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen shall be
guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his relations with the public
institutions: (1) freedom of expression: Instrument of Government Chapter 2,
Article 13:Freedom of expression and freedom of information may be
restricted having regard to the security of the Realm, the national supply of
goods, public order and public safety, the good name of the individual, the
sanctity of private life, and the prevention and prosecution of crime.
Freedom of expression may also be restricted in commercial activities.
Freedom of expression and freedom of information may otherwise be
restricted only where particularly important
grounds so warrant. In judging what restrictions may be introduced by virtue of
paragraph one, particular regard shall be had to the importance of the widest
possible freedom of expression and freedom of information in political,
religious, professional, scientific and cultural matters. Instrument of
Government Chapter 2, Article 22: A foreign national within the Realm is
equated with a Swedish citizen in respect of (1) protection against coercion to
participate in a meeting for the formation of opinion or a demonstration or
other manifestation of opinion, or to belong to a religious community or other
association (Article 2, sentence two);
Article 16(1): Freedom of expression and of information is guaranteed.
Article 38: Every citizen has the right to freely and openly express his views in
words, in writing, and through all other means of expression. He also has the
right to participate in supervision and constructive criticism in a manner that
safeguards the soundness of the domestic and nationalist structure and
strengthens the socialist system. The state guarantees the freedom of the
press, of printing, and publication in accordance with the law.
Article 11: The people shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing, and
publication.
nArticle 30: Everyone is guaranteed freedom of speech, press, [and] the right
to use means of mass information. Propaganda and agitation inciting social and
racial, national, religious and language enmity and hostility are prohibited.
State censorship and prosecution for criticism is prohibited. A list of
information constituting a State secret is determined by law.]
Article 18: Every person - (a) has a freedom of opinion and expression of his
ideas; (b) has out right to seek, receive and, or disseminate informatio
Section 45: A person shall enjoy the liberty to express his opinion, make
speech, write, print, publicize, and make expression by other means.
Article 12: Subject to any law imposing restrictions in the immediate and
ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for the benefit of the public, and
subject to legal restrictions imposed by the Tibetan Assembly during the
tenureship of a civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the following rights
and freedoms... (b) freedom of speech and expression;
Article 26: Freedom of the press is recognized and guaranteed by the State. It
is protected by law. Everyone has the freedom to express and to disseminate
by speech, writing, or other means, their opinions or information that they
possess with respect to the limits defined by the law.
Article 7(1): It shall be lawful for all people to speak write and print their
opinions and no law shall ever be enacted to restrict this liberty. There shall be
freedom of speech and of the press for ever but nothing in this clause shall be
held to outweigh the law of defamation, official secrets or the laws for the
protection of the King and the Royal Family.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and Tobago

there have existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason
of race, origin, colour, religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights
and freedoms, namely... (i) freedom of thought and expression;
Article 8: The freedoms of opinion, expression, press, publication, meeting,
and association are guaranteed and exercised within the conditions defined by
law. Political parties cannot be based, in their principles, objectives, activity or
programs, on a religion, language, race, sex, or region.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to express and disseminate his thoughts and
opinion by speech, in writing or in pictures or through other media,
individually or collectively. This right includes the freedom to receive and
impart information and ideas without interference from official authorities.
This provision shall not preclude subjecting transmission by radio, television,
cinema, and similar means to a system of licensing....
Article 28: Citizens of Turkmenistan have the right to freedom of conviction
and free expression [of their conviction], as well as to obtain information that
is not a State, official or commercial secret.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his race, place of
origin, political opinions, colour, religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or
sex, to the following fundamental rights and freedoms... (f) freedom of
expression (see section 24)... Section 24: (1)...except with his consent no-one
shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of expression. (2) For the
purposes of this section, freedom of expression includes— (a) freedom to hold
opinions without interference; and (b) freedom to receive ideas and
information without interference; and (c) freedom to communicate ideas and
information without interference; and (d) freedom from interference with
correspondence
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to (a) freedom of speech and
expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media;
Article 34: Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of thought and speech,
and to the free expression of his or her views and beliefs.
Article 30: Freedom of opinion and expressing it verbally, in writing or by other
means of expression shall be guaranteed within the limits of law.
Human Rights Act, Article 12:(1) If a court's determination of any question

arising under this Act might affect the exercise by a religious organisation
(itself or its members collectively) of the Convention right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion, it must have particular regard to the
importance of that right. (2) In this section "court" includes a tribunal.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech,

or of the press;
Article 29:There is completel freedom of all forms comunication and thoughts

expressed in words, written, or published in the private press, or any other
form of spreading it, without prior censorship, the author being responsible
and, where appropriate, the printer or issuer, in accordance with the law for
abuses committed.
Article 29: Everyone shall be guaranteed 1reedom of thought, speech and
convictions. Everyone shall have the right to seek, obtain and disseminate any
information, except that which is directed against the existing constitutional
system and in sone other instances specified by law. Freedom of opinion and
its expression may be restricted by lawv if any state or other secret is involved.
Article 5(1): The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any

restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to the
following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without
discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional
beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence, safety,
public order, welfare and health... (g) freedom of expression...
Article 57: Every person has the right to freely express his thoughts, his ideas
or opinions in person [de viva voz], by writing or by any other form of
expression, and to use for this purpose any means of communication and
diffusion, over which censorship cannot be established. The person who uses
this right assumes full responsibility for everything that is expressed.
Anonymity, propaganda of war, discriminatory messages and those which
promote religious intolerance are not permitted. Censorship of the public
functionaries for rendering account of the matters under their responsibilities
is prohibited.
Article 69: The-citizen shall enjoy freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of
the press, the right to be informed, and the right to assemble, form
associations and hold demonstrations in accordance with the provisions of the
law.
without interference, freedom to impart and communicate ideas and
information without interference, whether the communication be to the public
generally or to any person or class of persons, and freedom from interference
Article 20(1): Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no
person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is
to say, freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and
information without interference, and freedom from interference with his
correspondence. Article 11: It is recognised and declared that every person in
Zambia has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental rights
and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race,
place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital status, but
subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and all of the
following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly,
movement and association;
Freedom of Assembly and Association
Article 41: The freedoms of expression, association and

assembly shall be guaranteed to the citizen.
Article 32(1): Freedom of expression, assembly,
demonstration and all other forms of expression shall be
guaranteed.

hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of peaceful
assembly and association, that is to say, his right peacefully to
assemble freely and associate with other persons and in
particular to form or belong to trade unions or other
associations for the promotion and protection of his interests.
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following
rights, in accordance with the laws that regulate their
exercise, namely: of working in and practicing any lawful
industry; of navigating and trading; of petitioning the
authorities; of entering, remaining in, traveling through and
leaving the Argentine territory; of publishing their ideas
through the press without prior censorship; of using and
disposing of their property; of associating for useful purposes;
of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and learning.,
Article 29: Everyone shall have the right to the freedom of a

peaceful and unarmed assembly. Restrictions on exercising
those rights by the servicemen in the armed forces, police,
national security, prosecutor’s office, judges and members of
the Constitutional Court may be prescribed only by law.
association with others, including the right to form and to join
trade unions. Every citizen shall have a right to form political
parties with other citizens and join such parties.....
Article 49: (I) Everyone has the right to freely gather with
others. (II) Everyone has the right, upon notification in
advance of responsible government organs, to peaceful,
unarmed gatherings, meetings, demonstrations, rallies, street
processions, pickets together with others. (III.) No one can be
forced to enter an association or to remain its member.
(IV.) The activity of associations which pursue the aim of
overthrowing the legitimate State power in the whole
territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan or in any part of it is
prohibited. The activities of associations which violate the
Constitution and laws can be curtailed solely by a court order.
Article 24(1): Except with his consent, no person shall be

assembly and association, that is to say, his right to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particular to
form or belong to political parties, or to form or belong to
trade unions or other association for the protection of his
interests.
Article 27: The freedom to form associations and unions on
national principles, for lawful objectives and by peaceful
means is guaranteed under the rules and conditions laid down
by law, provided that the fundamentals of the religion and
public order are not infringed. No one can be forced to join
any association or union or to continue as a member.
Article 37: Every citizen shall have the right to assemble and
to participate in public meetings and processions peacefully
and without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictions
imposed by law in the interests of public order health. Article
38: Every citizen shall have the right to form associations or
unions, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law
in the interests of morality or public order
Article 21(1) : Except with his own consent, no person shall
be asembly and hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
assembly and assciation, association, that is to say, his right to
particular to form or belong to political parties or to form or
belong to trade unions or other associations for the
protection of his interests.
Article 35: The freedom to hold assemblies, rallies, street

marches, demonstrations and pickets that do not disturb law
and order or violate the rights of other citizens of the Republic
of Belarus, shall be guaranteed by the State. The procedure
for conducting the above events shall be determined by the
law. Article 36: Everyone shall be entitled to freedom of
association….
Article 27: Belgians have the right to enter into association or
partnership; this right cannot be
subject to any preventative measure
Article 13(1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not
be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and
association, that is to say, his right to assemble freely and
associate with other persons and in particular to form or
protection of his interests or to form or belong to political
parties or other political associations.
Article 25: The State shall recognize and guarantee, under

conditions fixed by law, the freedom to go and come, the
freedom of association, of assembly, of procession and of
demonstration.
freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association,
other than membership of associations that are harmful to
the peace and unity of the country, and shall have the right
not to be compelled to belong to any association.
Article 106(4): Freedom of assembly and association, in public

and in private, within lawful limits.
Article 2(3j): Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of

association with others.
hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and
Article 5: (17) there is total freedom of association for lawful

purposes, but any paramilitary association is prohibited;
(18) creation of associations and, as set forth in law, of
cooperatives, requires no authorization, prohibiting state
interference in their operations;
Article 43: (1) All citizens shall have the right to peaceful and
unarmed assembly for meetings and demonstrations. (2) The
procedure for the organizing and holding of meetings and
demonstrations shall be established by law. (3) No notice to
the municipal authorities shall be required for meetings held
indoors. Article 44: (1) All citizens shall be free to associate.
(2) The organization/s activity shall not be contrary to the
country's sovereignty and national integrity, or the unity of
the nation, nor shall it incite racial, national, ethnic or
religious enmity or an encroachment on the rights and
freedoms of citizens; no organization shall establish
clandestine or paramilitary structures or shall seek to attain its
aims through violence. (3) The law shall establish which
organizations shall be subject to registration, the procedure
for their termination, and their relationships with the State.
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe, freedom

of conscience, of religious or philosophical opinion, freedom
of worship, freedom of assembly, the free practice of custom
as well as the freedom of procession and of demonstration
shall be guaranteed by the present Constitution subject to
respect of the law, of public order, of good morals and of the
human person. Article 21: The freedom of association shall
be guaranteed. Every person shall have the right to establish
associations and to participate freely in the activities of the
established associations. The functioning of the associations
must comply with the statutes and regulations in force....
Article 32: The freedom of assembly and association is

guaranteed, as is the right to establish associations or
organizations in accordance with the law.
Article 41: Khmer citizens shall have freedom of expression of

their ideas, freedom of information, freedom of publication
and freedom of assembly. No one shall exercise these rights to
infringe upon the honor of others, or to affect the good
customs of society, public order and national security. The
regime of the media shall be determined by law. Article 42:
Khmer Citizens have the rights to establish associations and
political parties. These rights shall be determined by law.
Preamble: the freedom of communication, of expression, of
the press, of assembly, of association, and of trade unionism,
as well as the right to strike shall be guaranteed under the
conditions fixed by law;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2c:

freedom of peaceful assembly; Section 2d: freedom of
association
Article 52: (1) All citizens shall be guaranteed freedom of

assembly and peaceful, unarmed demonstration, even in
public places, with no necessity for authorization. Article 51:
(1) Associations shall be freely constituted, requiring no
administrative authorization. (2) Associations may freely
pursue their own purposes without interference by the
authorities. (3) The dissolution of associations or the
suspension of their activities may only be determined by
judicial decision, as provided by law. (4) Armed, military, and
paramilitary associations, and those which promote violence,
racism, xenophobia, or dictatorship, or those whose purposes
violate criminal law, shall be prohibited. (5) No one may be
forced to join or to remain a member of an association. Article
28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression; association;
religion; worship; intellectual, artistic and cultural creation;
demonstration; and other liberties consecrated by the
Constitution, by laws, and by International Law or convention
shall be guaranteed.
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as well

as the free exercise of worship are guaranteed to all within the
conditions established by law. Any form of religious
fundamentalism (intégrisme) and intolerance is forbidden.
Article 11: [The following] are regulated by statute... (2) The
fundamental principles... of the right of assembly and
peaceful demonstration; Article 12: All citizens have the right
to freely establish associations, groups, societies, and
organizations of public utility, provided that they act in
accordance with laws and regulations. The associations,
groups, societies and establishments whose activities are
contrary to public order as well as to the unity and cohesion
of the Central African people are prohibited
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression,
communication, conscience, religion, the press, of association,
assembly, circulation, demonstration, and parade are
guaranteed to all.
Article 19(13):The right to assemble peacefully without prior

permission and without weapons.
Meetings in public squares, streets and other places of public
use shall be governed by the general police provisions;
Article 15: The right to associate without prior authorization.
In order to enjoy legal personality, associations must be
constituted in conformity with the law. No one may be
obligated to join an association.
Article 35: Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy

freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association,
of procession and of demonstration.
Article 37: Any number of people can assemble and

demonstrate peacefully and punically…. Article 38: The right
of free association for the promotion of various activities that
individuals pursue in society is guaranteed.
Preamble: freedom of expression and of assembly, freedom

of association and freedom to organize trade unions, subject
to respect for morals and public order;
Article 21: The State recognizes and guarantees under
conditions specified by law, the right to go and to come, to
assemble peacefully, (and) the right of association, reunion,
cortege and manifestation.
Article 37: The State guarantees the freedom of association.

The public authorities cooperate with the associations which
contribute to the social, economic, intellectual, moral and
spiritual development of the population and to the education
of its citizens. This cooperation may take the form of a subsidy.
The law determines the conditions for the exercise of this
freedom.
Article 64(1f): Freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

Article 26: Everyone has the right to meet peacefully and
unarmed, whether it is for private business or to discuss
political affairs and examine the public conduct of officials.
Meetings on private premises do not need prior authorization.
Those held in public places shall be regulated by law. Article
25: The inhabitants of the Republic have the right of
association for lawful purposes. No one may be compelled to
form a part of any association whatsoever.
Article 11: The freedoms of assembly and demonstration are

guaranteed by the law.
Article 42: All are guaranteed the right of peaceful assembly

and public protest in accordance with the law. Article 43: All
are guaranteed the right to freedom of association for the
purposes of protection of their interests or promotion of their
social, economic, political, national, cultural and other
convictions and objectives. For this purpose, citizens may
freely form political parties, trade unions and other
associations, join them or leave them, in accordance with the
law. The exercise of the right to free association is limited by
the prohibition of any violent threat to the democratic
constitutional order and to the independence, unity and
territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia.
Article 54: The rights of assembly, demonstration and

association are exercised by workers, both manual and
intellectual; peasants; women; students; and other sectors of
the working people, [rights] to which they have the necessary
ability (los medios necesarios) to exercise. The social and mass
organizations have all the facilities they need to carry out
those activities in which the members have full freedom of
speech and opinion based on the unlimited right of initiative
and criticism.
Article 21: (1)Every person has the right to freedom of
peaceful assembly. (2) Every person has the right to freedom
of association with others, including the right to form and to
join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Notwithstanding any restriction under paragraph 3 of this
Article, no person shall be compelled to join any association
or to continue to be a member thereof.
CFRBF, Article 19(1): he right of peaceful assembly is

guaranteed. CFRBF, Article 20(1): The right of association is
guaranteed. Everybody has the right to associate together
with others in clubs, societies, and other associations.
Section 78: Citizens shall, without previous permission, be

free to form associations for any lawful purpose.
Article 15: All citizens shall have the right freely to constitute
associations and trade unions, subject to compliance with the
formalities required by the laws and regulations
Article 1: Whereas every person in Dominica is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, place of origins, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of assembly and association; and... Article
11(1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not be
Article 42(1): All are guaranteed the freedom to assemble

peacefully and unarmed, without a need of prior
authorization. Article 43(1) :To all is guaranteed the freedom
of association provided that the association is not intended to
promote violence and is in accordance with the law.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals…

(13) The right to association, meeting, and manifestation in
free and voluntary form.
Article 54: Citizens shall have the right to peaceable and
unarmed private assembly, without the need for prior notice.
Security personnel may not attend these private meetings.
Public meetings, processions and assemblies are allowed
within the limits of the law. Article 55: Citizens shall have the
right to form associations as defined by the law. The
establishment of associations whose activities are detrimental
to society or have a clandestine or military character is
prohibited.
Article 7:The inhabitants of El Salvador have the right to freely

associate and assemble peacefully, without arms for any
lawful purpose. No one may be obliged to belong to an
association. A person may not be impeded or limited from
participating in any lawful activity for not belonging to an
association. The existence of armed political, religious, or
union groups is prohibited.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and

liberties.... (k) Free association, assembly, and manifestation.
Article 19(5): All persons shall have the right to assembly and
to demonstrate peaceably together with others. Article 2(4):
All organs of the State, all public and private associations and
institutions and all citizens shall be bound by and remain loyal
to the Constitution and shall ensure its observance.Article
7(6): The organization and operation of all political, public
associations and movements shall be guided by the principles
of national unity and democracy.
Section 47: Everyone has the right, without prior permission,

to assemble peacefully and to conduct meetings. This right
may be restricted in the cases and pursuant to procedure
provided by law to ensure national security, public order,
morals, traffic safety, and the safety of
participants in a meeting, or to prevent the spread of an
infectious disease.
Article 30: (1) Everyone has the right to assemble and to
demonstrate together with others peaceably and unarmed,
and to petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of open-
air meetings and the route of movement of demonstrators or,
for the protection of democratic rights, public morality and
peace during such a meeting or demonstration. (2) This right
does not exempt from liability under laws enacted to protect
the well-being of the youth or the honour and reputation of
individulas, and laws prohibiting any propaganda for war and
any public expression of opinions intended to injure human
dignity. Article 31: Every person has the right to freedom of
association for any cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in
violation of appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the
constitutional order, or which promote such activities are
prohibited.
Article 31(1): Every person has the right to assemble and

demonstrate with others peacefully…. Article 32(1): Every
person has the right to freedom of association.
Section 13: Everyone has the right to arrange meetings and
demonstrations without a permit, as well as the right to
participate in them. Everyone has the freedom of association.
Freedom of association entails the right to form an association
without a permit, to be a member or not to be a member of
an association and to participate in the activities of an
association. The freedom to form trade unions and to organise
in order to look after other interests is likewise guaranteed.
More detailed provisions on the exercise of the freedom of
assembly and the freedom of association are laid
down by an Act.
Article 1(13): the right to form associations, political parties or

interests as well as religious communities, is guaranteed to all
under conditions fixed by the law; religious communities
conduct and administrate their affairs in an independent
manner, under reserve of respect of the principles of national
sovereignty, public order and the preservation of the moral
and mental integrity of the individual.
Section 25 (1d):freedom to assemble and demonstrate
peaceably and without arms;… Section 25(1e): freedom of
association, which shall include freedom to form and join
associations and unions, including political parties and trade
unions;
Article 25: (1) Everyone except members of the armed forces,

of the police and of the
security office has the right to public assembly without arms
either indoors or outdoors without prior permission. (2) The
necessity of prior notification of the authorities may be
established by law in the case where a public assembly or
manifestation is held on a public thoroughfare. (3) Only the
authorities shall have the right to brake up a public assembly
or manifestation in case it assumes an illegal character. Article
26: (1) Everyone shall have the right to form and to join public
associations, including trade unions. (2) Citizens of Georgia
shall have the right to form a political party or other political
association and participate in its activity in accordance with
the Organic Law.
Article 8: (1) All Germans have the right to assemble
peacefully and unarmed without prior notification or
permission. (2) In the case of outdoor assemblies, this right
may be restricted by or pursuant to a law. Article 9(1): All
Germans shall have the right to form clubs and other
associations.
Article 21(1): (d) freedom of assembly including freedom to
take part in processions and demonstrations; (e) freedom of
association, which shall include freedom to form or join trade
unions or other associations, national and international, for
the protection of their interest
Article 11: (1)Greeks shall have the right to assemble
peaceably and unarmed. (2) The police may be present only at
outdoor public assemblies. Outdoor assemblies may be
prohibited by a reasoned police authority decision, in general
if a serious threat to public security is imminent, and in a
specific area, if a serious disturbance of social and economic
life is threatened, as specified by law. Article 12(1): Greeks
shall have the right to form non-profit associations and
unions, in compliance with the law, which, however, may
never subject the exercise of this right to prior permission.

Article 33: The right of peaceful assembly without the
presence of weapons is recognized.
The right of assembly and public demonstration cannot be
restricted, limited, or restrained; and the law will regulate it
with the sole purpose of guaranteeing the public order.
Religious processions outside churches are permitted and
regulated by law. For the exercise of these rights, prior notice
by the organizers before the competent authority will suffice.
Article 34: The right of free association is recognized. No one
is obligated to become associated or to become a member of
self-defense or similar groups or associations. The case of
professional associations is excepted.
Article 10: All citizens have the right of demonstration and

procession. All citizens have the right to form associations and
societies to collectively exercise their political, economic,
social or cultural rights.
Article 54(1): Citizens have the right to meet together

peacefully in public places, within the terms of the law.
Article 55(1): Citizens have the right to, freely and without the
need of any authorization, to form associations, provided that
they don’t intend to promote violence and their respective
ends are not contrary to the law
Article 147: Except with his own consent, no person shall be
hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom ofassembly and
belong to political parties or to form or belong to trade unions
or other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 31: Freedom of unarmed assembly and association for

political, economic, social, cultural or any other peaceful
purposes is guaranteed.
Article 78: Freedom of association and assembly is

guaranteed provided its exercise is not contrary to the public
policy or to good morals. Article 79: Everyone has the right of
peaceful assembly, without arms, in a public demonstration or
temporary assembly, in connection with their common
interests of whatever nature, without the need of notice or
special permission.
Basic Law Article 27: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom
of speech, of the press, and of publication ; freedom of
association, of assembly, of procession, and of demonstration;
and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and
to strike. Bill of Rights Article 17: The right of peaceful
assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed
on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in
conformity with the law and which are necessary in a
democratic society in the interests of nationalsecurity or
public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of
public health or morals or the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others. Bill of Rights Article 18 (1): Everyone
shall have the right to freedom of association with others,
including the right to form and join trade unions for the
Article 12: The State shall support co-operatives based on

voluntary association and shall recognize the autonomy of
such co-operatives.Article 62(1): The Republic of Hungary
recognizes the right to peaceful assembly and shall ensure the
free exercise thereof.
Article 74: Associations may be formed without prior

permission for any lawful purpose, including political
associations and trade unions. An association may not be
dissolved by administrative decision. The activities of an
association found to be in furtherance of unlawful objectives
may however be enjoint, in which case legal action shall be
brought without undue delay for a judgment dissolving the
association. No one may be obliged to be a member of any
association. Membership of an association may however be
made obligatory by law if this is necessary in order to enable
an association to discharge its functions in the public interest
or on account of the rights of others. People are free to
assemble unarmed. Public gatherings may be attended by
police. Public gatherings in the open may be banned if it is
feared that riots may ensue.
Article 19(1): All citizens shall have the right… (b)to assemble
peaceably and without arms (c) to form associations or unions
Article 28E(3): Every person shall have the freedom to

associate, to assemble and to express opinions.
Article 27: Public gatherings and marches may be freely held,
provided arms are not carried and that they are not
detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam. Article 26:
The formation of parties, societies, political or professional
associations, as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or
pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, is
permitted provided they do not violate the principles of
independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria of Islam,
or the basis of the Islamic Republic. No one may be prevented
from participating in the aforementioned groups, or be
compelled to participate in them.
Article 36: The State guarantees [the following] in a way that

does not violate public order and morality… (C). Freedom of
assembly and peaceful demonstration. Article 37: (1) The
freedom of forming and of joining associations and political
parties is guaranteed. Its exercise shall be regulated by law. (2)
It is prohibited to force any person to join any party, society or
political entity or to force him to continue his membership in
it.
Article 40(6):(1) (ii) The right of the citizens to assemble
peaceably and without arms.
Provision may be made by law to prevent or
control meetings which are determined in
accordance with law to be calculated to
cause a breach of the peace or to be a
danger or nuisance to the general public and
to prevent or control meetings in the vicinity
of either House of the Oireachtas.(ii) The right of the citizens
to form associations and unions. Laws, however, may be
enacted for the regulation and control in the public interest of
the exercise of the foregoing right.(ii) Laws regulating the
manner in which the right of forming associations and unions
and the right of free assembly may be exercised shall contain
no political, religious or class discrimination.(2) Laws
regulating the manner in which the right of forming
associations and unions and the right of free assembly may be
exercised shall contain no political, religious or class
discrimination.
Article 17: Citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and

unarmed. No previous notice is required for meetings,
including those held in places
open the public. In case of meetings held in public places,
previous notice shall be given to the
authorities, who may prohibit them only for proven reason of
security or public safety. Article 18: Citizens have the right to
form associations freely and without authorization for those
ends that are not forbidden by criminal law. Secret
associations and associations that, even indirectly, pursue
political aims by means of organisations having a military
character shall be forbidden.
Artucke 23(1): Except with his own consent, no person shall
be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of peaceful
assembly and association, that is to say, his right peacefully
association. to assemble freely and associate with other
persons and in particular to form or belong to trade unions or
other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 22: Freedom of assembly and association as well as

speech, press and all other forms of expression are
guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the
secrecy of any means of communication be violated.
Article 16: (i) Jordanians shall have the right to hold meetings
within the limits of the law. (ii) Jordanians are entitled to
establish societies and political parties provided that the
objects of such societies and parties are lawful, their methods
peaceful, and their bye-laws not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Constitution.
Article 32: Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall have
the right to peacefully and without arms assemble, hold
meetings, rallies and demonstrations, street processions and
pickets. The use of this right may be restricted by law in the
interests of state security, public order, protection of health,
rights and freedoms of other persons. Article 23(1): Citizens of
the Republic of Kazakhstan shall have the right to freedom of
forming associations. The activities of public associations shall

Article 67: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the
press, of assembly, demonstration and association.
The State shall guarantee conditions for the free activity of
democratic political parties and social organizations.
Article 21(1): All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and

the press, and freedom of assembly and association.
Article 44: Individuals shall have the right of private assembly

without permission or prior notification, and the police may
not attend such private meetings. Public meetings,
processions and gatherings shall be permitted in accordance
with the conditions and manner specified by law, provided
that their purpose and means are peaceful and not contrary
to morals. Article 43: Freedom to form associations and
unions on a national basis and by peaceful means shall be
guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and manner
specified by law. No one may be compelled to join any
association or union.
Article 25: Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right
to assemble peacefully, without weapons and conduct
political meetings, rallies, marches, demonstrations and
pickets on condition of prior notification to state authorities or
local self-government bodies. The procedure and conditions
for conducting them shall be established by law. Article 21(1):
Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to freedom
of association.
Article 31: Lao citizens have the right and freedom of speech,
press and assembly; and have the right to set up associations
and to stage demonstrations which are not contrary to the
law.
Article 103: The State shall protect the freedom of previously

announced peaceful meetings, street processions, and pickets.
Article 102: Everyone has the right to form and join
associations, political parties and other public organisations.
Article 13: The freedom of opinion, expression through

speech and writing, the freedom of the press, the freedom of
assembly, and the freedom of association, are all guaranteed
within the scope of the law.
Article 4(1): (k) freedom of peaceful assembly (l) freedom of
association Article 15(1): Every person shall be entitled to,
and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in his
enjoyment of freedom of peaceful assembly, without arms,
that is to say, freedom to assemble with other persons.Article
16(1): Every person shall be entitled to, and (except with his
own consent) shall not be hindered in his enjoyment of
freedom to associate freely with other persons for ideological,
religious, political, economic, labour, social, cultural,
recreational and similar purposes.
Article 41: The right of free association and assembly is
guaranteed within the limits prescribed by law.
Article 36: Citizens may not be prohibited or hindered from
assembling unarmed in peaceful meetings. This right may not
be limited otherwise than by law and only when it is
necessary to protect the security of the State or society, public
order, people’s health or morals, or the rights and freedoms of
other persons. Article 35: Citizens shall be guaranteed the
right to freely form societies, political parties and associations,
provided that the aims and activities thereof are not contrary
to the Constitution and laws. No one may be compelled to
belong to any society, political party, or association. The
founding and activities of political parties and other political
and public organization shall be regulated by law.
Article 25: The Constitution guarantees the right to assemble

peacefully and unarmed in compliance with the laws
governing the exercise of this right which may not be subject
to prior authorization. - This provision does not apply to open-
air political, religious or other meetings which are entirely
governed by laws and police regulations. Article 26: The
Constitution guarantees the right of association, in
compliance with the laws governing the exercise of this right,
which may not be subject to prior authorization.
Article 21: Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and

to express public protest without prior
announcement or a special licence. The exercise of this right
may be restricted only during a state of emergency or war.
Article 20: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of association to
exercise and protect their political, economic, social, cultural
and other rights and convictions. Citizens may freely establish
associations of citizens and political parties, join them or
resign from them.
Article 10: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, of
communication, of [the] press, of association, of assembly, of
movement [circulation], of conscience and of religion are
guaranteed to all and can be limited only with respect to the
freedoms and rights of others and by the imperative to
Article 38: Every person shall have the right to assemble and
demonstrate with others peacefully and unarmed. Article 32:
(1) Every person shall have the right to freedom of
association, which shall include the freedom to form
associations.
(2) No person may be compelled to belong to an association
Article 10(1): (b) all citizens have the right to assemble
peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to
form associations
Article 32: Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful
assembly without prior permission of the State. Article 30: (a)
Every citizen has the right to establish and to participate in the
activities of political parties. (b) Everyone has the freedom to
form associations and societies, including the following: (1)
the right to establish and participate in any association or
society for economic, social, educational or cultural or
purposes; (2) the right to form trade unions, to participate or
not participate in their activities.
Article 5: The State recognizes and guarantees, within the

conditions determined by law, the freedom to come and go,
the free choice of residence, freedom of association, of
assembly, of procession and demonstration [manifestation].
Article 32b: Whereas every person in Malta is entitled to the
say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political
opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
each and all of the following, namely ... (b) freedom of
conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and
association... Article 42(1): Except with his own consent or by
way of parental discipline no person shall be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of peaceful assembly and
association, that is to say, his right peacefully to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particto form
or belong to trade or other unions or associations for the
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom

of thought, conscience, and belief; to freedom of speech and
of the press; to the free exercise of religion; to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association; and to petition the
government for a redress of grievances.
Article 10: The State shall guarantee to all its citizens public
and individual freedoms, that is... — the freedom of assembly;
— the freedom of association and the freedom to belong to
any political or labor organization of one’s choice.
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in
Mauritius there have existed and shall continue to exist
without discrimination by reason of race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public
interest, each and all of the following human rights and
fundamental freedoms...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression, of assembly and
association and freedom to establish schools.... Article 13(1):
Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and association,
that is to say, his right to assemble freely and associate with
other persons and, in particular, to form or belong to trade
unions or other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 9: May not abridge the right to peaceably assemble or
associate with any lawful purpose, but only citizens of]the
Republic may do so to take part in political affairs of the
country…..
Article 4, Section 1: No law may deny or impair freedom of

expression, peaceable assembly, association, or petition.
Article 40: Meetings, demonstrations, rallies, processions or

any other assembly shall be free and
may be organized and conducted only peacefully and without
the use of any weapon whatsoever. Article 41(1): All citizens
shall be free to associate in parties and other socio-political
organizations. These organizations shall contribute to the
definition and expression of the citizens' political will and take
part in the election process under the rule of law.
Article 29: Monacans have the right to peaceably assemble
without arms, in compliance with the laws that regulate the
exercise of this right without submitting to previous
authorization. This liberty does not extend to open air
meetings, which remain under the law of the police. Article
30: Monacans have the right to peaceably assemble without
arms, in compliance with the laws that regulate the exercise
of this right without submitting to previous authorization. This
liberty does not extend to open air meetings, which remain
under the law of the police.
Article 16: The citizens of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy

the following rights and freedoms… (16) Freedom of thought,
opinion and expression, speech, press, peaceful assembly.
Procedures for organizing demonstrations and other
assemblies shall be determined by law.
Article 52: The freedom of peaceful assembly, without

approval, with prior notification of the competent authority
shall be guaranteed. The freedom of assembly may be
temporarily restricted by the decision of the competent
authority in order to prevent disorder or execution of a
criminal offence, threat to health, morality or security of
people and property, in accordance with the law. Article 53:
The freedom of political, trade union and other association
and action, without approval, by the registration with the
competent authority, shall be guaranteed. No one shall be
forced to become a member of an association. The state
supports political and other associations, when there is a
public interest
Article 9: The Constitution guarantees to all citizens…

Freedom of opinion, freedom of expression under all its forms
and freedom to assemble… No restrictions can be imposed on
such freedoms other than by law.
Article 51: All citizens shall have the right to freedom of
assembly and demonstration, within the terms of the law.
Article 52: (1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of association.
(2) Social organisations and associations shall have the right to
pursue their aims, to create institutions designed to achieve
their specific objectives and to own assets in order to carry
out their activities, in accordance with the law.
Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the following

rights, unless their exercise is contrary to the laws enacted for
the maintenance of Union security, law and order, community
peace and tranquility, or public order and morality… (b) the
right to assemble peacefully without arms and to organize
processions...
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (d)
assemble peaceably and without arms… (e) freedom of
associations or unions, including trade unions and political
parties…
Article 139(1): Persons have the right to assemble and

associate peaceably and to form or belong to trade unions or
other associations. Article 3: Whereas every person in Nauru
is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place
of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the
public interest, to each and all of the following freedoms,
namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of
Article 12(3):Every citizen shall have the following freedoms…
(b) freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms….(d)
freedom to form unions and associations… Provided that...(3)
Nothing in sub-clauses (c) and (d) shall be deemed to prevent
the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any
act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of
Nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations
subsisting among the people of various castes, tribes, religions
or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which
may be contrary to public morality.
Article 9(1): The right of assembly and demonstration shall be

recognised, without prejudice to the responsibility of
everyone under the law. Article 8: The right of association
shall be recognised. This right may be restricted by Act of
Parliament in the interest of public order.
assembly. Article 17: Everyone has the right to freedom of
association.
Article 27: The State recognizes and guarantees the freedom
to come and go, freedom
of association, assembly, procession and demonstration in the
circumstances
defined by law. Article 9: in the framework of the freedom of
association recognized and guaranteed by this Constitution,
political parties, groups of political parties, unions and other
associations shall develop and operate freely subject to the
principles of national sovereignty, the democracy and the laws
of the Republic. The Parties and groups of political parties
participate in the voting process. The same prerogatives shall
be recognized for all citizens of Niger with full benefit of civil
and political rights if he fulfills the conditions of eligibility
provided by the law. Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or
religious character shall be prohibited. No party shall be
created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic group or a
region or a religion,susceptible to prosecution.
Article 40: Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely

and associate with other persons, and in particular he may
form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other
association for the protection of his interests: Article 229: In
this Part of this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires
— “association” means any body of persons corporate or
unincorporate who agree to act together for any common
purpose, and includes an association formed for any ethnic,
social, cultural, occupational or religious purpose...
-
Article 32: The citizens have the right to assemble within the
limits of the Law. Article 33: The freedom of forming societies
on a national basis and for legitimate objectives and by
peaceful means—provided that it is not in conflict with the
provisions and objectives of this Basic Statute—is guaranteed
in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated by the
Law. It is prohibited to form societies the activities of which
are adverse to the order of society, secret or of a military
nature. It is unlawful to force any one to join any society.
Article 16: Every citizen shall have the right to assemble
peacefully and without arms, subject to any reasonable
restrictions imposed by law in the interest of public order.
Preamble: ...Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights
including equality of status, of opportunity and before law,
social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought,
expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to
law and public morality... Article 17(1): Every citizen shall have
the right to form associations or unions, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of
sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, public order or morality
Article IV, Section 4: The government shall take no action to

deny or impair the right of any person to peacefully assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances or to
associate with others for any lawful purpose including the
right to organize and to bargain collectively.
Article 38: All inhabitants of the Republic have the right to
assemble peacefully, without arms, for lawful ends. Public
demonstrations or gatherings in open air are not subject to
permission. Only previous notification of the local
Administrative Authorities, twenty-four hours in advance, is
required to hold such gatherings. Authorities may take Police
action to prevent or restrain abuse of this right, when the
form in which it is exercised causes, or may cause, traffic
disturbances, breach of the peace, or violation of the rights of
others. Article 39: The formation of companies, associations,
or foundations that are not contrary to morals or legal order,
is permitted. These may obtain recognition as juridical
persons. Recognition shall not be granted to associations
whose ideologies are based on the supposed superiority of
any race or ethnic group or which defend or promote racial
discrimination. The capacity, recognition and regulation of
these companies and other juridical persons shall be
determined by Panamanian law.
Article 47: Every person has the right peacefully to assemble

and associate and to form or belong to, or not to belong to,
political parties, industrial organizations or other associations,
except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated
or restricted by a law...
Article 32: Everyone has the right to assemble and to
demonstrate peacefully, without carrying weapons and with
legal purpose, without having to ask the authorization of the
respective authorities. Everyone has the right to not attend
this type of meeting. The law can only regulate the exercise of
this right in areas of public traffic control, at certain hours, to
preserve public order and the rights of others as established
by law. Article 42: Everyone is free to join associations or
unions with legal purposes. No one can be forced to join any
association. The law will establish procedures for joining
professional associations. Secret associations, as well as those
of a paramilitary nature, are hereby prohibited.
Article 2: Every person has the right... (12) To assemble

peacefully but without arms. Meetings in private places or
those open to the public do not require previous notification.
Those called in public places or streets require prior
notification to the authorities, which may prohibit them only
for demonstrated security or public health reasons. (13) To
organize and establish foundations and various forms of legal
non-profit organizations, without prior authorization and
under the law. They cannot be dissolved by administrative
decision
Article 3, Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the

freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
Government for redress of grievances. Article 3, Section 8:
The right of the people, including those employed in the
public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
Article 57: The freedom of peaceful assembly and
participation in such assemblies shall be ensured
to everyone. Limitations upon such freedoms may be imposed
by statute. Article 58(1): The freedom of association shall be
guaranteed to everyone.
Article 45(1): Citizens shall possess the right to meet

peacefully and without arms, even in places
that are open to the public, without the need for any
authorisation. Article 46(1): Citizens shall possess the right to
freely associate with one another without requiring any
authorisation, on condition that such associations are not
intended to promote
violence and their purposes are not contrary to the criminal
law.
Article 44: The right of the citizens to assemble is guaranteed

in accordance with the provisions of the law. Article 45: The
right of citizens to establish association is guaranteed in
accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in
the law.
Article 39: Meetings, demonstrations, parades, or any other
form of assembly are free and may be organized and held only
in a peaceful manner, without any kind of weapons. Article
40(1): Citizens may freely establish and adhere to political
parties, trade unions, employers’ associations and other forms
of association
Article 31: Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the

right to assemble peacefully,
without weapons, hold rallies, mass meetings and
demonstrations, marches and pickets. Article 30: (1) Everyone
shall have the right of association, in cluding the right to
establish trade unions for the protection of his(her) interests.
The freedom of activity of public associations shall be
guaranteed. (2) Nobody may be compelled to join any
association or to stay there.
Article 36: Freedom of peaceful assembly without arms is
guaranteed if it is not inconsistent with the law. Prior
authorization shall only be necessary if the law so requires
and solely in the case of assembly in the open air, in a public
place or on a public road, to the extent that such is necessary
in the interests of public safety, public health or public order.
Article 35: Freedom of association is guaranteed and shall not
require prior authorization. Such freedom shall be exercised
under conditions determined by law.
association, that is to say, his right to assembly freely and
Article 13(1): All citizens of Samoa shall have the right— (b) To
assemble peaceably and without arms (c) To form associations
or unions….
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties

for all. The following shall be guaranteed, in particular: liberty
of person and sanctity of the home, freedom of residence and
of emigration, freedom of association, freedom of expression,
freedom of conscience and religion....
Article 34(1): Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully

without weapons, even
in places open to public Article 35(1): The citizens have the
right to, freely and without dependence on any authorization,
form associations, so long as they are not contrary to the
penal law or do not question the Constitution and national
independence.
Article 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all
citizens fundamental individual freedoms, economic and
social rights as well as collective rights. These freedoms shall
include in particular:Civil and political freedoms: freedom of
opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of the press,
freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of
movement, freedom of manifestation; cultural freedoms;
Article 12: All citizens shall have the right to freely establish
associations, economic, cultural and social groupings as well
as societies on the condition that they comply with the
formalities established by statutes and regulations. Those
groupings whose goal or objectivity is contrary to the criminal
laws or directed against public order shall be prohibited.
Article 54: Citizens may assemble freely.
Assembly held indoors shall not be subjected to permission or
registering. Gathering, demonstrations and other forms of
assembly held outdoors shall be reported to the state body, in
accordance with the law. Freedom of assembly may be
restricted by the law only if necessary to protect public health,
morals, rights of others or the security of the Republic of
Serbia. Article 55: Freedom of political, union and any other
form of association shall be guaranteed, as well as the right to
stay out of any association. Associations shall be formed
without prior approval and entered in the register kept by a
state body, in accordance with the law. Secret and paramilitary
associations shall be prohibited. Constitutional Court may ban
only such associations the activity of which is aimed at violent
overthrow of constitutional order, violation of guaranteed
human or minority rights, or inciting of racial, national and
religious hatred.
Judges of Constitutional Court, judges, public prosecutors,
Defender of Citizens, members of police force and military
persons may not be members of political parties.
Article 23(1): Every person has a right to freedom of peaceful

assembly and association and for the purpose of this article
this right includes the right to assemble freely and associate
with other persons and in particular to form or to belong to
political parties, trade unions or other associations for the
protection of the interests of that person and not to be
compelled to belong to any association.
belong to any political party, trade unions or other economic,
social or professional associations, national or international,
for the protection of his interests. Article 15: Whereas every
person in Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the
right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin, political
opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
each and all of the following... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of assembly and association;
Article 14(1): Subject to clauses (2) and (3)… (b) all citizens of
Singapore have the right to assemble peaceably and without
arms; and
Article 28(1): The right of peaceful assembly is guaranteed.

Article 29(1): Freedom of association is guaranteed.
Everybody has the right to associate with others in clubs,
societies, or other associations.
Article 42: The right of peaceful assembly and public meeting
shall be guaranteed. Everyone has the right to freedom of
association with others. Legal restrictions of these rights shall
be permissible where so required for national security or
public safety and for protection against the spread of
infectious diseases. Professional members of the defence
forces and the police may not be members of political parties

hindered in the enjoyment of bis freedom of assembly and
or other associations for the protection of bis interests.
Article 24(2): Every citizen shall be free to participate in an

assembly, demonstration, or in their organization.
Article 17: Everyone has the right, peacefully and unarmed, to
assemble, to demonstrate, to picket and to present petitions.
Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of association.
Article 21(1): The right to peaceful unarmed assembly is

granted. The exercise of this right shall not require prior
authorization. Article 22(1): The right of association is
granted.
Article 14(1): (1) Every citizen is entitled to… (b) the freedom
of peaceful assembly (c) the freedom of association…
Article 40(1): The right to peaceful assembly shall be

guaranteed; every person shall have the right to freedom of
association with others, including the right to form or join
political parties, associations and trade or professional unions
for the protection of his interests. Article 44(1): Education is a
right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to
education without discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity,
gender or disability.
association and assembly, taking into consideration the rules
to be determined by law for the protection of public order,
safety, health and morality.
Section 25(1): A person has the right to freedom of peaceful

assembly and association. Section 14: The fundamental
human rights and freedoms of the individual enshrined in this
Chapter are hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful
assembly and association and of movement
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen
shall be guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his
relations with the public institutions… (3) freedom of
assembly: that is, the freedom to organise or attend a meeting
for the purposes of information or the expression of opinion
or for any other similar purpose, or for the purpose of
presenting artistic work... (5) freedom of association: that is,
the freedom to associate with others for public or private
purposes
Article 22(1):The freedom of assembly is guaranteed. Article

23(1): The freedom of association is guaranteed
Article 39: Citizens have the right to meet and demonstrate

peacefully within the principles of the Constitution. The law
regulates the exercise of this right.
Article 14: The people shall have freedom of assembly and of

association.
Article 29: A citizen has the right to participate in meetings,

rallies, demonstrations, and peaceful processions established
by law. No one may be forced to participate in them Article
28: Citizens have the right of association; a citizen has the
right to participate in creation of political parties including
those of a democratic, religious and atheistic character,
professional unions, and other social associations, [and] to
voluntarily join or leave such organizations....
Article 20: Every person has a freedom, to freely and
peaceably assemble, associate and cooperate with other
persons, and for that purpose, express views publicly and to
form and join with associations or organizations formed for
purposes of preserving or furthering his beliefs or interests or
any other interests.
Section 63: A person shall enjoy the liberty to assemble

peacefully and without arms…. Section 64: A person shall
enjoy the liberty to unite and form an association, a union, a
league, a co-operative, a farmer group, a private organization,
a non-governmental organization or any other group.
Article 12: Subject to any law imposing restrictions in the
immediate and ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for
the benefit of the public, and subject to legal restrictions
imposed by the Tibetan Assembly during the tenureship of a
civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the following
rights and freedoms... (e) freedom to assemble peacefully
without arms... (g) right to form, and become a member of
any religious, cultural, economic, corporate, union or other
association;
Article 30: The State recognizes and guarantees within the

conditions fixed by law, the exercise of the freedoms of
association, of meeting, and of peaceful manifestation
without instruments of violence. The State recognizes private,
confessional and secular education.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad
and Tobago there have existed and shall continue to exist
without discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour,
religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights and
freedoms, namely... (j) freedom of association and assembly
Article 34: Everyone has the right to hold unarmed and
peaceful meetings and demonstration
marches without prior permission…. Article 33: Everyone has
the right to form associations, or become a member of an
association, or withdraw from membership without prior
permission. No one shall be compelled to become or remain a
member of an association.
Article 29: Freedom of assembly, meeting, and demonstrating
in accordance with the law is guaranteed.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his

race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, religious beliefs
or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following
fundamental rights and freedoms... (g) freedom of assembly
and association (see section 25)...Section 25: ...except with his
consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his
freedom of assembly and association. (2) For the purposes of
this section, freedom of assembly and association includes—
(a) the right to assemble freely and to associate with other
persons; and (b) the right to form or belong to political
parties; and (c) the right, as regulated by law, to form or
protection or advancement of one’s interests.
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to… (d)
freedom to assemble and to demonstrate together with
others peacefully and unarmed and to petition; and (e)
freedom of association which shall include the freedom to
form and join associations or unions, including trade unions
and political and other civic organisations.
Article 39: Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully

without arms and to hold meetings, rallies, processions and
demonstrations, upon notifying in advance the bodies of
executive power or bodies of local self-government. Article
36: Citizens of Ukraine have the right to freedom of
association in political parties and public organizations for the
exercise and protection of their rights and freedoms and for
the satisfaction of their political, economic, social, cultural and
other interests, with the exception of restrictions established
by law in the interests of national security and public order,
the protection of the health of the population or the
protection of rights and freedoms of other persons.
Article 33: Freedom of assembly and establishing associations
shall be guaranteed within the limits of law.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting… the

right of the people peaceably to assemble…
Article 38: The right to peaceful assembly without arms

remains guaranteed. The exercise of this right cannot be
ignored by any authority of the Republic except in virtue of a
law, and only so long as it is opposed to health, safety, and
public order. Article 39: Everyone has the right of association,
regardless of their objective, as long as it doesn’t constitute an
illegal association declared by law.
Article 33: All citizens shall have the right to engage in public
life by holding rallies, meetings and demonstrations in
accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The bodies of authority shall have the right to suspend or ban
such undertakings exclusively on the grounds of security.
Article 34: All citizens of the republic of Uzbekistan shall have
the right to form trade unions, political parties and any other
public associations, and to participate in mass movements. No
one may infringe on the rights, freedoms and dignity of the
individuals, constituting the minority opposition in political
parties, public associations and mass movements, as well as in
representative bodies of authority.
Article 5(1): The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject

to any restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons
are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms
of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of
race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political
opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in
defence, safety, public order, welfare and health... (h) freedom
of assembly and association....
Article 69: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of opinion and

speech, freedom of the press, the right to be informed, and
the right to assemble, form associations and hold
demonstrations in accordance with the provisions of the law.
belong to any political party, trade union or other association
for the protection of his interests.
Article 21(1): Except with his own consent or by way of

parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in his freedom
of assembly and association, that is to say, his right to
particular to form or belong to political parties or trade unions
or other associations for the protection of his interests. Article
11: It is recognised and declared that every person in Zambia
has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed, sex or marital status, but subject to the limitations
contained in this Part, to each and all of the following,
namely...(b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly,
Non-Discrimination/Equality- Individuals
Article 18: 1. All are equal before the law. (2) No one may be unjustly
discriminated against for reasons such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity,
language, political, religious or philosophical beliefs, economic condition,
education, social status, or parentage.
(3) No one may be discriminated against for the reasons mentioned in
paragraph 2
without a reasonable and objective justification.
Article 29: The citizens shall be equal before the law without any
discrimination on the basis of birth, race, gender, opinion or any other
personal or social condition or circumstances.
Article 6:(1) All persons are equal before the law. No one may be
discriminated against on grounds of birth, race, sex, origin, religion,
opinions or any other personal or social condition. (2) Public authorities
shall create the conditions such that the equality and the liberty of the
individuals may be real and effective
Article 18(1) All citizens shall be equal under the law and shall enjoy the
same rights and be subject to the same duties, without distinction as to
color, race, ethnic group, sex, place of birth, religion, ideology, level of
education or economic or social status.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Antigua and Barbuda is entitled to

the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the
right, regardless of race, place of origin, political opinions or affiliations,
colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms
of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following,
namely....(b) freedom of conscience, of expression (including freedom of
the press) and of peaceful assembly and association; and
Article 14: (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of
this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either
of itself or in its effect.(4) In this section, the expression “discriminatory”
means affording different treatment to different persons attributable
wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin,
political opinions or affiliations, colour, creed, or sex whereby persons of
one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which
persons of another such description are not made subject or are
accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded to persons of
another such description.
Article 14.1: All people are equal before the law. Discrimination based
on sex, race, color of the skin, ethnic or social origin, genetic
circumstances, language, religion, viewpoints, political or other opinions,
belonging to a national minority, property status, birth, disability, age or
other conditions of personal or social character shall be prohibited.
Article 7(1):All nationals (Austrian citizens) are equal before the law.
Privileges based upon birth, sex, estate, class or religion are excluded. No
one shall be discriminated against because of his disability. The Republic
(Federation, Laender and municipalities) commits itself to ensuring the
equal treatment of disabled and non-disabled persons in all spheres of
every-day life.
Article 25(III): Everyone has equal rights and freedoms irrespective of

race, nationality, religion, sex, origin, property status, social position,
convictions, political party, trade union organization and social unity
affiliation. Limitations or recognition of rights and freedoms because of
race, nationality, social status, language, origin, convictions and religion
are prohibited.
Article 26: (1) Subject to the provision of paragraph (4), (5) and (9) of
this Article no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either
of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of paragraphs (6), (9)
and (10) of this Article, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the
performance of the function of any public office or any public authority.
(3) In this Article, the expression "discriminatory" means affording
different treatment to different person attributable wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, place of origin political opinions
colour or creed whereby person of one such description are subjected to
disabilities or restrictions to which person of another such description
are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are
not accorded to persons of another such description....
.
Article 18: People are equal in human dignity, and citizens are equal
before the law in public rights and duties. There shall be no
discrimination among them on the basis of sex, origin, language, religion
or creed.
Article 28: (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on
ground only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. (2) Women shall
have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of public life.
(3) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place
of birth be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition
with regard to access to any place of public entertainment or resort, or
admission to any educational institution. (4) Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from making special provision in favour of women or
children or for the advancement of any backward section of citizens.
Article 29(2): No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of,
any employment or office in the service of the Republic.
Article 23: (1) Subject to the provisions ofthis section- Protection from
(a) no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself
or in its effect; and (b) no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.
(2) In this section the expression "discriminatory" neans affording
different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions,
colour or creed, whereby persons of one such description are subjected
to disabilities or restrictions to which persons ofanother such description
are hot made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are
not afforded to persons of another such description....
Article 22: All shall be equal before the law and entitled without
discrimination to equal protection of their protection of their rights and
legitimate interests
Article 11: Enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognised for Belgians
must be provided
without discrimination. To this end, laws and federate laws* guarantee
among others the rights and freedoms of ideological and philosophical
minorities. Article 131: The law determines the measures designed to
prevent all forms of discrimination
for ideological or philosophical reasons.
of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6),
(7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any person or authority.
(3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory” means affording
their respective descriptions by sex, race, place of origin, political
opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are
subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such
description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or
advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such
description....
Article 26: The State shall assure to everyone equality before the law
without distinction of origin, of race, of sex, of religion, of political
opinion or of social position….
Article 7(15): All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to
equal and effective protection of the law and shall not be discriminated
against on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion, politics or other
status.
Article 6(1):. Every person possesses juridical personality and capacity, in

accordance with the laws. Everyone enjoys the rights, freedoms and
guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to
race, gender, language, religion, political or other views, origin, economic
or social condition, or any other. Article (14): I(1)Every person has legal
personality and capacity under the law and enjoy the rights recognized
by this Constitution, without any distinction.
(2) The State prohibits and punishes all forms of discrimination based on
sex, color, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, origin, culture,
nationality, citizenship, language, religion, ideology, political affiliation or
philosophical, marital status or social or economic condition, type of
occupation, level of
education, disability, pregnancy, or anything that has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
of equal rights of every person.
Article 2(4): Non-Discrimination. The enjoyment of the rights and

freedoms provided for in this Article or in the international agreements
listed in Annex I to this Constitution shall be secured to all persons in
Bosnia and Herzegovina without discrimination on any ground such as
sex, race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or
other status.
different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political
description.
Article 3: The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil

are:... (4) to promote the well-being of all, without prejudice as to
origin, race, sex, color, age and any other forms of discrimination.Article
5: Everyone is equal before the law, with no distinction whatsoever,
guaranteeing to Brazilians and foreigners residing in the Country the
inviolability of the rights to life, liberty, equality, security and property,
on the following terms:
None
Article 38: No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his rights because
of his views, nor shall be obligated or forced to provide information
about his own or another person's views.
Article 1: All the Burkinians are born free and equal in rights. All shall be
equally entitled to enjoy all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the
present Constitution.
Discrimination of all sorts, notably those founded on race, ethnicity,
region, color, gender, language, religion, caste, political opinions, wealth
and birth, shall be prohibited.
Article 13: All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All
citizens have the same rights and are entitled to the same protection of
the law. No Burundian will be excluded from the social, economic or
political life of the nation because of his race, language, religion, sex or
ethnic origin. Article 22: All citizens are equal before the law, which
provides them with equal protection. No one may be subject to
discrimination because of their origin, race, ethnicity, sex, color,
language, social situation or his religious, philosophical or political
convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they
are suffering from HIV/AIDS or any other incurable disease.
Article 31: ...Khmer citizens shall be equal before the law, enjoying the
same rights and freedom and obligations regardless of race, color, sex,
language, religious belief, political tendency, national origin, social status,
wealth or other status. The exercise of personal rights and freedom by
any individual shall not adversely affect the rights and freedom of
others. The exercise of such rights and freedom shall be in accordance
with
the law.
Preamble: declare that the human person, without distinction as to race,
religion, sex or belief, possesses
inalienable and sacred rights;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 15:(1) Every

individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the
equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination
and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or
ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2)
Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as
its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or
groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national
or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
Article 1(2): The Republic of Cape Verde recognizes the equality of all
citizens before the law, without distinction as to social origin or
economic situation, race, sex, religion, political or ideological convictions,
and social conditions, and assures the full exercise by all citizens of
fundamental liberties. Article 22: All citizens shall have equal social
status and shall be equal before the law, without privilege, benefit, or
prejudice, and may not be deprived of any rights or exempt from any
duty by reason of race, sex, ancestry, language, origin, religion, social
and economic condition, or political or ideological conviction. Article
48(2): No one may be discriminated against, persecuted, deprived of
rights, or given special benefits or immunity because of their religious
faith, conviction, or practices.
Article 5: All human beings are equal before the law without distinction
of race, ethnic origin, regional origin, sex, religion, political affiliation and
social position.
Article 14: The State assures to all equality before the law, without
distinction of origin, race, sex, religion, political opinion, or social
position. It has the duty to see to the elimination of all forms of
discrimination with regard to women and to assure the protection of
their rights in all areas [domaines] of private and public life. Article
32: ...No one may be wronged [leser] in their work on account of their
origins, opinions, beliefs, sex, or their marital status.
Article 19(2): Equality before the law. In Chile there are no privileged
persons or groups. In Chile there are no slaves and the one who sets foot
on its territory remains free. Men and women are equal before the law.
Article 36: ...No state organ, public organization or individual may

compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may
they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in,
any religion. Article 34: All citizens of the People’s Republic of China who
have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election,
regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background,
religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except
persons deprived of political rights according to law.
Article 13:All individuals are born free and equal before the law, will
receive equal protection and treatment from the authorities, and will
enjoy the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities without any
discrimination on account of gender, race, national or family origin,
language, religion, political opinion, or philosophy.
Preamble: ...the equality of all concerning rights and duties without

distinctions based on sex, origin, race, religion or belief…
Article 8: All citizens are equal before the law, without discrimination
based on origin, social or material situation, racial, ethnic or
departmental, gender (le sexe) instruction, language, religion,
philosophy or place of residence. Women have the same rights as men.
The law guarantees to them the promotion to all political, elective and
administrative functions.
Article 13: No Congolese person may, in matters of education or access

to public functions or any other matter, be subject to any discriminatory
measure, whether it results from a statute or from a measure of the
executive, on the ground of his/her religion, family origin, social
condition, residence, views or political convictions, or membership of a
certain race, ethnicity, tribe, cultural or linguistic minority. Article 36: No
one may be harmed in their work because of their origin, sex, opinions,
beliefs or socio-economic conditions. Article 45:All persons have access
to establishments of national education without discrimination on
grounds of place of origin, race, religion, sex, political or philosophical
opinions, physical, mental or sensorial condition in accordance with their
capacities.
Article 64(1): It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook

Islands there exist, and shall continue to exist, without discrimination by
reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the
following fundamental human rights and freedoms-
Article 33: All persons are equal before the law and there shall be no
discrimination infringing human dignity.
Article 17: Any person has the right to freely chose his profession or his
employment. Access to public or private employment is equal for all. Any
discrimination in the access to or exercise of employment, based on sex,
[or on] political, religious or philosophical opinions, is prohibited. Article
30: The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular,
democratic and social. The Republic assures to all equality before the law
without distinction as to origin, race, sex or religion. It respects all
beliefs. Its principle is government of the people, by the people and for
the people.
Article 14: Everyone in the Republic of Croatia shall enjoy all rights and
freedoms, regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or
other belief, national or social origin, property, birth, education, social
status or other criteria. All shall be equal before the law.
Article 42: Discrimination based on race, color of the skin, sex, national
origin, religious creeds, or any other type offending human dignity, is
prohibited and punished by the law Article 43: The State establishes the
right, won by the Revolution, of its citizens, without distinction based on
race, color, sex, religious creeds, national origin, or any other type
offending human dignity to...
Article 28: (1) All persons are equal before the law, the administration
and justice and are entitled to equal protection thereof and treatment
thereby.
(2) Every person shall enjoy all the rights and liberties provided for in this
Constitution without any direct or indirect discrimination against any
person on the ground of his community, race, religion, language, sex,
political or other convictions, national or social descent, birth, color,
wealth, social class, or on any ground whatsoever, unless there is express
provision to the contrary in this Constitution.
CFRBF, Article 3 (1): Everyone is guaranteed the enjoyment of her

fundamental rights and basic freedoms without regard to gender, race,
color of skin, language, faith and religion, political or other conviction,
national or social origin, membership in a national or ethnic minority,
property, birth, or other status.
None
Article 1: It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law,
without distinction as to origin, race, sex or religion. It shall respect all
beliefs. Article 3: The Republic of Djibouti shall comprise all persons
whom it recognizes as members and who accept its duties, without
distinction of language, race, sex or religion.
fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his
race, place of origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject
to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public
interest, to each and all of the following, namely— Article 13: (1) Subject
to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law
shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its
effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this
section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any
person or authority.
description.
Article 45(2): No one can be persecuted or discriminated against on the

basis of their religious convictions Article 16: (1) All citizens are equal
before the law, shall exercise the same rights and shall be subject to the
same duties. (2) No one may be discriminated against on grounds of
color, race, marital status, gender, ethnic origin, social or economic
status, political or ideological convictions, religion, education or physical
or mental condition.
Article 40: All citizens are equal before the law.
They have equal rights and duties without discrimination between them
due to race, ethnic origin, language, religion or creed.
Article 47: Employers and private workers, without distinction of

nationality, sex, race, creed, or political ideas and whatever their activity
or the nature of their work, have the right to freely associate to defend
their respective interests, forming professional or trade associations or
unions.... Article 3: All persons are equal before the law. The enjoyment
of civil rights may not ne restricted on the basis of nationality, race, sex
or religion. The heredicary privelege shall not be recognized.
Shall not be recognized or hereditary privilege.
Article 5: Any act of bias or discrimination committed on the basis of

tribe, sex, religious, social, political, corruption or other analogous
reason is punishable or punished by law
Article 14: (1) All persons are equal under the law.
(2) No person may be discriminated against on account of race, ethnic
origin, language, color, gender, religion, disability, age, political view, or
social or economic status or any other improper factors....
Section 12: Everyone is equal before the law. No one shall be

discriminated against on the basis of
nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, political or other
opinion, property or social status, or on other grounds. The incitement
of national, racial, religious or political hatred, violence or discrimination
shall, by law, be prohibited and punishable. The incitement of hatred,
violence or discrimination between social strata shall, by law, also be
prohibited and punishable.
Preamble: ....Firmly convinced that the fulfilment of this objective
requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms
and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any
sexual, religious or cultural discrimination.... Article 25: All persons are
equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the
equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall guarantee to all
persons equal and effective protection without discrimination on
grounds of race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth or other
status. Article 34: (1) Men and women, without any distinction as to
race, nation, nationality or religion, who have attained marrigeable age
as defined by law, have the right to marry and found a family Article 38:
Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination based on colour,
race, nation, nationality, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion
or other status, has the following rights....
Article 38: (1) Every person has the right to equality before the law. (2) A
person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly,
on the ground of his or her: (a) actual or supposed personal
characteristics or circumstances, including race, ethnic origin, colour,
place of origin, gender, sexual orientation, birth, primary language,
economic status, age or disability; or (b) opinions or beliefs, except to
the extent that those opinions or beliefs involve harm to others or the
diminution of the rights or freedoms of others; or on any other ground
prohibited by this Constitution.
Section 6: Everyone is equal before the law.
No one shall, without an acceptable reason, be treated differently from
other persons on the ground of sex, age, origin, language, religion,
conviction, opinion, health, disability or other reason that concerns his
or her person. Children shall be treated equally and as individuals and
they shall be allowed to influence matters pertaining to themselves to a
degree corresponding to their level of development. Equality of the
sexes is promoted in societal activity and working life, especially in the
determination of pay and the other terms of employment, as provided in
more detail by an Act.
without distinction of origin, race or religion.
Article 1(7): each citizen has the right to work and the right to obtain
employment. No one can be impaired in his work by reason of his
origins, his sex, his race, his opinions Article 2: The Gabonese Republic
assures the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of
origin, race, sex, opinion or religion.
Preamble: The fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in this
Constitution, will ensure for all time respect for and observance of
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to
ethnic considerations, gender, language or religion. Section 17(2): Every
person in The Gambia, whatever his or her race, colour, gender,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status, shall be entitled to the fundamental
human rights and freedoms of the individual contained in this Chapter,
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the
public interest. Section 33: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no law shall make any
provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (3)
Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no person shall be treated in
a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any law or in
the performance of the functions of any public office or any public
authority.
(4) In this section, the expression “discrimination” means affording
their respective descriptions by race, colour, gender, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description
are not made subject, or are accorded privileges or advantages which
are not accorded to persons of another such description.
Article 14: Everyone is free by birth and is equal before law regardless of
race, colour, language, sex, religion, political and other opinions,
national, ethnic and social belonging, origin, property and title, place of
residence.
Article 3: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law.
(2) Men and women shall have equal rights. The State shall promote the
effective implementation of equal rights for women and men and take
steps to eliminate existing discriminations. (3) No one may be favored or
disfavored because of gender, parentage, race, language, homeland and
origin, faith, religious or political opinions. No one may be disfavored
because of disability.
Article 12(2):Every person in Ghana, whatever his race, place of origin,
political opinion, colour, religion, creed or gender shall be entitled to the
fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual contained in
this Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and for the public interest. Article 17: (1) All persons shall be equal
before the law. (2) A person shall not be discriminated against on
grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, creed or social or
economic status. (3) For the purposes of this article, “discriminate”
means to give different treatment to different persons attributable only
or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, gender, occupation, religion or creed, whereby
persons of one description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to
which persons of another description are not made subject or are
granted privileges or advantages which are not granted to persons of
another description.... Article 28 (4): No child shall be deprived by any
other person of medical treatment, education or any other social or
economic benefit by reason only of religious or other beliefs. Article 30:
A person who by reason of sickness or any other cause is unable to give
his consent shall not be deprived by any other person of medical
treatment, education or any other social or economic benefit by reason
only of religious or other beliefs. Article 35 (5): he State shall actively
promote the integration of the peoples of Ghana and prohibit
discrimination and prejudice on the grounds of place of origin,
circumstances of birth, ethnic origin, gender or religion, creed or other
beliefs.
Article 4(1): All Greeks are equal before the law. Article 5(2): All persons
living within the Greek territory shall enjoy full protection of their life,
honour and liberty irrespective of nationality, race or language and of
religious or political beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases
provided by international law. The extradition of aliens prosecuted for
their action as freedom-fighters shall be prohibited.
Article 1: Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to the

race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject
to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association; Article 13: (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4),
(5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is
discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions
of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated
in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written
law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any
public authority.
colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are
description.
Article 4: In Guatemala, all human beings are free and equal in dignity
and rights. Men and women, whatever their civil status, have equal
opportunities and responsibilities. No person can be subjected to
servitude or other condition that undermines his dignity. Human beings
must display brotherly behavior vis-α-vis each other.
Preamble: Proclaim… The equality and solidarity of all nationals without

distinction of race, ethnicity, sex, origin, religion and opinion. Article 1:
Guinea is a unitary, indivisible, secular (laïque), democratic and social
Republic. It shall ensure equality before the law for all citizens without
distinction of origin, race, ethnicity, sex, religion and opinion. It shall
respect all beliefs. Article 4: An Act of Parliament shall punish any act of
racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, or any regionalistic propaganda,
which could gravely affect national unity, the security of the State, the
territorial integrity of the Republic or the democratic functioning of its
institutions. Article 8: All human beings shall be equal before the law.
Men and women shall have the same rights. No one shall be favored or
discriminated against on the ground of his or her gender, birth, race,
ethnicity, language, political, philosophical or religious beliefs and
opinions. Article 18: No one shall be harassed in his work on account of
his sex, his race, his ethnicity or his opinions.
Article 24: All citizens shall be equal before the law, shall have the same
rights, and shall be subject to the same duties, without distinction
regarding race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural level, religious belief, or
philosophical conviction.
Article 40: (1)Every person in Guyana is entitled to the basic right to a
creative and productive life, free from hunger, disease, ignorance and
want. That right includes the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
rights and freedoms ofothers and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and
of assembly and association... Article 149: (1) Subject to the provisions
of this article (a) no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory
either of itself or in its effect; and (b) no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law
or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public
authority. (2) In this article the expression "discriminatory" means
affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or
mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political
advantages which are not afforded to persons of another such
description.
Article 18: Haitians shall be equal before the law, subject to the special
advantages conferred on native-born Haitians who have never
renounced their nationality.
Article 60: All forms of discrimination on account of sex, race, class, or

any other reason prejudicial to human dignity shall be punishable.
Billl of Rights Article 22: All persons are equal before the law and are
entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law.
In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to
all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any
ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Bill of
Rights Article 20(1): Every child shall have, without any discrimination as
to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property
or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his
status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State. Bill of
Rights Article 1:The rights recognized in this Bill of Rights shall be
enjoyed without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
property, birth or other status.
Article 70/A: The Republic of Hungary shall respect the human rights
and civil rights of all persons in the country without discrimination on
the basis of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origins, financial situation, birth or on any
other grounds whatsoever.
Article 65: Everyone shall be equal before the law and enjoy human
rights irrespective of sex, religion, opinion, national origin, race, colour,
Article 15: (1) The State shall not discriminate against any
citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place
of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion,
race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any
disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to- (a) access to
shops, public restaurants, hotels and
places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing
ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out
of State funds or dedicated to the use of
the general public. Article 16(2): No citizen shall, on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of
them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any
employment or office under the State. Article 23(2): Nothing in this
article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for
public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make
any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any
of them. Article 29(2): No citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of
State funds on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, language or any of them. Article 325: There shall be
one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency for election to
either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the
Legislature of a State and no person shall be ineligible for inclusion in
any such roll or claim to be included in any special electoral roll for any
such constituency on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of
them.
Article 281 (2): Every person shall have the right to be free from
discriminatory treatment based upon any grounds whatsoever and shall
have the right to protection from such discriminatory treatment.
Article 14: In accordance with the sacred verse (“God does not forbid
you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you
because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your
homes” [60:8]), the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all
Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with ethical
norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect
their human rights. This principle applies to all who refrain from
engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic
of Iran.
Article 14: Iraqis are equal before the law without discrimination based
on gender, race, ethnicity, origin, color, religion, creed, belief or opinion,
or economic and social status.
Article 40(6ii): Laws regulating the manner in which the right of forming
associations and unions and the right of free
assembly may be exercised shall contain no political,
religious or class discrimination.Article 44(2):(iii)The State shall not
impose any disabilities or make any discrimination on the ground of
religious profession, belief or status. (iv) Legislation providing State aid
for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the
management of different religious denominations, nor be such as to
affect prejudicially the right of any child to attend a school receiving
public money without attending religious instruction at that school.
Article 3: All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the
law, without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinion,
personal and social conditions.
Article 13: Whereas every person in Jamaica is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has
the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, Article 24: 1)
Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section,
no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either of itself
or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (6), (7) and (8)
of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by
any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of
the functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) In this
section, the expression "discriminatory" means affording different
treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their
respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour
or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
not accorded to persons of another such description.
Article 14: All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be
no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of
race, creed, sex, social status or family origin…. Article 44: The
qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be
fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race,
creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.
Article 6 (i): Jordanians shall be equal before the Law. There shall be no
discrimination between them as regards to their rights and duties, on
grounds of race, language or religion.
Article 14: (1) Everyone shall be equal before law and the court. (2) No
one shall be subject to any discrimination for reasons of origin, social,
property status, occupation, sex, race, nationality, language, attitude
towards religion, convictions, place of residence or any other
circumstances.
Article 70: Whereas every person in Kenya is entitled to the fundamental

rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever
his race, tribe, place of origin or residence or other local connection,
rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely. Article 82: (1) Subject to subsections (4), (5)
and (8), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of
itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to subsections (6), (8) and (9), no person
shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by a person acting by virtue
of any written law or in the performance of the functions of a public
office or a public authority. (3) In this section the expression
“discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different
persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by
race, tribe, place of origin or residence or other local connexion, political
opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description
are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another
such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or
description....
colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected
to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such
description.
Article 65: Citizens enjoy equal rights in all spheres of State and public
activities. Article 66: All citizens who have reached the age of 17 have
the right to elect and to be elected, irrespective of sex, race, occupation,
length of residence, property status, education party affiliation, political
views or religion.
Article 11(1): All citizens shall be equal before the law, and there shall be
no discrimination in political, economic, social or cultural life on account
of sex, religion or social status.
Article 29: All people are equal in human dignity, and in public rights and
duties before the law, without distinction as to race, origin, language or
religion.
Article 13(3): In the Kyrgyz Republic everyone shall be equal before the
law and the courts. No one shall be subjected to any kind of
discrimination or violation of their rights and freedoms on grounds of
ethnic origin, sex, race, nationality, language, religious denomination,
political or religious beliefs or any other personal or social
circumstances.
Article 22: Lao citizens irrespective of their sex, social status, education,
faith and ethnic groups are all equal before the law.
Article 91: All human beings in Latvia shall be equal before the law and
the courts. Human rights shall be realised without discrimination of any
kind.
Preamble: No discrimination among the people on the basis of any

allegiance whatsoever, nor division, partition or implantation is
permitted.
Article 4(1): Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his
race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights
and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of the following... Article 18:
(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4) and (5) no law shall make
any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (6), no person shall be treated
public authority. (3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory”
wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, colour, sex,
property, birth or other status whereby persons of one such description
description..... (5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) to the extent that
it makes provision with respect to standards of qualifications (not being
standards of qualifications specifically relating to race, colour, sex,
property, birth or other status) to be required of any person who is
appointed to any office in the public service, any office in a disciplined
force, any office in the service of a local government authority or any
office in a body corporate established by law for public purposes. Article
26(1): Lesotho shall adopt policies aimed at promoting a society based
on equality and justice for all its citizens regardless of race, colour, sex,
Article 11: (a) All persons are born equally free and independent and
have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are
the right of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of pursuing and
maintaining and security of the person and of acquiring, possessing and
protecting property, subject to such qualifications as provided for in this
Constitution. (b) All persons, irrespective of ethnic background, race, sex,
creed, place of origin or political opinion, are entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, subject to such
qualifications as provided for in this Constitution. (c) All persons are
equal before the law and are therefore entitled to the equal protection
of the law.
Article 18: All Liberian citizens shall have equal opportunity for work and
employment regardless of sex, creed, religion, ethnic background, place
of origin or political affiliation, and all shall be entitled to equal pay for
equal work.
Article 5: All citizens are equal before the law
Artilce 31(1) : All citizens shall be equal before the law. The public offices
shall be equally open to them, subject to observance of the legal
regulations.
Article 29:All persons shall be equal before the law, the court, and other
State institutions and officials. The rights of the human being may not be
restricted, nor may he be granted any privileges on the ground of
gender, race, nationality, language, origin, social status, belief,
convictions, or views.
Article 54: The restriction of freedoms and rights can not discriminate on
grounds of sex, race, colour of skin, language, religion, national or social
origin, property or social status. Article 110: The Constitutional Court of
the Republic of Macedonia...protects the freedoms and rights of the
indivithe prohibition of discrimination among citizens on the ground of
sex, race, religion or national, social or political affiliation....
Article 8: Nationals are equal under the law and enjoy the same
fundamental liberties protected by the law without discrimination based
on sex, level of education [instruction], wealth, origin, race, religious
belief or opinion. Article 28: No one may be discriminated against [léser]
in his work or in his employment because of sex, of age, of religion, of
opinions, of origins, of adherence to a union or of political convictions.
Article 20(1): Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all

persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection
against discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, disability,
Article 8: (2) Except as expressly authorized by this Constitution, there
shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion,
race, descent, place of birth or gender in any law or in the appointment
to any office or employment under a public authority or in the
administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or
disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade,
business, profession, vocation or employment.... (5) This Article does not
invalidate or prohibit- (a) any provision regulating personal law; (b) any
provisions or practice restricting office or employment connected with
the affairs of any religion or of an institution managed by a group
professing any religion, to persons professing that religion;
Article 17(a): Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms included in
this Chapter without discrimination of any kind, including race, national
origin, colour, sex, age, mental or physical disability, political or other
opinion, property, birth or other status, or native island. Article 20: Every
individual is equal before and under the law, and has the right to the
equal protection and equal benefit of the law.
Article 2: Every Malian is born and remain free and equal in rights and
duties. All discrimination founded on social origin, color, language, race,
sex, religion and political opinion shall be prohibited.
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the
right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed
or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely ... Article
45: (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-articles (4), (5) and
discrimination on (7) of this article, no law shall make any provision that
is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the
provisions of sub-articles (6), (7) and (8) of this article, no person shall be
treated in a discriminatory manner
by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the
performance of the functions of any public office or any public
authority. (3) In this article, the expression "discriminatory" means
description.... (9) A requirement, however made, that the Roman
Catholic Apostolic Religion shall be taught by a person professing that
religion shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of
this article.
Article 2, Section 12: (1) All persons are equal under the law and are
entitled to the equal protection of the laws.
(2) No law and no executive or judicial action shall, either expressly, or in
its practical application, discriminate against any persons on the basis of
gender, race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national
or social origin, place of birth, family status or descent.
(3) Nothing in this Section shall be deemed to preclude non-arbitrary
preferences for citizens pursuant to law.
Article 1: ...The Republic shall guarantee equality before the law to all of
its citizens, without distinction as to origin, race, sex or social
condition…..
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there
have existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason
of race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex Article 16:
(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any
provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
(2) Subject to subsections (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting in the performance of any
public function conferred by any law or otherwise in the performance of
section, “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to
different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective
descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are
Article 1: All discrimination motivated by ethnic or national origin,
gender, age, handicaps, social condition, health, religion, opinions,
preferences, marital status, or any other discrimination that violates
human dignity and has the objective of restricting or diminishing the
rights and liberties of persons is prohibited. Article 3(2c): It shall
contribute to better human relationships not only by the elements which
it provides toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating,
together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of
the family, the conviction of the general interest of society but also by
the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of
rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, religion, class, sex, or
individuals
Article 4, Section 3: A person may not be deprived of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law, or be denied the equal protection
of the laws.
Article 16(2): All citizens of the Republic of Moldova shall be equal

before the law and public authorities, regardless of the race, nationality,
ethnic origin, language, religion, sex,
opinion, political affiliation, property or social origin.
Article 14: (1) All persons lawfully residing within Mongolia are equal
before the law and the courts. (2)No person shall be discriminated on
the basis of ethnic origin, language, race, age, sex, social origin and
status, property, occupation and post, religion, opinion and education.
Every one shall be a person before the law.
Article 8: Direct or indirect discrimination on any grounds shall be

prohibited. Regulations and introduction of special measures aimed at
creating the conditions for the exercise of national, gender and overall
equality and protection of persons who are in an unequal position on
any grounds shall not be considered discrimination. Special measures
may only be applied until the achievement of the aims for which
they were undertaken.
Article 5: All Moroccans are equal before the law.

Article 35: All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the
same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of colour, race,
sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social
position, the marital status of their parents, their profession or their
political preference. Article 39: All acts intended to undermine national
unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions or situations of
privilege or discrimination based on colour, race, sex, ethnic origin, place
of birth, religion, level of education, social position, physical or mental
ability, the marital status of one’s parents, profession or political
preference, shall be punished in terms of the law. Article 251(1): Access
to public office shall not be obstructed on grounds of colour, race, sex,
religion, ethnic or social origin, or party-political preference, and shall
adhere strictly to the criteria of the merit and ability of applicants.
Article 348: The Union shall not discriminate against any citizen of the
Republic of the Union of Myanmar based on race, birth, religion, official
position, status, culture, sex or wealth. Article 352: The Union shall,
subject to the fulfillment of special professional requirements, not
discriminate for or against any citizen of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar based on race, birth, religion, and sex in the appointment of
Civil Service personnel and the assignment of duties. However, nothing
in this Section shall prevent appointment of men to positions that are
suitable for men only.
Preamble: Whereas the said rights include the right of the individual to
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, regardless of race, colour,
ethnic origin, sex, religion, creed or social or economic status…. Article
10: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law. (2) No persons may be
discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race, colour, ethnic origin,
religion, creed or social or economic status. Article 14(1):Men and
women of full age, without any limitation due to race, colour, ethnic
origin, nationality, religion, creed or social or economic status shall have
the right to marry and to found a family. They shall be entitled to equal
rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
None
Article 13: 1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall
be denied the equal protection of the laws.
(2) There shall be no discrimination against any citizen in the application
of general laws on grounds of religion, race, gender, caste, tribe, origin,
language or ideological conviction or any of these. (3) The State shall not
discriminate among citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe,
gender, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these.
Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special
provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of
women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic tribes [Adivasi Janajati], Madhesi or
farmers, laborers or those who belong to a class which is economically,
socially or culturally backward, or children, the aged, disabled or those
who are physically or mentally incapacitated.... Article 14(2): No person
shall, on the ground of caste or tribe, be deprived of the use of services,
conveniences or utilities available to the public, or be denied access to
any public place, or public religious places, or be prevented from
performing any religious act.... Article 142(4): The Election Commission
shall not register any political party if any Nepali citizen is discriminated
against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of
religion, caste, tribe, language or gender or if the name, objectives,
symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that may disturb
the country’s religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if
the constitution or rules of such party have the objective of protecting
and promoting a partyless or single party system of government.
Article 1: All persons in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal

circumstances. Discrimination on the grounds of religion, belief, political
opinion, race or sex or on any other grounds whatsoever shall not be
permitted.
22 ofthis Act shall apply to any restrictions
on the employment of any person on work involving the national
security of New Zealand- (a) By reference to his or her- (i) Religious or
ethical belief... Human Rights Act, Article 26: Nothing in section 22
ofthis Act [employment] shall prevent different treatment based on sex,
religious or ethical belief, or age if the duties of the position in respect of
which that treatment is accorded...(b) Are such that, because ofthe laws,
customs, or practices of the country in which those duties are to be
performed, they are ordinarily carried out only by a person who is of a
particular sex or religious or ethical belief, or who is in a particular age
group. Human Rights Act, Article 27(2): Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act
shall prevent different treatment based on sex, religious or ethical belief,
disability, age, political opinion, or sexual orientation where the position
is one of domestic employment in a private household. Human Rights
Act, Article 28: (1) Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act shall prevent different
treatment based on sex where the position is for the purposes of an
organised religion and is limited to one sex so as to comply with the
doctrines or rules or established customs of the religion.(2) Nothing in
section 22 o fthis Act shall prevent different treatment based on religious
or ethical beliefwhere- (a) That treatment is accorded under section 65
of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975; or (b) The sole
or principal duties of the position (not being a position to which section
65 of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 applies)- (i)
Are, or are substantially the same as, those of a clergyman, priest,
pastor, official, or teacher among adherents of that belief or otherwise
involve the propagation ofthat belief; or (ii) Are those of a teacher in a
private school; or (iii) Consist of acting as a social worker on behalf of an
organisation whose members comprise solely or principally adherents of
that belief. (3) Where a religious or ethical beliefrequires its adherents to
follow
a particular practice, an employer must accommodate the
practice so long as any adjustment ofthe employer's activities
required to accommodate the practice does not unreasonably
disrupt the employer's activities. Human Rights Act, Article 39(1):
Nothing in section 38 ofthis Act shall apply where the authorisation or
qualification is needed for, or facilitates engagement in, a profession or
calling for the purposes of an organised religion and is limited to one sex
or to persons ofthat religious beliefso as to comply with the doctrines or
rules or established customs of that religion. Human Rights Act, Article
55: Nothing in section 53 ofthis Act shall apply to accommodation in any
hostel or in any establishment (such as a hospital, club, school,
university, religious institution, or retirement village), or in any part of a
Article 27: All individuals are equal before the law and have the right to
equal protection. There shall be no discrimination based on birth,
nationality, political belief, race, gender, language, religion, opinion,
origin, economic position or social condition. Article 82: : Workers have
the right to working conditions that specifically ensure them: (1) Equal
pay for equal work under identical conditions, suitable to their social
responsibility, without discrimination for political, religious, racial,
gender or any other reasons, which ensure a well-being compatible with
human dignity;
Article 8: The Republic of Niger is a State of Law (État de droit). The
Republic shall assure to all the equality before the law without
distinction of sex, of social, ethnic or religious origin.The Republic shall
respect and protect all faiths. No religion, no belief shall assume the
political power nor interfere in the affairs of the State. All particularist
propaganda of regional, racial or ethnic character, all manifestation of
racial, ethnic, political or religious discrimination, shall be punished by
law. Foreigners shall benefit, in the territory of the Republic, of the same
rights and freedoms as the Nigerian citizens in the conditions
determined by law.
Article 15(2): Accordingly, national integration shall be actively

encouraged, whilst discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, sex,
religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties shall be prohibited.
Article 42(1): A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, ethnic
group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion shall not, by
reason only that he is such a person— (a) be subjected either expressly
by, or in the practical application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any
executive or administrative action of the government, to disabilities or
restrictions to which citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic
groups, places of origin, sex, religions or political opinions are not made
subject; or (b) be accorded either expressly by, or in the practical
application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any such executive or
administrative action, any privilege or advantage that is not accorded to
citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic groups, places of origin,
sex, religions or political opinions.
None
Article 17: All citizens are equal before the Law and share the same
public rights and duties. There is no discrimination between them on the
ground of gender, origin, colour, language, religion, sect, domicile, or
social status.
equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and
political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith,
worship and association, subject to law and public morality.. Article
22(3b): no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational
institution receiving aid from public revenues on the ground only of race,
religion, caste or place of birth. Article 26: (1) In respect of access to
places of public entertainment or resort, not intended for religious
purposes only, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the
ground only of race, religion, caste, sex, residence or place of birth. (2)
Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent the State from making any special
provision for women and children. Article 27(1): No citizen otherwise
qualified for appointment in the service of Pakistan shall be
discriminated against in respect of any such appointment on the ground
only of race religion, caste, sex, residence or place of birth...
Article IV, Section 5: Every person shall be equal under the law and shall
be entitled to equal protection. The government shall take no action to
discriminate against any person on the basis of sex, race, place of origin,
language, religion or belief, social status or clan affiliation except for the
preferential treatment of citizens, for the protection of minors, elderly,
indigent, physically or mentally handicapped, and other similar groups,
and in matters concerning intestate succession and domestic relations.
No person shall be treated unfairly in legislative or executive
investigation.
Article 19: There shall be no public or private privileges, or
discrimination, by reason of race, birth, social class, handicap, sex,
religion or political ideology. Article 67: A like wage or salary shall always
be paid for like work under identical conditions, irrespective of the
person who performs it, without taking into account sex, nationality,
age, race, social standing, political or religious ideologies. Article 94:
...Educational institutions, whether public or private, are open to all
students without distinction of race, social position, political ideology,
religion, or the nature of the relationship of the student’s parents or
guardians.... Article 300: Public Employees shall be of Panamanian
nationality, without discrimination for reasons of race, sex, religion or
political activities....
Article 2: ...WE ACCORDINGLY CALL FOR—

(1) an equal opportunity for every citizen to take part in the political,
economic, social, religious and cultural life of the country... (5) equal
participation by women citizens in all political, economic, social and
religious activities... Article 5: ...(1) a fundamental re-orientation of our
attitudes and the institutions of government, commerce, education and
religion towards Papua New Guinean forms of participation,
consultation, and consensus, and a continuous renewal of the
responsiveness of these institutions to the needs and attitudes of the
People... Article 55: (1) Subject to this Constitution, all citizens have the
same rights, privileges, obligations and duties irrespective of race, tribe,
place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed, religion or sex. (2)
Subsection (1) does not prevent the making of laws for the special
benefit, welfare, protection or advancement of females, children and
young persons, members of underprivileged or less advanced groups or
residents of less advanced areas. (3) Subsection (1) does not affect the
operation of a pre-Independence law.
Article 46: All residents of the Republic are equal as far as dignity and
rights are concerned. No discrimination is permitted. The State will
remove all obstacles and prevent those factors that support or promote
discrimination..... Article 88: No discrimination will be permitted against
workers for reasons of race, sex, age, religion, social status, political, or
union preference
Article 2: Every person has the right: (1) To life, to his identity, to his
moral, spiritual, and physical integrity, and to his unrestricted
development and well-being. The unborn child is entitled to every
privilege as a matter of right.
2. To equality before the law. No one may be discriminated against on
account of origin, race, gender, language, religion, opinion, economic
condition or any other condition.
3. To freedom of conscience and religion, individually or collectively. No
one may be persecuted on account of his ideas or beliefs. Freedom of
opinion is unlimited. All confessions may freely be exercised publically as
long as they do not offend public morals or disturb public order.
Article 3, Section 1: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of the laws Article 3, Section 5: he free exercise and
enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed....
Article 32: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law. All persons shall
have the right to equal treatment by public authorities. (2) No one shall
be discriminated against in political, social or economic life for any
reason whatsoever
Article 13: (1) Every citizen shall possess the same social dignity and shall
be equal before the law. (2) No one shall be privileged, favoured,
prejudiced, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the
basis of ancestry, sex, race, language, place of origin, religion, political or
ideological beliefs, education, economic situation, social circumstances
or sexual orientation. Article 41(2): No one shall be persecuted, deprived
of rights or exempted from civic obligations or duties because of his
convictions or religious observance. Article 59(1): Regardless of age, sex,
race, citizenship, place of origin, religion and political and ideological
convictions, every worker shall possess the right...
discrimination whatsoever on grounds of sex, race, language, or religion.
Article 4(2): Romania is the common and indivisible homeland of all its
citizens regardless of race, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, opinion,
political allegiance, wealth, or social origin. Article 44(4):
Nationalizations and all other forcible transfers of assets into public
ownership based on the owner’s social, ethnic, religious or political
status or other discriminatory features are prohibited.
Article 19: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law and the court. (2)
The State guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and
freedoms regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, material
and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, convictions,
membership of public associations, or of other circumstances. All forms
of limitations of human rights on social, racial, national, language or
religious grounds shall be prohibited
Article 11: All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights
and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic
origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith,
opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or
mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and
punishable by
law.Article 33: ...Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or discrimination
or any other form of division is punishable by law
Article 15:(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make
any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2)
Subject to subsections (6), (7), (8) and (9), a person shall not be treated
public authority. (3) In this section the expression “discriminatory”
birth out of wedlock, political opinions or affiliations, colour, sex or creed
whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or
restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made
subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded
to persons of another such description.
manner by any person or authority. (3) In this section, the expression
sex, race, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed whereby
persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or
subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded
(7) and (8) of this section, no persons shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any persons acting by virtue of any written law or in the
description.
Article 15: (1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal
protection under the law. (2) Except as expressly authorised under the
provisions of this Constitution, no law and no executive or administrative
action of the State shall, either expressly or in its practical application,
subject any person or persons to any disability or restriction or confer on
any person or persons any privilege or advantage on grounds only of
descent, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin,
place of birth, family status, or any of them.
Article 4: Everyone shall be equal before the law, without any distinction
as to personal, economic,
social, political or religious status.
Article 15(1): All citizens are equal before the law, enjoy the same rights
and are subject to the same obligations without distinction as to social
or racial or racial origin, sex, political tendency, religious belief or
.Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on
justice, shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia
Article 1: ...It shall ensure the equality before the law of all citizens,
without distinction of origin, race, gender or religion. It shall respect all
beliefs. Article 5: Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious discrimination, as
well as any regionalist propaganda which could affect the internal
security of the State or the territorial integrity of the Republic shall be
punished in accordance with statute.
Article 21: All are equal before the Constitution and law.
Everyone shall have the right to equal legal protection, without
discrimination. All direct or indirect discrimination based on any
grounds, particularly on race, sex, national origin, social origin, birth,
religion, political or other opinion, property status, culture, language,
age, mental or physical disability shall be prohibited. Special measures
which the Republic of Serbia may introduce to achieve full equality of
individuals or group of individuals in a substantially unequal position
compared to other citizens shall not be deemed discrimination.
Article 27(1): Every person has a right to equal protection of the law
including the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set out in this
Charter without discrimination on any ground except as is necessary in a
democratic society.
Article 6(2): Accordingly, the State shall promote national integration
and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of
origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic
association or ties.Article 15: Whereas every person in Sierra Leone is
entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of
origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for
the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each
and all of the following... Article 27: (1) Subject to the provisions of
subsection (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any provision which is
of subsections (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any law or in
authority. (3) In this section the expression “discriminatory” means
mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin,
political opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such
description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons
of another such description are not made subject, or are accorded
privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another
such description.
Article 12: (1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the
equal protection of the law. (2) Except as expressly authorised by this
Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens of
Singapore on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth
in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a
public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the
acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or
carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.
Article 16(1): Without prejudice to the generality of Article 12, there
shall be no discrimination against any citizen of Singapore on the
grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth….
Article 12: (1) People are free and equal in dignity and in rights. Basic
rights and freedoms are inherent, inalienable, non-prescriptible, and not
subject to repeal. (2) Basic rights and freedoms on the territory of the
Slovak Republic are guaranteed to everyone regardless of sex, race, color
of skin, language, faith and religion, political, or other thoughts, national
or social origin, affiliation to a nation, or ethnic group, property, descent,
or any other status. No one may be harmed, preferred, or discriminated
against on these grounds.
Article 14: In Slovenia everyone shall be guaranteed equal human rights
and fundamental freedoms irrespective of national origin, race, sex,
language, religion, political or other conviction, material standing, birth,
education, social status, disability or any other personal circumstance. All
are equal before the law.
itself or in its effect (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8)
and (9) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any
person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the
functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) Subject to the
provisions of subsection (9) of this section, no person shall be treated in
a discriminatory manner in respect of access to shops, hotels, lodging-
houses, public restaurants, eating-houses or places of public
entertainment or in respect of access to places of public resort
maintained wholly or partly out of public funds or dedicated to the use
of the general public. (4) In this section, the expression "discriminatory"
political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such
description are subjected
description are not nuade subject or are accorded privileges or
description.
Article 6: All citizens regardless of sex, religion, origin and language shall
be entitled to equal rights and duties before the law
Article 9: (1) Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal
protection and benefit of the law. (2) Equality includes the full and equal
enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. To promote the achievement of
equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance
persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination
may be taken. (3) The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or
indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race,
gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour,
sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture,
language and birth.
Article 14: Spaniards are equal before the law and may not in any way be
discriminated against on account of birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or
any other personal or social condition or circumstance.
Article 12: (1) All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to
the equal protection of the law. (2) No citizen shall be discriminated
against on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex, political
opinion, place of birth or any one of such grounds (3) No person shall,
on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex or any one of such
grounds, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition
with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, places of
public entertainment and places of public worship of his own religion....
Article 27: (5) The State shall strengthen national unity by promoting co-
operation and mutual confidence among all sections of the People of Sri
Lanka, including the racial, religious, linguistic and other groups, and
shall take effective steps in the fields of teaching, education and
information in order to eliminate discrimination and prejudice. (6) The
State shall ensure equality of opportunity to citizens, so that no citizen
shall suffer any disability on the ground of race, religion, language, caste,
sex, political opinion or occupation.
Article 31: All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
discrimination, as to race, colour, sex, language, religious creed, political
opinion, or ethnic origin, to the equal protection of the law. Article 82:
The Government of National Unity shall undertake the following duties...
(b) establishment of a decentralized democratic system of governance
taking into account the cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic
diversity and gender equality... Article 44(1): Education is a right for
every citizen and the State shall provide access to education without
discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity, gender or disability. Article
136: The National Civil Service, notably at the senior and middle-levels,
shall be representative of the people of the Sudan; to ensure this, the
following principles and guidelines shall be recognized and observed...
(c) no level of government shall discriminate against any qualified
Sudanese citizen on the basis of religion, ethnicity, region or gender,
Article 185(1): Resources and common wealth of the Sudan shall be
shared equitably to enable each level of government to discharge its
legal and constitutional responsibilities and duties and to ensure that the
quality of life, dignity and living conditions of all citizens are promoted
without discrimination on grounds of gender, race, religion, political
affiliation, ethnicity, language or region.
Article 28: All employees have, independent of age, sex, race,
nationality, religion or political opinions, the right to…
Article 14(3): A person of whatever gender, race, place of origin, political

opinion, colour, religion, creed, age or disability shall be entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual contained in this
Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest. Article 20: (1) All persons are equal before and
under the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life
and in every other respect and shall enjoy equal protection of the law.
(2) For the avoidance of any doubt, a person shall not be discriminated
against on the grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe, birth,
creed or religion, or social or economic standing, political opinion, age or
disability. (3) For the purposes of this section, “discriminate” means to
give different treatment to different persons attributable only or mainly
to their respective descriptions by gender, race, colour, ethnic origin,
birth, tribe, creed or religion, or social or economic standing, political
opinion, age or disability.
Instrument of Government Chapter 1, Article 1: The public institutions
shall combat discrimination of persons on grounds of gender, colour,
national or ethnic origin, linguistic or religious affiliation, functional
disability, sexual orientation, age or other circumstance affecting the
private person. Opportunities should be promoted for ethnic, linguistic
and religious minorities to preserve and develop a cultural and social life
of their own.
Article 8: (1) Everyone shall be equal before the law. (2)

No one may be discriminated against, in particular on grounds of origin,
race, gender, age, language. social position. way of life, religious,
ideological, or political convictions, or because of a physical, mental or
psychological disability.
Article 25(3): The citizens are equal before the law in their rights and
duties.
Article 17: All are equal before the law and court. The State guarantees
the rights and freedoms of everyone regardless of his nationality, race,
gender, language, religious beliefs, political persuasion, education, [and]
social and property status.
Article 9: The object of this Constitution is to facilitate the building of
the United Republic as a nation of equal and free individuals enjoying
freedom, justice, fraternity and concord, through the pursuit of the
policy of Socialism and Self Reliance which emphasizes the application of
socialist principles while taking into account the conditions prevailing in
the United Republic. Therefore, the state authority and all its agencies
are obliged to direct their policies and programmes towards ensuring ...
(g) that the Government and all its agencies accord equal opportunities
to all citizens, men and women alike without regard to their colour, tribe,
religion, or station in life. Article 13: (1) Ail persons are equal before the
law and are entitled, without any discrimination, to protection and
equality before the law. (2) No law enacted by any authority in the
United Republic shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of
itself or in its effect. (3) The civic rights, duties and interests of every
person and community
shall be protected and determined by the courts of law or other state
agencies established by or under the law. (4) No person shall be
discriminated against by any person or any
authority acting under any law or in the discharge of the functions or
business of any state office. (5) For the purposes of this Article the
expression "discriminate" means to satisfy the needs, rights or other
requirements of different persons on the basis of their nationality, tribe,
place of origin, political opinion, colour, religion, sex or station in life
such that certain categories of people are regarded as weak or inferior
and are subjected to restrictions or conditions whereas persons of other
categories are treated differently or are accorded opportunities or
advantage outside the specified conditions or the prescribed necessary
qualifications except that the word "discrimination" shall not be
construed in a manner that will
prohibit the Government from taking purposeful steps aimed at
rectifying disabilities in the society.
Section 5: The Thai people, irrespective of their origins, sexes or

religions, shall enjoy equal protection under this Constitution. Section
30: All persons are equal before the law and shall enjoy equal protection
under the law.
Men and women shall enjoy equal rights. Unjust discrimination against a
person on the grounds of the difference in origin, race, language, sex,
age, disability, physical or health condition, personal status, economic or
social standing, religious belief, education or constitutionally political
view, shall not be permitted.
Article 9: All Tibetan citizens shall be equal before the law and shall
enjoy the rights and freedoms set forth in this Chapter without
discrimination on grounds of birth, sex, race, religion, language, lay or
ordained, social origin, rich or poor, elected position or other status.
Article 2: Republic of Togo assures equality before the law of all citizens,
regardless of origin, race, sex, social condition, or religion. It respects all
political and philosophical opinions as well as religious beliefs. Article
37: No one may be harmed in their work because of their sex, origin,
beliefs, or opinions.
None
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and

Tobago there have existed and shall continue to exist without
discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour, religion or sex, the
following fundamental human rights and freedoms, namely...
Article 10: All individuals are equal without any discrimination before
the law, irrespective of language, race, colour, sex, political opinion,
philosophical belief, religion and sect, or any such considerations….
Article 19: Turkmenistan guarantees the equality of rights and freedoms
of citizens and also the equality of citizens before the law regardless of
nationality, origin, property and official status, place of residence,
language, attitude toward religion, political conviction, [or] political
affiliation.
Article 27: (1) In this section, discrimination refers to the treatment of

different people in different ways wholly or mainly because of their
different— (a) races; or (b) places of origin; or
(c) political opinions; or (d) colours; or (e) religious beliefs or lack of
religious beliefs, Article 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled,
whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, religious
beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following fundamental
rights and freedoms...
Article 34(3): No child shall be deprived by any person of medical
of religious or other beliefs.
Article 24: Citizens have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and
are equal before the law. There shall be no privileges or restrictions
based on race, color of skin, political, religious and other beliefs, sex,
ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, linguistic or
other characteristics....
Article 25: All persons are equal before the law, without distinction
between citizens of the Union in regard to race, nationality, religious
belief or social status.
None
Article 8: All persons are equal before the law. The law does not
recognize any distinction between them but of their talents or virtues.
Article 18: All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have equal
rights and freedoms, and shall be equal before the law, without
discrimination by sex, race, nationality, language. religion, social origin,
convictions, individual and social status.Any privileges may be granted
solely by the law and shall conform to the principles of social justice.

restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to
the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without
discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or
traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate
public interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health-
Article 70: ...All religions are equal before the law…. Article 52: All
citizens are equal before the law. Article 54 The citizen, regardless of
nationality, sex, social background, religious belief, cultural standard,
occupation, time of residence, shall, upon reaching the age of eighteen,
have the right to vote, and, upon reaching the age of twenty-one, have
the right to stand for election to the National Assembly and the People’s
Councils in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Article 25: Yemeni society is based on social solidarity, which is based on
justice, freedom and equality according to the law.
Article 23: (1) Subject to clauses (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any
provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject
to clauses (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
(3) In this Article the expression “discriminatory” mean, affording
different treatment to different persons attributable, wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin, marital
status, political opinions colour or creed whereby persons of one such
of another such description are not made subject or are accorded
such description.
Article 23: (1) Subject to the provisions of this section—

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a law shall be regarded as making
a provision that is discriminatory and a person shall be regarded as
having been treated in a discriminatory manner if, as a result of that law
or treatment, persons of a particular description by race, tribe, place of
origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex, gender, marital status or
physical disability are prejudiced— (a) by being subjected to a condition,
restriction or disability to which other persons of another such
description are not made subject; or (b) by the according to persons of
another such description of a privilege or advantage which is not
accorded to persons of the first-mentioned description; and the
imposition of that condition, restriction or disability or the according of
that privilege or advantage is wholly or mainly attributable to the
description by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed, sex, gender, marital status or physical disability of the persons
concerned. Article 11: It is recognised and declared that every person in
Zambia has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental
his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital
status, but subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and
all of the following, namely:
Non-Discrimination/Equality- Religions Cooperation
Article 10: (4) The state and the religious

communities mutually respect the independence of
oneanother and work together for the good of each
Article 10(3): The state recognizes the equality of and all (5) Relations between the state and religious
religious communities. communities are regulated on the basis
of agreements entered into between their
representatives and the Council of Ministers.
These agreements are ratified by the Assembly.
Article 8(2): Religions shall be respected and the
State shall protect churches and places and objects of
worship, provided they abide by the laws of the
State.
Article 18(1): In the Republic of Azerbaijan religion
is separated from the State. All religions are equal
before the law.
Article 16: Religions and faiths shall be equal before
the law….
Article 181: (1) The salaries and pensions of ministers
of religion are paid for by the State; the amounts
required are charged annually to the budget. (2)The
salaries and pensions of representatives of
organisations recognised by the law as providing
moral assistance according to a non-denominational
philosophical concept are paid for by the State; the
amounts required are charged annually to the
budget.
Article 6: (1) All persons are born free and equal in Article 37(1): The freedom of conscience, the
dignity and rights. (2) All citizens 1 shall be equal freedom of thought and the choice of religion and of
before the law. There shall be no privileges or religious or atheistic views shall be inviolable. The
restriction of rights on the State shall assist the maintenance of tolerance and
grounds of race, national or social origin, ethnic respect among the believers from different
self-identity, sex, religion, education, opinion, denominations, and among believers and non-
political affiliation, personal or social status or believers.
property status.
Preamble: The protection and inclusion of the ethnic,

cultural and religious minority groups into the general
system of good governance;
Article 48(3): Churches and other religious
communities shall be separate from the State and
shall be independent and free in their organization
and in the exercise of their own activities, as partners
in the social and spiritual development of the Cape
Verdian people.
Article 19:Freedom of religion is guaranteed. Every
individual has the right to freely profess his/her
religion and to disseminate it individually or
collectively. All religious faiths and churches are
equally free before the law.
Article 41: All religious communities are equal
before the law and are separate from the state.
Article 8: ...The different creeds and religions enjoy

equal consideration.
Article 18(3): All religions are equal before the law.
Without prejudice to the competence of the
Communal Chambers under this Constitution, no
legislative, executive or administrative act of the
Republic shall discriminate against any religious
institution or religion.
Article 12: (1)The State recognizes and respects the
different religious denominations, that are free in
their organization and in the exercise of their own
activities, with due observance of the Constitution
and the law. (2.)The State promotes the cooperation
with the different religious denominations that
contribute to the well-being of the people of East
Timor.
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag shall
reflect the hope of the Nations, Nationalities,
Peoples as well as religious communities of Ethiopia
to live together in equality and unity.
Article 44(2ii): The State guarantees not to endow
any religion.
Article 8: All religious denominations are equally

free before the law. Denominations other than
Catholicism have the right to self-organisation
according to their own statutes, provided these do
not conflict with Italian law. Their relations with the
State are regulated by law, based on agreements
with their respective representatives.
Article 29: All persons shall be equal before the law,
the court, and other State institutions and officials.
The rights of the human being may not be
restricted, nor may he be granted any privileges on
the ground of gender, race, nationality, language,
origin, social status, belief, convictions, or views.
Article 21: The State's intervention in the

appointment and installation of heads of religions,
the mode of appointing and dismissing other
ministers of religions, the right of any of them to
correspond with their superiors and to publish their
acts, as well as the Church's relations with the State,
are subject to conventions to be submitted to the
Chamber of Deputies for the provisions governing its
intervention.
Article 19(3): The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as

well as the Islamic Religious Community in
Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic
Methodist Church, Jewish Community and other
Religious communities and groups are separate
from the state and equal before the law.
Article 2, Section1: (3) Nothing in this Section shall Article 2, Section1: (3) Nothing in this Section shall
be construed to prevent government from be construed to prevent government from extending
extending financial aid to religiously supported financial aid to religiously supported institutions
institutions insofar as they furnish educational, insofar as they furnish educational, medical or other
medical or other services at no profit, provided services at no profit, provided such aid does not
such aid does not discriminate among religious discriminate among religious groups or beliefs on the
groups or beliefs on the basis of a governmental
preferences for some religions over others, and basis of a governmental preferences for some
provided such aid goes no further than (a) religions over others, and provided such aid goes no
further than (a) reimbursing users of educational,
reimbursing users of educational, medical, or other medical, or other non-profit services for fees charged
non-profit services for fees charged to such users, to such users, or (b) reimbursing such institutions for
or (b) reimbursing such institutions for costs costs incurred in providing such services, but only
incurred in providing such services, but only with with funds channeled through an organization open
funds channeled through an organization open to to all religious institutions that provide the services in
all religious institutions that provide the services in question.
question.
Article 31(4): The religious worships shall be
autonomous, independent from the State and shall
enjoy the latter's support, including by facilitating the
religious assistance in the army, hospitals,
penitentiaries, nursing homes and orphanages Article
72: (3) The organic law shall govern... (l) the general
system on religious worships;
Article 14: ...Religious communities shall be equal
and free in the exercise of religious rites and
religious affairs.
Article 12(4): The State shall recognise and esteem
the activities of religious denominations in order to
promote a climate of understanding, tolerance and
peace, the strengthening of national unity, the
material and spiritual well being of citizens, and
economic and social development.
Article 363: The Union may assist and protect the

religions it recognizes to its utmost.
Article 33: The State shall have the following
responsibilities… (d) to carry out an inclusive,
democratic and progressive restructuring of the State
by eliminating its existing form of centralized and
unitary structure in order to address the problems
related to women,Dalits, indigenous tribes [Adivasi
Janajati], Madhesis, oppressed and minority
communities and other disadvantaged groups, by
eliminating class, caste, language, gender, cultural,
religious and regional discrimination Article 34(5):
The social objective of the State shall be to establish
and develop a healthy social life on the foundation of
justice and morality, by eliminating all types of
economic and social inequalities and by establishing
harmony among diverse castes, tribes, religions,
languages, races, communities and sects. Article
138(1): To bring an end to discrimination based on
class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and
region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form
of the state, the state shall be made inclusive and
restructured into a progressive, democratic federal
system
Article 17(3): The State shall direct its policy towards
ensuring that… (b) conditions of work are just and
humane, and that there are adequate facilities for
leisure and for social, religious and cultural life….
Article 24: Relations between the State and the
Catholic Church are based on independence,
cooperation, and autonomy.
Artice 6, Section 28(3): Charitable institutions,

churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant
thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all
lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly,
and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or
educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
Article 6, Section 29(2): (2) No public money or
property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or
employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit,
or support of any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any
priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher,
or dignitary as such, except when such priest,
preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the
armed forces, or to any penal institution, or
government orphanage or leprosarium.
Article 25: (1) Churches and other religious
organizations shall have equal rights. (2) Public Article 25(3): The relationship between the State and
churches and other religious organizations shall be
authorities in the Republic of Poland shall be based on the principle of respect for their autonomy
impartial in matters of and the mutual
personal conviction, whether religious or independence of each in its own sphere, as well as on
philosophical, or in relation to outlooks the principle of cooperation
on life, and shall ensure their freedom of for the individual and the common good.
expression within public life.
Article 29(5): The religious sects are autonomous in
relation to the state and enjoy its support, which
includes measures facilitating religious assistance in
the Army, in hospitals, penitentiaries, asylums, and
orphanages.
Article 14(2): Religious associations shall be

separate from the State and shall be equal before
the law.
Article 44: Churches and religious communities are
equal and separated from the state. Churches and Article 81: In the field of education, culture and
religious communities shall be equal and free to information, Serbia shall give impetus to the spirit of
organize independently their internal structure, tolerance and intercultural dialogue and undertake
religious matters, to perform religious rites in efficient measures for enhancement of mutual
public, to establish and manage religious schools, respect, understanding and cooperation among all
social and charity institutions, in accordance with people living on its territory, regardless of their
the law..... ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity.
Article 68: 68. In this Part, unless the context
otherwise requires… differentiating measure”
means any measure which is, or is likely in its Article 76(1): It shall be the general function of the
practical application to be, disadvantageous to Council to consider and report on such matters
persons of any racial or religious community and affecting persons of any racial or religious community
not equally disadvantageous to persons of other in Singapore as may be referred to the Council by
such communities, either directly by prejudicing Parliament or the Government.
persons of that community or indirectly by giving
advantage to persons of another community;
Article 27: (11) The State shall create the necessary
economic and social environment to enable people of
all religious faiths to make a reality of their religious
principles…. (13) The State shall promote with special
care the interests of children and youth, so as to
ensure their full development, physical, mental,
moral, religious and social, and to protect them from
exploitation and discrimination.
Article 8(2): No one may be discriminated against
on the grounds of birth, sex, race, language,
religious origin, education, political beliefs,
economic position or any other status.
Article 72: (1) The regulation of the relationship
between the church and the state shall be the
responsibility of the Cantons. (2)The Confederation
and the Cantons may within the scope of their
powers take measures to preserve public peace
between the members of different religious
communities.
Section 80: The State shall act in compliance with the
social, public health, education and culture policies as
follows... (4) promoting and supporting the
delegation of powers to the local governments,
communities, religious organizations and private
sector with a view to provide and participate in
educational management for the development of
educational quality standard equally and to be in line
with the fundamental State policy;
Article 4: It shall be the duty of the Tibetan
Administration to adhere to the principles of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights as specified by
the United Nations, and to also urge and encourage
all other countries of the world to respect and
Article 10: All religious denominations are equal comply with such Declarations, and shall emphasize
before the law the promotion of the moral and material well-being
of the Tibetan people, the safeguarding of their
social, cultural, religious and political rights, and in
particular, the ultimate achievement of their common
goal.
Article 12: The State guarantees freedom of religion
and conscience and their equality before the law…..
Preamble: (5) In government, and in social affairs

generally, the guiding principles of Tuvalu are—
agreement, courtesy and the search for consensus, in
accordance with traditional Tuvaluan procedures,
rather than alien ideas of confrontation and
divisiveness;
the need for mutual respect and co-operation
between the different kinds of authorities concerned,
including the central Government, the traditional
authorities, local governments and authorities, and
the religious authorities.
Article 21: (1) All persons are equal before and
under the law in all spheres of political, economic,
social and cultural life and in every other respect
and shall enjoy equal protection of the law. (2)
Without prejudice to clause (1) of this article, a
person shall not be discriminated against on the
ground of sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe,
birth, creed or religion, or social or economic
standing, political opinion or disability. (3) For the
purposes of this article, “discriminate” means to
give different treatment to different persons
attributable only or mainly to their respective
descriptions by sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe,
standing, political opinion or disability.
Article 61: Religious organizations and associations
shall be separated from the state and equal before
the law…..
Government Neutrality on Religion Separation of Church/State
Article 10: (1) In the Republic of Albania there is

no official religion (2) The state is neutral on
questions of belief and conscience and
guarantees the freedom of their expression in
public life..
Article 8: (1) The Republic of Angola shall be a secular
State, and there shall be separation between the State
and churches.
Article 8.1: The church shall be separate from the
State in the Republic of Armenia….
Article 18(1): In the Republic of Azerbaijan religion is
separated from the State. All religions are equal before
the law.
Article 21: The State does not have the right to
intervene either in the appointment or in the
installation of ministers of any religion
whatsoever or to forbid these ministers from
corresponding with their superiors, from
publishing the acts of these superiors, but, in this
latter case, normal responsibilities as regards the
press and publishing apply. A civil wedding should
always precede the blessing of the marriage,
apart from the exceptions to be established by
the law if needed.
Article 3(3): It shall be the responsibility of religious
institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual
heritage of the country while also ensuring that
religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan.
Religious institutions and personalities shall remain
above politics.
Article 4: ...The State is independent of religion.

Article 13(2): Religious institutions shall be separate
from the State.
Preamble: the State shall be secular. The
neutrality and independence of the State in
respect of all religions shall be guaranteed
Article 2(2): The Republic of Cape Verde shall recognize

and respect the organization of political power and the
unitary nature of the State, the republican form of
government, pluralistic democracy, the separation and
interdependence of powers, the separation of
Churches and the State, the independence of the
Article 48(3): Churches and other religious Courts, the existence and autonomy of local
communities shall be separate from the State and authorities, and the democratic decentralization of
shall be independent and free in their Public Administration. Article 48(3): Churches and
organization and in the exercise of their own other religious communities shall be separate from the
activities, as partners in the social and spiritual State and shall be independent and free in their
development of the Cape Verdian people. organization and in the exercise of their own activities,
as partners in the social and spiritual development of
the Cape Verdian people. Article 102(3): Each
referendum shall have as an object only one question;
the following questions may never be submitted to
popular referendum… (c) Separation of Church and
State….
Article 1: ...The separation between State and religions
is affirmed.
Article 52: The political (shall) have a national
character and shall not identify themselves in the
form, action or, whatever manner, with an
ethnicity (ethnic), a department, a religion or a
sect.
Article 41: All religious communities are equal before
the law and are separate from the state.
Article 8: ...In the Republic of Cuba, religious

institutions are separate from the State….
CFRBF, Article 2(1): Democratic values constitute
the foundation of the state, so that it may not be
bound either by an exclusive ideology or by a
particular religious faith.
Article 11(3): The state shall not interfere in Article 11:(1) State and religion are separate…..(3) The
religious matters and religion shall not interfere in state shall not interfere in religious matters and
state affairs. religion shall not interfere in state affairs.
Article 5: Although religion and the State are separate,

the people of the Fiji Islands acknowledge that
worship and reverence of God are the source of good
government and leadership.
Article 6(1): In the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, there
shall be a separation between the State and religious
institutions. Article 2: Gabon is an indivisible, secular,
democratic and social Republic. It affirms the
separation of State and religions and recognizes all
beliefs, under the reservation of respect for public
order.
institutions.
Basic Law Article 141(1): The Government of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall
not restrict the freedom of religious belief,
interfere in the internal affairs of religious
organizations or restrict religious activities which
do not contravene the laws of the Region. Basic
Law Article 148: The relationship between non-
governmental organizations in fields such as
education, science, technology, culture, art,
sports, the professions, medicine and health,
labour, social welfare and social work as well as
religious organizations in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region and their counterparts on
the mainland shall be based on the principles of
non-subordination, non-interference and mutual
respect.
Article 60: (3) The church and the State shall operate
in separation in the Republic of Hungary.
Article 20: No special limitation or tax burden
may be imposed on the establishment, legal Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are
capacity or activities of any organisation on the independent and sovereign, each within its own
ground of its religious nature or its religious or sphere.
confessionai aims.
Article 21(3):The constitution of a religious body
or denomination shall not be altered except with
the consent of the governing authority of that
body or denomination.
Article 20: ...No religious organization shall

receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise
any political authority…. Article 89: No public
money or other property shall be expended or
appropriated for the use, benefit or maintenance
of any religious institution or association, or for
any charitable, educational or benevolent
enterprises not under the control of public
authority
Article 20(2): No state religion shall be recognized, and
church and state shall be separated.
Article 99: The church
shall be separate from the State.
Article 14: ...No religious denomination or sect Article14: Consistent with the principle of separation
shall have any exclusive privilege or preference of religion and state, the Republic shall establish no
over any other, but all shall be treated alike…. state religion.
well as the Islamic Religious Community in Macedonia,
the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church,
Jewish Community and other Religious communities
and groups are separate from the state and equal
before the law.
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the
State and the churches guides the norms contained in
the present article. All churches and other religious
groups are subject to the law.
Article 9: (2) State institutions shall not engage in
religious activities and the Church shall not
pursue political activities.
3. The relationship between the State and the
Church shall be regulated by law.
Article 14: Religious communities shall be separated

from the state….
Article 12: (1) The Republic of Mozambique shall be a
lay State. (2) The lay nature of the State rests on the
separation between the State and religious
denominations.Article 292: (1) Constitutional
amendment laws shall have to respect the following…
© the separation between religious denominations
and the State
Article 4: The Republic of Niger is one and indivisible,
democratic and social. Its fundamental principles are...
the separation of the State and of religion. Article 152:
No procedure for revision can be begun or pursued if it
carries a threat to the integrity of the national
Article 8: ...No religion, no belief shall assume the territory. The republican form of the State,
political power nor interfere in the affairs of the multipartism, the principle of separation of State and
State….. religion and the provisions of articles 36 and 141 of
this Constitution cannot be the object of an
amendment.
Article 2(6): The separation of Church and State shall
be inviolable.
Article 25(2): Public authorities in the Republic of
Poland shall be impartial in matters of personal
conviction, whether religious or philosophical, or
in relation to outlooks on life, and shall ensure
their freedom of expression within public life.

communities shall be separate from the state and free
to organise themselves and to perform their
ceremonies and their worship.
Article 14(2): Religious associations shall be separate
from the State and shall be equal before the law.
Article 11: ...Churches and religious communities shall
be separated from the state….
Article 1: The Slovak Republic is a sovereign,
democratic state governed by the rule of law. It is
not linked to any ideology, nor religion.
Article 7: The state and religious communities shall be
separate.
Religious communities shall enjoy equal rights; they
shall pursue their activities
freely.
Article 8: Religious organizations are separate from the
State and may not interfere with State affairs.
Article 12: ...Religious associations are separate from
the State and may not perform State functions…..
Article 35: ...The Church and religious organizations in
Ukraine are separated from the State, and the school
—from the Church….
Article 61: ...The state shall not interfere with the Article 61: Religious organizations and associations
activity of religious associations. shall be separated from the state and equal berore
law…..
Non-Establishment of Religion
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall not make
any law for establishing any religion, or for
imposing any religious observance, or for
prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and
no religious test shall be required as a
qualification for any office or public trust under
the Commonwealth.
Article 19: The Union, States, Federal District
and Counties are forbidden to:
(1) establish religions or churches, subsidize
them, hinder their functioning, or maintain
dependent relations or alliances with them or
their representatives, with the exception of
collaboration in the public interest, as provided
by law;
the foundation of the state, so that it may not
be bound either by an exclusive ideology or by a
Section 40: There is no state church.
Article 11(2): There shall be no state religion.
Article 100(2): (2) The National Assembly shall
have no power to pass a Bill… (b) to establish
any religion as a state religion;
Article 137(1) (Weimar): There shall be no state
church.
Article 44(2ii): The State guarantees not to
endow any religion.
Article 20(2): No state religion shall be
recognized, and church and state shall be
separated.
Article 8(1): In the Kyrgyz Republic no religion

shall be recognised as the state religion or
mandatory religion.
Article14: Consistent with the principle of
separation of religion and state, the Republic
shall establish no state religion.
Article 43: There shall not be a State religion in
Lithuania.
Article 4, Section 2: No law may be passed
respecting an establishment of religion…
Article 14: The State has no official religion.
Article 10: The Government of the Federation or
of a State shall not adopt any religion as State
Religion.
Article IV, Section 1: The government shall not
recognize or establish a national religion, but
may provide assistance to private or parochial
schools on a fair and equitable basis for
nonreligious purposes.
Article 24: ...The State has no official religion….
Article 3, Section 5: No law shall be made

respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof….
Article 14(1): The Russian Federation shall be a
secular state. No religion may be established as
the State religion or as obligatory.
Article 11: ...No religion may be established as
state or mandatory religion.
Article 11(6): A law shall not make provision for

the establishment of any religion or the
imposition of any religious observance.
Article 16(3): No religion shall have a state
character. The public authorities shall take into
account the religious beliefs of Spanish society
and shall consequently maintain appropriate
cooperation relations with the Catholic Church
and other confessions.
Article 8: In Tajikistan, public life evolves on the
basis of political and ideological pluralism. No
single ideology of a party, social association,
religious organization, movement, or group may
be recognized as the State [ideology]….
Article 7: Uganda shall not adopt a State
religion.
Article 35:No religion shall be recognized by the

State as mandatory.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law
prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
Article 5:...The State does not sustain any

religion….
Confessional State
Article 1:
Afghanistan shall be an Islamic Republic, independent, unitary and indivisible state.
Article 2: The sacred religion of Islam is the religion of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Article 3: No law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy religion of Islam in
Afghanistan
Article 1(a):The Kingdom of Bahrain is fully sovereign, independent Islamic Arab State whose
population is part of the Arab nation and whose territory is part of the great Arab homeland.
Its sovereignty may not be assigned or any of its territory abandoned. Article 2: The religion of
the State is Islam. The Islamic Shari’a is a principal source for legislation. The official language is
Arabic. Preamble: This amendment has taken account of all the lofty values and the great
human principles enshrined in the National Action Charter. These values and principles confirm
that the people of Bahrain surge ahead in their triumphant march towards a bright future, God
willing, a future in which the efforts of all parties and individuals unite, and the authorities in
their new garb devote themselves to achieve the hopes and aspirations under his tolerant rule,
declaring their adherence to Islam as a faith, a code of laws and a way of life, with their
affiliation to the great Arab nation, and their association with the Gulf Cooperation Council
now and in the future, and their striving for everything that will achieve justice, good and
peace for the whole of Mankind. The amendments to the Constitution proceed from the
premise that the noble people of Bahrain believe that Islam brings salvation in this world and
the next, and that Islam means neither inertness nor fanaticism but explicitly states that
wisdom is the goal of the believer wherever he finds it he should take it, and that the Qur’an
has been remiss in nothing. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that we listen and look
to the whole of the human heritage in both East and West, adopting that which we consider to
be beneficial and suitable and consistent with our religion, values and traditions and is
appropriate to our circumstances, in the conviction that social and human systems are not
inflexible tools and instruments which can be moved unchanged from place to place, but are
messages conveyed to the mind, spirit and conscience of man and are influenced by his
reactions and their circumstances of his society.
Could fit here?
Here instead?
Preamble: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the cultural, social,
political, and economic institutions of Iranian society on the basis of Islamic principles and
norms Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-
Dîn and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable. Other Islamic schools,
including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and
their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their
religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to religious education,
affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) and related litigation in
courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims following any one of these schools of
fiqh constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local
councils, are to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon the
rights of the followers of other schools. Article 13: Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians
are the only recognized religious minorities, who, within the limits of the law, are free to
perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in
matters of personal affairs and religious education. Article 28: Everyone has the right to choose
any occupation he wishes, if it is not contrary to Islam and the public interests, and does not
infringe the rights of others….Article 72: The Islamic Consultative Assembly cannot enact laws
contrary to the uṣūl and aḥkām of the official religion of the country or to the Constitution. It is
the duty of the Guardian Council to determine whether a violation has occurred, in accordance
with Article 96. Article 85: ...Likewise, the Assembly may, in accordance with Article 72,
delegate to the relevant committees the responsibility for permanent approval of articles of
association of organizations, companies, government institutions, or organizations affiliated to
the government and or invest the authority in the government. In such a case, the government
approvals must not be inconsistent with the principles and commandments of the official
religion in the country and or the Constitution which question shall be determined by the
Guardian Council in accordance with what is stated in Article 96.... Article 144: The Army of
the Islamic Republic of Iran must be an Islamic Army, i.e., committed to Islamic ideology and
the people, and must recruit into its service individuals who have faith in the objectives of the
Islamic Revolution and are devoted to the cause of realizing its goals. Article 177: The contents
of the Articles of the Constitution related to the Islamic character of the political system; the
basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria; the religious footing; the
objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran; the democratic character of the government; the
wilāyat al-’amr; the Imamate of Ummah; and the administration of the affairs of the country
based on national referenda, official religion of Iran [Islam] and the school [Twelver Ja‘fari] are
unalterable.
Article 10: (a) The religion of the State of the Maldives is Islam. Islam shall be a basis of all the
laws of the Maldives.
(b) No law contrary to any tenet of Islam shall be enacted in the Maldives. Article 16:(a) This
Constitution guarantees to all persons, in a manner that is not contrary to any tenet of Islam,
the rights and freedoms contained within this Chapter, subject only to such reasonable limits
prescribed by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis in a manner that is not contrary to this
Constitution. Any such law enacted by the People’s Majlis can limit the rights and freedoms to
any extent only if demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. (b) The limitation of a
right or freedom specified in this Chapter by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis as provided
for in this Constitution, and in order to protect and maintain the tenets of Islam, shall not be
contrary to clause (c) In deciding whether a right or freedom in this Chapter has been limited
in accordance with clause (a) and (b), a court must be fully cognizant of and make reference to
all the facts, including... (6) the extent to which the right or freedom must be limited in order
to protect the tenets of Islam, where the right or freedom has been limited pursuant to clause
(b). Article 19: A citizen is free to engage in any conduct or activity that is not expressly
prohibited by Islamic Shari’ah or by law. No control or restraint may be exercised against any
person unless it is expressly authorised by law. Article 67: The exercise and enjoyment of
fundamental rights and freedoms is inseparable from the performance of responsibilities and
duties, and it is the responsibility of every citizen.... (g) to preserve and protect the State
religion of Islam, culture, language and heritage of the country;
Article 1: Mauritania is an indivisible, democratic and social Islamic Republic.Article 5: Islam
shall be the religion of the people and of the State. Preamble: Conscious of the necessity of
strengthening its ties with brother peoples, the Mauritanian people, a Muslim, African and
Arab people, proclaims that it will work for the achievement of the unity of the Greater
Maghreb, of the Arab Nation, and of Africa, and for the consolidation of peace in the world.
Preamble: The Kingdom of Morocco, a Muslim Sovereign State, whose official language is
Arabic, constitutes a part of the Great Arab Maghreb.... Article 6: Islam is the religion of the
State which guarantees to all freedom of worship. Article 7: The Kingdom's emblem is a red
flag stamped with a five-pointed green star in the middle. The Kingdom's motto is: GOD, THE
HOMELAND [Patrie], THE KING.Article 19: The King, Commander of the Faithful, Supreme
Representative of the Nation, Symbol of its unity and guarantor of the permanence and
continuity of the State, ensures the observance of Islam and the Constitution. He is the
protector of the rights and liberties of the citizen, social groups and collectivities.... Article 39:
No member of Parliament can be prosecuted or pursued, detained or tried for opinions or
votes expressed in the exercise of his functions, except in case the expressed opinions put in
question the monarchical system, the Muslim religion or lack respect due to the King. Article
106: The monarchic form of the State as well as the provisions relating to the Islamic religion
cannot be the object of a constitutional revision
Article 1: The Sultanate of Oman is an Arab, Islamic, Independent State with full sovereignty
and Muscat is its Capital. Article 2: The State’s religion is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis
for legislation.
Preamble: ...Faithful to the declaration made by the Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, that Pakistan would be a democratic State based on Islamic principles
of social justice…. Article 1(1): Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as Pakistan..... Article 2: Islam shall be the State
religion of Pakistan. Article 260 (3): In the Constitution and all enactments and other legal
instruments, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,— (a) “Muslim”
means a person who believes in the unity and oneness of Almighty Allah, in the absolute and
unqualified finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him), the last of the
prophets, and does not believe in, or recognize as a prophet or religious reformer, any person
who claimed or claims to be a prophet, in any sense of the word or of any description
whatsoever, after Muhammad (peace be upon him); and (b) “non-Muslim” means a person
who is not a Muslim and includes a person belonging to the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist or
Parsi community, a person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves
‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), or a Bahai, and a person belonging to any of the scheduled
castes
Article 1: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic State. Its religion is Islam. Its
constitution is Almighty God's Book, The Holy Quran, and the Sunna(Tradition) of the
Prophet(PBUH)…. Article 2: The State's public holidays are Eid Al Fitr (the Feast of Ramadan)
and Eid Al Adhha (The Feast of the Sacrifice). Its calendar follows the Hijri year (the lunar year).
Article 3(c):The words, [arabic] (There is no god but God and Mohammed is His Messenger) are
inscribed in the center, with a drawn sword underneath. The flag should never be inverted.
Article 5(b): Rulers of the country shall be from amongst the sons of the founder King
Abdulaziz Bin Abdulrahman al Faisal Al-Saud, and their descendants. The most upright among
them shall receive allegiance according to Almighty God's Book and His Messenger's Sunna(The
Tradition). Article 6: In support of the Book of God and the Sunna of His Messenger(PBUH),
citizens shall give the pledge of allegiance (bay'a) to the King, professing loyalty in times of
hardship and ease. Article 7: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia derives its authority
from the Book of God and the Sunna of the Prophet(PBUH), which are the ultimate sources of
reference for this Law and the other laws of the State.Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia is based on justice, shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia
Article 11: Saudi Society is based on full adherence to God's guidance. Members of this society
shall cooperate amongst themselves in charity, piety and cohesion. Article 23: The State shall
protect the Islamic Creed, apply the Sharia, encourage good and discourage evil, and undertake
its duty regarding the Propagation of Islam(Da'wa). Article 24: The State shall develop and
maintain the Two Holy Mosques. It shall provide care and security to pilgrims to help them
perform their Hajj and Umra and visit to the Prophet's Mosque in ease and comfort.Article 25:
The State will nourish the aspirations of Arab and Moslem nations in solidarity and harmony
and strengthen relations with friendly states. Article 29: The State shall patronize sciences,
letters and culture. It shall encourage scientific research, protect the Islamic and Arab heritage,
and contribute towards Arab, Islamic and human civilization.Article 33: The State shall form
armed forces and equip them to defend the Islamic Creed, the Two Holy
Mosques, the society and the homeland. Article 34: It shall be the duty of every citizen to
defend the Islamic Creed, the society and homeland. The Law shall specify rules for military
service. Article 45: The Holy Quran and the Sunna(Tradition) of God's Messenger shall be the
source for fetwas(religious advisory rulings). The Law shall specify hierarchical organization for
the composition of the Council of the Senior Ulema, the Research Administration and the
Office of the Mufti, together with their functions. Article 46: The Judiciary is an independent
authority. The decisions of judges shall not be subject to any authority other than the authority
of the Islamic Sharia. Article 48: The Courts shall apply rules of the Islamic Sharia in cases that
are brought before them, according to the Holy Quran and the Sunna, and according to laws
which are decreed by the ruler in agreement with Holy Quran and the Sunna
Article2: The Republic of Yemen is an Arab, Islamic and independent sovereign
state whose integrity is inviolable, and no part of which may be ceded. The people of Yemen
are part of the Arab and Islamic Nation. Article 2: Islam is the religion of the state, and Arabic is
its official Language. Article 3: Islamic Shari'ah is the source of all legislation.
Official Religion
Article 2: "Islam shal be the religion of the state." Article 9: The institutions shall not indulge in… •
practices contrary to Islamic morals and the values of the November Revolution. Article 178: None of
the following shall be the object of a constitutional amendment…. (3) the role of Islam as the religion of
the State
Article 8.1: ...The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy
Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation
of the national identity of the people of Armenia.Freedom of activities for all religious organizations
operating in accordance with the law shall be guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia.
The relationship between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church may be
regulated by law.
Article 2A: The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but other religions may be practiced in peace and
harmony in the Republic Article 8: (1) The principles of absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah,
nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning economic and social justice, together with the
principles derived from them as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state
policy. (1A) Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall be the basis of all actions.
Article 3: (1) The official religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be the Islamic Religion: Provided that all
other religions may be practised in peace and harmony by the persons professing them. (2) The Head of
the official religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan. (3) The
Religious Council shall be the authority responsible for advising His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-
Pertuan on all matters relating to the Islamic Religion. (4) For the purpose of this Article, His Majesty
the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan may, after consultation with the Religious Council, but not necessarily in
accordance with the advice of that Council, make laws in respect of matters relating to the Islamic
Religion. Article 1(2): "Islamic Religion" means the Islamic Religion according to the Shafeite sect of
Ahlis Sunnah Walj amaah; Article 4(5)B; The appointment of Ministers and Deputy Ministers shall
bemade from among the Malay race professing the Islamic Religion, save where His Majesty the Sultan
and Yang Di-Pertuan otherwise decides. Article 84(a): (1) No person shall be appointed to any office
specified in the Third Schedule unless he is a citizen of Brunei Darussalam of the Malay race professing
the Islamic Religion. Article 86(7c): one member who shall be a person from any country who professes
the Islamic Religion who holds or has held office in Islamic law or is an expert in Islamic law and
jurisprudence
Article 43: Buddhism is the religion of the State. Article 16: The Queen of the Kingdom of Cambodia
exercises duties that serve social, humanitarian and religious interests and assists the King with protocol
and diplomatic functions Article 13: The Royal Council of the Throne shall consist of... The Chief Monk
of each of the Orders of Mahayana Buddhism (MohaNikay) and Theravada Buddhism
(ThammayutekakNikay)
Preamble: The Comorian people solemnly affirm their will
• to draw from Islam, the religion of the state, the permanent inspiration of the principles and rules
that govern the Union;
Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to
its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are
not opposed to universal morality or good customs.
Section 4: The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and as such
shall be supported by the State.Section 4: The King shall be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church.Section 66: The constitution of the Established Church shall be laid down by statute. Section 69:
Rules for religious bodies dissenting from the Established Church shall be laid down by statute.
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic its official language.
Islamic law (Sharia) is the principal source of legislation.
Article 62: The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Church in Iceland and, as such, it shall be
supported and protected by the State.
This may be amended by law. Article 79(2): If Althingi passes an amendment to the status of the Church
under Article 62, it shall be submitted to a vote for approval or rejection by secret ballot of all those
eligible to vote.
Article 2(1): (1) Islam is the official religion of the State and it is a fundamental source of legislation: (A)
No law that contradicts the established provisions of Islam may be established.
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official language.
Article 2: The religion of the State is Islam, and the Islamic Sharia shall be a main source of legislation.
that Constitution, all rights, privileges, prerogatives and powers enjoyed by him as Head of that religion,
are unaffected and unimpaired; but in any acts, observances of ceremonies with respect to which the
Conference of Rulers has agreed that they should extend to the Federation as a whole each of the other
Rulers shall in his capacity of Head of the religion of Islam authorize the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to
represent him. (3) The Constitution of the States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak shall each
make provision for conferring on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong the position of Head of the religion of
Islam in that State. (4) Nothing in this Article derogates from any other provision of this Constitution. (5)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the head of the
religion of Islam in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya; and for this purpose
Parliament may be law make provisions for regulating Islamic religious affairs and for constituting a
Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in matters relating to the religion of Islam. Article 160(2):
"Malay" means a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language,
conforms to Malay custom .. Article 161E(2): No amendment shall be made to the Constitution without
the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State of Sabah or Sarawak or each of the States of
Sabah and Sarawak concerned, if the amendment is such as to affect the operation of the Constitution
as regards any of the following matters: Article34(1): The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise his
functions as Ruler of his State except those of Head of the religion of Islam. Article 38: (1) There shall
be a Majlis Raja-Raja (Conference of Rulers), which shall be constituted in accordance with the Fifth
Schedule. (2) The Conference of Rulers shall exercise its functions of... (b) agreeing or disagreeing to the
extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole... (6) The
members of the Conference of Rulers may act in their discretion in any proceedings relating to the
following functions, that is to say... (d) the agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts,
observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole... Article 42(10): Notwithstanding anything in
this Article, the power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of, or to remit, suspend or
commute sentences imposed by any court established under any law regulating Islamic religious affairs
in the State of Malacca, Penang, Sabah or Sarawak or the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan
and Putrajaya shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Head of the religion of Islam in the
State. Article 97(3): If in accordance with State law or in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala
Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, in accordance with federal law any Zakat, Fitrah, Baitulmal, or similar
Islamic religious revenue is raised, it shall be paid into a separate fund and shall not be paid out except
under the authority of State law or federal law, as the case may be.Article 76(2): No law shall be made
in pursuance of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) with respect to any matters of Islamic law or the custom of
the Malays or to any matters of native law or custom in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and no Bill for
a law under that
paragraph shall be introduced into either House of Parliament until the Government of any State
concerned has been consulted. Article 150: (5) Subject to Clause (6A), while a Proclamation of
Emergency is in force, Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution make laws with respect to any matter, if it appears to Parliament that the law is required
by reason of the emergency; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such a law or an amendment to
such a Bill, nor shall any provision of this Constitution or of any written law which requires any consent
or concurrence to the passing of a law or any consultation with respect thereto, or which restricts the
coming into force of a law after it is passed or the presentation of a Bill to the Yang di -Pertuan Agong
Article 2: (1) The religion of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. Religion. (2) The authorities
of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty and the right to teach which principles are right
and which are wrong. (3) Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in
all State schools as part of compulsory education.
Article 9: The apostolic, Roman Catholic religion is the religion of the State.
Stahnke goes here…

Section 2: All inhabitants of the Realm shall have the right to free exercise of their religion. The
Evangelical-Lutheran religion shall remain the official religion of the State. The inhabitants professing it
are bound to bring up their children in the same Section 4: The King shall at all times profess the
Evangelical-Lutheran religion, and uphold and protect the same. Section 12: The King himself chooses a
Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote. This Council shall consist of a Prime
Minister and at least seven other Members. More than half the number of the Members of the Council
of State shall profess the official religion of the State.... Section 16: The King ordains all public church
services and public worship and all meetings and assemblies dealing with religious matters, and ensures
that public teachers of religion follow the norms prescribed for them. Section 27: ...A Member of the
Council of State who does not profess the official religion of the State shall not take part in proceedings
on matters which concern the State Church.
Might fit better here but Stanhke says confessional
Article 1: Qatar is an independent sovereign Arab State. Its religion is Islam and Shari'a law shall be a
main source of its legislations
Article 3(1): Islam shall be the state religion. Article 31: Every person shall be entitled to profess any
religion or creed.
Maybe here
Article 3: (1) The religion of the President of the Republic has to be Islam. (2) Islamic jurisprudence is
the principal source of legislation.
Maybe here
Article 1: Tunisia is a free, independent, and sovereign State; its religion is Islam, its language Arabic,
and its regime the Republic. Article 38: The President of the Republic is the head of State. Their religion
is Islam.
Article 7: Islam is the official religion ofthe Union. The Islamic Shari'ah shall be a main source of
legislation in the Union…. Article 6: The Union is a part of the Great Arab Nation, to which it is bound
by the ties of religion, language, history and common
destiny. The people of the Union are one people, and one part of the Arab Nation. Preamble:
...progressing by steps towards a comprehensive, representative,
democratic regime in an Islamic and Arab society free from fear and anxiety.... Article 12: The foreign
policy of the Union shall be directed towards support for Arab and Islamic causes and interests and
towards the consolidation of the bonds of friendship and cooperation with all nations and peoples on
the basis of the principles of the charter of the United Nations and ideal international standards.
Human Rights Act, Article 10(6):(6) In this section "legislation" does not include a Measure of the
Church Assembly or of the General Synod of the Church of England.
Special Reference/Endorsed
Article 11(3) The Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its
activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the State in accordance
with the Andorran tradition. The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of the
Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.
Article 2: The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith.
Maybe here instead

Article 3: (1) Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and
values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance. (2) The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all
religions in Bhutan (3) It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to
promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate
from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.(4) The
Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected
monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and
accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo. (5) His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the
recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual
master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons. (6) The members of the Dratshang
Lhentshog shall comprise: (a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman; (b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung
Dratshang; and (c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant. (7) The Zhung
Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.
Article 9(20): The State shall strive to create conditions that will enable the true and sustainable
development of a good and compassionate society rooted in Buddhist ethos and universal human
values. Article 35(4)-The National Flag: ...The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes
the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general and
that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular.... The National Emblem: ...There are four
other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect. They symbolize the spiritual and
secular traditions of the Kingdom based on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana
Buddhism.... Article 2: . (1) His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo is the Head of State and the symbol of
unity of the Kingdom and of the people of Bhutan. (2) The Chhoe-sid-nyi of Bhutan shall be unified
in the person of the Druk Gyalpo who, as a Buddhist, shall be the upholder of the Chhoe-sid.
Article 13(3): Eastern Orthodox Christianity shall be considered the traditional religion in the
Republic of Bulgaria.
Article 2: For the purposes of this Constitution―
(1) the Greek Community comprises all citizens of the Republic who are of Greek origin and whose
mother tongue is Greek or who share the Greek cultural traditions or who are members of the
Greek-Orthodox Church;
(2) the Turkish Community comprises all citizens of the Republic who are of Turkish origin and
whose mother tongue is Turkish or who share the Turkish cultural traditions or who are Moslems;
(3) citizens of the Republic who do not come within the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of this
Article shall, within three months of the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution, opt
to belong to either the Greek or the Turkish Community as individuals, but, if they belong to a
religious group, shall so opt as a religious group and upon such option they shall be deemed to be
members of such Community: Provided that any citizen of the Republic who belongs to such a
religious group may choose not to abide by the option of such group and by a written and signed
declaration submitted within one month of the date of such option to the appropriate officer of the
Republic and to the Presidents of the Greek and the Turkish Communal Chambers opt to belong to
the Community other than that to which such group shall be deemed to belong; Provided, further,
that if an option of such religious group is not accepted on the ground that its members are below
the requisite number, any member of such group may within one month of the date of the refusal
of acceptance of such option opt in the aforesaid manner as an individual to which Community he
would like to belong.
For the purposes of this paragraph, a “religious group” means a group of persons ordinarily
resident in Cyprus professing the same religion and either belonging to the same rite or being
subject to the same jurisdiction thereof the number of whom, on the date of the coming into
operation of this Constitution, exceeds one thousand out of which at least five hundred become on
such date citizens of the Republic... (6) any individual or any religious group deemed to belong to
either the Greek or the Turkish Community under the provisions of paragraph (3) of this Article may
cease to belong to such Community and be deemed to belong to the other Community upon— (a)
a written and signed declaration by such individual or religious group to the effect that such change
is desired, submitted to the appropriate officer of the Republic and to the Presidents of the Greek
and the Turkish Communal Chambers; (b) the approval of the Communal Chamber of such other
Community;
Preamble: In its cultural and humane perspective, the Catholic Church in East Timor has always
been able to take on the suffering of all the People with dignity, placing itself on their side in the
defense of their most elementary rights.
Article 26: The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches may
obtain, in conformity with the law, the recognition of their personality.
Section 76: Provisions on the organisation and administration of the Evangelic Lutheran Church are
laid down in the Church Act. The legislative procedure for enactment of the Church Act and the
right to submit legislative proposals relating
to the Church Act are governed by the specific provisions in that Code.
Article 9: (1) The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and religion, as well as shall
recognise the special role of the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history
of Georgia and its independence from the state.
(2)The relations between the state of Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous
Orthodox Church of Georgia shall be determined by the Constitutional
Agreement. The Constitutional Agreement shall correspond completely to
universally recognised principles and norms of international law, in particular, in
the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Article 3: (1) The prevailing religion in Greece is that of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. The
Orthodox Church of Greece, acknowledging our Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is inseparably united
in doctrine with the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople and with every other Church of Christ
of the same doctrine, observing unwaveringly, as they do, the holy apostolic and synodal canons
and sacred traditions. It is autocephalous and is administered by the Holy Synod of serving Bishops
and the Permanent Holy Synod originating thereof and assembled as specified by the Statutory
Charter of the Church in compliance with the provisions of the Patriarchal Tome of June 29, 1850
and the Synodal Act of September 4, 1928. (2) The ecclesiastical regime existing in certain districts
of the State shall not be deemed contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. (3) The text
of the Holy Scripture shall be maintained unaltered. Official translation of the text into any other
form of language, without prior sanction by the Autocephalous Church of Greece and the Great
Church of Christ in Constantinople, is prohibited. Article 13: (2) All known religions shall be free and
their rites of worship shall be performed unhindered and under the protection of the law. The
practice of rites of worship is not allowed to offend public order or the good usages. Proselytism is
prohibited.(3) The ministers of all known religions shall be subject to the same supervision by the
State and to the same obligations toward it as those of the prevailing religion.
Article 37: The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches, faiths,
entities, and associations of religious character will secure the recognition of their juridical
personality in accordance with the rules of their institution, and the Government will be unable to
deny it unless for reasons of public order. The State will extend to the Catholic Church without any
cost whatever titles of ownership to the real estate which it now holds peacefully for its own
purposes whenever they formed part of the patrimony of the Catholic Church in the past. Property
assigned to third parties nor those which the State has traditionally assigned to their services
cannot be affected. The real estate of religious entities assigned to the church, education, and
social welfare enjoy exemption from taxes, assessments, and levies.
Article 25(2): Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the
State from making any la.w.. (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of
Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. Explanation I.-
The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh
religion. Explanation II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as
including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to
Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly. Article 290A: ... a sum of thirteen; lakhs
and fifty thousand rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of the State
of '[Tamil Nadu] every year to the Devaswom Fund established in that State for the maintenance of
Hindu temples and shrines in the territories transferred to that State on the 1st day of November,
1956, from the State of Travancore- Cochin.] Article 48: The State shall endeavour to organise
agriculture and animal husbandry on modem and scientific lines
and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the
slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.
Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are independent and sovereign, each within its own
sphere. Their relations are regulated by the Lateran pacts. Amendments to such Pacts which are
accepted by both parties shall not require the procedure of constitutional amendments.Article 8:
All religious denominations are equally free before the law. Denominations other than Catholicism
have the right to self-organisation according to their own statutes, provided these do not conflict
with Italian law. Their relations with the State are regulated by law, based on agreements with their
respective representatives.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold or act in the office of Kadhi
unless— (a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he possesses such knowledge of the Muslim
law applicable to any sect or sects of Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service
Commission, to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s court shall extend to the
determination of questions of Muslim law relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or
inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion.
followers; mobilises and encourages the Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other
religions to participate in the activities which are beneficial to the country and people. All acts of
creating division of religions and classes of people are prohibited.
Article 24: ...Until the Chamber of Deputies adopts an electoral law without confession-based
allocation rules, the parliamentary seats shall be distributed in accordance with the following
principles: (A) Equality between Christians and Muslims… As an exception and once only, the
parliamentary seats vacant on the date of the publication of the present law as well as the seats
which may be created by the electoral law by application of the principle of equality between
Christians and Muslims in conformity with the National Reconciliation Charter shall be allocated
through appointment by the Government of National Unity with a two-thirds majority in a single
step. The Electoral Law shall determine the details of the application of this Article. Article 95: The
Chamber of Deputies elected on the basis of equal representation of Muslims and Christians must
take adequate steps to abolish the confessional system by a step-by-step plan. A National
Committee shall be established under the chairmanship of the President of the Republic and shall
include, in addition to the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the President of the Council
of Ministers, personalities drawn from political, intellectual and social life. The mission of the
Committee is to study and propose measures capable of abolishing the confessional system, to
present them to the Chamber of Deputies and the Council of Ministers and to supervise the
implementation of the step-by-step plan. In the transitory period: (A) The communities shall be
equally represented in the formation of the Government. (B) The rule of sectarian representation is
abolished. It shall be replaced by the principles of specialization and professional competence in
the public administration, the judicial system, the military and security institutions and the mixed
public-private enterprises in conformity with the requirements of national harmony, with the
exception of functions of the first category and equivalent functions. These functions shall be
divided equally between Christians and Muslims, without any function being reserved for a specific
community, and be subject to the principles of specialization and professional competence. Article
22: With the election of the first Chamber of Deputies on a national and non-confessional basis a
new Senate shall be established in which all religious communities shall be represented and whose
powers shall be limited to national issues of a fundamental character.
Article 37(2): The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection
of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious
services to the extent consistent with morality and public order. Article 38: The right of ownership
and all other proprietary rights of ecclesiastical communities and religious associations in respect of
their institutions, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship, education and charity are
guaranteed. The administration of Church property in the parishes shall be regulated by a special
law; the assent of the Church authorities shall be sought before the said law is promulgated.
Article 19(3): The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as the Islamic Religious Community in
Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church, Jewish Community and other
Religious communities and groups are separate from the state and equal before the law.
Article 362: The Union also recognizes Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Animism as religions
existing in the Union on the day of the coming into operation of this Constitution.
Preamble: ...those Christians who inspired by their belief in GOD have joined and committed
themselves to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed, its patriotic intellectuals…
Article 35: All religions may be professed and all forms of worship practiced freely, without any
other limitation than respect for Christian morality and public order. It is recognized that the
Catholic religion is practiced by the majority of Panamanians.
Article 24: Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is hereby recognized without any restrictions
other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion.
Relations between the State and the Catholic Church are based on independence, cooperation, and
autonomy.....
Article 50: Within a framework of independence and autonomy, the State recognizes the Catholic
Church as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral development of Peru and
lends the Church its cooperation. The State respects other denominations and may establish forms
of cooperation with them.
Article 25(4): The relations between the Republic of Poland and the Roman Catholic Church shall
be determined by international treaty concluded with the Holy See, and by
statute.
Article 16(3): No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account
the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation
relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions.
Article 9: The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it
shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana, while assuring to all
religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e).
Instrument of Government Chapter 8, Article 6: Provisions concerning religious communities are
laid down in law. Provisions concerning the bases of the Church of Sweden as a religious
community shall also be laid down in an act of law. The enactment, amendment or abrogation of
such a law is governed by the provisions of Article 16 concerning enactment of the Riksdag Act. Act
of Succession, Article 4: In accordance with the express provision of Article 2 of the Instrument of
Government of 1809 that The King shall always profess the pure evangelical faith, as adopted and
explained in the unaltered Confession of Augsburg and in the Resolution of the Uppsala Meeting of
the year 1593, princes and princesses of the Royal House shall be brought up in that same faith and
within the Realm. Any member of the Royal Family not professing this faith shall be excluded from
all rights of succession.
Section 79: The State shall patronize and protect Buddhism as the religion observed by most Thais
for a long period of time and other religions, promote good understanding and harmony among
followers of all religions as well as encourage the application of religious principles to create virtue
and develop the quality of life. Section 9: The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions.
Preamble: Whereas His Holiness the Dalai lama has offered a democratic system to Tibetans, in
order that the Tibetan People in-Exile be able to preserve their ancient traditions of spiritual and
temporal life, unique to the Tibetans….Article 18: (8) It shall endeavor to improve the residential
and non-residential government and private primary, middle and high schools, and it shall
endeavor to gradually introduce the Tibetan language as the medium of instruction in all of its
schools, with special emphasis placed on moral education rooted in the Buddhist teachings.... (11)
It shall endeavour to disseminate a non-sectarian and wholesome tradition of Buddhist doctrines....
Article 19: The executive power of the Tibetan Administration shall be vested in His Holiness the
Dalai Lama, and shall be exercised by Him, either directly or through officers subordinate to Him, in
accordance with the provisions of this Charter.... Article 37: The Tibetan Assembly shall consist of…
(b) 2 members elected from each religious denomination: Nyingma, Kagyud, Sakya, Geluk and
Yungdrung Bon Article 42(1): When the Tibetan Assembly is not in session, there shall be a
Standing Committee of the Tibetan Assembly which shall consist of 2 members from each region, 1
member from each of the religious denominations, and 1 member from among those directly
nominated by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, either elected or selected. This Standing Committee
shall be redesignated each year.
Article 5:All religious denominations are free in Uruguay. The State does not sustain any religion. It
recognizes the Catholic Church’s dominion over all the temples that have been totally or partially
constructed with Exchequer funds, except the chapels which are destined for service as shelters,
hospitals, prisons, and other public establishments. It also declares the designated buildings of
worship of the various religions exempt from all type of taxes.
Preamble: ...HEREBY proclaim the establishment of the united and free Republic of Vanuatu
founded on traditional Melanesian values, faith in God, and Christian principles, AND for this
purpose give ourselves this Constitution.
Preamble: DECLARE the Republic a Christian nation while upholding the right of every person to
enjoy that person’s freedom of conscience or religion;
No religion declared Secularism/Laicite
No
Yes
No
No
Article 8: (1) The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State, and

No
there shall be separation between the State and churches.
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Preamble: The Azerbaijan people, continuing the traditions of

many centuries of their Statehood, guided by the principles
which are reflected in the Constitutional Act on the State
Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, wishing to provide
welfare for all and everyone, and to establish justice, freedom,
security, and being aware of their responsibility before past,
Yes present, and future generations, exercise their sovereign right
by solemnly declaring the following goals.... to establish a law-
governed, secular state which assures the supremacy of the law
as an expression of the will of the people; Article 7(I): The
Azerbaijan State is a democratic, law-governed, secular, unitary
republic.Article 18(III): The State education system is of secular
character.
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Article 2: The Republic of Bénin shall be one—indivisible,

secular, and democratic. Article 23: Every person has the right
to freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion, of creed, of
opinion and of expression with respect for the public order
established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and
the expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the
secularity of the State. The institutions and the religious or
Yes philosophical communities shall have the right to develop
without hindrances. They shall not be subject to the
guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer
their affairs in an autonomous manner. Article 156: The
republican form of government and the secularity of the State
may not be made the object of a revision.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Article 31: Burkina Faso shall be a democratic, unitary and

Yes secular State….
Article 1: Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular,

democratic, unitary Republic which respects its ethnic and
religious diversity. Article 61: No one may abuse the rights
recognized by the Constitution or by the law in order to
compromise the national unity, the peace, the democracy or the
independence of Burundi or to interfere with the secular
Yes character of the State or to violate in any other way the present
Constitution. Article 299: No amendment procedure shall be
accepted if it undermines national unity, the cohesion of the
Burundian people, the secular character of the State,
reconciliation, democracy or the territorial integrity of the
Republic.
No
Preamble: the State shall be secular. The neutrality and
independence of the State in respect of all religions shall be
Yes guaranteed Article 1(2): The Republic of Cameroon shall be a
decentralized unitary State. It shall be one and indivisible,
secular, democratic and dedicated to social service....
Yes
Yes
Article 18: ...The Central African Republic is a State based on the

rule of law, sovereign, indivisible, laic (laïc) [or, lay] and
democratic....Article 20: Political parties or groups take part in
the elections and the political, economic and social life. They
form and conduct their activities freely. They are held to respect
the principle of democracy, unity and national sovereignty, the
Yes Rights of Man, the laicistic character and the republican form of
government of the State in accordance with the laws and
regulations. They are prohibited from identifying themselves
with a race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sect, language, region or
armed group. Article 108: Expressly excluded from the
amendment are: — the Republican and laic form of the State...
Article 1: Chad is a Republic, sovereign, independent, secular,
social, one and indivisible, founded on the principles of
democracy, the rule [règne] of law and justice. Article 35:
...Public education is secular and free….Article 178: ...Any deed
affecting the republican form, the unification and secularity of
Yes the State, the sovereignty, the independence, and the integrity
of the national territory is considered a crime of high treason....
Article 225: No procedure of revision may be started or pursued
if it interferes with... the republican form of the State, the
principle of the division of powers and secularity;
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: The Republic of the Congo is a Sovereign State,
indivisible, secular, social and democratic. Article 189: ...The
republican form, the secular character of the State, the number
Yes of mandates of the President of the Republic, as well as the
rights enunciated by Titles I and II cannot be the object of the
amendments.
Article 1: The Democratic Republic of the Congo is, within its

borders of 30 June 1960, a State based on the rule of law,
Yes independent, sovereign, united and indivisible, social,
democratic and secular
Yes
No
Article 30: The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible,

secular, democratic and social…. Article 127: No procedure of
Yes revision can be undertaken or pursued if it carries affects to the
integrity of the territory. The republican form and the secular
[form] of the State cannot be made the object of a revision.
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: Ecuador is a Constitutional state of rights and justice,

social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unified,
intercultural, multinational, and secular. It is organized in
republic form and decentrally governed. Article 3: Fundamental
No duties of the State.... (4) To guarantee the secular ethics as the
foundation of public duties and juridical organization. Article 28:
Public education shall be universal and laic in all its levels, and
free until the third level of inclusive higher education.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and

Yes social Republic….
Article 2: Gabon is an indivisible, secular, democratic and social

Republic. It affirms the separation of State and religions and
recognizes all beliefs, under the reservation of respect for public
order. Article 7: Any act touching upon the republican form,
unity, secularity, sovereignty and independence, constitutes a
crime of high treason punishable by law.
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Article 1: Guinea is a unitary, indivisible, secular (laïque),

democratic and social Republic. It shall ensure equality before
the law for all citizens without distinction of origin, race,
ethnicity, sex, religion and opinion. It shall respect all beliefs.
Article 91: The republican form of government of the State, the
secular character of the State (principe de laïcité) and the
principle of separation of powers shall not be the object of an
amendment.
Article 1:Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign, democratic, secular, and

unitary republic.Article 130: No proposal for revision may
impose upon… (b) thesecular Statute of the State;
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes None
Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly
Preamble resolved to constitute India into a '[SOVEREIGN
No SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all
its citizens:
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1(1): The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself a
Yes democratic, secular, legal and social state whose highest values
are an individual, his life, rights and freedoms.
No?
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1(1): The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) is a sovereign,

Yes unitary, democratic, secular, social State
governed by the rule of law.
No
Yes
Maybe here
Yes
No
No
No
Article 40: State and municipal establishments of teaching and
Yes education shall be secular. At the request of parents, they shall
provide religious instruction.
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Rreamble: ...undertake solemnly to defend the republican and

secular form of the State.... Article 18: …. Public education is
obligatory, free and secular. Article 25: Mali is an independent,
sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular and social Republic.
Article 28: The Parties concur in the expression of suffrage. They
form and exercise freely their activities within the conditions
Yes determined by the law. They respect the principles of national
sovereignty, democracy, territorial integrity, national unity and
the secularity of the State. Article 118: The republican form and
the secularity [laïcité] of the State as well as multipartyism
cannot be the object of revision.
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 3(1): As Article 24 guarantees freedom of beliefs,
Yes education shall be secular and, as such, must be maintained
entirely apart from any religious doctrine.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 12: (1) The Republic of Mozambique shall be a lay State.
Yes (2) The lay nature of the State rests on the separation between
the State and religious denominations
No
Preamble: ...resolved to constitute the Republic of Namibia as a
sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State securing to all
our citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity…. Article
Yes
1(1):The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a
sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State founded upon
the principles of democracy, the rule of law and justice for all.
Yes
Article 4(1): Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign,
Yes secular, inclusive and fully democratic State.
Yes
Yes
Article 124: Education in Nicaragua is secular. The State

Article 14: The State has recognizes the right of private education centers with a religious
no official religion. orientation to teach religion as an extracurricular subject
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 14(1): The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No

Yes religion may be established as the State religion or as obligatory.
Article 1: The Rwandan State is an independent, sovereign,
Yes democratic, social and secular Republic…
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: The Republic of Senegal shall be secular, democratic,

Yes and social….
Yes Article 11: The Republic of Serbia is a secular state….
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 1: The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic,

law-governed, secular, and unitary State. Article 100: The
Yes republican form of government, the territorial integrity, the
democratic, law-governed, secular, and social nature of the State
are unchangeable.
Preamble: NOW, THEREFORE, THIS CONSTITUTION IS ENACTED
BY THE
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF
TANZANIA, on behalf of the People, for the purpose of building
Yes such a society and ensuring that Tanzania is govemed by a
Govemment that adheres to the principles of democracy and
socialism and shall be a secular state. Article 3(1): The United
Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which
adheres to multi-party democracy.
No
No
Article 1: The Republic of Togo is a State of law, secular,

democratic, and social. It is one and indivisible. Article 25: The
exercise of worship and expression of belief are carried out with
Yes respect to the laicite of the State. Article 144: The republican
form and secularism of the State cannot be the object of an
amendment.
Yes
Yes
No

restrictions shall not be in conflict with the letter and spirit of
the Constitution and the requirements of the democratic order
of the society and the secular Republic and the principle of
proportionality. Article 14: None of the rights and freedoms
embodied in the Constitution shall be exercised with the aim of
violating the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory
and nation, and endangering the existence of the democratic
and secular order of the Turkish Republic based upon human
rights. Article 136:The Department of Religious Affairs, which is
within the general administration, shall exercise its duties
prescribed in its particular law, in accordance with the principles
of secularism, removed from all political views and ideas, and
aiming at national solidarity and integrity. Article 81: Members
of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, on assuming office,
shall take the following oath: "I swear upon my honour and
integrity, before the great Turkish Nation, to safeguard the
existence and independence of the state, the indivisible
integrity of the Country and the Nation, and the absolute
sovereignty of the Nation; to remain loyal to the supremacy of
Yes law, to the democratic and secular Republic, and to Ataturk's
principles and reforms; not to deviate from the ideal according
to which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and
fundamental freedoms under peace and prosperity in society,
national solidarity and justice, and loyalty to the
Constitution."Article 103: On assuming office, the President of
the Republic shall take the
following oath before the Turkish Grand National Assembly: "In
my capacity as President of the Republic I swear upon my
honour and integrity before the Turkish Grand National
Assembly and before history to safeguard the existence and
independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the
Country and the
Nation and the absolute sovereignty of the Nation, to abide by
the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles of
the secular Republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to
which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and
fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and
prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and
do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of
the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions
Article 1: Turkmenistan is a democratic, law-governed, secular
state…. Article 12: ...The educational system of the State is
separate from religious organizations and has a secular
character….
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Maybe
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Legal Recognition of Religion/Autonomy
Artice 10(6): Religious communities are juridical persons. They have

independence in the administration of their properties according to their
principles, rules and canons, to the
extent that interests of third parties are not infringed.
Article 11(3) The Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free
and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of
special co-operation with the State in accordance with the Andorran
tradition. The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of
the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their
own rules.
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience,
of religion, of creed, of opinion and of expression with respect for the
public order established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and
the expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the secularity of
the State. The institutions and the religious or philosophical communities
shall have the right to develop without hindrances. They shall not be
subject to the guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer
Article 19(6): Freedom of conscience, the manifestation of all beliefs and
the free exercise of all beliefs, which are not contrary to morals, good
customs or public order. Religious communities may build and maintain
churches and the corresponding facilities under the conditions of safety
and hygiene fixed by the laws and ordinances. Churches, religious
communities and religious institutions of any spirituality shall have the
rights granted and acknowledged by the laws currently in force. Churches
and their facilities assigned exclusively for religious purposes shall be
exempt from all types of taxes;
Article 23: (1) Every person, alone or jointly with others, has the right to
acquire, own, possess, enjoy or dispose of any movable or immovable
property and has the right to respect for such right…. (9) 9.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article, no deprivation
restriction or limitation of the right provided in paragraph 1 of this Article,
in respect of any movable or immovable property belonging to any See,
monastery, church or any other ecclesiastical corporation or any right over
it or interest therein shall be made except with the written consent of the
appropriate ecclesiastical authority being in control of such property and
the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 7 and 8 of this Article shall be subject to
the provisions of this paragraph:
Provided that restrictions or limitations for the purposes of town and
country planning under the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article are
exempted from the provisions of this paragraph. (10) 10. Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Article, no deprivation, restriction or limitation of
any right provided in paragraph 1 of this Article in respect of any vakf
movable or immovable property, including the objects and subjects of the
vakfs and the properties belonging to the Mosques or to any other Moslem
religious institutions, or any right thereon or interest therein shall be made
except with the approval of the Turkish Communal Chamber and subject to
the Laws and Principles of Vakfs and the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 7
and 8 of this Article shall be subject to the provisions of this paragraph:
CFRBF, Article 16(2): Churches and religious societies govern their own
affairs; in particular, they establish their own bodies and appoint their
clergy, as well as found religious orders and other church institutions,
independent of state authorities.
Article 26: The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized.
The other churches may obtain, in conformity with the law, the recognition
of their personality.
Article 23: ...The State guarantees to every person, private entity, or

religious community, legal status, or the right to form, provided that
schools submit to the official pedagogical plan…..
Article 1(13): the right to form associations, political parties or formations,
syndicates, societies, establishments for social interests as well as religious
communities, is guaranteed to all under conditions fixed by the law;
religious communities conduct and administrate their affairs in an
independent manner, under reserve of respect of the principles of national
sovereignty, public order and the preservation of the moral and mental
integrity of the individual. Political associations, parties or formations,
communities of which the activities are contrary to law, or to the good
relations of ethnic groups or ensembles may be prohibited according to the
terms of the law.
Article 9 (1): The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and
religion, as well as shall recognise the special role of the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its
independence from the state.
Article 137 (Weimar): (3) Every religious society shall regulate and
administers its affairs independently within the limits of the law that
applies to all. It shall confer its offices without the participation of the state
or the civil community. (4) Religious societies shall acquire legal capacity
according to the general provisions of the civil law. (5) Religious societies
shall remain corporations under public law insofar as they have enjoyed
that status in the past. Other religious societies shall be granted the same
rights upon application, if their constitution and the number of their
members give assurance of their permanency. If two or more religious
societies established under public law unite into a single organization, the
latter shall also constitute a corporation under public law. (6) Religious
societies that are corporations under public law shall be entitled to levy
taxes on the basis of the civil taxation lists in accordance with Land law. (7)
Associations whose purpose is to foster a philosophical creed shall have the
same status as religious societies. (8) Such further regulation as may be
required for the implementation of these provisions shall be a matter for
Land legislation. Article 138 (Weimar): (1) Rights of religious societies to
public subsidies on the basis of a law contract, or special grant shall be
redeemed by legislation of the Länder. The principles governing such
redemption shall be established by the Reich. (2) Property rights and other
rights of religious societies or associations in their institutions, foundations,
and other assets intended for purposes of worship, education, or charity
The other churches, faiths, entities, and associations of religious character
will secure the recognition of their juridical personality in accordance with
the rules of their institution, and the Government will be unable to deny it
unless for reasons of public order. The State will extend to the Catholic
Church without any cost whatever titles of ownership to the real estate
which it now holds peacefully for its own purposes whenever they formed
part of the patrimony of the Catholic Church in the past. Property assigned
to third parties nor those which the State has traditionally assigned to their
services cannot be affected. The real estate of religious entities assigned to
the church, education, and social welfare enjoy exemption from taxes,
assessments, and levies.
Article 30-2: The law establishes the conditions for recognition and
practice of religions and faiths. Article 55-2: The right to own real property
shall be accorded also to aliens residing in Haiti and to foreign companies
for the needs of their agricultural, commercial, industrial, religious,
humanitarian or educational enterprises, within the limits and under the
conditions prescribed by law.
Basic Law Article 141: (2) Religious organizations shall, in accordance with
law, enjoy the rights to acquire, use, dispose of and inherit property and
the right to receive financial assistance. Their previous property rights and
interests shall be maintained and protected. (3) Religious organizations
may, according to their previous practice, continue to run seminaries and
other schools, hospitals and welfare institutions and to provide other social
services. (4) Religious organizations and believers in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region may maintain and develop their relations with
religious organizations and believers elsewhere
Article 26: Subject to public order, morality and health, every
religious denomination or any section thereof shall have
the right- (a) to establish and maintain institutions for
religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters
of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property in accordance with law.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school
[in uṣūl al-Dîn and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable.
Other Islamic schools, including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and
Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in
accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites.
These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to religious
education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and
wills) and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where
Muslims following any one of these schools of fiqh constitute the majority,
local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are
to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing
upon the rights of the followers of other schools. Article 13: Zoroastrian,
Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities,
who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites
and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of
personal affairs and religious education.
Article 44(2): (v) Every religious denomination shall have the right to
manage its own affairs, own, acquire and administer property, movable and
immovable, and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes.
(vi) The property of any religious denomination or any educational
institution shall not be diverted save for necessary works of public utility
and on payment of compensation.
POC Article 83: ...Each religious community shall enjoy autonomy for the
internal affairs of the community subject to the provisions of any Ordinance
or Order issued by the High Commissioner. Article 2: ..."Religious
community" means any
community mentioned in the Second Schedule to this Order and any
community which may be declared by the High Commissioner by Order to
be a religious community....
Article 9: It also guarantees to the communities, regardless of their
religious allegiance, the respect of their rules on personal status and their
religious interests.
Article 78: As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,
an "association" means a body of persons, corporate or other, which acts
together for a common purpose, and includes a group of people organized
for any ethnic, social, cultural, occupational or religious objectives...
Article 38: The right of ownership and all other proprietary rights of
ecclesiastical communities and religious associations in respect of their
institutions, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship,
education and charity are guaranteed. The administration of Church
property in the parishes shall be regulated by a special law; the assent of
the Church authorities shall be sought before the said law is promulgated.
Article 43: The State shall recognise the churches and religious
organization[s] that are traditional in Lithuania, whereas other churches
and religious organization shall be recognised provided that they have
support in society and their teaching and practices are not in conflict with
the law and public morals. The churches and religious organization[s]
recognised by the State shall have the rights of a legal person.... The status
of churches and other religious organization[s] in the State shall be
established by agreement or by law.
Article 11(3): Every religious group has the right-
(a) to manage its own religious affairs; (b) to establish and maintain
institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and (c) to acquire and own
property and hold and administer it in accordance with law.
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the State and the
churches guides the norms contained in the present article. All churches
and other religious groups are subject to the law. It shall be the exclusive
responsibility of the Congress of the Union to legislate in matters regarding
public cults, churches, and religious groups. The respective regulatory law,
which shall be of public order, shall develop and implement the following
provisions: (a) Churches and religious groups shall have juridical personality
as religious associations, once they secure the appropriate registration. The
law shall regulate these associations, and shall determine the conditions
and requirements for such registration
Article 54(3): Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their
religious aims freely and to own and acquire assets for realising their
objectives
Article 23(2):Every religious denomination shall have the right to maintain
its independent existence, and for this purpose to manage and protect its
religious places and religious trusts, in accordance with law.
Article 36: Religious organizations have juridical capacity and manage and
administer their property within the limits prescribed by law, the same as
other juridical persons.
Article 24: Relations between the State and the Catholic Church are based
on independence, cooperation, and autonomy. The independence and
autonomy of all churches and religious denominations, without restrictions
other than those imposed by this Constitution and the law, are hereby
guaranteed.
Article 9, Section 2: The Commission on Elections shall exercise the

following powers and functions... (5) Register, after sufficient publication,
political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other
requirements, must present their platform or program of government; and
accredit citizens' arms of the Commission on Elections. Religious
denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to
achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to
uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or which are supported by any
foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.
Article 29(5): The religious sects are autonomous in relation to the state
and enjoy its support, which includes measures facilitating religious
assistance in the Army, in hospitals, penitentiaries, asylums, and
orphanages.
Article 24: ….The religious institutions and committees shall have the right
to develop their activities without hindrance. They shall not be subject to
the supervision of the State. They shall regulate and manage their affairs in
an autonomous manner.
Article 44: Churches and religious communities are equal and separated
from the state. Churches and religious communities shall be equal and free
to organize independently their internal structure, religious matters, to
perform religious rites in public, to establish and manage religious schools,
social and charity institutions, in accordance with the law.....
Article 15(3): (3) Every religious group has the right— (a) to manage its
own religious affairs; (b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious
or charitable purposes; and (c) to acquire and own property and hold and
administer it in accordance with law....
Article 24(3): Churches and religious communities govern their own affairs;
in particular, they constitute their own bodies, appoint their clergy, organize
the teaching of religion, and establish religious orders and other church
institutions independently of state bodies.
Article 6: The State shall respect the following religious rights:— (a)
worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to
establish and maintain places for these purposes, (b) establish and maintain
appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions, (c) acquire and possess
movable and immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary
articles and materials related to the rites or customs of a religion or belief,
(d) write, issue and disseminate religious publications, (e) teach religion or
belief in places suitable for these purposes, (f) solicit and receive voluntary
financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public
institutions, (g) train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate
religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any
religion or belief, (h) observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and
ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs, (i)
communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and
belief at national and international levels.
Article 80: The State shall act in compliance with the social, public health,
education and culture policies as follows… (4) promoting and supporting
the delegation of powers to the local governments, communities, religious
organizations and private sector with a view to provide and participate in
educational management for the development of educational quality
standard equally and to be in line with the fundamental State policy;
Article 108: No leases of any town site shall in future be granted to any
religious body for any purpose unless there are thirty adults, male and
female, of such church in that town, and it shall not be lawful for any
religious body to use such leased lands for other than religious purposes or
to sub-let to any person without the prior consent of Cabinet, and upon
satisfactory proof before a Court that any such land has been sub-let
without consent, such land shall revert to the person from whom the land
was leased, or to his successor in title as the case may be.
Section 23: (3) A religious community is entitled, at its own expense— (a)
to establish and maintain places of education; and (b) subject to the
maintenance of any minimum prescribed educational standards, to manage
any place of education that it wholly maintains; and (c) subject to
subsection (4), to provide religious instruction for members of the
community in the course of any education that it provides. (4) Except with
his consent, no-one attending a place of education shall be required—
(a) to receive religious instruction; or (b) to take part in or attend a religious
ceremony or observance, if the instruction, ceremony or observance relates
to a religion or belief other than his own.
Article 59: ...The independence and autonomy of churches and religious
confessions is guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those
derived from this Constitution and the law.…..
Bilateral Relations
Article 75: The Congress shall have power…. (22) To approve
or reject treaties entered with other nations and with
international organizations, and concordats with the Holy
See. Treaties and concordats have higher standing than
laws....
Article 9(2): The relations between the state of Georgia and
the Apostle Autocephalous
Orthodox Church of Georgia shall be determined by the
Constitutional Agreement. The Constitutional Agreement
shall correspond completely to
universally recognised principles and norms of international
law, in particular, in the field of human rights and
fundamental freedoms. Article 73(1): 1.
a.1. conclude a constitutional agreement with the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia on behalf of the
state of Georgia...
Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are
independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere.
Their relations are regulated by the Lateran pacts.
Amendments to such Pacts which are accepted by both
parties shall not require the procedure of constitutional
amendments.Article 8: All religious denominations are
equally free before the law. Denominations other than
Catholicism have the right to self-organisation according to
their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with
Italian law. Their relations with the State are regulated by
law, based on agreements with their respective
representatives. ;
Article 25: ...(4) The relations between the Republic of
Poland and the Roman Catholic Church shall be determined
by international treaty concluded with the Holy See, and by
statute. (5) The relations between the Republic of Poland
and other churches and religious organizations shall be
determined by statutes adopted pursuant to agreements
concluded between their appropriate representatives and
the Council of Ministers
Religion is a Source of Law
Article 3: No law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy
religion of Islam in Afghanistan.
Preamble:They base our political system on a constitutional monarchy
founded on counsel [shura], which in Islam is the highest model for
governance, and on the people’s participation in the exercise of power, which
is the foundation of modern political thought. Article 2: The religion of the
State is Islam. The Islamic Shari’a is a principal source for legislation. The
official language is Arabic. Article 5(d): Inheritance is a guaranteed right
governed by the Islamic Shari’a.
Article 3(4) For the purpose of this Article, His Majesty the Sultan and Yang
Di-Pertuan may, after consultation with the Religious Council, but not
necessarily in accordance with the advice of that Council, make laws in
respect of matters relating to the Islamic Religion.
Article 2:...Islamic law (Sharia) is the principal source of legislation.
Article 78(5): Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of Peoples’
Representatives and State Councils can establish or give official recognition to
religious and customary courts. Religious and customary courts that had state
recognition and functioned prior to the adoption of the Constitution shall be
organized on the basis of recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.
Section 7: In addition to this Constitution, the laws of The Gambia consist of...
(f) the Sharia as regards matters of marriage, divorce and inheritance among
members of the communities to which it applies.Section 17:(2) The Cadi
Court shall be composed—
(a) for hearings at first instance, by a panel consisting of the Cadi and two
other scholars of the Sharia qualified to be a Cadi or Ulama;...
(4) The Cadi Court shall only have jurisdiction to apply the Sharia in matters of
marriage, divorce and inheritance where the parties or other persons
interested are Muslims…. (6) A person shall be required to be of high moral
standing and professionally qualified in the Sharia in order to be appointed a
Cadi or Ulama. (7) A party to proceedings in the Cadi court shall be entitled to
be represented, at his or her own expense, by a person qualified in the
Sharia.
education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills)
and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where
local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to
be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon
the rights of the followers of other schools. Article 44: The private sector
consists of those activities concerned with agriculture, animal husbandry,
industry, trade, and services that supplement the economic activities of the
state and cooperative sectors. Ownership in each of these three sectors is
protected by the laws of the Islamic Republic, in so far as this ownership is in
conformity with the other articles of this chapter, does not go beyond the
bounds of Islamic law, contributes to the economic growth and progress of
the country, and does not harm society. Article 49: The government has the
responsibility of confiscating all wealth accumulated through usury,
usurpation, bribery, embezzlement, theft, gambling, misuse of endowments,
misuse of government contracts and transactions, the sale of uncultivated
lands and other resources subject to public ownership, the operation of
centres of corruption, and other illicit means and sources, and restoring it to
its legitimate owner; and if no such owner can be identified, it must be
entrusted to the public treasury. This rule must be executed by the
government with due care, after investigation and furnishing necessary
evidence in accordance with the law of Islam. Article 61: The functions of the
judiciary are to be performed by courts of justice, which are to be formed in
accordance with the criteria of Islam, and are vested with the authority to
examine and settle lawsuits, protect the rights of the public, dispense and
enact justice, and implement the Divine limits [al-ḥudūd al-’Ilāhiyyah]. Article
90: With a view to safeguard the Islamic ordinances and the Constitution, in
order to examine the compatibility of the legislations passed by the Islamic
Consultative Assembly with Islam, a council to be known as the Guardian
Council is to be constituted with the following composition: Article 94: All
legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be sent to the
Guardian Council. The Guardian Council must review it within a maximum of
ten days from its receipt with a view to ensuring its compatibility with the
criteria of Islam and the Constitution. If it finds the legislation incompatible, it
will return it to the Assembly for review. Otherwise the legislation will be
deemed enforceable. Article 96: The determination of compatibility of the
legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly with the laws of Islam
rests with the majority vote of the fuqahā’ on the Guardian Council; and the
determination of its compatibility with the Constitution rests with the
majority of all the members of the Guardian Council. Article 105: Decisions
taken by the councils must not be contrary to the criteria of Islam and the
Article 2(1A): No law that contradicts the established provisions of Islam may
be established.
Article 99: The courts shall be divided into three categories:
(i) Civil Courts (ii) Religious Courts (iii) Special Courts Article 102: The Civil
Courts in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan shall have jurisdiction over all
persons in all matters, civil and criminal, including cases brought by or against
the Government, except in matters which, by the provisions of the
Constitution, or of any Law for the time being in force, fall within the
jurisdiction of Religious Courts or Special Courts. Article 103(ii):Matters of
personal status are those matters which are defined by law and are within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts where the parties are
Moslems.Article 104: The Religious Courts shall be divided into: (i) The
Shari’a Courts (ii) The Tribunals of other Religious Communities. Article 105
The Shari’a Courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction in the following matters in
accordance with its special laws: (i) Matters of Personal status of Moslems.
(ii) Cases concerning blood money (Diya) where the two parties are Moslems
or where one of the parties is not a Moslem and the two parties consent to
the jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts. (iii) Matters pertaining to Islamic Wakfs.
Article 108: The Tribunals of Religious Communities are those for the non-
Moslem religious communities which have been or will be recognised by the
Government as being established in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Article 109: Tribunals of Religious Communities shall be established in
accordance with the provisions of laws pertaining thereto. Such laws shall
define the jurisdiction of such Tribunals in matters of personal status and
trusts (Wakfs) constituted for the benefit of the community concerned.
Matters of personal status of any such community shall be the same matters
as are, in the case of Moslems, within the jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts.
(ii) Such laws shall determine the procedure to be followed by the Tribunals
of the Religious Communities.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold or act
in the office of Kadhi unless— (a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he
possesses such knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sect or sects
of Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service Commission,
to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s court shall extend to
the determination of questions of Muslim law relating to personal status,
marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties
profess the Muslim religion.
Article 2: ...Islamic Sharia shall be a main source of legislation.
Article 8: ...Inheritance is a right which will be governed by the Islamic
Shari'a.
Article 10: (a) The religion of the State of the Maldives is Islam. Islam shall be
a basis of all the laws of the Maldives. (b) No law contrary to any tenet of
Islam shall be enacted in the Maldives. . Article 19: A citizen is free to engage
in any conduct or activity that is not expressly prohibited by Islamic Shari’ah
or by law. No control or restraint may be exercised against any person unless
it is expressly authorised by law
Article 2: The State’s religion is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis for
legislation. Article 10: ...Laying suitable foundations for consolidating the
pillars of genuine shura emanating from the country’s heritage, values and its
Islamic Sharia, taking pride in its history while adopting the useful
contemporary methods and tools..... Article 11: ...Inheritance is a right
governed by Islamic Sharia.....
Article 1: Qatar is an independent sovereign Arab State. Its religion is Islam
and Shari'a law shall be a main source of its legislations
Article 7: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia derives its authority
from the Book of God and the Sunna of the Prophet(PBUH), which are the
ultimate sources of reference for this Law and the other laws of the State.
Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on justice,
shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia Article 17:
Ownership, capital and labor are basic components of the economic and
social entity of the Kingdom. They are personal rights which perform a social
function in accordance with the Islamic Sharia.Article 23: The State shall
protect the Islamic Creed, apply the Sharia, encourage good and discourage
evil,
and undertake its duty regarding the Propagation of Islam(Da'wa). Article 45:
The Holy Quran and the Sunna(Tradition) of God's Messenger shall be the
source for fetwas(religious advisory rulings). The Law shall specify hierarchical
organization for the composition of the Council of the Senior Ulema, the
Research Administration and the Office of the Mufti, together with their
functions. . Article 46: The Judiciary is an independent authority. The
decisions of judges shall not be subject to any authority other than the
authority of the Islamic Sharia. Article 48: The Courts shall apply rules of the
Islamic Sharia in cases that are brought before them, according
to the Holy Quran and the Sunna, and according to laws which are decreed by
the ruler in agreement with Holy Quran and the Sunna.
Article 3(2): Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation.
female, of such church in that town, and it shall not be lawful for any religious
body to use such leased lands for other than religious purposes or to sub-let
to any person without the prior consent of Cabinet, and upon satisfactory
proof before a Court that any such land has been sub-let without consent,
such land shall revert to the person from whom the land was leased, or to his
successor in title as the case may be.
Article 7: Islam is the official religion ofthe Union. The Islamic Shari'ah shall
be a main source of legislation in the Union….
Article 3: Islamic Shari'ah is the source of all legislation. Article 23: The right
of inheritance is guaranteed in accordance with Islamic tenets (Shari'ah). A
special law will be issued accordingly
State Symbols and Religion No Religious Test
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall
not make any law for establishing any
religion, or for imposing any religious
observance, or for prohibiting the free
exercise of any religion, and no
religious test shall be required as a
qualification for any office or public
trust under the Commonwealth.
Article 35(4)-The National Flag: ...The lower
orange half that extends to the top symbolizes
the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the
flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general
and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in
particular.... The National Emblem: ...There are
four other jewels inside the circle where the
two vajras intersect. They symbolize the
spiritual and secular traditions of the Kingdom
based on the four spiritual undertakings of
Vajrayana Buddhism...
Article 4: The motto of the Kingdom of
Cambodia is "Nation, Religion, King".
Article 32: National Coat of Arms: …the motto,
“God, Country, and Liberty.”
Article 34: National Motto. The National Motto
is “God, Country, and Liberty.”
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag
shall reflect the hope of the Nations,
Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in
equality and unity.
Article 7: The Kingdom's emblem is a red flag
stamped with a five-pointed green star in the
middle. The Kingdom's motto is: GOD, THE
HOMELAND [Patrie], THE KING.
Article 3, Section 5: No religious test
shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights.
Article 3(c):The words, [arabic] (There is no god
but God and Mohammed is His Messenger) are
inscribed in the center, with a drawn sword
underneath. The flag should never be inverted.
Article 6: The Senators and
Representatives before mentioned,
and the Members of the several State
Legislatures, and all executive and
judicial Officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall
be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to
support this Constitution; but no
religious Test shall ever be required as
a Qualification to any Office or public
Trust under the United States.
Religious Test
Article 121: The President must take the following oath and affix his
signature to it at a session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in the
presence of the head of the judicial power and the members of the
Guardian Council:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, as President,
swear, in the presence of the Noble Qur’ān and the people of Iran, by
God, the Exalted and Almighty, that I will guard the official religion of
the country, the order of the Islamic Republic and the Constitution of
the country; that I will devote all my capacities and abilities to the
fulfilment of the responsibilities that I have assumed; that I will
dedicate myself to the service of the people, the honour of the
country, the propagation of religion and morality, and the support of
truth and justice, refraining from every kind of arbitrary behaviour;
that I will protect the freedom and dignity of all citizens and the rights
that the Constitution has accorded the people; that in guarding the
frontiers and the political, economic, and cultural independence of
the country I will not shirk any necessary measure; that, seeking help
from God and following the Prophet of Islam and the infallible Imams
(peace be upon them), I will guard, as a pious and selfless trustee, the
authority vested in me by the people as a sacred trust, and transfer it
to whomever the people may elect after me.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold
or act in the office of Kadhi unless—
(a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he possesses such
knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sect or sects of
Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service
Commission, to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s
court shall extend to the determination of questions of Muslim law
relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in
proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion.
Article 14…and no religious tests shall be required for any civil or
military office or for the exercise of any civil right. ....
Section 4: The King shall at all times profess the Evangelical-Lutheran
religion, and uphold and protect the same. Section 12: The King
himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are
entitled to vote. This Council shall consist of a Prime Minister and at
least seven other Members. More than half the number of the
Members of the Council of State shall profess the official religion of
the State.... Section 27: ...A Member of the Council of State who does
not profess the official religion of the State shall not take part in
proceedings on matters which concern the State Church.
Article 9: The Emir shall, by an Emiri Order, appoint an Heir Apparent
after consultation with the members of the Ruling Family and the
people of wisdom (Ahal Alhal wal agd) in the State. The Heir Apparent
must be a Muslim of a Qatari Muslim Mother.
. Act of Succession, Article 4: In accordance with the express
provision of Article 2 of the Instrument of Government of 1809 that
The King shall always profess the pure evangelical faith, as adopted
and explained in the unaltered Confession of Augsburg and in the
Resolution of the Uppsala Meeting of the year 1593, princes and
princesses of the Royal House shall be brought up in that same faith
and within the Realm. Any member of the Royal Family not professing
this faith shall be excluded from all rights of succession.
Article 3(1):The religion of the President of the Republic has to be

Islam.
Section 9: The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions.
Article 40: To qualify as a candidate for the Presidency of the
Republic, every Tunisian must have exclusive Tunisian nationality, be
Muslim, have Tunisian father, mother and paternal and maternal
grandparents, continually remaining of Tunisian nationality.
Religion and Politics/Government
Article 35: To attain moral and material goals, the citizens of Afghanistan shall have the right to form
associations in accordance with provisions of the law. The people of Afghanistan shall have the right, in
accordance with provisions of the law, to form political parties, provided that:1. Their manifesto and
charter shall not contravene the Holy religion of Islam and principles and values enshrined in this
constitution;
Article 4(2): Political parties shall, in their objectives, program and activity, contribute to… (e) The
defense of the republican form and unitary and secular nature of the State
Article 30(1) :No person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Senator who— (i) is a minister of religion.
Article 39: No person shall be qualified to be elected as a member of the House who--i) is a minister of
religion
Article 73: Regular clergymen cannot be members of the Congress, nor may Governors of the Province
that they head.
Article 10(1): Legislation and its implementation is a Federal concern (Bundessache) in the following
matters...(13)....religious matters; census—while preserving the rights of the Länder to assemble any
statistics in their own territory—as well as endowments and funds insofar as they concern endowments
and funds which, according to their purposes, go beyond the area of interest of the Land and which
hitherto have not been administered autonomously by the Länder;
Article 85(II): Persons cannot be elected Members of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan who
have dual citizenship, are in State service in other countries, work in the executive or juridical organs,
persons engaged in a different paid activity with the exception of scientific, creative and teaching work,
ministers of religion, persons whose incapacity has been confirmed by a court, persons who serve their
sentence in places of confinement based on a court verdict. Article 89: I. The powers of a Deputy of the
Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are terminated in the following cases:.... (4.) a position held in
government organs, being a minister of religion, being engaged in the business, commercial or other paid
activity (excepting scientific, teaching and creative activity);
Article 33(a): The King is Head of State, and its nominal representative, and his person is inviolate. He is
the loyal protector of the religion and the homeland, and the symbol of national unity. Article 89(b): No
member of the Consultative Council or the Chamber of Deputies shall be called to account for expressing
his opinions or ideas in the Council or its committees unless the opinion expressed is prejudicial to the
fundamentals of the religion or the unity of the nation, or the mandatory respect for the King, or is
defamatory of the personal life of any person.
Article 36(4): Seven Senators shall be appointed by the Governor-
General, acting in bis discretion, by instrument under the Public Seal, to represent religious, economic or
social interests or such other interests as the Governor-General considers ought to be represented:
Article 15: (3) Candidates and political parties shall not resort to regionalism, ethnicity and religion to
incite voters for electoral gain. (4) . A political party shall be registered by the Election Commission on its
satisfying the qualifications and requirements set out hereinafter, that... (b) Its membership is not based
on region, sex, language, religion or social origin; Article 3(3): It shall be the responsibility of religious
institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that
religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain
above politics.
Article 238: Persons may be ineligible for public office on the following grounds…. (5) Ministers of any
religious groups that haven’t resigned within at least three months of election day
Article 11(4): There shall be no political parties on ethnic, racial or religious lines, nor parties which seek
the violent seizure of state power. Article 13(4): (4) Religious institutions and communities, and religious
beliefs shall not be used to political ends.
Article 78: In their organization and functioning the political parties must respond to the democratic
principles. They must be open to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at
the leadership level. They may not foment violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, and in
particular those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation. Article 80: The law guarantees
the non-interference of the public bodies in the internal functioning of the political parties, with the
exception of those restrictions which are necessary for the prevention of ethnic, political, regional,
religious or gender hatred and the maintenance of public order.
Article 56(3): Political parties may not adopt names which, directly or indirectly, are identified with any
part of the national territory, with a church, religion, or religious doctrine, or that may evoke the name of
a person or institution; they may not adopt emblems which are the same as, or might be confused with,
national or regional symbols. Article 57(3):
Article 20: Political parties or groups take part in the elections and the political, economic and social life.
They form and conduct their activities freely. They are held to respect the principle of democracy, unity
and national sovereignty, the Rights of Man, the laicistic character and the republican form of
government of the State in accordance with the laws and regulations. They are prohibited from
identifying themselves with a race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sect, language, region or armed group.
Article 18: ...The misuse (usage) of religion for political purposes is prohibited. Article 53: The political
parties are recognized in conformity with the Constitution and the law. To be recognized, they are
expected to notably adhere to the following fundamental principles... the secular character of the State:
political parties which in their functioning do not conform to the above stated principles, are susceptible
to dissolution.
Article 28: No one may be disturbed or persecuted for the expression of his opinions or for any act which
does not infringe the law. Private actions which do not harm the morals or public order, or which do not
cause any damages to third parties are outside the scope of the law. However, clergymen or secular
individuals cannot make political propaganda in any way invoking religious motives or making use of
religious beliefs.
Article 13: ...Political parties or groups created on regional, confessional, tribal, ethnic or racial bases, are
forbidden.
Article 6: Political parties shall be instrumental in the expression of the suffrage. They shall be formed
and carry on their activities freely in respect for the Constitution and the principles of national
sovereignty and democracy. They shall be prohibited from identifying themselves by race, ethnic group,
sex, religion, sect, language or region. The formalities with respect to registration of political parties and
the exercise and cessation of their activities shall be determined by law.
Article 32(1): (1) A person shall not be qualified to be elected or appointed as a Representative or
Senator (hereinafter in this section referred to as a member) if he—…. (b) is a minister of religion; (6)
“minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any other person the functions of whose
principal occupation include teaching or preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 7: ...The existence of armed political, religious, or union groups is prohibited. Article 82: Ministers
of any religious denomination, active service members of the Armed Forces, and members of the Civil
National Police cannot belong to political parties nor run for political office.
Article 4(5): The names of political parties may not be identified with any areas of national territory or
invoke the name of any individual, church, religion, cult, or religious doctrine
s
Article 55: (4)Ev ery political party shall have a national character, and membership shall not be based on
ethnic, religious, regional or other sectional divisions. (7) For purposes of registration, a prospective
political party shall furnish the Electoral Commission with a copy of its Constitution and the names and
addresses of its national officers; and shall satisfy the Commission that... (c) the party’s name, emblem,
colour, motto or any other symbol has no ethnic, regional, religious or other sectional connotation or
gives the appearance that its activities are confined only to a part of Ghana. Article 56: Parliament shall
have no power to enact a law to establish or authorise the establishment of a body or movement with
the right or power to impose on the people of Ghana a common programme or a set of objectives of a
religious or political Article 206: There shall be established a Prisons Service Council which shall consist
of... (h) a representative of such religious bodies as the President may, in consultation with the Council of
State, appoint;
Article 59: (1) Before undertaking the discharge of their duties, Members of Parliament shall take the
following oath in the Chamber and in a public sitting.
“I swear in the name of the Holy Consubstantial and Indivisible Trinity to keep faith in my Country and in
the democratic form of government, obedience to the Constitution and the laws and to discharge
conscientiously my duties”. (2) Members of Parliament who are of a different religion or creed shall take
the same oath according to the form of their own religion or creed.
Article 186: The following cannot run for the positions of President or Vice President of the Republic… (f)
The ministers of any religion or cult;… Article 197: Ministers of State cannot be... (e) The ministers of any
religion or cult.Article 207: ...The function of magistrate or judge is incompatible with any other
employment, with executive positions in labor unions and political parties, and with the status of minister
of any religion....
Article 3: [Political parties]…. shall not identify with any race, ethnic group, religion or territory.
Article 212B: The Ethnic Relations Commission shall consist of (a)... representative of religious bodies
Article 212D: The functions of the Ethnic RelationsCommission are to.. (f) encourage and create respect
for religious, cultural and
other form of diversity in a plural society;
Article 289: Awaiting the establishment of the Permanent Electoral Council provided for in this
Constitution, the National Council of Government shall set up a Provisional Electoral Council of nine (9)
members, charged with drawing up and enforcing the Electoral Law to govern the next elections, who
shall be designated as follows... (8) One for the Protestant religions;
Article 77: ...Ministers of the various religions may not hold public office or engage in any form of political
propaganda, invoking religious motives or, as a means to such end, thus taking advantage of the religious
beliefs of the people.
Article 16(5): Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the
incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any
member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a
particular denomination. Article 371A(1): Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution- (a) no Act of
Parliament in respect of (i)religious or social practices of the Nagaas… shall apply to the State of Nagaland
unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution so decides Article 371AG1): Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of (i) religious or social practices of the
Mizos… shall apply to the State of Mizoram unless the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mizoram by a
resolution so decides
Article 22D(2): The DPD shall participate in the discussion of Bills related to regional autonomy; the
relationship of central and local government; formation, expansion, and merger of regions; management
of natural resources and other economic resources, and financial balance between the centre and the
regions; and shall provide consideration to the DPR over Bills on the State Budget and on Bills related to
taxation, education, or religion. (3) The DPD may oversee the implementation of laws concerning regional
autonomy, the formation, expansion and merger of regions, the relationship of central and local
government, management of natural resources and other economic resources, implementation of the
State Budget, taxation, education, or religion and shall in addition submit the result of such oversight to
the DPR as material for further consideration. Article 24(2): The judicial power shall be implemented by a
Supreme Court and judicial bodies underneath it in the form of public courts, religious affairs courts,
military tribunals, and state administrative courts, and by a Constitutional Court.
Article 6(1): All powers of government, legislative, executive and judicial, derive, under God, from the
people, whose right it is to designate the rulers of the State and, in final appeal, to decide all questions of
national policy, according to the requirements of the common good
Article 17: The State has exclusive legislative powers in the following matters... (c) relations between the
Republic and religious denominations
Article 20: ...No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political
authority….
Article 66: All citizens who have reached the age of 17 have the right to elect and to be elected,
irrespective of sex, race, occupation, length of residence, property status, education party affiliation,
political views or religion.
Article 8(5): The following shall be prohibited in the Kyrgyz Republic.... establishment of political parties
on a religious basis and the pursuit by religious organisations of political goals and tasks; interference by
religious organisations and ministers of religious faiths in the activity of state bodies; activity in pursuit of
political goals by foreign political parties, public and religious organisations, their representatives and
branches.
Article 10: Education is free so long as it does not disturb the public order, does not violate morals and
does not touch the dignity of any religion or creed. The rights of communities to establish their own
private schools cannot be abridged, subject to the condition that they comply with the general
requirements laid down by the State with respect to public education. Article 19: A Constitutional Council
is established to review the constitutionality of the laws and to determine the disputes and applications
relating to presidential and parliamentary elections. The right to apply to the Council for the control of
the constitutionality of laws is granted to the President of the Republic, the President of the Chamber of
Deputies, the Prime Minister, or to [at least] ten members of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as to the
heads of the legally recognized communities exclusively concerning matters of personal status, the liberty
of conscience, the free exercise of religion and the freedom of religious education. The rules concerning
the organization, the functioning and the composition of the Council and the application to it are
established by law.
Article 78: As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, an "association" means a body
of persons, corporate or other, which acts together for a common purpose, and includes a group of
people organized for any ethnic, social, cultural, occupational or religious objectives...Article 79: No
association, by whatever name called, shall function as a political party, nor shall any citizen be an
independent candidate for election to public office, unless: (a) the association or independent candidate
and his organization meet the minimum registration requirements laid down by the Elections Commission
and are registered with it. Registration requirements shall include filing with the Elections Commission a
copy of the constitution of the association and guidelines of the independent candidate and his
organization, a detailed statement of the names and addresses of the association and its officers or of the
independent candidate and the officers of his organization, and fulfillment of the provision of sub-
sections (b), (c), (d) and (e) hereof. Registration by the Elections Commission of any association or
independent candidate and his organization shall vest in the entity or candidate and his organization so
registered legal personality, with the capacity to own property, real, personal or mixed, to sue and be
sued and to hold accounts. A denial of registration or failure by the Elections Commission to register any
applicant may be challenged by the applicant in the Supreme Court; (b) the membership of the
association or the independent candidate’s organization is open to every citizen of Liberia, irrespective of
sex, religion or ethnic background, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution. (c) the headquarters
of the association or independent candidate and his organization is situated: (i.) in the capital of the
Republic where an association is involved or where an independent candidate seeks election to the office
of President or Vice- President; (ii). in the headquarters of the county where an independent candidate
seeks election as a Senator; and (iii.) in the electoral center in the constituency where the candidate
seeks election as a member of the House of Representatives or to any other public office; (d) the name,
objective, emblem or motto of the association or of the independent candidate and his organization is
free from any religious connotations or divisive ethnic implications and that the activities of the
association or independent candidate are not limited to a special group or, in the case of an association,
limited to a particular geographic area of Liberia; (e) the constitution and rules of the political party shall
conform to the provisions of this Constitution, provide for the democratic elections of officers and/or
governing body at least once every six years, and ensure the election of officers from as many of the
regions and ethnic groupings in the country as possible. All amendments to the Constitution or rules of a
political party shall be registered with the Elections Commission no later than ten days from the effective
dates of such amendments.
Article 39: The enjoyment of civil and political rights shall not be dependent on religious belief nor may
the latter constitute a ground for any dereliction of civil obligations.
Article 14: Citizens organize themselves freely without prior authorization in associations or political
parties; however associations or political parties which threaten the unity of the Nation and those which
advocate totalitarianism or segregationism of an ethnic, tribal or confessional character are prohibited.
Article 68: (c) thirty-two other Senators who shall be elected by a two-thirds majority of sitting members
of the Senate on the basis of nominations by the Nominations Committee provided for in subsection (2)
from all of the following sectors... (iii) religion, who shall include representatives of the major religious
faiths in Malawi.
Article 28: The Parties concur in the expression of suffrage. They form and exercise freely their activities
within the conditions determined by the law. They respect the principles of national sovereignty,
democracy, territorial integrity, national unity and the secularity of the State.
First Schedule, 3: ...(3) For the purposes of this Schedule, each candidate at an election shall be regarded
as belonging to the community to which he declared he belonged at his nomination as such, or if the
Supreme Court has held in proceedings questioning the correctness of his declaration that he belongs to
another community, to that other community, but the community to which any candidate belongs for
those purposes shall not be stated upon any ballot paper prepared for those purposes.
(4) For the purposes of this Schedule, the population of Mauritius shall be regarded as including a Hindu
community, a Muslim community and a Sino-Mauritian community; and every person who does not
appear, from his way of life, to belong to one or other of those 3 communities shall be regarded as
belonging to the General Population, which shall itself be regarded as a fourth community....
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the State and the churches guides the norms contained
in the present article. All churches and other religious groups are subject to the law. It shall be the
exclusive responsibility of the Congress of the Union to legislate in matters regarding public cults,
churches, and religious groups. The respective regulatory law, which shall be of public order, shall develop
and implement the following provisions: (a) Churches and religious groups shall have juridical personality
as religious associations, once they secure the appropriate registration. The law shall regulate these
associations, and shall determine the conditions and requirements for such registration.
(b) The authorities shall never intervene in the internal life and management of religious associations. (c)
Mexicans may become ministers of any cult. In so doing, Mexicans as well as foreigners must satisfy the
requirements specified by law. (d) In accordance with the terms of the regulatory law, ministers of cults
may not hold public offices. As citizens, they have the right to vote, but not to be elected. Those who
have left the ministry in advance and in the manner established by the law may be elected. (e) Ministers
may not associate among themselves for political purposes or preach in favor of or against any political
candidate, party, or association. Neither may they oppose the laws of the country or its institutions, nor
insult patriotic symbols in any form in public meetings, religious acts of the cult or religious propaganda,
or religious publications. The formation of any class of political groups with a title containing any word or
other indication of relation with any religious denomination is strictly prohibited. No meeting of a
political character may be held in temples. The simple promise to tell the truth and to carry out any
obligations which are contracted subjects the person who is making such promises in case he/she does
not honor them to the penalties provided for this purpose by the law. Ministers of cults, their ancestors,
descendants, siblings and spouses as well as the religious associations to which they belong shall be
incapable of inheriting by testament from those persons that they have guided or helped spiritually and
who are not within the fourth degree of kinship in relation to them. All acts related to the civil status of
persons shall fall within the exclusive competence of the administrative authorities as established by law
and shall have the force and validity that these laws attribute to them. The federal authorities and those
of the States and municipalities shall have, in matters related to civil status, the powers and
responsibilities determined by the law.
Article 9(2): State institutions shall not engage in religious activities and the Church shall not pursue
political activities
Article 76: Political parties shall be prohibited from using names containing expressions that are directly
related to any religious denominations or churches, and from using emblems that may be confused with
national or religious symbols. Article 251: Access to public office shall not be obstructed on grounds of
colour, race, sex, religion, ethnic or social origin, or party-political preference, and shall adhere strictly to
the criteria
of the merit and ability of applicants.
Article 392: The following persons shall have no right to vote: (a) members of religious orders… Article
407: . A political party shall lose the right to exist for the following reasons… (c) if it directly or indirectly
receives and uses financial, material and other assistance from a foreign government, a religious
association, or other association or person from a foreign country; (d) if it abuses religion for political
purpose. Article 121: The following persons shall not be entitled to be elected as the Pyithu Hluttaw
representatives... (g) persons who directly or indirectly enjoy the support in terms of money, land,
housing, building, vehicle, property and so forth from a government, or a religious or other organization
of a foreign country, or are members of an organization which enjoys such support; (h) persons who abet,
encourage or incite to the use of religious propaganda for political purposes with regard to the voting, or
are members of organizations engaging in this type of conduct; (i) members of a religious order...
Article 142(4): The Election Commission shall not register any political party if any Nepali citizen is
discriminated against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of religion, caste, tribe,
language or gender or if the name, objectives, symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that
may disturb the country’s religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if the constitution or
rules of such party have the objective of protecting and promoting a partyless or single party system of
government. Article 90: Except for the revenues of religious endowments, all revenues received by the
Government of Nepal, all loans raised on the security of revenues, and all the money received in
repayment of any loan made under the authority of any Act and any amount received by the
Government of Nepal shall be credited to a Government Fund to be known as the Consolidated Fund.
Provided that, the money of religious endowments, other than private religious endowments, shall be
regulated by laws to be enacted
Article 147(4e): The following persons can’t run for President: The ministers of any religious faith unless
they have renounced its practice at least two months prior to the election.
Article 8: No religion, no belief shall assume the political power nor interfere in the affairs of the State…..
Article 9:In the framework of the freedom of association recognized and guaranteed by this Constitution,
political parties, groups of political parties, unions and other associations shall develop and operate freely
subject to the principles of national sovereignty, the democracy and the laws of the Republic. The Parties
and groups of political parties participate in the voting process. The same prerogatives shall be
recognized for all citizens of Niger with full benefit of civil and political rights if he fulfills the conditions
of eligibility provided by the law. Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or religious character shall be
prohibited. No party shall be created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic group or a region or a
religion,susceptible to prosecution.Article 133: The National Commission of Human Rights and
Fundamental Liberties is an independent administrative authority. Article 134: The National Commission
of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties seeks to promote and ensure the efficacy of the rights and
liberties enshrined in this Constitution, where appropriate, conforming with the international agreements
adopted by Niger. Article 135: An organic law determines the composition, organization, responsibilities,
and the operating procedures of the National Commission of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties.
Article 222: No association by whatever name called shall function as a political party, unless… (b) the
membership of the association is open to every citizen of Nigeria irrespective of his place of origin,
circumstance of birth, sex, religion or ethnic grouping... (e) the name of the association, its symbol or logo
does not contain any ethnic or religious connotation or give the appearance that the activities of the
association are confined to a part only of the geographical area of Nigeria; and
Section 12: The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote.
This Council shall consist of a Prime Minister and at least seven other Members. More than half the
number of the Members of the Council of State shall profess the official religion of the State.... Section
27: Article 27: ...A Member of the Council of State who does not profess the official religion of the State
shall not take part in proceedings on matters which concern the State Church.
Article 45: Ministers of religious faiths and members of religious orders, aside from the performance of
duties inherent to their missions, may hold public posts only when such are positions related to social
welfare, public education, or scientific research. Article 139: It is unlawful to form political parties based
on sex, race, or religion, or that have as their purpose the destruction of the democratic form of
government.
Article 197: The following cannot be candidates for deputies or senators… (5) Ministers or clergymen of
any religion Article 235: The following are ineligible to run as candidates for president or vice president of
the Republic:.... (5) Ministers or clergymen of any religion
Article 3, Section 5: No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Article 6,
Section 5(2): The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of
representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of
this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by
law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities,
women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
Article 191: The following may make application to the Constitutional Tribunal regarding
matters specified in Article 188 [constitutional tribunal matters]… churches and religious organizations;
Article 51(3): Without prejudice to the philosophy or ideology that underlies their manifestoes, political
parties shall not employ names that contain expressions which are directly related to any religion or
church, or emblems that can be confused with national or
religious symbols.
Article 73: (3) The following matters are regulated by organic law… (s) the general rules dealing with
religious cults…
Article 54: Political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan,
region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination.
Article 28: (1) A person shall not be qualified to be elected or appointed as a member if he... (b) is a
minister of religion... (6) In this section... “minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any
other person the principal functions of whose occupation include teaching or preaching in any
congregation for religious worship.
Article 24(2): Of the eleven Senators.... (c) two shall be appointed by the Governor-General, acting in his
own deliberate judgment after he has consulted those religious, economic or social bodies or associations
from which he considers that such Senators should be selected Article 26(1): .(1) No person shall be
qualified to be appointed as a Senator if, at the date of his appointment, he... (b) is a minister of religion
(except in the case of an appointment under section 24(2)(c) of this Constitution( 5) In subsection (1) of
this section... “minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any other person the functions
of whose principal occupation include teaching or preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 26(1): .(1) No person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Senator if, at the date of his
appointment, he... (b) is a minister of religion (except in the case of an appointment under section 24(2)
(c) of this Constitution( 5) In subsection (1) of this section... “minister of religion” means any person in
holy orders and any other person the functions of whose principal occupation include teaching or
preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 4: Political parties and coalitions of political parties shall contribute to the exercise of suffrage.
They must respect the Constitution as well as the principles of national sovereignty and of democracy.
They shall be prohibited to identify themselves with a race, an ethnicity, a gender, a religion, a sect, a
language, or a region.
Article 5: ...Activities of political parties aiming at forced overthrow of constitutional system, violation of
guaranteed human or minority rights, inciting racial, national or religious hatred, shall be prohibited…..
Article 35:(5) No association, by whatever name called, shall be registered or be allowed to operate or to
function as a political party if the Political Parties Registration Commission is satisfied that— (a)
membership or leadership of the party is restricted to members of any particular tribal or ethnic group or
religious faith; or (b) the name, symbol, colour or motto of the party has exclusive or particular
significance or connotation to members of any particular tribal or ethnic group or religious faith; or (c)
the party is formed for the sole purpose of securing or advancing the interests and welfare of a particular
tribal or ethnic group, community, geographical area or religious faith; or (d) the party does not have a
registered office in each of the Provincial Headquarter towns and the Western Area.... For the purposes
of this section the expression— “association” includes any body of persons, corporate or incorporate,
who agree to act together for any common purpose, or an association formed for any ethnic, social,
cultural, occupational or religious purpose; and “political party” means any association registered as a
political party as prescribed by subsection (5).
Article 21(2): The President may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions:… (h)
the exercise of his functions under section 12 of the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A)…
Article 22(1): Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the President, acting in his
discretion, may refuse to make an appointment to any of the following offices or to revoke any such
appointment if he does not concur with the advice or recommendation of the authority on whose advice
or recommendation he is, by virtue of that other provision of this Constitution or any other written law,
to act... (d) the chairman and members of the Presidential Council for Religious Harmony constituted
under the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A); Article 221: The President, acting in his
discretion, may cancel, vary, confirm or refuse to confirm a restraining order made under the
Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A) where the advice of the Cabinet is contrary to the
recommendation of the Presidential Council for Religious Harmony.
Article 181: (1) The following state institutions strengthen constitutional democracy in the Republic… (c)
The Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic
Communities. Article 185: 1) The primary objects of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of
the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities are— (a) to promote respect for the rights of
cultural, religious and linguistic communities; (b) to promote and develop peace, friendship, humanity,
tolerance and national unity among cultural, religious and linguistic communities, on the basis of equality,
non-discrimination and free association; and (c) to recommend the establishment or recognition, in
accordance with national legislation, of a cultural or other council or councils for a community or
communities in South Africa. (2) The Commission has the power, as regulated by national legislation,
necessary to achieve its primary objects, including the power to monitor, investigate, research, educate,
lobby, advise and report on issues concerning the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities.
(3) The Commission may report any matter which falls within its powers and functions to the South
African Human Rights Commission for investigation. (4) The Commission has the additional powers and
functions prescribed by national legislation. Article 186: (1) The number of members of the Commission
for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities and their
appointment and terms of office must be prescribed by national legislation. (2) The composition of the
Commission must— (a) be broadly representative of the main cultural, religious and linguistic
communities in South Africa; and (b) broadly reflect the gender composition of South Africa.
Article 40: (3) No association shall function as a political party at the national level unless it has:— (a) its
membership open to all Sudanese irrespective of religion, ethnic origin or place of birth, Article 5:(2)
Nationally enacted legislation applicable to Southern Sudan or states of Southern Sudan shall have as its
sources of legislation popular consensus, the values and the customs of the people of the Sudan,
including their traditions and religious beliefs, having regard to Sudan’s diversity. (3) Where national
legislation is currently in operation or is to be enacted and its source is religion or custom, then a state,
and subject to Article 26: (a) herein in the case of Southern Sudan, the majority of whose residents do
not practice such religion or customs may a) either introduce legislation so as to allow practices or
establish institutions, in that state consistent with their religion or customs, or (b) refer the law to the
Council of States to be approved by a two-thirds majority of all the representatives or initiate national
legislation which will provide for such necessary alternative institutions as may be appropriate. Article
165(1): There shall be established a Southern Sudan Council of Ministers to be appointed by the
President of Government of Southern Sudan, in consultation with the Vice President and approved by
Southern Sudan Assembly. The Government of Southern Sudan shall be established with due regard to
the need for inclusiveness in recognition of ethnic, religious diversity and gender. SCHEDULE C: The
exclusive executive and legislative powers of a state of the Sudan shall be as follows… (10) Regulation of
religious matters;
Instrument of Government Chapter 8, Article 6: Provisions concerning religious communities are laid
down in law. Provisions concerning the bases of the Church of Sweden as a religious community shall also
be laid down in an act of law. The enactment, amendment or abrogation of such a law is governed by the
provisions of Article 16 concerning enactment of the Riksdag Act. Instrument of Government Chapter 11,
Article 6: The Chancellor of Justice, the Prosecutor General, the central administrative boards and the
county administrative boards come under the Government. Other State administrative authorities come
under the Government, unless they are authorities under the Riksdag according to the present
Instrument of Government or by virtue of other law. Administrative functions may be entrusted to a local
authority. Administrative functions may be delegated to a limited company, association, collective,
foundation, registered religious community or any part of its organisation, or to a private person. If such a
function involves the exercise of public authority, delegation shall be made by virtue of law.
Article 8: In Tajikistan, public life evolves on the basis of political and ideological pluralism. No single
ideology of a party, social association, religious organization, movement, or group may be recognized as
the State [ideology]….
Article 20: Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticles (1) and (4), it shall not be lawful for any political
party to be registered which according to its constitution or policy - (a) aims at promoting or furthering
the interests of -(i) any faith or religious group; Article 39(2): ...(2) Without prejudice to any person's right
and freedom of expression to hold his own views, to profess a religious faith of his choice, to associate
with others and to participate with others in community work in accordance with the laws of the land, no
person shall be qualified to be elected to hold the office of President of the United Republic unless he is a
member of, and a candidate proposed by, a political party. Article 67(1e): without prejudice to a person's
right and freedom to hold his own views, to profess a religious faith of his choice, to associate with others
and to participate in community work in accordance with the laws of the land, no person shall be
qualified to be elected to the office of President of the United Republic if he is not a member of, and a
candidate proposed by, a political party
Section 100: A person under any of the following prohibitions on the election day is disfranchised: (1)
being a Buddhist priest, novice, monk or clergy;
Article 37: The Tibetan Assembly shall consist of…(b) 2 members elected from each religious
denomination: Nyingma, Kagyud, Sakya, Geluk and Yungdrung Bon Article 42(1): When the Tibetan
Assembly is not in session, there shall be a Standing Committee of the Tibetan Assembly which shall
consist of 2 members from each region, 1 member from each of the religious denominations, and 1
member from among those directly nominated by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, either elected or selected.
This Standing Committee shall be redesignated each year.
Article 7: Political parties and the merging of political parties must respect the Constitution. They may
not identify themselves with a region, an ethnicity, or a religion.
Article 28: Every Tongan who has arrived at the age of 21 years and can read and write and is not
disabled by the twenty third clause of this Constitution shall be liable to serve on juries and the names of
all those who are liable to serve shall be published once every year and anyone who neglects to serve
shall be punished as shall be enacted by the Legislature. Ministers of the Crown and the Governors,
Members of the Legislative Assembly, Judges and Magistrates, heads of Government Departments or
Ministries, law practitioners, members of the police force and of the armed forces of Tonga, officers of
the Supreme Court. of the Magistrates Courts or of any prison, ministers of religion, persons of unsound
mind or persons incapable of serving by reason of blindness, deafness or any other permanent physical
infirmity shall be exempt from serving on juries. (Substituted by Act 23 of 1990.)
Article 8: ...Political parties cannot be based, in their principles, objectives, activity or programs, on a
religion, language, race, sex, or region.
Preamble: ...as required by the principle of secularism, there shall be no interference whatsoever by
sacred religious feelings in state affairs and politics.. Article 24: No one shall be allowed to exploit or
abuse religion or religious feelings, or things held sacred by religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the
purpose of personal or political influence, or for even partially basing the fundamental, social, economic,
political, and legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 68: ...The statutes and programmes, as
well as the activities of political parties shall not be in conflict with the independence of the state, its
indivisible integrity with its territory and nation, human rights, the principles of equality and rule of law,
sovereignty of the nation, the principles of the democratic and secular republic; they shall not aim to
protect or establish class or group dictatorship or dictatorship of any kind, nor shall they incite citizens to
crime. Article 136:The Department of Religious Affairs, which is within the general administration, shall
exercise its duties prescribed in its particular law, in accordance with the principles of secularism,
removed from all political views and ideas, and aiming at national solidarity and integrity. Provisional
Article 1: ...The functions of the Presidential Council shall be as follows… (b) on the request of the
President of the Republic and within the period specified by him: to consider and give an opinion on
matters relating to the holding of new general elections, the exercise of emergency powers and the
measures to be taken during a state of emergency, the management and supervision of the Turkish Radio
and Television Corporation, the training of the youth and the conduct of religious affairs;
Article 30: Citizens have the right to create political parties and other public associations that function
within the framework of the Constitution and laws. Prohibited is the creation and activity of political
parties or other public associations aimed at violent alteration of the constitutional structure, permitting
violence in their activities, acting against the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, propagating
war, racial, national, social, or religious enmity, [or] encroaching on the health or morals of the people, as
well as creation of militarized associations and political parties based on national or religious traits.
Article 71(1): A political party in the multi-party political system shall conform to the following
principles… (b) membership of a political party shall not be based on sex, ethnicity, religion, or other
sectional division;
Article 37: The establishment and activity of political parties and public associations are prohibited if
their program goals or actions are aimed at the liquidation of the independence of Ukraine, the change
of the constitutional order by violent means, the violation of the sovereignty and territorial indivisibility
of the State, the undermining of its security, the unlawful seizure of state power, the propaganda of war
and of violence, the incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or religious enmity, and the encroachments on
human rights and freedoms and the health of the population
Article 57: The formation and functioning of political parties and public associations
aiming to do the following shall be prohibited: changing the existing constitutional
system by force; coming out against the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of
the Republic, as well as the constitutional rights and freedoms of its citizens; advocating
war and social, national, racial and religious hostility, and encroaching on the health and
morality of the people, as well as of any armed associations and political parties based on
the national or religious principles. All secret societies and associations shall be banned.
Article 84: The National Assembly has the following duties and powers… (5) To decide on the State’s
policies on nationalities and on religions Article 112: The Government has the following powers and
duties… (9) To implement social policies, nationalities policies, policies on religion; Article 9: The
Vietnam Fatherland Front is a political alliance and a voluntary union of political organizations, socio-
political organizations, social organizations and individuals representing their social classes and strata,
nationalities, religions, and overseas Vietnamese. Article 54: The citizen, regardless of nationality, sex,
social background, religious belief, cultural standard, occupation, time of residence, shall, upon reaching
the age of eighteen, have the right to vote, and, upon reaching the age of twenty-one, have the right to
stand for election to the National Assembly and the People’s Councils in accordance with the provisions
of the law.
Article 64(2): A candidate for the House of Representatives must meet the following conditions... (d) must
be of good character and conduct, fulfill his religious duties and have no court convictions against him for
committing crimes that contradict the rules of honour and honesty, unless he was pardoned/ reprieved.
Article 107:Every Yemeni who meets the following specified conditions may become a candidate for the
post of the President of the Republic... (d) To be of good character, practices his Islamic duties and have
no dishonorable criminal record and if so, he has been reprieved.
Religion and Education
Article 45: The state shall devise and implement a unified educational curricula based
on the tenets of the sacred religion of Islam, national culture as well as academic
principles, and develop religious subjects curricula for schools on the basis of existing
Islamic sects in Afghanistan.
Article 65: Statute shall uphold the rights of parents with regard to the education and
protection of their children as well as the duty of the children to aid and assist their
parents.
Article 20: (2) Freedom of teaching and of establishing teaching centres shall be
recognised. (3) Parents have the right to decide the type of education for their
children. They also have the right to moral or religious instruction for their children in
accordance with their own convictions.
Article 11(2): Except with his own consent (or, if he is under the age, of eighteen years,
the consent of his parent or guardian) no person attending any place of education shall
be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a
religion other than his own.
Article 14(6): ...Public schools are generally accessible to all without distinction of
birth, sex, race, estate, class, language and religious confession [and] otherwise within
the framework of legal preconditions. The same applies correspondingly (sinngemäss)
to Kindergarten, centers and pupils’ homes. Article 14(10): In matters relating to school
authorities of the Federation, the Länder and the political districts, compulsory
schooling, school organization, private schools and the relationship between schools
and the churches (religious associations) including religious instruction in the school
insofar as it does not concern matters of the universities and academies of art, the
National Council can pass Federal legislation only if at least one-half of the members
are present and a majority of two-thirds have voted. The same applies to the
ratification of State treaties pertaining to those matters which fall into the type
specified in Article 50. Article 14a(3): Insofar as it does not concern matters provided
for in Paragraph 2, legislation is a Federal responsibility, execution rests with the Länder
[in matters of]... (a) religious instruction;
Article 18(III):The State education system is of secular character.
Article 22: (2) Except with his consent (or, if he is a person who has not attained the
age of eighteen years, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
education shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend
any religious ceremony or observance of that instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion other than his own. (3) (3) No religious body or denomination shall
be prevented from or hindered in providing religious instruction for persons of that
body of denomination in the course of any education provided by that body or
denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in receipt of any
government subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance designed to meet, in
whole or in part, the cost of such course of education.
Article 7(b):The law regulates care for religious and national instruction in the various
stages and forms of education, and at all stages is concerned to develop the citizen’s
personality and his pride in his Arabism.
Article 41(2): No person attending any educational institution shall be required to

receive religious instruction, or to take part in or to attend any religious ceremony or
worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his
own.
Article 19: No religious community shall be prevented from providing religious
instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided by
that community whether or not that community is in receipt of any govemment
subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance designed to meet, in whole or in
part, the cost of such course of education. (4) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
person who has not attained the age of twenty-one years, the consent of his guardian),
no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive religious
instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that
instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion which is not
lis own.
Article 24:(1) Education is free; any preventive measure is forbidden;the punishment of
offences
is regulated only by the law or federate law. The community offers free choice to
parents. The community organises non-denominational education.This implies in
particular the respect of the philosophical, ideological or religious beliefs of parents
and pupils. Schools run by the public authorities offer until the end of compulsory
education, the choice between the teaching of one of the recognised religions and
non-denominational ethics teaching.... (3)Everyone has the right to education with the
respect of fundamental rights and freedoms. Access to education is free until the end
of compulsory education.
All pupils of school age
Article 11: (1) Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community
with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or
belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (3) Every recognised religious
community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to establish and maintain places of
education and to manage any place of education which it maintains; and no such
community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that
community in the course of any education provided by that community whether or not
it is in receipt of a government subsidy or other form of financial assistance designed
to meet in whole or in part the cost of such course of education.
Article 14: Religious institutions and communities shall be able to cooperate equally in
the education of the youth. Private schools, secular or parochial, may be opened with
the authorization and control of the State. The private schools may benefit from state
subsidies under conditions determined by law.
Article 86: In schools, the freedom of conscience, faith, and the teaching of religion, as
well as the spirituality of the native and indigenous peoples (campesinos) is recognized
and respect and mutual coexistence between people of diverse religious beliefs will be
encouraged, without dogmatic imposition. There will not be discrimination based on
religion in the acceptance and retention of students in schools.
Article 11: (2) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to
establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of education
which it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from providing
religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education
provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
education which it otherwise provides. (3) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
minor, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be
required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
Article 27: Every citizen shall have the right to schooling. Public education shall be
secular. Private education shall be recognized. Statute shall determine the conditions of
its exercise.
Article 53: ...However, the right to establish private schools is guaranteed in the
conditions established by the law.
Article 68: ...The State shall help promote and develop Pali schools and Buddhist
institutes
See footnote 50 for different provisions on education and religious instruction
Article 49(2c): The State may not program education and culture to follow any
philosophical, aesthetic, political, ideological, or religious directives.
Article 35: ...Public education is secular and free….
Article 36: ...No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public
order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the
state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.
Article 68: Parents have the right to select the type of education for their minor
children. In state institutions, no individual may be obliged to receive religious
instruction.
Article 45: All persons have access to establishments of national education without
discrimination on grounds of place of origin, race, religion, sex, political or
philosophical opinions, physical, mental or sensorial condition in accordance with their
capacities. The national education establishments may, in cooperation with the
religious authorities, ensure to pupils who have not attained the age of maturity an
education in accordance with their religious convictions if their parents ask for it. The
public authorities have the duty to ensure the dissemination and the teaching of the
Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights, as well as all the duly ratified regional and international
conventions relating to human rights and to international humanitarian law.
Article 20(1): Every person has the right to receive―and every person or institution
has the right to give―instruction or education subject to such formalities, conditions
or restrictions as are in accordance with the relevant communal law and are necessary
only in the interests of the security of the Republic, the constitutional order, the public
safety, the public order, the public health, the public morals or the standard and quality
of education; or for the protection of the rights and liberties of others including the
right of the parents to secure for their children such education as is in conformity with
their religious convictions.
CFRBF, Article 16(3): The conditions under which religious instruction may be given at
state schools shall be set by law.
Article 9: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a person under the age of
eighteen years, the consent of his guardian) a person attending any place of education,
detained in any prison or corrective institution or serving in a naval, military or air force
shall not be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any
religious ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance relates
to a religion which is not his own.( 3) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its
own expense, to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place
of education which it maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from
providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any
education provided by that community whether or not it is in receipt of a government
subsidy or other form of financial assistance designed to meet in whole or in part the
cost of such course of education.
Article 28: Public education shall be universal and secular at all levels, and free until
the third level of inclusive higher education. Article 29: Mother and fathers or their
representatives will have the freedom to choose an education for their children in
accordance with their principles, beliefs and pedagogical options.
Article 19: Religious education shall be a principal subject in the courses of general
education.
Article 58: No establishment of education can refuse to admit students for reasons of
the nature of the union of their parents or guardians, nor for social, religious, racial, or
political differences.
Article 23: ...The State guarantees to every person, private entity, or religious
community, legal status, or the right to form, provided that schools submit to the
official pedagogical plan. The official instruction allows the free choice of programs of
religious formation, based on freedom of conscience and religion that protect the
constitution….
Article 27:(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of Article 90,
believers may establish institutions of religious education and administration in order
to propagate and organize their religion…. (4) Parents and legal guardians have the
right to bring up their children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions. Article 90(2): Education shall be provided in a
manner that is free from any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural
prejudices.
Article 35: (3) The right set out in subsection (2) extends to the right of religious
communities or denominations to provide religious instruction as part of any
education provided by them, whether or not they are in receipt of any financial
assistance from the State.... (5) Except with his or her consent or, in the case of a
person under the age of 18, the consent of a parent or guardian, a person attending a
place of education is not required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or
attend a religious ceremony or observance if the instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion that is not his or her own or if he or she does not hold any religious
belief. Article 39(2): Every religious community or denomination and every cultural or
social community has the right to establish and maintain places of education and to
manage them, whether or not it receives financial assistance from the State.
Article 1(16): the support to be given to children and their education constitute, for
parents, a natural right and duty which they exercise under the surveillance and with
the aid of the State and public entities. Parents have the right, in the area of scholarly
obligation, to decide upon the moral and religious education of their children. The
children have, vis-a-vis the State, the same rights concerning assistance as well as their
physical, intellectual and moral development;
Article 7: (2) Parents and guardians shall have the right to decide whether children
receive religious instruction.(3) Religious instruction shall form part of the regular
curriculum in state schools, with the exception of non-denominational schools.
Without prejudice to the state’s right of supervision, religious instruction shall be given
in accordance with the tenets of the religious community concerned. Teachers may not
be obliged against their will to give religious instruction. (4) The right to establish
private schools is guaranteed. Private schools that serve as alternatives to state schools
shall require the approval of the State and shall be subject to the laws of the Länder.
Such approval shall be given when private schools are not inferior to the state schools
in terms of their educational aims, their facilities, or the professional training of their
teaching staff, and provided that they do not encourage the segregation of pupils
according to the financial means of their parents. Approval shall be withheld if the
economic and legal position of the teaching staff is not adequately assured....
Article 25(2): Every person shall have the right, at his own expense, to establish and
maintain a private school or schools at all levels and of such categories and in
accordance with such conditions as may be provided by law.
Article 16(2): Education constitutes a basic mission for the State and shall aim at the
moral, intellectual, professional and physical training of Greeks, the development of
national and religious consciousness and at their formation as free and responsible
citizens.
eighteen years, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion other than his own. (3) Every religious community shall be entitled,
at its own expense, to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any
place of education which it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be
prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the
course of any education provided at any places of education which it wholly maintains
or in the course of any education which it otherwise provides.
Article 73: The family is the source of education and parents are entitled to choose
what is to be taught to their minor children. The State will be able to subsidize free
private educational centers and the law will regulate issues relating to this matter.
Private educational centers will operate under the inspection of the State. They are
obligated to fill, at least, official study plans and programs. As cultural centers they will
be exempted from all types of taxes and customs duties. Religious education is optional
in public schools and can be given during regular hours without any discrimination. The
State will contribute to the maintenance of religious education without any
discrimination.
Article 49(4): Public education shall not be confessional.

Article 145: (2) No religious community shall be prevented from providing religious
instruction for persons of that community. (3) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
person who has not attained the age of eighteen years, the consent of his guardian),
instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a
religion which is not his own.
Article 151: Public education shall be secular and shall be based on fundamental
principles of democracy. It shall instill and promote in all students a deep feeling of
Honduran patriotism and shall be directly connected with the economic and social
development process of the country.
Basic Law Article 137: (1) Educational institutions of all kinds may retain their
autonomy and enjoy academic freedom. They may continue to recruit staff and use
teaching materials from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Schools
run by religious organizations may continue to provide religious education, including
courses in religion.
(2) Students shall enjoy freedom of choice of educational institutions and freedom to
pursue their education outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Bill of
Rights Article 15(4): The liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to
ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own
convictions shall be respected.
Article 67(2): Parents have the right to choose the form of education given to their
children.
Article 28: (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution
wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an
educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established
under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be
imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution
recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take
part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend
any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises
attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has
given his consent thereto. Article 29(2): No citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on
grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. Article 30: (1) All
minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice. (2) The State shall not, in granting
aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the
ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or
language.
Article 31: (3) The government shall manage and organize one system of national
education, which shall increase the level of spiritual belief, devoutness and moral
character in the course of educating the people and shall be regulated by law.... (5) The
government shall advance science and technology with the highest respect for
religious values and national unity for the advancement of civilization and prosperity of
humankind.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-
including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect,
and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in
performing their religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining
to religious education...
Artice 42(1): The State acknowledges that the primary and natural
educator of the child is the Family and guarantees to respect
the inalienable right and duty of parents to provide, according
to their means, for the religious and moral, intellectual,
physical and social education of their children. Article 44(2):(iv) Legislation providing
State aid for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the management of
different religious denominations, nor be such as to affect prejudicially the right of any
child to attend a school receiving public money without attending religious instruction
at that school.....(vi) The property of any religious denomination or any educational
institution shall not be diverted save for necessary works of public utility and on
payment of compensation.
Article 33: ...Entities and private persons have the right to establish schools and
institutions of education, at no cost to the State….
Article 21: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a minor,
the consent of his parent or guardian), no person attending any place of education
shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any
to a religion or a religious body or denomination other than his own.... (4) No religious
body or denomination shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for
persons of that body or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
body or denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in receipt of any
Article 20: …The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other
religious activity.
establish and maintain places of education and to manage a place of education which
it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from providing
provided at a place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending a place of education shall be
required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a religious
provided at any places of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending any place of education shall
Article 15: The State shall devote particular attention to education and schooling. This
must be so ordered and administered that, from the co-operation of the family, the
school and the Church, the younger generation may be imbued with religious and
moral principles and patriotic sentiments and may be fitted for their future
occupations. Article 16: (1) The whole field of education and schooling shall be under
the supervision of the State, without prejudice to the inviolability of the doctrine of
the Church. (2) Education shall be compulsory for all. (3) The State shall ensure that
adequate compulsory instruction in the elementary subjects is given free of charge in
public schools. (4) Religious instruction shall be given by the Church authorities. (5) All
persons with children in their care shall ensure that they receive education of the
standard prescribed for public elementary schools.
Article 26: ...Parents and guardians shall, without restrictions, take care of the religious
and moral education of their children and wards according to their own convictions.
Article 40: State and municipal establishments of teaching and education shall be
secular. At the request of parents, they shall provide religious instruction.
Article 19(4): The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as the Islamic Religious
Community in Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church, Jewish
Community and other Religious communities and groups are free to establish schools
and other social and charitable institutions, by ways of a procedure regulated by law.
Article 13: The State shall actively promote the welfare and development of the people
of Malawi by progressively adopting and implementing policies and legislation aimed
at achieving the following goals(... (f) Education :To provide adequate resources to the
education sector and devise programmes in order to... (iv) promote national goals such
as unity and the elimination of political, religious, racial and ethnic intolerance.
Article 12: (1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there
shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only
of religion, race, descent or place of birth- (a) in the administration of any educational
institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils
or students or the payment of fees; or (b) in providing out of the funds of a public
authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any
educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether
within or outside the Federation. (2) Every religious group has the right to establish
and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and there
shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such
institutions or in the administration of any such law; but it shall be lawful for the
Federation or a State to establish or maintain or assist in establishing or maintaining
Islamic institutions or provide or assist in providing instruction in the religion of Islam
and incur such expenditure as may be necessary for the purpose. (3) No person shall
be required to receive instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of worship
of a religion other than his own. (4) For the purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a
person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.
Article 18: Every citizen has the right to education. Public education is obligatory, free
and secular. Private education is recognized and exercised within the conditions
defined by the law.
Article 40(2): No person shall be required to receive instruction in religion or to show
knowledge or proficiency in religion if, in the case of a person who has not attained the
age of sixteen years, objection to such requirement is made by the person who
according to law has authority over him and, in any other case, if the person so
required objects thereto: Provided that no such requirement shall be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of this article to the extent that the knowledge of,
or the proficiency or instruction in, religion is required for the teaching of such religion,
or for admission to the priesthood or to a religious order, or for other religious
purposes, and except so far as that requirement is shown not to be reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society. Article 2: (2) The authorities of the Roman Catholic
Apostolic Church have the duty and the right to teach which principles are right and
which are wrong. (3) Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be
provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education. Article 45(9): A
requirement, however made, that the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion shall be
taught by a person professing that religion shall not be held to be inconsistent with or
in contravention of this article.
Article 11: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a minor, the consent of his
guardian), no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion that he does not profess.
(3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from making provision
for the giving, by persons lawfully in Mauritius, of religious instruction to persons of
that community or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
community or denomination. Article 14: (1) No religious denomination and no
religious, social, ethnic or cultural association or group shall be prevented from
establishing and maintaining schools at its own expense. (2) Nothing contained in or
done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in
contravention of subsection (1) to the extent that the law in question makes provision
— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public
health; or
(b) for regulating such schools in the interests of persons receiving instruction in them,
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under its
authority is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. (3) No
person shall be prevented from sending to any such school a child of whom that
person is parent or guardian by reason only that the school is not a school established
or maintained by the Government. (4) In subsection (3), “child” includes a stepchild
and a child adopted in a manner recognised by law, and “parent” shall be construed
accordingly.
Article 3(1): As Article 24 guarantees freedom of beliefs, education shall be secular
and, as such, must be maintained entirely apart from any religious doctrine.
Article 4, Section 2: ...assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious

purposes.
Article 35(8): The State shall ascertain, under the law, the freedom of religious
education. The State education system shall be of a lay nature.
Article 113: (3) Public education shall not pertain to any religion.... (5) The State shall
not plan education and culture in accordance with any specific philosophical, aesthetic,
political, ideological or religious guidelines.
Article 368:The Union shall honor and assist outstanding citizens in education
irrespective of race, religion and sex according to their qualifications.
Article 20(4): All persons shall have the right, at their own expense, to establish and to
maintain private schools, or colleges or other institutions of tertiary education:
provided that: (a) such schools, colleges or institutions of tertiary education are
registered with a Government department in accordance with any law authorising and
regulating such registration; (b) the standards maintained by such schools, colleges or
institutions of tertiary education are not inferior to the standards maintained in
comparable schools, colleges or institutions of tertiary education funded by the State;
(c) no restrictions of whatever nature are imposed with respect to the admission of
pupils based on race, colour or creed; (d) no restrictions of whatever nature are
imposed with respect to the recruitment of staff based on race or colour.
Article 11: ..(3)Except with his consent or, if he is under the age of twenty years, the
consent of his parent or guardian, no person attending a place of education is required
to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or
observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than
his own religion or belief.(4) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any
law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of the provisions of this
Article to the extent that that law makes provision which is reasonably required... (c)
for regulating the secular education provided in any place of education in the interests
of the persons receiving instruction in that place.
Article 23: (3) Education provided by public authorities shall be regulated by Act of
Parliament, paying due respect to everyone's religion or belief..... (5)The standards
required of schools financed either in part or in full from public funds shall be
regulated by Act of Parliament, with due regard, in the case of private schools, tothe
freedom of provide education according to religious or other belief.
Human Rights Act, Article 28: (1) Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act shall prevent
different treatment based on sex where the position is for the purposes of an
organised religion and is limited to one sex so as to comply with the doctrines or rules
or established customs of the religion.(2) Nothing in section 22 o fthis Act shall prevent
different treatment based on religious or ethical beliefwhere- (a) That treatment is
accorded under section 65 of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975; or
(b) The sole or principal duties of the position (not being a position to which section 65
of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 applies)- (i) Are, or are
substantially the same as, those of a clergyman, priest, pastor, official, or teacher
among adherents of that belief or otherwise involve the propagation ofthat belief; or
(ii) Are those of a teacher in a private school... Human Rights Act, Article 58(1): An
educational establishment maintained wholly or principally for students of one sex,
race, or religious belief, or for students with a particular disability, or for students in a
particular age group, or the authority responsible for the control of any such
establishment, does not commit a breach of section 57 ofthis Act by refusing to admit
students of a different sex, race, or religious belief, or students not having that
disability or not being in that age group.
Article 124: Education in Nicaragua is secular. The State recognizes the right of private
education centers with a religious orientation to teach religion as an extracurricular
subject
Article 38: (2) No person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
such instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own, or a
religion not approved by his parent or guardian. (3) No religious community or
denomination shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for pupils of that
community or denomination in any place of education maintained wholly by that
community or denomination.
Article 22: (1) No person attending any educational institution shall be required to
receive religious instruction, or take part in any religious ceremony, or attend religious
worship, if such instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his
own. (2) In respect of any religious institution, there shall be no discrimination against
any community in the granting of exemption or concession in relation to taxation. (3)
Subject to law,— (a) no religious community or denomination shall be prevented from
providing religious instruction for pupils of that community or denomination in any
educational institution maintained wholly by that community or denomination; and (b)
no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution receiving aid from
public revenues on the ground only of race, religion, caste or place of birth. (4) Nothing
in this Article shall prevent any public authority from making provision for the
advancement of any socially or educationally backward class of citizens.
Article IV, Section 1: The government shall not recognize or establish a national
religion, but may provide assistance to private or parochial schools on a fair and
equitable basis for nonreligious purposes.
Article 94: ...Educational institutions, whether public or private, are open to all
students without distinction of race, social position, political ideology, religion, or the
nature of the relationship of the student’s parents or guardians.... Article 107: The
Catholic religion shall be taught in public schools, but, upon the requests of parents or
guardians, certain students shall not be obliged to attend religion classes, nor to
participate in religious services.
Section 45(1): Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and
religion and the practice of his religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and
propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to interfere with the freedom of
others, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a
law that complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on qualified rights).
Article 74: ...Freedom to teach, without any requirement other than having ethical
integrity and being competent for the job, as well as the right to have a religious
education and ideological pluralism are also guaranteed.
Article 14: Ethical and civic training and the teaching of the Constitution and of human
rights are mandatory in the entire civil or military educational process. Religious
education is provided in keeping with freedom of conscience….
Article 14, Section 3(3): At the option expressed in writing by the parents or
guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public
elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or
approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards
belong, without additional cost to the Government. Article 14, Section 4(2): (2)
Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission
boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all
educational institutions.
Article 53: (1) Parents shall have the right to ensure their children a moral and religious
upbringing and teaching in accordance with their convictions. The provisions of Article
48, para. 1 shall apply as appropriate.
(4) The religion of a church or other legally recognized religious organization may be
taught in schools, but other peoples' freedom of religion and conscience shall not be
infringed thereby. Article 48(1): Parents shall have the right to rear their children in
accordance with their own convictions. Such upbringing shall respect the degree of
maturity of a child as well as his freedom of conscience and belief and also his
convictions. Article 35(2): National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to
establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious
identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their
cultural identity.
Article 43: (2) The state shall not lay down educational and cultural programmes in
accordance with any philosophical, aesthetic, political, ideological or religious
directives.(3) Public education shall not be denominational. (4) The right to create
private and cooperative schools shall be guaranteed.
Article 29(6): Parents or guardians have the right to ensure, in accordance with their
own convictions, the education of minor children for whom they are responsible.
Article 48(1): The family is based on a freely consented marriage by the spouses, their
full equality, and the right and duty of the parents to raise, educate, and instruct their
children
eighteen years, the consent of a person who is his parent or guardian) a person
attending any place of education, detained in any prison or corrective institution or
serving in a defence force shall not be required to receive religious instruction or to
take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction,
ceremony or observance relates to a religion that is not his own. (3) Every religious
education and to manage any place of education that it wholly maintains and such a
community shall not be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of
that community in the course of any education that it wholly maintains or in the
course of any education that it otherwise provides.
religious ceremony or observance if that instruction ceremony or observance relates to
a religion which is not his own. (3) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its
receive religious instruction or take part in any religious ceremony or attend religious
own. (2) Every religious community or denomination shall have the right to establish
and maintain educational institutions of its own choice and to provide therein religious
instruction for pupils of that community or denomination. (3) Nothing in clause (2)
shall prevent the State from making any law requiring the inspection of educational
institutions and the maintenance therein of standards in keeping with the general
educational level in Samoa.
Article 31: (1) The right to learn and the freedom to teach are guaranteed. (2) The
State may not reserve for itself the right to plan education and culture according to any
philosophical, political, ideological or religious policies.
Article 13: The aim of education is to implant the Islamic Creed in the hearts of all
youths, to help them acquire knowledge and skills, to qualify them to become useful
members of their society, to love their homeland and take pride in its history.
Article 22: ...The religious institutions and communities shall equally be recognized as
means of education. All national institutions, public and private, have the duty to
promote literacy among their members and to participate in the national effort to
promote literacy in one of the national languages. Article 24: The freedom of
conscience, the religious and cultural freedoms and practices, and the profession of
religious teacher shall be guaranteed to all, subject to the public order.
Article 43: ...Parents and legal guardians shall have the right to ensure religious and
moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.
Article 11: (3) A person attending any place of education shall not be compelled to
impart or receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
ceremony or observance….. (7) Anything in this article shall not preclude any religious
community or denomination from providing religious instruction for persons of that
community or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
Article 24: (3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from
providing religious instruction for persons of that community or denomination in the
course of any education provided by that community or denomination. (4) No person
shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take
any oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 16:(1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 12, there shall be no
discrimination against any citizen of Singapore on the grounds only of religion, race,
descent or place of birth... (2) Every religious group has the right to establish and
maintain institutions for the education of children and provide therein instruction in its
own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any
law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law. (3) No person
shall be required to receive instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of
worship of a religion other than his own. (4) For the purposes of clause (3), the religion
of a person under the age of 18 years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.
Article 42: Private schools may be established and instruction provided there only
under conditions set by law; education may be provided at such schools in exchange
for tuition.
Article 41: ...Parents have the right to provide their children with a religious and moral
upbringing in accordance with their beliefs. The religious and moral guidance given to
children must be appropriate to their age and maturity, and be consistent with their
free conscience and religious and other beliefs or convictions.
which it wholly maintains. (3) No religious community shal be prevented from
education provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the
course of any education which it otherwise provides. (4) Except with his own consent
(or, if he is a person who bas not attained the age of eighteen years, the consent of his
guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
religious instruction or take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own..... (7)
Nothing in this section shall affect the power of Parliament to prescribe the curriculum
and related matters in ail places of education within Solomon Islands.
Article 27(3): The public authorities guarantee the right of parents to ensure that their
children receive religious and moral instruction in accordance with their own
convictions.
Article 44(1): Education is a right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to
education without discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity, gender or disability.
Section 23(3): A religious community is entitled to establish and maintain places of
education and to manage any place of education which that community wholly
maintains, and that community may not be prevented from providing religious
instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at
any place of education which that community wholly maintains or in the course of any
education which that community otherwise provides.
Article 80: The State shall act in compliance with the social, public health, education
and culture policies as follows… (4) promoting and supporting the delegation of
powers to the local governments, communities, religious organizations and private
sector with a view to provide and participate in educational management for the
development of educational quality standard equally and to be in line with the
fundamental State policy;
Article 17: (8) It shall endeavor to improve the residential and non-residential
government and private primary, middle and high schools, and it shall endeavor to
gradually introduce the Tibetan language as the medium of instruction in all of its
schools, with special emphasis placed on moral education rooted in the Buddhist
teachings.... (11) It shall endeavour to disseminate a non-sectarian and wholesome
tradition of Buddhist doctrines.... (15) It shall support and promote cultural, religious,
monastic and academic institutions....
Article 30: ...The State recognizes private, confessional and secular education.
Article 24: ...Education and instruction in religion and ethics shall be conducted under
state supervision and control. Instruction in religious culture and moral education shall
be compulsory in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. Other religious
education and instruction shall be subject to the individual's own desire, and in the
case of minors, to the request of their legal representatives.... Article 24: The
provisions of
international treaties are reserved.
Article 12: ...The educational system of the State is separate from religious
organizations and has a secular character….
Section 23(3): A religious community is entitled, at its own expense— (a) to establish
and maintain places of education; and (b) subject to the maintenance of any minimum
prescribed educational standards, to manage any place of education that it wholly
maintains; and
(c) subject to subsection (4), to provide religious instruction for members of the
community in the course of any education that it provides.
Article 35: ...The Church and religious organizations in Ukraine are separated from the
State, and the school—from the Church….
Article 59: ... . The father and the mother have a right [that] their children receive the
religious education which is in accordance with their convictions...
Article 54: Education is a right for all citizens. The state shall guarantee education in
accordance with the law through building various schools and cultural and educational
institutions. Basic education is obligatory. The state shall do its best to obliterate
illiteracy and give special care to expanding technical and vocational education. The
state shall give special attention to young people and protect them against perversions,
provide them with religious, mental and physical education, and the appropriate
environment to develop their aptitude in all fields.
Article 19: (2) Except with his own consent, or, if he is a minor, the consent of his
guardian, no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own.
(3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from providing
religious instruction for persons of that community or denomination in the course of
any education provided by the community or denomination or from establishing and
maintaining institutions to provide social services for such persons.
Article 19: (2) Except with his own consent or, if he is a minor, the consent of his parent
or guardian, no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own. (3)
No religious community shall be prevented from making provision for the giving by
persons lawfully in Zimbabwe of religious instruction to persons of that community in
the course of any education provided by that community, whether or not that
community is in receipt of any subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance from
the State. Article 20(3): No religious denomination and no person or group of persons
shall be prevented from establishing and maintaining schools, whether or not that
denomination, person or group is in receipt of any subsidy, grant or other form of
financial assistance from the State.
Religion and Family Religion and Social Services
Article 54: Family is the fundamental pillar of the

society, and shall be protected by the state. The
state shall adopt necessary measures to attain the
physical and spiritual health of the family,
especially of the child and mother, upbringing of
children, as well as the elimination of related
traditions contrary to the principles of the sacred
religion of Islam.
Article 13(1) The civil status of persons and forms
of marriage shall be regulated by law. The civil
effects of Canon Law marriage shall be recognised.
Article:(a) The family is the basis of society,
deriving its strength from religion, morality and
love of the homeland. The law preserves its lawful
entity, strengthens its bonds and values, under its
aegis extends protection to mothers and children,
tends the young and protects them from
exploitation and safeguards them against moral,
bodily and spiritual neglect. The State cares in
particular for the physical, moral and intellectual
development of the young. (b) The State
guarantees reconciling the duties of women
towards the family with their work in society, and
their equality with men in political, social, cultural,
and economic spheres without breaching the
provisions of Islamic canon law (Shari’a).
Article 21: A civil wedding should always precede
the blessing of the marriage, apart from the
exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
Article 5(7): ...providing religious
assistance at civilian and military
establishments for collective
confinement is assured, as provided
by law;
Article 46(1): Matrimony shall be a free union
between a man and a woman. Only a civil
marriage shall be legal.
Article 23...Marriage shall be based on the free

consent of a man and a woman. Any
discrimination based on race, color, religion,
ethnicity, caste, social origin or fortune shall be
prohibited with regard to marriage…..
Article 48(5): Religious presence in
Article 46(1): Everyone shall have the right to hospitals and prisons, as well as the
marry in civil or religious ceremony. armed forces, shall be guaranteed, as
provided by law.
Article 42: Religious marriages will have civil effects
within the limits established by law. The civil
effects of all marriages may be terminated by
divorce in accordance with civil law. Also having
civil effects are decrees of annulment of religious
marriages issued by the authorities of the
respective faiths within the limits established by
law.
Article 40: The law defines the rules on marriage
and the organization of the family.
Article 22(3): Nothing in this Article contained
shall, in any way, affect the rights, other than those
on marriage, of the Greek-Orthodox Church or of
any religious group to which the provisions of
paragraph 3 of Article 2 shall apply with regard to
their respective members as provided in this
Constitution.
Article 9: The family is the basis of the society
founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
Article 25: .. No religion may serve to establish the

marital status of persons.
Article 27(4): Parents and legal guardians have the Article 21: (1)All persons held in
right to bring up their children ensuring their custody and persons imprisoned
religious and moral education in conformity with upon conviction and sentencing have
their own convictions. Article 34: ....(4) In the right to treatments respecting
accordance with provisions to be specified by law, their human dignity.(2) All persons
a law giving recognition to marriage concluded shall have the opportunity to
under systems of religious or customary laws may communicate with, and to be visited
be enacted. (5) This Constitution shall not preclude by, their spouses or partners, close
the adjudication of disputes relating to personal relatives, friends, religious
and family laws in accordance with religious or councillors, medical doctors and
customary laws, with the consent of the parties to their legal counsel.
the dispute. Particulars shall be determined by law.
Article 23(2c): the detainee must be

given the opportunity to
communicate with, and to be visited
by: (i) his or her spouse, partner or
next-of-kin; and (ii) a religious
counsellor or social worker; Article
26: (1) Every person who is arrested
or detained has the right...(d) to be
by:
(i) his or her spouse, partner or next-
of-kin; and
(ii) a religious counsellor or social
worker;
Article 141 (Weimar): To the extent
that a need exists for religious
services and pastoral work in the
army, in hospitals, in prisons, or in
other public institutions, religious
societies are permitted to provide
them, but without compulsion of any
kind.
Article 19c:They [prisoners] are
entitled to communicate, when they
Article 49: The state of matrimony can be
authorized by mayors, councilors, practicing so request, with their kin, defense
notaries, and religious ministers empowered by lawyer, religious counselor, physician,
and where applicable, with the
the corresponding administrative authority. diplomatic or consular representative
of their own nationality.
Article 112: Only a civil marriage performed by
competent officials and under the conditions
established by the Law is valid.
Article 141(3): Religious
organizations may, according to their
previous practice, continue to run
seminaries and other schools,
hospitals and welfare institutions and
to provide other social services.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and
the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-Dîn and fiqh],
and this principle will remain eternally immutable.
Other Islamic schools, including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î,
Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full
respect, and their followers are free to act in
accordance with their own jurisprudence in
performing their religious rites. These schools
enjoy official status in matters pertaining to
religious education, affairs of personal status
(marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) ...
Article 29(1): The family is the foundation of

society; the State preserves its entity and its
religious, moral and patriotic values
Article 9: The family is the corner-stone of Society.
It is founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
Law shall preserve the integrity of the family,
strengthen its ties and protect under its auspices
motherhood and childhood.
Article 38: ...The State shall register marriages,
births, and deaths. The State shall also recognise
church registration of marriages….
Article 21: Civil marriage must always precede the

religious wedding.
Article 42: Every person who is
detained, including every sentenced
prisoner, shall have the right… (d) to
be given the means and opportunity
to communicate with, and to be
visited by, his or her spouse, partner,
next-of-kin, relative, religion
counsellor and a medical practitioner
of his or her choice;
Article 119(4): The law shall establish forms in
which traditional and religious marriage shall be
esteemed, and determine the registration
requirements and effects of such marriage.
Article 14(1): Men and women of full age, without
any limitation due to race, colour, ethnic origin,
nationality, religion, creed or social or economic
status shall have the right to marry and to found a
family. They shall be entitled to equal rights as to
marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
Article 15: The State shall defend
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in
accordance with their religious convictions
and the demands of responsible parenthood…
Article 53(1): Parents shall have the right to ensure
their children a moral and religious upbringing and
teaching in accordance with their convictions. The
provisions of Article 48, para. 1 shall apply as
appropriate. Article 48(1): Parents shall have the
right to rear their children in accordance with their
own
convictions. Such upbringing shall respect the
degree of maturity of a child as well
as his freedom of conscience and belief and also
his convictions.
Article 21: The family is the basis of the society. A

Qatari family is founded on religion, ethics, and
patriotism….
Article 29(6): Parents or guardians have the right
to ensure, in accordance with their own
convictions, the education of minor children for
whom they are responsible. Article 48: (1) The
family is based on a freely consented marriage by
the spouses, their full equality, and the right and
duty of the parents to raise, educate, and instruct
their children. (2) The conditions in which
marriages may be contracted, dissolved, and
annulled are established by law. A religious
marriage ceremony can be celebrated only after
the civil ceremony
Article 9: The family is the nucleus of Saudi Society.
Members of the family shall be raised in the
Islamic Creed, which demands allegiance and
obedience to God, to His Prophet and to the
rulers, respect for and obedience to the laws, and
love for and pride in the Homeland and its glorious
history.
Article 15: (3) (a) This section does not prevent
legislation recognising— Article 35(1): Everyone who is
(i) marriages concluded under any tradition, or a arrested for allegedly committing an
system of religious, personal or family law; or (ii) offence has the right… (f) to
systems of personal and family law under any communicate with, and be visited by,
tradition, or adhered to by persons professing a that person’s… (iii) chosen religious
particular religion. (b) Recognition in terms of
counsellor; and
paragraph (a) must be consistent with this section
and the other provisions of the Constitution.
Instrument of Government Chapter 11, Article 6:
The Chancellor of Justice, the Prosecutor General,
the central administrative boards and the county
administrative boards come under the
Government. Other State administrative
authorities come under the Government, unless
they are authorities under the Riksdag according
to the present Instrument of Government or by
virtue of other law. Administrative functions may
be entrusted to a local authority. Administrative
functions may be delegated to a limited company,
association, collective, foundation, registered
religious community or any part of its organisation,
or to a private person. If such a function involves
the exercise of public authority, delegation shall be
made by virtue of law. Groungs for allowing civil
effects of marriage
Article 33: ...Polygamy is prohibited.

Article 31(2a): Marriage between persons of the
same sex is prohibited.
Article 15: The family is the basis of society. It is
founded on morality, religion, ethics and
patriotism. The law shall guarantee its existence,
safeguard and protect it from corruption.
Article 26: The Family is the basis of society, its
pillars are religion, customs and
love of the homeland. The law shall maintain the
integrity of the family and
strengthen its ties.
Crimes Against Religion/Religious Hatred Conscientious Objection
Article 166 (2):A citizen who, for reasons of

conscience, refuses to serve with weapons in the
armed forces is obliged to perform alternative
service, as provided by law.
Article 9a(4):Whoever refuses to fulfill his defense
obligation on the grounds of reasons of conscience
and is exempted from it, is to render alternate
service (Ersatzdienst). Details will be determined by
laws.
Article 47(III): Propaganda inciting racial, ethnic or

religious animosity or hostility is inadmissible.
Article 5: The creation and activities of political
parties and other public associations that aim to
change the constitutional system by force, or
conduct a propaganda of war, social,
ethnic, religious and racial hatred, shall be
prohibited.
Article 143(1): The Armed Forces shall have the
power, as provided by law, to assign alternative
service in peacetime to those who, after enlistment,
allege that they are conscientious objectors,
understood as having objections based on religious
beliefs and philosophical or political convictions for
exemption from activities of an essentially military
character. Article 5(8): no one shall be deprived of
any rights because of religious beliefs or
philosophical or political convictions, unless invoked
in order to be exempted from a legal obligation
imposed upon all by one refusing to perform an
alternative service established by law;
Article 44: (1) All citizens shall be free to associate.
(2) The organization/s activity shall not be contrary
to the country's sovereignty and national integrity, or
the unity of the nation, nor shall it incite racial, Article 58(2): Obligations established by the
national, ethnic or religious enmity or an Constitution and the law shall not be defaulted
encroachment on the rights and freedoms of upon on grounds of religious or other convictions.
citizens; no organization shall establish clandestine
or paramilitary structures or shall seek to attain its
aims through violence.
Article 48(8):The right to conscientious objection
shall be guaranteed, as provided by law.
Article 54: No one may avail oneself of his religious
beliefs, nor his philosophical opinions to excuse
oneself from a duty dictated by the national
interest.
Article 10: Each has the right to express and to freely
disseminate their ideas. All propaganda having for its
object or for its effect to make one social group
prevail over another, or to encourage racial or
religious hatred is forbidden.
Article 47: Military service and the defense of the

Republic of Croatia are the duty of every citizen.
Conscientious objection is allowed to those who,
Article 39: Prohibited and punishable is any call for because of their religious or moral convictions, are
or incitement to war, or resort to violence, national, not willing to participate in the service of a military
racial or religious hatred, or any form of intolerance. character in the armed forces. Such persons are
obligated to perform the other service specified by
law.
CFRBF, Article 15(3): No one may be compelled to
perform military service if such is contrary to his
conscience or religious conviction. Detailed
provisions shall be laid down in a law.
Article 45(3): The right to be a conscientious
objector is guaranteed in accordance with the law

individuals… (12) The right to conscientious
objection, which cannot infringe on other rights, nor
cause harm to people or nature. All people have the
right to deny themselves of violence and to
participate in military service.
Section 124: ...A person who refuses to serve in the
Armed Forces for religious or moral reasons has a
Section 12: ...The incitement of national, racial, duty to perform alternative service pursuant to
religious or political hatred, violence or procedure prescribed by law. Persons in the armed
discrimination shall, by law, be prohibited and forces and alternative service have all constitutional
punishable…. rights, freedoms and duties, unless otherwise
prescribed by law due to the special interests of the
service....
Section 127: Every Finnish citizen is obligated to
participate or assist in national defence, as provided
by an Act.
Provisions on the right to exemption, on grounds of
conscience, from participation in military national
defence
are laid down by an Act.
Article 1(13): ...Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious

discrimination as well as any regionalist propaganda
capable of touching the internal or external security
of the State or the integrity of the Republic shall be
punished by law;
Article 26: 3. The formation and activity of such
public and political associations aiming at
overthrowing or forcibly changing the constitutional
structure of Georgia, infringing upon the
independence and territorial integrity of the country
or propagandising war or violence, provoking
national, local, religious or social animosity, shall be
impermissible.
Article 4(3): No one may be compelled against his
conscience to render military service involving the
use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal
law.
Article 21(2e): that is reasonably required for the
purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana against
the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which
exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood
of Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or
incites hatred against other members of the
community; except so far as that provision or, as the
case may be, the thing done under the authority of
that law is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in
terms of the spirit of this Constitution.
Article 14(3): The seizure of newspapers and other
publications before or after circulation is prohibited. Article 13(4): No person shall be exempt from
Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be discharging his obligations to the State or may
allowed exceptionally after circulation and in case of: refuse to comply with the laws by reason of his
(a) an offence against the Christian or any other religious convictions.
known religion. .
Article 4: An Act of Parliament shall punish any act of
racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, or any
regionalistic propaganda, which could gravely affect
national unity, the security of the State, the
territorial integrity of the Republic or the democratic
functioning of its institutions.
Article 70/H(2): During a state of emergency, or if
Parliament has so decided in a state of preventive
defense emergency by a majority of two-thirds of
the votes of the Members of Parliament present, all
men of legal age and of Hungarian citizenship who
reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary
may be conscripted according to the provisions of
law. Any person[40 ]
HeinOnline -- English text of the Constitution of
1949 as amended to Law No. LXIV/2009 [40] 1949
who seeks exemption from military service on
religious grounds shall be enlisted to perform civil
service.
Article 64: No one may lose any of his civil or

national rights on account of his religion, nor may
anyone refuse to perform any generally applicable
civil duty on religious grounds.
Article 5(3): Formation and functioning of public
associations pursuing the goals or actions directed
toward a violent change of the constitutional system,
violation of the integrity of the Republic,
undermining the security of the state, inciting social,
racial, national, religious, class and tribal enmity, as
well as formation of unauthorized paramilitary units
shall be prohibited.Article 20(3): Propaganda of or
agitation for the forcible change of the constitutional
system, violation of the integrity of the Republic,
undermining of state security, and advocating war,
social, racial, national, religious, class and clannish
superiority as well as the cult of cruelty and violence
shall not be allowed.
Article 39: The enjoyment of civil and political rights
shall not be dependent on religious belief nor may
the latter constitute a ground for any dereliction of
civil obligations.
Article 25: Freedom to express convictions and to
impart information shall be incompatible with Article 27: A human being’s convictions, practiced
criminal actions—incitement of national, racial, religion or belief may not serve as justification for a
religious, or social hatred, violence and crime or for failure to execute laws
discrimination, with slander and disinformation.
Article 20: ...The programmes and activities of

political parties and other associations of citizens
may not be directed at the violent destruction of the
constitutional order of the Republic, or at
encouragement or incitement to military aggression
or ethnic, racial or religious hatred or intolerance....
Article 32(3): The law shall forbid and prosecute all
actions aimed at denying and slandering of the State
and people, the instigation to sedition, war of
aggression, national, racial or religious hatred, the
incitement to discrimination, territorial separatism,
public violence, or other manifestations encroaching
upon the constitutional regime.
Article 50: ...The competent court may prevent
dissemination of information and ideas via the public
media only if so required in order to prevent
invitation to forcible destruction of the order defined
by the Constitution; preservation of territorial
integrity of Montenegro; prevention of propagating
war or incitement to violence or performance of Article 48: Everyone shall have the right to objection
criminal offences; prevention of propagating racial, of conscience. No one shall be obliged, contrary to
national and religious hatred or discrimination. own religion or conviction, to fulfill a military or
Article 55: The operation of political and other other duty involving the use of arms.
organizations directed towards forceful destruction
of the constitutional order, infringement of the
territorial integrity of Montenegro, violation of
guaranteed freedoms and rights or instigating
national, racial, religious and other hatred and
intolerance shall be prohibited....
Article 39: All acts intended to undermine national
unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions
or situations of privilege or discrimination based on
colour, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth,
religion, level of education, social position, physical Article 54(5): The right to conscientious objection
shall be guaranteed in terms of the law.
or mental
ability, the marital status of one's parents, profession
or political preference, shall be
punished in terms of the law
Article 364: The abuse of religion for political

purposes is prohibited. Moreover, any act which is
intended or is likely to promote feelings of hatred,
enmity or discord between racial or religious
communities or sects is contrary to this Constitution.
A law may be promulgated to punish such activity.
Article 9: ... Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or
religious character shall be prohibited. No party shall
be created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic
group or a region or a religion,susceptible to
prosecution.
Article 34(2c):...in the case of persons who have

conscientious objections to service in the armed
forces of the Federation, any labour required
instead of such service….
Article 85(3): Any citizen whose religious convictions
or moral principles do not allow him to perform
military service may be obliged to perform
substitute service in accordance with principles
specified by statute.

objector, as laid down by law, shall be guaranteed.
Article 42(2): The following do not constitute forced
labor: (a) activities in the military service or
Article 29(4); All forms, means, acts, or actions of activities which, in accordance with the law, are
religious enmity are prohibited in the relationship carried out in lieu thereof due to religious or
between the cults. conscience-related reasons;
Article 29(2): Propaganda or agitation, which arouses

social, racial, national or religious hatred and hostility
shall be prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial,
national, religious or linguistic supremacy shall also Article 59(3): In the event that their convictions or
be prohibited. Article 13(5): The establishment and religious beliefs run counter to military service and
activities of public associations whose goals and
activities are aimed at the forcible changing of the in other cases established by federal law, citizens of
the Russian Federation shall have the right to
basis of the constitutional order and at violating the
integrity of the Russian Federation, at undermining replace it with alternative civilian service.
its security, at creating armed units, and at
instigating social, racial, national and religious strife
Article 33: ...Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or
discrimination or any other form of division is
punishable by law
Article 5: Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious
discrimination, as well as any regionalist propaganda
which could affect the internal security of the State
or the territorial integrity of the Republic shall be
Article 5: ...Activities of political parties aiming at
forced overthrow of constitutional system, violation
of guaranteed human or minority rights, inciting
racial, national or religious hatred, shall be
prohibited…. Article 44: ...Constitutional Court may Article 45: No person shall be obliged to perform
ban a religious community only if its activities military or any other service involving the use of
infringe the right to life, right to mental and physical weapons if this opposes his religion or beliefs. Any
health, the rights of child, right to personal and person pleading conscientious objection may be
family integrity, public safety and order, or if it incites called upon to fulfill military duty without the
religious, national or racial intolerance. Article 49: obligation to carry weapons, in accordance with the
Any inciting of racial, ethnic, religious or other law.
inequality or hatred shall be prohibited and
punishable. Article 55: ...Constitutional Court may
ban only such associations the activity of which is
aimed at violent overthrow of constitutional order,
violation of guaranteed human or minority rights, or
inciting of racial, national and religious hatred.
Article 25(2): No one may be forced to perform
military service if it is against his/her conscience or
religious creed. Details shall be laid down by law.
Article 123: Participation in the national defence is
compulsory for citizens within the limits and in the
Article 63: Any incitement to national, racial, manner provided by law.
religious or other discrimination, and the inflaming Citizens who for their religious, philosophical or
of national, racial, religious or other hatred and
intolerance are unconstitutional. Any incitement to humanitarian convictions are not willing to perform
military duties, must be given the opportunity to
violence and war is unconstitutional. participate in the
national defence in some other manner.
Article 16: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of
expression, which includes— (a) freedom of the
press and other media; (b) freedom to receive or
impart information or ideas; (c) freedom of artistic
creativity; and (d) academic freedom and freedom of
scientific research. (2) The right in subsection (1)
does not extend to— (a) propaganda for war; (b)
incitement of imminent violence; or
(c) advocacy of hatred that is based on race,
ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes
incitement to cause harm.
Article 23: (2) In particular every citizen shall… (b)
abhor violence, promote harmony, fraternity and
tolerance among all people of the Sudan in order to
transcend religious, regional, linguistic, and sectarian
divisions,
Article 30: ... Propaganda and agitation inciting social
and racial, national, religious and language enmity
and hostility are prohibited…. Article 8: ...Creation
and functioning of social associations and political
parties propagating racism, nationalism, social and
religious enmity, or encouraging forcible overthrow
of the constitutional system and organization of
armed groups are prohibited.]
Article 28: Citizens have the right to create political
parties and other public associations that function
within the framework of the Constitution and laws.
Prohibited is the creation and activity of political
parties or other public associations aimed at violent
alteration of the constitutional structure, permitting
violence in their activities, acting against the
constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens,
propagating war, racial, national, social, or religious
enmity, [or] encroaching on the health or morals of
the people, as well as creation of militarized
associations and political parties based on national
or religious traits.
Section 23(7): Nothing in or done under a law shall

be considered to be inconsistent with this section to
the extent that the law makes reasonable provision
—
(a) requiring a person who proves that he has a
conscientious objection to performing some
reasonable and normal traditional, communal or
civic obligation, or to performing it at a particular
time or in a particular way, to perform instead, some
reasonably equivalent service of benefit to the
community; or (b) for the exclusion of such a person
and his household from any benefit arising out of
the performance of those obligations by others until
the equivalent service has been performed.
Article 37: The establishment and activity of political
parties and public associations are prohibited if their
program goals or actions are aimed at the liquidation Article 35: ...No one shall be relieved of his or her
of the independence of Ukraine, the change of the duties before the State or refuse to perform the
constitutional order by violent means, the violation laws for reasons of religious beliefs. In the event
of the sovereignty and territorial indivisibility of the
State, the undermining of its security, the unlawful that the performance of military duty is contrary to
seizure of state power, the propaganda of war and of the religious beliefs of a citizen, the performance of
this duty shall be replaced by alternative (non-
violence, the incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or military) service.
religious enmity, and the encroachments on human
rights and freedoms and the health of the
population
Article 57: The formation and functioning of political
parties and public associations
aiming to do the following shall be prohibited:
changing the existing constitutional
system by force; coming out against the sovereignty,
territorial integrity and security of
the Republic, as well as the constitutional rights and
freedoms of its citizens; advocating war and social,
national, racial and religious hostility, and
encroaching on the health and morality of the
people, as well as of any armed associations and
political parties based on the national or religious
principles. All secret societies and associations shall
be banned.
Article 61: ….Conscientious objection cannot be

invoked to evade compliance with the law or to
impede compliance of others with it or [impede] the
exercise of their rights
Right to Asylum Religious Holidays/Sabbath
Article 12: The Republic of Belarus may grant the
right of asylum to persons persecuted in other states
for political or religious beliefs or their ethnic
affiliation.
Article 20: No one can be obliged to contribute
in any way whatsoever to the acts and
ceremonies of a religion or to observe its days
of rest.
Article 37: The extradition of stateless or foreign
persons is not allowed (a) for political or religious
reasons or for opinions.
Article 33: Subject to national security, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo grants asylum on
its territory to foreign nationals pursued or
prosecuted in particular for their opinion, their belief,
their racial, tribal, ethnic, linguistic affiliation or their
action in favor of democracy and the defense of
human and peoples’ rights, in accordance with the
laws and regulations in force.
Article 12: No Ivorian can be forced into exile. Any
person persecuted for reason of his political,
religious, [or] philosophical convictions, or of his
ethnic identity can benefit from the right of asylum
in the territory of the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire,
under the condition of conforming to the laws of the
Republic.
Article 139 (Weimar) : Sunday and holidays
recognized by the state remain protected by law
as days of rest from work and of spiritual
improvement.
Article 11: Whoever is persecuted by reason of his
political, philosophical or religious opinions, his race,
his ethnicity, his intellectual, scientific or cultural
activities, in the defense of liberty has the right of
asylum on the territory of the Republic.
Article 65(1): In accordance with the conditions
established by law, the Republic of Hungary shall, if
neither their country of origin nor another country
provides protection, extend the right of asylum to
foreign citizens who, in their native country or the
country of their usual place of residence, are subject
to persecution on the basis of race or nationality,
their alliance with a specific social group, religious or
political conviction, or whose fear of being subject to
persecution is well founded.
Article 117: The official calendar of the country
takes as its point of departure the migration of
the Prophet of Islam—God’s peace and
blessings upon him and his Family. Both the
solar and lunar Islamic calendars are
recognized, but government offices will
function according to the solar calendar. The
official weekly holiday is Friday.
Article 12(2): A law shall regulate the

decorations, official holidays, religious and
national occasions and the Hijri and Gregorian
calendar.
Article 12: No one can be forced into exile.
Any person persecuted by reason of his political or
religious convictions, his ethnic connection, may
benefit from the right of asylum in the Republic of
Mali.
Article 44: A foreign national reasonably fearing from
persecution on the grounds of his/her race,
language, religion or association with a nation or a
group or due to own political beliefs may request
asylum in Montenegro.
Article 97: The State shall, where it is reasonable to
do so, grant asylum to persons who reasonably fear
persecution on the ground of their political beliefs,
race, religion or membership of a particular social
group.
Article 37: Extradition is not to be approved if it is
determined that it is sought for the purpose of
persecuting or punishing a person for reasons of
religion, nationality, opinion, or race….
Article 2: The State's public holidays are Eid Al
Fitr (the Feast of Ramadan) and Eid Al Adhha
(The Feast of the Sacrifice). Its calendar follows
the Hijri year (the lunar year).
Article 39: ...Entry and stay of foreign nationals in the
Republic of Serbia shall be regulated by the law. A
foreign national may be expelled only under decision
of the competent body, in a procedure stipulated by
the law and if time to appeal has been provided for
him and only when there is no threat of persecution
based on his race, sex, religion, national origin,
citizenship, association with a social group, political
opinions, or when there is no threat of serious
violation of rights guaranteed by this Constitution.
Article 6: The State shall respect the following
religious rights… (h) observe days of rest,
celebrate holidays and ceremonies in
accordance with the precepts of religious
beliefs,
Article 6: The Sabbath Day shall be kept holy in
Tonga and no person shall practise his trade or
profession or conduct any commercial
undertaking on the Sabbath Day except
according to law; and any agreement made or
witnessed on that day shall be null and void and
of no legal effect
Article 8: ...Turkmenistan grants the right of asylum
to foreign citizens persecuted in their countries for
political, national, or religious convictions.
Computerized Records and Privacy of Religious Trade Unions Independent from Religion
Affiliation
Article 63: (5) Trade unions and professional
associations shall be independent of
management, of the State, of political parties,
Article 44(2): Utilization of computer records the church or religious organizations. (6) The
and individual data regarding political, law shall regulate the creation, coalition,
philosophical, or ideological convictions, federation, and disbanding of trade unions and
religious faith, party or union affiliation, and professional associations, and shall guarantee
private life shall be prohibited. independence and autonomy relative to the
State, management, political parties, and
associations, the church, and religious
organizations.
Article 38(3): The processing of personal data
on private life, political and philosophical
convictions, religious faith, party or trade union
membership and ethnical origin, without the
consent of the interested person, is prohibited.
Article 7: ...The existence of armed political,
religious, or union groups is prohibited.
Article 45(3): Trade unions are independent of
the State, of patronage, of religious
denominations, parties and other political
associations.
Article 71(1): The use of computerised means
for recording and processing individually Article 86(3): Professional associations and
identifiable trade unions shall be independent from
data in respect of political, philosophical or employers, from the State, from political parties
ideological beliefs, of religious faith, party or and from churches or religious denominations.
trade union affiliation or private lives, shall be
prohibited.
Article 35(3): Computers shall not be used to
treat data concerning philosophical or political Article 55: Trade unions shall be independent
convictions, party or trade union affiliations, of employers, the state, religious
religious beliefs, private life or ethnic origins, denominations, and parties and other political
save with the express consent of the
datasubject, with authorisation provided for by associations, and the law shall lay down such
guarantees as may be appropriate to that
law and with guarantees of non-discrimination, independence, which is fundamental to the
or for the purpose of processing unity of the working classes.
statistical data that cannot be individually
identified.
Article 35: Environmental protection is the
collective responsibility of the state and the
community at large. Each individual shall have a
religious and national duty to protect the
environment.
Other Source
Oceana English 2004
Hein English 2008
Oceana English 2008

Web English 1993:
http://andorramania.com/constit_gb.htm
Oceana English 1992
Oceana English 1981

Oceana English 1994
Oceana English 2005
Oceana English 1977

Oceana German 2009- google translated
Oceana English 2009
Oceana English 2002

Oceana English 2002
Article 25(2): The State shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and

strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic Oceana English 2004
solidarity.
Hein English 2003
Hein English 2004

Hein English 2008
Ocecana English 2002
Oceana English 1990

Oceana English 2008
Hein Spanish 2009-google translation
Oceana English 1995

Oceana English 2002
Oceana English 2008
Hein English 2006

Hein English 2007
Oceana English 2002
Hein French 2005
Hein English 2008

Hein English 2001
Oceana English 2008
Hein Portuguese 1999.2 Parts
Oceana English 2004

Hein French 2005.2 Parts
Hein Spanish 2010.2 Parts
Oceana English 2004
Oceana English 2009

Oceana English 2002
Hein French 2006
Web English 1993: Found at

http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/num_act/cotci
327/ Seems to be updated to 1993
Oceana English 2003
Oceana English 2000 + Hein French

Amendments 2004
Ocean English 2001
Hein Spanish 2003 .2 parts

Oceana English 1996
Constitution, Article 3: The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Hein Englosh 2009.2 Parts/Charter of
Freedoms forms a part of the constitutional Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms-
order of the Czech Republic. English 1998
Oceana English 1953
Oceana English 2003, Hein French 2008

Amendments
Oceana English 1984
Oceana English 2002
Hein Spanish 2008

Oceana English 2007
Hein Spanish 2009
Hein Spanish 2001
Oceana English 1997
Hein English 2007.2 Parts

Oceana English 1995
Oceana English 1998

Oceana English 2007.2 Parts
Oceana English 2008
Hein French 2003 .2 Parts

Hein English 2004

Article 140:The provisions of Articles 136, 137, 138, 139, and 141 of the
German Constitution of August 11, 1919, shall be an integral part of this Oceana English 2009
Basic Law. (Weimar Const)
Oceana English 1996
Oceana English 2002
Oceana English 1992

Oceana English 1993
Hein Portuguese 1996

Hein English 2001
Oceana English 1987
Hein Spanish 2005

Web: Basic Law- English 1990, Bill of Rights-
English 1991
http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/i
ndex.ht1991 for the Bill of Rights
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/hk05000_
.html Searchable text (1990);
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk00000_.ht
ml
Oceana English 1999

Hein English 2007.3Parts
Oceana English 2002

Oceana English 1989
Oceana English 2005

Hein English 2004
Hein- Palestine Order im Council English 1953
Hein English 2007

Hein English 2002
Oceana English 1947

Oceana English 1984
Oceana English 2007
Oceana English 2008

Oceana English 1995
Oceana English 1998
Oceana English 1987
Oceana English 1962
Hein English 2007

Oceana English 1991
Hein English 2007 Constitution, 2009

Amendments
Oceana English 2004

Oceana English 1993, Amendments 1997
Oceana English 1984
Web 1992-
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly00000_.html
Oceana English 2003

Oceana English 2006
Hein French 2009

Hein.French2 2007.2 Parts
Oceana English 1999

Hein English 2006.2 parts
Oceana English 2008
Oceana English 1992

Hein English 2007
Oceana English 1995
Oceana English 2006

Oceana English 2001 text, read amendments
to 2008 on Hein online and nothing
Oceana English 1990
Hein English 2006

Oceana English 2000
Oceana English 2007.2Parts
Oceana English 1996

Hein Engkish 2004, read the Portuguese 2007
amendments
Oceana English 2008

Oceana English 1998
Oceana English 1968

Oceana English 2007
Hein Dutch 2008

Hein Spanish 2007

French 2009.2 Parts
Oceana English 1999

Oceana English 1996

Oceana English 2004
Oceana English 1992

Oceana English 2004
Oceana English 2002

Oceana English 1992

Hein English 2005
Hein.English 2004.2 Parts

Oceana English 2003

Oceana English 1983

Oceana English 1987
Oceana English 1979

Oceana English 2005
Hein English 1974, Need to check

amendments
Hein Portuguese 2003

Article 14: All natural resources that God has deposited… Hein English 1992.2 Parts
Oceana English 2008

Oceana English 2006
Ocean English 1996, Checked Hein

Amendments to 2000- not applicable
Oceana English 1991, checked Hein
Amendments to 2001- not applic.
Oceana English 2008
Oceana English 2006

Hein English 2006
Oceana English 2001, Amendments to 2009
Oceana English 1979

Oceana English 2007
Oceana English 1991

Article 15: (2) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right
declared and recognized by Article 14(1)(a) shall be subject to such
restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and
religious harmony or in relation to parliamentary privilege, contempt of
court, defamation or incitement to an offense. (3) The exercise and
operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article Oceana English 2001
14(1)(b) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by
law in the interests of racial and religious harmony. (4) The exercise and
operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article
14(1)(c) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law
in the interests of racial and religious harmony or national economy.
English 2005
Oceana English 2005
Hein English 2003
Oceana English 2000
Oceana English 2005
Oceana English 2003

Hein English 2005
Oceana English 2007

Updated to 1991
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/t100000_
.html
Hein French to 2007

Article 1: Since it appears to be the will of God that man should be free
as He has made all men of one blood therefore shall the people of Oceana English 2003
Tonga and all who sojourn or may sojourn in this Kingdom be free for
ever.
Oceana English 2000, Amendments to 2007

Hein French to 2007

Oceana English 1986, checked Hein
amendments to 2007
Oceana English 2005
Oceana4 English 2004

Hein English 1974, read amendments to 2004
Updated to 1992
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/uk00000_
.html#P002_
Oceana English 1992

Engllish 1983
Oceana English 2001

Hein English 2001
Oceana English 1996

Hein Online Oceana
English 2004 English 2004
English 2008, Albanian 2008 English 1998
French 2008 2008 English

Catalan 1993, English 1993 None
English 1992, Portuguese 1992 English 1992


German 2009, English 2003 English 2004
Azerbaijani 2009, Russian 2009, English 2002 English 2009


Belarusian 2004, English 2004, Russian 2004 English 1996

Dutch 2008, English 2008, French 2008, English 2005
German 2008

Spanish 2009 English 2002
Bosnian 1995, English 1995, Croation 1995, English 1995

Serbian 1995
Portuguese 2009, English 2008 English 2008
English/Malay 2006 English 1984

English 2007, Bulgarian 2007 English 2003
French 1991 English 2002
Khmer/English/French 2008 English 1999

English 2001, French 2001 English 1996
Portuguese 1999 English 1992

English 2004, Chinese 2004 English 2004
None English 2009

None None
French 2004 Amendments English 2000
Croation 2001, English 2001 English 2001

English 2009, Czech 2009; Charter of English 2002; Charter of

Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms- Fundamental Rights and Basic
English 1998; Czech 1998 Freedoms- English 1998
English 1953, Danish 1953 English 1953
French 2008 Amendments English 2002

None English 2002

English 2007, Estonian 2007 English 2005

English 1995, Amharic 1995 English 1995

English 2007, Finnish 2007 English 2000
English 2008, French 2009, Russian 2009, Arabic

2009, German 2009, Italian 2008, Romanian English 2008
2008, German 2008


German 2009, English 2008 English 2009
English 1996 Amendments English 1996
English 2001, Greece 2001 English 2002



None None
English 2009, Hungarian 2009 English 2007
English 1999, Icelandic 1999 English 1999

English 2002, Indonesian 2002 English 2002

English 1989, Persian 1989 English 1989
English 2005, Arabic 2005 English 2005

English 2004, Irish 2004 English 2002
Palestine Order im Council English 1953 Collection of Documents
English 2007, Italian 2007 English 2001

English 1946, Japanese 1946 English 1947

English 1998, Kazakh 2007, Russian 2007 English 2007

English 1987, Korean 1987 English 1987
English 2007, Kyrgz 2007, Russian 2007 English 1998

English 2009 Amendments, 2007 Constitution English 2005

English 1997 Amendments English 1997 Amendments
Just links to the web version None
English 2003, German 2003 English 2003

English 2006, Lithuanian 2006 English 2006
English 2009, Macedonian 2009 English 2005

French 2007, Malagasy 2007 English 1998

English 2006, Malay 2006 English Amendment 1996
English 2008, Dhivehi 2008 English 2008

English 2007, Maltese 2007 English 2001
French 2006 English 2006- does not work but I

have a copy
English Amendments 2008 English 2003 Amendments
English 1948, Spanish 2009 English 2007
English 2006, Moldovan 2006 English 2003

French 2002 Not available
English 2000, Mongolian 2000 English 2000
English 2007, Montenegrin 2007 English 1992
English 1996, Arabic 1996, French 1996 English 1996

English 2004, Portuguese Amendments 2007 English 1990
English 2008, Burmese 2008 English 2008


English/Nepali 2007 English 2007
English 2002, Dutch 2008 English 2002

Bill of Rights Act English 2007 BofRA English 2001


English 2007, Norwegian 2007 English 2004

English 2004, Urdu 2004 English 2004
English Amendments 1992, Palauan English 1992

Amendments 1992


English 2006, Polish 2006 English 1997
English 2005, Portuguese 2005 English 2004

English 2003, Romanian 2003 English 2003
English 2008, Russian 2008 English 1993

English 2008, French 2008, Kiyarwanda 2008 English 2003
None English 1983


English 2005, Samoan 2005 English 2005
English 1974, Italian 1974, Amendments to None

2005 Italian


English 2006, Serbian 2006, Cyrillic 2006, Latin English 2006
2006
English Amendments 2000 English 1996

English Amendments 2008 English Amendments 2001
English 2006, Slovak 2006 English 2006

English 2006, Slovenian 2006 English 2003
None English 1979


English 2001, Sinhala 2001 English 2001

Dutch 1992 English 1987
None English 2005

English 2003, Swedish 2003 English 2002
English 2009, Italian 2009, French 2009, English Amendments 2000

German 2009
French 1996, Arabic 2000 English 2000
English 2005, Chinese 2005 English 2005
English 2003, Russian 2003, Tajik 2003 English 2003

English 2007, Thai 2007 English 2007

Non None
French Amendments 2007 English 2002

English Amendments 2003, Tongan English 2003
Amendments 2003

Arabic Amendments 2008, French Amendments English 2005
2008
English 2008, Turkish 2008 English 2002

Russian 2008 English 2003

English 2004, Ukrainian 2004 English 2004

English Amendments 2004 English Amendments 1992
Human Rights Act English 2006 Human Rights Act English 1998

English 2003, Russian 2007, Uzbek 2007 English 1992
English 1983 None
Vietnamese 2001 English 2001


Notes Search terms
Relig, belief, conscience, thought,

opinion, worship, church,
confession, freedom of expression,
freedom of association, freedom of
assembly, secular, laic, education,
cult , marriage, morals, creed,
God, faith, holy, discrimination,
universal, public health,
intternational law
Islam/Cannon /Catholic
Religion, belief, conscience,

thought, opinion, worship, church,
confession , freedom of expression,
cult
Religion, belief, conscience,

thought, opinion, worship, church,
cult , Islam/Cannon
I found a 2003 version on google, but it
was still Article 116
The English version read the same as the freedom of association, freedom of
most recent German version for all the assembly, secular, laic, education,
provisions I have listed cult , marriage, morals, creed,
This is our translation of it. Could use a assembly, secular, laic, education,
better translation. cult , marriage, morals, creed,
Looked at both Portuguese and English.
Seems good in both
Own translation
Used mostly English version. Did a little
translation
Used English version

Used English
Used English
Used English
French Text only amends articles 66 and
71
Own translation
Own translation
Own translation
Own translation
Used English
The German one is Dec 2009, English is freedom of association, freedom of
July 2009. May want to check the German assembly, secular, laic, education,
one cult , marriage, morals, creed,
universal, Islam/Cannon /Catholic
Seems like a really bad translation
Used English
Own translation
Used English
Many provisions that say "in accordance
with Islamic criteria" I did not include
them
After the creation of the State, the Order
in Council remained in effect but does not
prevail on the laws of the Knesset, which
takes precedence over all Mandate
legislation, as declared by the Supreme
Court when it denied to Jewish couples
the right to perform private weddings
Used the 2007 constitution and then
checked the 2009 amendments
This is a "confessional system" = is a

system of government that distributes
political and institutional power
proportionally among religious
communities.
Used the 1993. Read the amendments
through 1997
Are no references to religious freedom
Oceana doesn't work anymore but I have a
copy.
Amendments didn't change anything
relevant

universal, health, international law
Own translation
Used English
360 limits 34
Used the English version
Own translation

checked amendments cult , marriage, morals, creed,
intternational law
checked amendments
checked amendments
checked amendments- nothing relevant
amended
Used English Version
Footnote says 38; it should be 37
Own translation
Checked the amendments
Checked the amendments

Own translation
Used English version. Jordan compated to
the new Russian one and some of the
articles were different numbers
Checked Amendments
Checked Amendments
UK has no written constitution
Own translation
Used the English version. Jordan translated
it and said it was the same
Used English Version

Country Free Exercise Provision/Religious Freedom
Afghanistan Followers of other faiths shall be free within the bounds of law in the exercise and
performance of their religious rituals.
Article 24: (1) Freedom of conscience and of religion is guaranteed. (2) Everyone is free to
choose or to change his religion or beliefs, as well as to express them individually or
Albania collectively, in public or private life, through cult, education, practices or the performance
of rituals.(3) No one may be compelled or prohibited to take part in a religious
community or its practices or to make his beliefs or faith public.
Algeria Article 36: The freedom of conscience and the freedom of opinion shall be inviolable.
Article 11: (1) The Constitution guarantees the freedom of ideas, religion and cult, and no
one is bound to state or disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs. (2) Freedom to
manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed
by law and are necessary in the interests of public safety, order, health or morals, or for
the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. (3) The Constitution
Andorra guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the
preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the State in accordance with the
Andorran tradition.
The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic
Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.
Article 45: Freedom of conscience and belief shall be inviolable. The Angolan State shall
recognize freedom of worship and guarantee its exercise, provided it does not conflict
Angola with public order and the national interest Article 8(2): Religions shall be respected and
the State shall protect churches and places and objects of worship, provided they abide
by the laws of the State. .
Article 11: (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment
of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom
includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and
freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to
manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance..... (5) Reference in this section to a religion shall be construed as including
Antigua and Barbuda references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed
accordingly. Article 3: Whereas every person in Antigua and Barbuda is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, regardless of
race, place of origin, political opinions or affiliations, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely....(b) freedom of conscience, of expression (including freedom of
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following rights, in accordance with the
laws that regulate their exercise, namely: of working in and practicing any lawful industry;
of navigating and trading; of petitioning the authorities; of entering, remaining in,
traveling through and leaving the Argentine territory; of publishing their ideas through
the press without prior censorship; of using and disposing of their property; of
associating for useful purposes; of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and
Argentina learning. Article 20: Foreigners enjoy in the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of a
citizen; they may engage in their industry, trade or profession, own, purchase or transfer
real property, navigate the rivers and coasts, freely practice their religion, [and] make wills
and marry in accordance with the laws. They are not obligated to assume citizenship, or
to pay extraordinary compulsory taxes. They may obtain naturalization by residing two
continuous years in the Nation, but the authorities may shorten this term in favor of
anyone so requesting, upon their asserting and proving services to the Republic.
Article 26: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
This right includes the freedom to change religions or beliefs, and the freedom to preach
and express these beliefs through church ceremonies and other worship rituals in a public
or private manner, alone as well as with others.
Expression of this right can be restricted only by law, if it is necessary for public security,
health, morals or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others. Article 41: Everyone
Armenia shall be entitled to preserve his/her national and ethnic identity.
People belonging to national minorities shall be entitled to the preservation and
development of their traditions, religion, language and culture.
Article 8.1: Freedom of activities for all religious organizations operating in accordance
with the law shall be guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia.
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or
for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion,
Australia and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under
the Commonwealth.
Austria Article 7
Article 48: (I) Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and religion.
(II) Everyone has the right to independently define his or her attitude towards religion, to
profess religion alone or together with others, or to profess no religion at all, to express
and spread religious convictions.
(III) The free conduct of religious rites if it does not violate public order or public morality
Azerbaijan is authorized.
(IV) The violation of the freedom of religion and self-expression is not allowed.
(V) No one shall be forced to express (or demonstrate) his or her religious faith and belief,
to execute religious rituals or participate in religious ceremonies. Article 47(I): Everyone
has the freedom of thought and speech.
Article 22: (1) Except with his consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of
his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this Article the said freedom includes
freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom,
either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest
and propagate his religion of belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (3) No
Bahamas religious body or denomination shall be prevented from or hindered in providing religious
instruction for persons of that body of denomination in the course of any education
provided by that body or denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in
receipt of any government subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance designed to
meet, in whole or in part, the cost of such course of education.
Article 22: Freedom of conscience is absolute. The State guarantees the inviolability of
Bahrain worship, and the freedom to perform religious rites and hold religious parades and
meetings in accordance with the customs observed in the country.
Article 39: (1) Freedom or thought and conscience is guaranteed. Article 41: (1) Subject
to law, public order and morality--1. every citizen has the right to profess, practice or
propagate any religion; 2. every religious community or denomination has the right to
Bangladesh establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions.
Article 11: Whereas every person in Barbados is entitled to the Friugnhtdsa amnednta
say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political of the
opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the individual
each and all of the following, namely-... (d) freedom of conscience, of expression and of
assembly and association,Article 19 :(1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be
hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience and for the purpose of this
Barbados section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change
his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in
public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching,
practice and observance. (2) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own
expense, to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of
education which it wholly maintains.... (7) References in this section to a religion shall be
construed as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions
Article 31: Everyone shall have the right independently to determine one's attitude
towards religion, to profess any religion individually or jointly with others, or to profess
Belarus none at all, to express and spread beliefs connected with one's attitude towards religion,
and to participate in the performance of acts of worship and religious rituals and rites,
which are not prohibited by the law.
Article 19: Freedom of worship, its public practice and freedom to demonstrate one's
Belgium opinions on all matters are guaranteed, but offences committed when this freedom is
used may be punished.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Belize is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms
of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely—... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;.... Article 11: (1)
Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his
Belize freedom of conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change
his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in
practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion shall be construed
as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be
construed accordingly.
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion, of
creed, of opinion and of expression with respect for the public order established by law
and regulations. The exercise of a creed and the expression of beliefs shall take place with
Benin respect for the secularity of the State. The institutions and the religious or philosophical
communities shall have the right to develop without hindrances. They shall not be subject
to the guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer their affairs in an
autonomous manner.
Article 7(4): A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience
Bhutan and religion. No person shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of
Article 4: The State respects and guarantees freedom ofreligion and spiritual, according
to one's worldviews. The State is independent of religion. Article 30: In the framework of
the unity of the State and in accordance with this Constitution citizens and indigenous
native peoples (campesinos) enjoy the following rights... (3) cultural identity, religious
belief, spiritually, practices, and customs and their own worldview Article 20 cl. 2, Article
Bolvia 21 cl. 3 Article 106(4): ...It [The State) recognizes the freedom of conscience clause for
workers in information. Article 21: Bolivians have the following rights, expressed
individually or collectively, in public or in private within lawful limits… (3) freedom of
thought, spirituality, religion, and worship, expressed in individually or collectively, in
public as well as in private, within lawful limits.
Article 2(3): Enumeration of Rights. All persons within the territory of Bosnia and
Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzegovina shall enjoy the human rights and fundamental freedoms referred to in
paragraph 2 above; these include…. (g) Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and
of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely—... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; and,... Article 11:
(1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes
freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,
Botsawana either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest
and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (2)
Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to establish and maintain
places of education and to manage any place of education which it wholly maintains; and
no such community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of
that community in the course of any education provided at any place of education which
it wholly maintains or in the course of any education which it otherwise provides.
Article 5: Everyone is equal before the law, with no distinction whatsoever, guaranteeing
to Brazilians and foreigners residing in the Country the inviolability of the rights to life,
liberty, equality, security and property, on the following terms.... (6) freedom of
conscience and belief is inviolable, assuring free exercise of religious beliefs and
Brazil guaranteeing, as set forth in law, protection of places of worship and their rites; (8) no
one shall be deprived of any rights because of religious beliefs or philosophical or political
convictions, unless invoked in order to be exempted from a legal obligation imposed upon
all by one refusing to perform an alternative service established by law;
Brunei Daraussalam Article III
Article 37(1) : ( The freedom of conscience, the freedom of thought and the choice of
religion and of religious or atheistic views shall be inviolable. The State shall assist the
Bulgaria maintenance of tolerance and respect among the believers from different denominations,
and among believers and non-believers. Article 13(1): The practicing of any religion shall
be unrestricted.
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe, freedom of conscience, of religious or
philosophical opinion, freedom of worship, freedom of assembly, the free practice of
Burkina Faso custom as well as the freedom of procession and of demonstration shall be guaranteed by
the present Constitution subject to respect of the law, of public order, of good morals and
of the human person.
Article 31: The freedom of expression is guaranteed. The State respects the freedom of
Burundi religion, thought, conscience and opinion.
Article 43: Khmer citizens of either sex shall have the rights to freedom of belief. Freedom
of belief and religious worship shall be guaranteed by the State on the condition that such
Cambodia freedom does not affect other beliefs and religions or violate public order and security.
Buddhism is the religion of the State.
Preamble: no person shall be harassed on grounds of his origin, religious, philosophical or
Cameroon political opinions or beliefs, subject to respect for public policy;… freedom of religion and
worship shall be guaranteed;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2a: Everyone has the following
Canada fundamental freedoms: (a) freedom of conscience and religion;
Article 28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression; association; religion; worship;

intellectual, artistic and cultural creation; demonstration; and other liberties consecrated
by the Constitution, by laws, and by International Law or convention shall be guaranteed.
Article 47(1): Everyone shall have freedom of expression by speech, image, or any other
medium; no one shall be harassed because of political, philosophical, religious, or other
opinions Article 48: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion, and worship shall be inviolable;
everyone shall have the right, individually and collectively, to profess or not profess a
religion, to have the religious conviction of their choice, to participate in worship and to
express their faith freely, and to spread its doctrine or conviction, while not jeopardizing
Cape Verde the rights of others or the common good. ...(4) Freedom of religious instruction shall be
guaranteed. (5) Religious presence in hospitals and prisons, as well as the armed forces,
shall be guaranteed, as provided by law. (6) Churches shall have the right to use the
communications media to accomplish their activities and purposes, as provided by law.
(7) Protection of places of worship, as well as symbols, emblems, and religious
ceremonies shall be assured; imitation or mockery shall be prohibited.
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as well as the free exercise of
worship are guaranteed to all within the conditions established by law. Any form of
Central African Republic religious fundamentalism (intégrisme) and intolerance is forbidden.
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, communication, conscience,
religion, the press, of association, assembly, circulation, demonstration, and parade are
guaranteed to all. These can only be restricted by the respect of the liberties and rights of
Chad others and the imperative to safeguard the public order and good morals.
The law determines the conditions of their exercise.
Article 19(6): Freedom of conscience, the manifestation of all beliefs and the free exercise
of all beliefs, which are not contrary to morals, good customs or public order.
Religious communities may build and maintain churches and the corresponding facilities
under the conditions of safety and hygiene fixed by the laws and ordinances.
Chile Churches, religious communities and religious institutions of any spirituality shall have the
rights granted and acknowledged by the laws currently in force. Churches and their
facilities assigned exclusively for religious purposes shall be exempt from all types of
taxes;
Article 36: Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.
No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not
to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do
not believe in, any religion. The state protects normal religious activities. No one may
China make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of
citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious bodies and
religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.
Article 2: The authorities of the Republic are established in order to protect all individuals
residing in Colombia, in their life, honor, property, beliefs, and other rights and freedoms,
and in order to ensure the fulfillment of the social duties of the State and
individuals.Article 18: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed. No one will be importuned
Colombia on account of his/her convictions or beliefs or compelled to reveal them or obliged to act
against his/her conscience. Article 19:Freedom of religion is guaranteed. Every individual
has the right to freely profess his/her religion and to disseminate it individually or
collectively. All religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.
Comoros None
Article 18: The freedom of belief and the freedom of conscience are inviolable. The
Congo misuse (usage) of religion for political purposes is prohibited.
Article 22: All persons have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
All persons have the right to express their religion or their convictions, alone or together
Democratic Republic of with others, both in public and in private, by worship, teaching, practices, carrying out of
Congo rites and a religious way of living, subject to respect for the law, public order, morality and
the rights of others. The law determines the conditions for the exercise of these liberties.
Article 64(1): It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook Islands there exist,
and shall continue to exist, without discrimination by reason of race, national origin,
Cook Islands colour, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the following fundamental human rights and
freedoms... (d) Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which
Costa Rica contributes to its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of
other forms of worship that are not opposed to universal morality or good customs.
Article 9: The freedom of thought and expression, notably the freedom of conscience, of
Cote d' Ivoire religious or philosophical opinion are guaranteed to all, under reserve of respect of the
law, the rights of others, of the national security and of the public order.
Article 40: Freedom of conscience and religion and freedom to manifest other beliefs are
guaranteed. Article 41:...Religious communities are free, in conformity with law, to
Croatia perform publicly religious services, to open schools, teaching establishments and other
institutions, social and charitable institutions and to manage them, and enjoy the
protection and assistance of the state in their activity.
Article 8: The State recognizes, respects, and guarantees religious freedom…. The
different creeds and religions enjoy equal consideration. Article 55: The State, which
recognizes, respects and guarantees freedom of conscience and religion, simultaneously
recognizes, respects, and guarantees the freedom of every citizen to change religious
Cuba creeds, or not to have any; and to profess the religious worship of their choice, with
respect for the law. The law regulates the State’s relations with religious institutions.
Article 18: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
(2) All religions whose doctrines or rites are not secret are free ...(4). Every person is free
and has the right to profess his faith and to manifest his religion or belief, in worship,
teaching, practice or observance, either individually or collectively, in private or in public,
and to change his religion or belief.
Cyprus
8. No person shall be compelled to pay any tax or duty the proceeds of which are
specially allocated in whole or in part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms (CFRBF), Article 15: (1) The freedom
of thought, conscience, and religious conviction is guaranteed. Everyone has the right to
Czech Republic change her religion or faith or to be non-denominational. CFRBF, Article 16 (1): Everyone
has the right freely to manifest her religion or faith, either alone or in community with
others, in private or public, through worship, teaching, practice, and observance.
Section 67: Citizens shall be at liberty to form congregations for the worship of God in a
manner according with their convictions, provided that nothing contrary to good morals
or public order shall be taught or done.Section 70: No person shall by reason of his creed
or descent be deprived of access to the full enjoyment of civic and political rights, nor
Denmark shall he escape compliance with any common civic duty for such reasons.Section 71 (1):
Personal liberty shall be inviolable. No Danish subject shall, in any manner whatsoever, be
deprived of his liberty because of his political or religious convictions or because of his
descent.
Article 1: It shall respect all beliefs. Article 11: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of
Djibouti thought, conscience, religion, worship and opinion in conformity with the order
established by law and the regulations.
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with
others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief
in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a
religion shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination, and
Dominica cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article 1: Whereas every person in
Dominica is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, place of origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly
and association; and...
Article 45: The State guarantees the freedom of conscience and of worship, subject to the
Domincan Republic public order and respecting good customs.
Article 12: (1)The State recognizes and respects the different religious denominations,
that are free in their organization and in the exercise of their own activities, with due
observance of the Constitution and the law. (2.)The State promotes the cooperation with
the different religious denominations that contribute to the well-being of the people of
East Timor.
East Timor Article 45: (1) To all is guaranteed the freedom of conscience, religion and worship and
the religious denominations that are separated from the State. (2) No one can be
persecuted or discriminated against on the basis of their religious convictions.... (4)The
freedom to teach any religion in the framework of the respective religious denomination
is guaranteed.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals… (8) The right to practice,
maintain, change, profess in public or in private, one’s religion or beliefs, and to
disseminate them individually or collectively, with the restrictions that respecting the law
Ecuador imposes. The State shall protect voluntary religious practice as well as the expression of
those who do not profess and religion and will foster an atmosphere of plurality and
tolerance.
Article 46: The State shall guarantee the freedom of belief and the freedom of practice of
Egypt religious rites.
Article 25: The free exercise of all religions, without any more limits than those outlined
El Salvador by morals or public order, is guaranteed. No religion may serve to establish the marital
status of persons.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and liberties.... (f) The freedom of
Equatorial Guinea religion and worship.
Article 19 : (1) Every person shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
belief.... (4) Every person shall have the freedom to practice any religion and to manifest
Eritrea such practice.
Section 40: Everyone has freedom of conscience, religion and thought.

Everyone may freely belong to churches and religious societies. There is no state church.
Everyone has the freedom to exercise his or her religion, both alone and in community
Estonia with others, in public or in private, unless this is detrimental to public order, health or
morals. Section 41: Everyone has the right to remain faithful to his or her opinions and
beliefs. No one shall be compelled to change them. Beliefs shall not excuse a violation of
the law. No one shall bear legal liability because of his or her beliefs.
Article 27: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This
right shall include the freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and
the freedom, either individually or in community with others, and in public or private, to
Ethiopia manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching... (3) No one
shall be subject to coercion or other means which would restrict or prevent his freedom
to hold a belief of his choice.
Article 35: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, religion and belief.
(2) Every person has the right, either individually or in community with others, and both
in public and in private, to manifest his or her religion or belief in worship, observance,
practice or teaching..... Article 6: The people of the Fiji Islands recognise that, within the
framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the State, the conduct of
Fiji government is based on the following principles... (c) all persons have the right to practise
their religion freely and to retain their language, culture and traditions;
Section 11: Everyone has the freedom of religion and conscience. Freedom of religion and
conscience entails the right to profess and practice a religion, the right to express one's
Finland convictions and the right to be a member of or decline to be a member of a religious
community. No one is under the obligation, against his or her conscience, to participate in
the practice of a religion.
France Article 1: ….It shall respect all beliefs….
Article 1(2): The freedom of conscience, thought, opinion, expression, communication,

Gabon the free practice of religion, are guaranteed to all, under the reservation of respect of
public order;
Section 25 (1) Every person shall have the right to... (b) freedom of thought, conscience
and belief, which shall include academic freedom; (c) freedom to practise any religion and
to manifest such practice... Section 32: Every person shall be entitled to enjoy, practise,
Gambia profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the
terms of this Constitution and to the condition that the rights protected by this section do
not impinge on the rights and freedoms of others or the national interest, especially
unity. Section 212
Article 9 (1): The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and religion, as well as
shall recognise the special role of the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church
of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its independence from the state. Article 19: (1)
Everyone has the right to freedom of speech, thought, conscience, religion
Georgia and belief. (2) The persecution of a person on the account of his/her speech, thought,
religion or belief as well as the compulsion to express his/her opinion about them shall
be impermissible. (3)The restriction of the freedoms enumerated in the present Article
shall be impermissible unless their manifestation infringes upon the rights of others.
Article 4: (1) The freedom of faith and of conscience, and the freedom to profess a
religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable. (2) The undisturbed practice of
religion shall be guaranteed. (3) No one may be compelled against his conscience to
render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal
law. Article 136 (Weimar): (1) The civil and political rights and duties shall be neither
dependent upon nor restricted by the exercise of religious freedom. (2) The enjoyment of
civil and political rights and eligibility for public office shall be independent of religious
Germany affiliation. (3) No one shall be obliged to disclose his religious convictions. The authorities
shall have the right to inquire into a person’s membership in a religious society only to the
extent that rights or duties depend upon it or that a statistical survey mandated by a law
requires it. (4) No one may be compelled to perform any religious act or ceremony, or to
participate in religious exercises, or to take a religious form of oath. Article 137(2)
(Weimar): The freedom to form religious societies shall be guaranteed. The union of
religious societies within the territory of the Reich shall not be subject to any restrictions.
Article 21(1): All persons shall have the right to... (b) freedom of thought, conscience and
belief, which shall include academic freedom; (c) freedom to practise any religion and to
manifest such practice… Article 26(1): Every person is entitled to enjoy, practise, profess,
Ghana maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the
Article 13: (1) Freedom of religious conscience is inviolable. The enjoyment of civil rights
and liberties does not depend on the individual’s religious beliefs. (2) All known religions
shall be free and their rites of worship shall be performed unhindered and under the
protection of the law. The practice of rites of worship is not allowed to offend public order
Greece or the good usages. Proselytism is prohibited.(3) The ministers of all known religions shall
be subject to the same supervision by the State and to the same obligations toward it as
those of the prevailing religion.
Article 1: Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions,
colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;
of his freedom of conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to
Grenada change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and
both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship,
teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion shall be
construed as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate expressions
Article 36: The exercise of all religions is free. Any person has the right to practice his
religion or belief, both in public and in private, through education, worship, and
Guatemala observance, without other limits than the public order and the respect due to the dignity
of the hierarchy and the faithful of other beliefs.
Article 7: He shall be free to believe, to think and to profess his religious faith, his political
or philosophical opinions….. Article 14: The free exercise of religion shall be guaranteed.
Guinea Religious institutions and communities may be freely established and may freely
administer their own affairs. They shall not be subject to the supervision of the State.
Article 6(2): The State shall respect and protect legally-recognized religious sects. The
activities of these sects and the exercise of religious worship shall be subject to law.
Article 52: (1) The freedom of conscience and of religion is inviolable. (2) Freedom of
Guinea-Bissau worship is recognized for everyone,but in no case may violate the consecrated,
fundamental principles of the Constitution. (3) The freedom to teach any practiced
religion within the framework of the respective denomination is guaranteed.
Article 40: (1)Every person in Guyana is entitled to the basic right to a creative and
productive life, free from hunger, disease, ignorance and want. That right includes the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his
race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
rights and freedoms ofothers and for the public interest, to each and all of the following,
namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association;....
Guyana the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this
article the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and
propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance. (6) References in this article to a religion shall be construed as
including references to a religious denomination, and cognate
Article 30: All religions and faiths shall be freely exercised. Everyone is entitled to profess
his religion and practice his faith, provided the exercise of that right does not disturb law
Haiti and order. Article 30-2: The law establishes the conditions for recognition and practice of
religions and faiths.
Article 77: The free exercise of all religions and cults is guaranteed without preeminence,
Honduras provided they do not violate the law and public policy.
Basic Law Article 32: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of conscience. Hong Kong
residents shall have freedom of religious belief and freedom to preach and to conduct
and participate in religious activities in public. Basic Law Article 141: (1) The Government
of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall not restrict the freedom of religious
belief, interfere in the internal affairs of religious organizations or restrict religious
activities which do not contravene the laws of the Region.... (4) Religious organizations
and believers in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may maintain and develop
their relations with religious organizations and believers elsewhere Article 149: Non-
governmental organizations in fields such as education, science, technology, culture, art,
sports, the professions, medicine and health, labour, social welfare and social work as
Hong Kong well as religious organizations in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may
maintain and develop relations with their counterparts in foreign countries and regions
and with relevant international organizations. They may, as required, use the name
"Hong Kong, China" in the relevant activities. Bill of Rights Article 15: (1) Everyone shall
have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include
freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either
individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion
or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. Bill of Rights Article 23: Persons
belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities shall not be denied the right, in
community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess
and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.
Article 60: (1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. (2) This right shall include the free choice
or acceptance of a religion or belief, and the freedom to publicly or privately express or
decline to express, exercise and teach such religions and beliefs by way of religious
Hungary actions, rites or in any other way, either individually or in a group.... (4) A majority of two-
thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on
the freedom of belief and religion.
Article 63: All persons have the right to form religious associations and to practice their
religion in conformity with their individual convictions. Nothing may however be
preached or practised which is prejudicial to good morals or public order. Article 64: No
one may lose any of his civil or national rights on account of his religion, nor may anyone
refuse to perform any generally applicable civil duty on religious grounds. Everyone shall
be free to remain outside religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any
Iceland personal dues to any religious association of which he is not a member. A person who is
not a member of any religious association shall pay to the University of Iceland the dues
that he would have had to pay to such an association, if he had been a member. This may
be amended by law.
Preamble: LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;Article 25: (1) Subject
to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons
are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and
propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation
of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law- (a) regulating or restricting
any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with
India religious practice; (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of
Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus.
Explanation I.-The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the
profession of the
Sikh religion. Explanation II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall
be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist
religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 28E: (1) Every person shall be free to choose and to practice the religion of his/her
choice, to choose one’s education, to choose one’s employment, to choose one’s
citizenship, and to choose one’s place of residence within the state territory, to leave it
and to subsequently return to it. (2) Every person shall have the freedom to believe in
his/her faith (kepercayaan), and to express his/her views and thoughts, in accordance
with his/her conscience. Article 29: (1) The State shall be based upon the belief in the
Indonesia One and Only God. (2) The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each
according to his/her own religion or belief. Article 281 (1): The rights to life, freedom from
torture, freedom of thought and conscience, freedom of religion, freedom from
enslavement, recognition as a person before the law, and the right not to be tried under a
law with retrospective effect are all human rights that cannot be limited under any
circumstance.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-Dîn
and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable. Other Islamic schools,
performing their religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to
religious education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills)
and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims following
any one of these schools of fiqh constitute the majority, local regulations, within the
bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to be in accordance with the respective
school of fiqh, without infringing upon the rights of the followers of other schools. Article
Iran 13: Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities,
who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies,
and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious
education. Article 23: The investigation of individuals’ beliefs is forbidden, and no one
may be molested or taken to task simply for holding a certain belief. Article 26: The
formation of parties, societies, political or professional associations, as well as religious
societies, whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, is
permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, national
unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic Republic. No one may be prevented
from participating in the aforementioned groups, or be compelled to participate in them.
Article 2(2):This Constitution guarantees the Islamic identity of the majority of the Iraqi
people and guarantees the full religious rights of all individuals to freedom of religious
belief and practice such as Christians, Yazedis, and Mandi Sabeans.Article 39: Iraqis are
free in their commitment to their personal status according to their religions, sects,
beliefs, or choices. This shall be regulated by law. Article 40: Each individual has freedom
of thought, conscience and belief. Article 41: (1) The followers of all religions and sects
are free in the: A. Practice of religious rites, including the Husseini ceremonies. B.
Management of the religious endowments, affairs and institutions. The law shall regulate
Iraq this. (2) The State guarantees freedom of worship and the protection of the places of
worship. Article 43(2): (2) The State shall seek the advancement of the Iraqi clans and
tribes and shall attend to their affairs in a manner that is consistent with religion and the
law and upholds their noble human values in a way that contributes to the development
of society. The State shall prohibit the tribal traditions that are in contradiction with
human rights. Article 10: The holy shrines and religious places in Iraq are religious and
cultural entities. The State is committed to confirming and safeguarding their sanctity, and
guaranteeing the free practice of rituals in them.
Article 44: (1) The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to
Ireland Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion.
(2) (i.) Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject
to public order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen....
POC Article 83: All persons in Palestine shall enjoy full liberty of conscience, and the free
exercise of their forms of worship subject only to the maintenance of public order and
Israel morals.
Each religious community shall enjoy autonomy for the internal affairs of the community
subject to the provisions of any Ordinance or Order issued by the High Commissioner.
Article 19: Anyone is entitled to freely profess their religious belief in any form,
individually or with others, and to promote them and celebrate rites in public or in
private, provided they are not offensive to public morality. Article 20: No special
limitation or tax burden may be imposed on the establishment, legal capacity or activities
Italy of any organisation on the ground of its religious nature or its religious or confessionai
aims. Article 8: All religious denominations are equally free before the law.
Denominations other than Catholicism have the right to self-organisation according to
their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian law. Their relations with the
State are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective representatives.
Article 13: Whereas every person in Jamaica is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place of origin,
of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association;
andArticle 21: (1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the
Jamaica enjoyment of his freedom of conscience,and for the purposes of this section the said
freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or
belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in
private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.... (3) The constitution of a religious body or denomination shall not be
altered except with the consent of the governing authority of that body or denomination.
Article 19: Freedom of thought and conscience are inviolable. Article 20: Freedom of
religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the
Japan State, nor exercise any political authority….
Article 14: The State shall safeguard the free exercise of all forms of worship and religious
Jordan rites in accordance with the customs observed in the Kingdom, unless such exercise is
inconsistent with public order or morality.
Article 19(1): Everyone shall have the right to determine and indicate or not to indicate
his national, party and religious affiliation. Article 22(1): Everyone shall have the right to
Kazakhstan freedom of conscience.
of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section that freedom includes
freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,
either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest
and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6)
References in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a
religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article
Kenya 70: Whereas every person in Kenya is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of
the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin or
residence or other local connection, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
of the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association; and
Kiribati Article 11
Article 68: Citizens have freedom of religious beliefs. This right is granted by approving
the construction of religious buildings and the holding of religious ceremonies. No one
North Korea may use religion as a pretext for drawing in foreign forces or for harming the State and
social order.
Article 19: All citizens shall enjoy freedom of conscience. Article 20(1): All citizens shall
South Korea enjoy freedom of religion.
Article 35: Freedom of belief is absolute. The State protects the freedom of practicing
Kuwait religion in accordance with established customs, provided that it does not conflict with
public policy or morals.
Kyrgystan Article 14 (5): Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of religion and atheistic views.
Article 9: The state respects and protects all lawful activities of the Buddhists and of other
religious followers; mobilises and encourages the Buddhist monks and novices as well as
the priests of other religions to participate in the activities which are beneficial to the
Laos country and people. All acts of creating division of religions and classes of people are
prohibited. Article 30: Lao citizens have the right and freedom to believe or not to believe
in religions.
Latvia Article 99: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 9: Freedom of conscience is absolute. Paying tribute to the Almighty, the State
respects all creeds and guarantees and protects their free exercise provided that they do
Lebanon not disturb the public order. It also guarantees to the communities, regardless of their
religious allegiance, the respect of their rules on personal status and their religious
interests.
Article 13: (1) Every person shall be entitled to, and (except with his own consent) shall
not be hindered in his enjoyment of, freedom of conscience, including freedom of
thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either
alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and
propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (7)
Reference in this section to a religion shall be construed as including references to a
religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article
Lesotho 4(1): Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status to fundamental human rights and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of
the following... (i) freedom of conscience. Article 16(1): Every person shall be entitled to,
and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in his enjoyment of freedom to
associate freely with other persons for ideological, religious, political, economic, labour,
social, cultural, recreational and similar purposes.
Article 14: All persons shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
and no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment thereof except as may be required by
law to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and
Liberia freedoms of others. All persons who, in the practice of their religion, conduct themselves
peaceably, not obstructing others and conforming to the standards set out herein, shall
be entitled to the protection of the law
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official Language. The state
Libya protects religious freedom in accordance with established customs.
Article 37: (1) Freedom of belief and conscience are guaranteed for all persons.
(2) The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection
Liechtenstein of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold
religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order.
Article 26: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion shall not be restricted.
Each human being shall have the right to freely choose any religion or belief and, either
alone or with others, in private or in public, to profess his religion, to perform religious
practices, to practice and teach his belief..., Article 43: The churches and religious
organization[s] recognised by the State shall have the rights of a legal person. Churches
Lithuania and religious organization[s] shall be free to proclaim their teaching, perform their
practices, and have houses of prayer, charity establishments, and schools for the training
of the clergy. Churches and religious organization[s] shall conduct their affairs freely
according to their canons and statutes.
Article 19: Freedom of religion and of public worship, as well as the freedom to express
Luxembourg one's religious opinions, are guaranteed, subject to the repression of offenses committed
in the exercise of such freedoms. Article 119: Pending the conclusion of the conventions
referred to in Article 22, the current provisions concerning religions remain in force.
expression of thought is guaranteed.... Article 19: (1) The freedom of religious confession
is guaranteed. (2) The right to express one's faith freely and publicly, individually or with
others is guaranteed. (3) The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as the Islamic
Religious Community in Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church,
Macedonia Jewish Community and other Religious communities and groups are separate from the
state and equal before the law.... Article 48(2): The Republic guarantees the protection of
the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all communities. Article 110: The
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Macedonia... .protects the freedoms and rights of
the individual and citizen relating to the freedom of conviction, conscience, thought and
public expression of thought, political association and activity...
Madagascar Article 10
Article 33: Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and
Malawi thought, and to academic freedom.
Article 11: (1) Every person has the right to profess and practise his religion and, subject
to Clause (4), to propagate it…. (4) State law and in respect of the Federal Territories of
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, federal law may control or restrict the propagation
of any religious doctrine or belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.
Maldives None
Article 4: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, worship
Mali [culte], opinion, expression and creation with respect to the law.
Article 32b: Whereas every person in Malta is entitled to the fundamental rights and
of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely ... (b)
Malta freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association... Article
40 (1): All persons in Malta shall have full freedom of conscience and enjoy the free
exercise of their respective mode of religious worship.
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and
belief; to freedom of speech and of the press; to the free exercise of religion; to freedom
Marshall Islands of peaceful assembly and association; and to petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
Mauritania None
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there have existed and
shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race, place of origin, political
opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and for the public interest, each and all of the following human rights and fundamental
freedoms...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression, of assembly and association and freedom to
Mauritius establish schools... Article 11 (1): Except with his own consent, no person shall be
hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this
section, that freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his
religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and both in
practice and observance.
Article 24: Everyone is free to embrace the religion of his [or her] choice and to practice
all ceremonies, devotions or observances of his or her respective faith, provided they do
not constitute a crime or offense punishable by law. Congress shall not enact any laws
Mexico that either establish or forbid any religion. Religious acts of public worship are ordinarily
performed in temples or places of worship. Those that are exceptionally performed
outside of them shall be subject to the applicable regulations and law
Article 4, Section 2: No law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or

Micronesia impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to
parochial schools for non-religious purposes.
Article 31: (1) The freedom of conscience shall be guaranteed and its manifestations
should be in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect. (2) The freedom of religious worship
shall be guaranteed and they shall organize themselves and operate according to their
own statutes under the rule of law. (3) In the relationships between the religious cults any
manifestation of discord shall be forbidden. (4) The religious worships shall be
Moldova autonomous, independent from the State and shall enjoy the latter's support, including
by facilitating the religious assistance in the army, hospitals, penitentiaries, nursing homes
and orphanages. Article 10(2): The State shall recognize and guarantee the right of all
citizens to the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural,
Article 23: The freedom of cults, that of public exercise as well as the freedom to
expressing opinions in all manners, is guaranteed, except for crimes committed by using
Monaco these liberties. No one can be constrained to help bring about the acts and ceremonies of
a religion, nor to observe the day of rest.
Article 9(1): The State shall respect the Church and the Church shall honour the State.
Mongolia Article 16: The citizens of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy the following rights and
freedoms… (15) Freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 46: Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, as well as the right to change the religion or belief and the freedom to,
individually or collectively with others, publicly or privately, express the religion or belief
by prayer, preaches, customs or rites.... Article 79: Persons belonging to minority nations
and other minority national communities shall be guaranteed the rights and liberties,
Montenegro which they can exercise individually or collectively with others, as follows: (1) the right to
exercise, protect, develop and publicly express national, ethnic, cultural and religious
particularities... (6)the right to establish educational, cultural and religious associations,
with the material support of the state; (12) the right to establish and maintain contacts
with the citizens and associations outside of Montenegro, with whom they have common
national and ethnic background, cultural and historic heritage, as well as religious beliefs;
Morrocco Article 6: Islam is the religion of the State which guarantees to all freedom of worship.
Article 12: (3) Religious denominations shall have organisational freedom, freedom to
carry out their functions and freedom of worship, and they shall conform to the laws of
the State.
(4) The State shall recognise and esteem the activities of religious denominations in order
to
Mozambique promote a climate of understanding, tolerance and peace, the strengthening of national
unity, the material and spiritual well being of citizens, and economic and social
development Article 54: (1) All citizens shall have the freedom to practice or not to
practice a religion.... (3) Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their
religious aims freely and to own and acquire assets for realising their objectives. (4) The
protection of places of worship shall be ensured.
Article 34: Every citizen is equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to
freely profess and practise religion subject to public order, morality or health and to the
other provisions of this Constitution.Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the
following rights, unless their exercise is contrary to the laws enacted for the maintenance
Myanmar of Union security, law and order, community peace and tranquility, or public order and
morality... (d) the right to develop their language and literature, the culture they cherish,
the religion they profess, and their customs without prejudice to the relations between
the National Ethnic Races and to other faiths. Article 363: The Union may assist and
protect the religions it recognizes to its utmost.
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (b) freedom of thought, conscience and
Namibia belief, which shall include academic freedom in institutions of higher learning; (c)
freedom to practise any religion and to manifest such practice…
Article 11 : (1) A person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion,
including freedom to change his religion or beliefs and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or private, to manifest and propagate his religion or
beliefs in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (2) Except with his consent, no
person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of a right or freedom referred to in clause (1.)
Nauru of this Article.... Article 3: Whereas every person in Nauru is entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place
of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following freedoms,
namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association
Article 23(1): Every person shall have the right to profess, practise and preserve his or her
own religion as handed down to him or her from ancient times paying due regard to
social and cultural traditions…. Article 3: Having multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-
Nepal religious, multi-cultural characteristics with common aspirations, and being committed to
and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, integrity, national interest
and prosperity of Nepal, all the Nepali people collectively constitute the nation.
Article 6(1): Everyone shall have the right to profess freely his religion or belief, either
Netherlands individually or in community with others, without prejudice to his responsibility under
the law.
Bill of Rights Act, Article 13: Everyone has the right to freedom ofthought, conscience,
religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and to hold opinions without
interference. Article 15: Every person has the right to manifest that person's religion or
belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching, either individually or in community
New Zealand with others, and either in public or in private. Article 20: A person who belongs to an
ethnic, religious, or linguistic minority in New Zealand shall not be denied the right, in
community with other members ofthat minority, to enjoy the culture, to profess and
practise the religion, or to use the language, of
that minority.
Article 29: Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and thought and to profess or
not profess a religion. No one shall be the object of coercive measures which diminish
these rights or be compelled to declare his/her creed, ideology or beliefs. Article 69: All
Nicaragua persons, either individually or in a group, have the right to manifest their religious beliefs
in public or private, through worship, practices and teachings. No one may evade
obedience to the law or impede others from exercising their rights and fulfilling their
duties by invoking religious beliefs or dispositions.
Article 8: ...The Republic shall respect and protect all faiths. No religion, no belief shall
assume the political power nor interfere in the affairs of the State….. Article 26: Everyone
has the right to freedom of thought, opinion, expression, conscience, religion and
worship. The State guarantees the free exercise of religion and the expression of beliefs.
Niger These rights are exercised in the respect of public order, peace and social and national
unity.
Article 38(1): Every person shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, including freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom (either alone or
Nigeria in community with others, and in public or in private) to manifest and propagate his
religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Section 2: All inhabitants of the Realm shall have the right to free exercise of their
Norway religion. The Evangelical-Lutheran religion shall remain the official religion of the State.
The inhabitants professing it are bound to bring up their children in the same
Article 28: The freedom to practice religious rites according to the recognized customs is
Oman guaranteed, provided it does not disrupt the public order or contradict with morals.
Article 20 : Subject to law, public order and morality,— (a) every citizen shall have the
right to profess, practice and propagate his religion; and (b) every religious denomination
and every sect thereof shall have the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious
institutions. Preamble: ...Wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to
Pakistan profess and practice their religions and develop their culture...Wherein shall be
guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status, of opportunity and before
law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief,
faith, worship and association, subject to law and public morality....
Article IV Section 1: The government shall take no action to deny or impair the freedom
Palau of conscience or of philosophical or religious belief of any person nor take any action to
compel, prohibit or hinder the exercise of religion
Article 35: All religions may be professed and all forms of worship practiced freely,
Panama without any other limitation than respect for Christian morality and public order. It is
recognized that the Catholic religion is practiced by the majority of Panamanians.
Section 45: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion
and the practice of his religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and propagate
his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to interfere with the freedom of others,
except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a law that
complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on qualified rights).... (3) No person is
entitled to intervene unsolicited into the religious affairs of a person of a different belief,
or to attempt to force his or any religion (or irreligion) on another, by harassment or
otherwise. (5) A reference in this section to religion includes a reference to the traditional
religious beliefs and customs of the peoples of Papua New Guinea. Section 32: (1)
Freedom based on law consists in the least amount of restriction on the activities of
individuals that is consistent with the maintenance and development of Papua New
Paupa New Guinea Guinea and of society in accordance with this Constitution and, in particular, with the
National Goals and Directive Principles and the Basic Social Obligations.
(2) Every person has the right to freedom based on law, and accordingly has a legal right
to do anything that:— (a) does not injure or interfere with the rights and freedoms of
others; and (b) is not prohibited by law, and no person:— (c) is obliged to do anything
that is not required by law; and (d) may be prevented from doing anything that complies
with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b). (3) This section is not intended to reflect on
the extra-legal existence, nature or effect of social, civic, family or religious obligations, or
other obligations of an extra-legal nature, or to prevent such obligations being given
effect to by law.
Article 24: Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is hereby recognized without any
restrictions other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no
official religion…. No one may be disturbed, questioned, or forced to give testimony by
reason of his beliefs or ideology. Article 63: The right of Indian peoples to preserve and to
develop their ethnic identity in their respective habitat is hereby recognized and
Paraguay guaranteed. They also have the right to freely apply their systems of political,
socioeconomic, cultural, and religious organization, and to voluntarily observe customary
practices in their domestic coexistence as long as they do not violate the fundamental
rights established by this Constitution. Indian customary rights will be taken into account
when deciding conflicts of jurisdiction.
Article 2: Everyone person has the right: (1) To life, to his identity, to his moral, spiritual,
and physical integrity, and to his unrestricted development and well-being. The person is
entitled to every privilege as a matter of right..... (3) To freedom of conscience and
religion, individually or collectively. No one may be persecuted on account of his ideas or
Peru beliefs. Freedom of opinion is unlimited. All confessions may freely be exercised publically
as long as they do not offend public morals or disturb public order.... (18) ) To not reveal
their political, philosophical, religious, or other convictions, as well as maintain
professional confidences.
Article 3 Section 5: No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

Phillippines prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed....
Article 53: (1) Freedom of faith and religion shall be ensured to everyone. (2) Freedom of
religion shall include the freedom to profess or to accept a religion by personal choice as
well as to manifest such religion, either individually or collectively, publicly or privately, by
worshipping, praying, participating in ceremonies, performing of rites or teaching.
Poland Freedom of religion shall also include possession of sanctuaries and other places of
worship for the satisfaction of the needs of believers as well as the right of individuals,
wherever they may be,
to benefit from religious services.
Article 41: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion and worship shall be inviolable. (2) No one
shall be persecuted, deprived of rights or exempted from civic obligations or duties
because of his convictions or religious observance. (3) No authority shall question anyone
in relation to his convictions or religious observance, save in order to gather statistical
Portugal data that cannot be individually identified, nor shall anyone be prejudiced in any way for
refusing to answer. (4) Churches and other religious communities shall be separate from
the state and free to organise themselves and to perform their ceremonies and their
worship. (5) Freedom to teach any religion within the denomination in question and to
use appropriate media for the pursuit of its activities shall be guaranteed.
Article 50: Freedom to practice religious rites shall be guaranteed to all persons in
Qatar accordance with the law and the requirements of the maintenance of public order and
morality.
Article 29: (1) . Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as the freedom of religious
belief, may not be restricted in any way. No one can be forced to adopt an opinion or to
espouse a religious belief contrary to his/her convictions.(2) Freedom of conscience is
Romania guaranteed; it must be expressed in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect. (3) All
religions are free and organized in accordance with their own statutes, under the terms
defined by the law.
Article 28: Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion, including
the right to profess individually or collectively any religion or not to profess any religion,
Russia and
freely to choose, possess and disseminate religious and other convictions and act in
accordance with them.
Article 33: Freedom of thought, opinion, conscience, religion, worship and the public
Rwanda manifestation thereof is guaranteed by the State in accordance with conditions
determined by law.
Article 11: (1)Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the
St. Kitts and Nevis others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief
in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion
shall be construed as including references to a religious denomination, and cognate
St. Lucia others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief
in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion
St. Vincent and the others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief
Grenadines in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6) References in this section to a religion
Article 11(1): Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or
Western Samoa in community with others, and, in public or private, to manifest and propagate his religion
or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties for all. The following shall be
guaranteed, in particular: liberty of person and sanctity of the home, freedom of
San Marino residence and of emigration, freedom of association, freedom of expression, freedom of
conscience and religion....
Article 27: (1) Freedom of conscience, religion and worship is inviolable.(2)No one may be
persecuted, deprived of right or exempted from civic obligations or duties because of his
concictions or practice of religion. (3) No one may be questioned by any authority about
Sao Tome and Principe his convictions or religious practices except for the collection of statistical data not
individually identifiable nor be prejudiced for refusing to answer. (4) Religious confessions
are free in worship, in education and in their organization
Saudi Arabia None
Artcile 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all citizens fundamental individual
freedoms, economic and social rights as well as collective rights. These freedoms shall
include in particular... religious freedoms Article 24: The freedom of conscience, the
religious and cultural freedoms and practices, and the profession of religious teacher shall
Senegal be guaranteed to all, subject to the public order.
The religious institutions and committees shall have the right to develop their activities
without hindrance. They shall not be subject to the supervision of the State. They shall
regulate and manage their affairs in an autonomous manner.
Article 43: Freedom of thought, conscience, beliefs and religion shall be guaranteed, as
well as the right to stand by one’s belief or religion or change them by choice. No person
shall have the obligation to declare his religious or other beliefs. Everyone shall have the
freedom to manifest their religion or religious beliefs in worship, observance, practice and
teaching, individually or in community with others, and to manifest religious beliefs in
private or public. Freedom of manifesting religion or beliefs may be restricted by law only
if that is necessary in a democratic society to protect lives and health of people, morals of
democratic society, freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution, public safety and
order, or to prevent inciting of religious, national, and racial hatred. Parents and legal
guardians shall have the right to ensure religious and moral education of their children in
conformity with their own convictions. Article 44: Churches and religious communities
Serbia are equal and separated from the state. Churches and religious communities shall be
equal and free to organize independently their internal structure, religious matters, to
perform religious rites in public, to establish and manage religious schools, social and
charity institutions, in accordance with the law. Constitutional Court may ban a religious
community only if its activities infringe the right to life, right to mental and physical
health, the rights of child, right to personal and family integrity, public safety and order, or
if it incites religious, national or racial intolerance. Article 79: Members of national
minorities shall have a right to: expression, preservation, fostering, developing and public
expression of national, ethnic, cultural, religious specificity...
Articlce 21: (1) Every person has a right to freedom of conscience and for the purpose of
this article this right includes freedom of thought and religion, freedom to change religion
Seychelles or belief and freedom either alone or in community with others and both in public and in
private, to manifest and propagate the religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.
Article 15: Whereas every person in Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe,
place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; Article 24(1):
Sierra Leone Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of conscience and for the purpose of this section the said freedom includes
freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom
either alone or in community with others and both in public and in private to manifest
and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Article 15: (1) Every person has the right to profess and practise his religion and to
propagate it…. (3) Every religious group has the right— (a) to manage its own religious
affairs;
Singapore (b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and
(c) to acquire and own property and hold and administer it in accordance with law....
Article 24: The freedom of thought, conscience, religious belief and faith are guaranteed.
This right includes the right to change one’s religious belief or faith. Everyone has the
Slovakia right to have no religion. Everyone has the right to publicly express his/her thoughts. (2)
Everyone has the right to freely express his/her religion or faith, alone or together with
others, privately or publicly, through worship, religious practices, rites, or teachings.
Article 7: The state and religious communities shall be separate. Religious communities
shall enjoy equal rights; they shall pursue their activities freely.Article 41: Religious and
other beliefs may be freely professed in private and public life. No one shall be obliged to
Slovenia declare his religious or other beliefs. Parents have the right to provide their children with
a religious and moral upbringing in accordance with their beliefs. The religious and moral
guidance given to children must be appropriate to their age and maturity, and be
consistent with their free conscience and religious and other beliefs or convictions.
Article 11:( l) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment
of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom
includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and
freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to
Solomon Islands manifest
and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (8)
religious denomination, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 3(1): Islam shall be the state religion. Article 31: Every person shall be entitled to
Somalia profess any religion or creed.
Article 15(1): Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief
and opinion. Article 31: (1) Persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic
community may not be denied the right, with other members of that community— (a) to
enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language; and (b) to form, join
South Africa and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other organs of civil society.
(2) The rights in subsection (1) may not be exercised in a manner inconsistent with any
provision of the Bill of Rights.
Article 16(1): Freedom of ideology, religion and worship of individuals and communities is
Spain guaranteed, with no other restriction on their expression than may be necessary to
maintain public order as protected by law.
Article 10: Every person is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion,
including the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice Article 9: The
Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be
the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana, while assuring to all
religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e). Article 14(1): Every citizen is
entitled to... (e) the freedom, either by himself or in association with others, and either in
public or in private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and
teaching; Article 15: (2) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and
recognized by Article 14(1)(a) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by
Sri Lanka law in the interests of racial and religious harmony or in relation to parliamentary
privilege, contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offense. (3) The exercise and
operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1)(b) shall be
subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and
religious harmony. (4) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and
recognized by Article 14(1)(c) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by
law in the interests of racial and religious harmony or national economy. Article 27(11):
The State shall create the necessary economic and social environment to enable people
of all religious faiths to make a reality of their religious principles.
Article 6: The State shall respect the following religious rights:—
(a) worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and
maintain places for these purposes, (b) establish and maintain appropriate charitable or
humanitarian institutions, (c) acquire and possess movable and immovable property and
make, acquire and use the necessary articles and materials related to the rites or customs
of a religion or belief, (d) write, issue and disseminate religious publications, (e) teach
religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes, (f) solicit and receive voluntary
financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public institutions, (g)
train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate religious leaders called for by
the requirements and standards of any religion or belief, (h) observe days of rest,
celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs, (i)
communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and belief at
national and international levels. Article 38: Every person shall have the right to the
Sudan freedom of religious creed and worship, and to declare his religion or creed and manifest
the same, by way of worship, education, practice or performance of rites or ceremonies,
subject to requirements of law and public order; no person shall be coerced to adopt
such faith, that he does not believe in, nor to practice rites or services to which he does
not voluntarily consent to. Article 47: Ethnic and cultural communities shall have the right
to freely enjoy and develop their particular cultures; members of such communities shall
have the right to practice their beliefs, use their languages, observe their religions and
raise their children within the framework of their respective cultures and customs Article
154: Human rights and fundamental freedoms as specified in this Constitution, including
respect for all religions, beliefs and customs, being of particular significance in the
National Capital, which symbolizes national unity, shall be guaranteed and enforced in the
National Capital.
Suriname Article 18
Section 23: (1) A person has a right to freedom of thought, conscience or religion.
(2) Except with the free consent of that person, a person shall not be hindered in the
enjoyment of the freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section freedom of
conscience includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change religion or
belief, and freedom of worship either alone or in community with others. Section 14: The
Swaziland fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual enshrined in this Chapter are
hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and
of peaceful assembly and association and of movement;
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen shall be guaranteed the
following rights and freedoms in his relations with the public institutions… (6) freedom of
Sweden worship: that is, the freedom to practise one's religion alone or in the company of
others.
Article 15: (1)Freedom of religion and conscience is guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the
right to choose freely their religion or their philosophical convictions, and to profess them
Switzerland alone or in community with others. (3) Everyone has the right to join or to belong to a
religious community, and to follow religious teachings.
Article 35: (1) The freedom of faith is guaranteed. The state respects all religions. (2) The
state guarantees the freedom to hold any religious rites, provided they do not disturb the
Syria public order.
Taiwan Article 13: The people shall have freedom of religious belief.
Article 26: (1) Everyone has the right to independently determine his (her) relationship
toward religion, to profess any religion individually or together with others, or to profess
Tajikistan none, and to participate in the performance of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies...
(3) In this Article reference to the term "religion" shall be construed as including reference
to religious denominations, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Article 19(1): Every person has the right to have conscience, or faith, and choice in
Tanzania matters of religion, including the freedom to change his religion religion or faith.
Premable: ...upholding all religions,.... Section 37: A person shall enjoy full liberty to
profess a religion, a religious denomination or creed, and observe religious precepts or
commandments or exercise a form of worship in accordance with his belief; provided that
it is not contrary to his civic duties, public order or good morals. In exercising the liberty
referred to in paragraph one, a person shall be protected from any act of the State, which
is derogatory to his rights or detrimental to his due benefits on the grounds of professing
Thailand a religion, a religious denomination or creed or observing religious precepts or
commandments or exercising a form of worship in accordance with his different belief
from that of others. Section 79: The State shall patronize and protect Buddhism as the
religion observed by most Thais for a long period of time and other religions, promote
good understanding and harmony among followers of all religions as well as encourage
the application of religious principles to create virtue and develop the quality of life.
Article 10: All religious denominations are equal before the law. Every Tibetan shall have
the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. These religious rights include
the freedom to manifest one's belief, to receive initiation into religious traditions, practice
with matters relating to religious commitment, such as preaching and worship of any
religion, either alone or in community with others. Article 12: Subject to any law
Tibet imposing restrictions in the immediate and ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for
the benefit of the public, and subject to legal restrictions imposed by the Tibetan
Assembly during the tenureship of a civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the
following rights and freedoms... (g) right to form, and become a member of any religious,
cultural, economic, corporate, union or other association;
Article 2: Republic of Togo assures equality before the law of all citizens, regardless of
origin, race, sex, social condition, or religion. It respects all political and philosophical
opinions as well as religious beliefs. Article 25: Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience, religion, worship, opinion, and expression. The exercise of these
rights and liberties is made with respect to the liberties of others, the public order, and
Togo norms established by law and regulations. The organization and practice of religious
beliefs is freely exercised with respect to the law. The same is true for philosophical
orders. The exercise of worship and expression of belief are carried out with respect to
the laicite of the State. Religious confessions have the right to organize themselves and to
freely exercise their activities with respect to the law.
Article 5: All men are free to practise their religion and to worship God as they may deem
fit in accordance with the dictates of their own consciences and to assemble for religious
Tonga service in such places as they may appoint. But it shall not be lawful to use this freedom
to commit evil and licentious acts or under the name of worship to do what is contrary to
the law and peace of the land.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and Tobago there have
existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour,
Trinidad and Tobago religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights and freedoms, namely... (h)
freedom of conscience and religious belief and observance;
Article 5: The Republic of Tunisia guarantees the inviolability of the human being and the
Tunisia liberty of conscience and protects the free exercise of worship, as long as it does not
interefere with the public order.
Article 24: Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religious belief and
conviction. Acts of worship, religious services, and ceremonies shall be conducted freely,
provided that they do not violate the provisions of Article 14. No one shall be compelled
to worship, or to participate in religious ceremonies and rites, to reveal religious beliefs
and convictions, or be blamed or accused because of his religious beliefs and
convictions.... No one shall be allowed to exploit or abuse religion or religious feelings, or
Turkey things held
sacred by religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the purpose of personal or political
influence, or for even partially basing the fundamental, social, economic, political, and
legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 25: Everyone has the right to freedom
of thought and opinion. No one shall be compelled to reveal his thoughts and opinions
for any reason or purpose, nor shall anyone be blamed or accused on account of his
thoughts and opinions.
Article 12: The State guarantees freedom of religion and conscience and their equality
before the law. Religious associations are separate from the State and may not perform
State functions. The educational system of the State is separate from religious
Turkmenistan organizations and has a secular character. Everyone has the right to independently
determine his (her) religious affiliation and to profess individually or with others any
religion or no religion at all, to express and disseminate religious convictions, and to
participate in the practice of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the
following fundamental rights and freedoms... (e) freedom of belief (see section 23)...
Section 23: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to— (a) the
succeeding provisions of this section; and (b) section 29 (protection of Tuvaluan values,
etc.); and (c) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and (d) section 32 (foreign
disciplined forces); and (e) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and (f) section 36
(restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), except with his
consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of belief. (2) For the
purposes of this section, freedom of belief includes— (a) freedom of thought, religion
and belief; and (b) freedom to change religion or belief; and (c) freedom, either alone or
with others, to show and to spread, both in public and in private, a religion or belief, in
worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (8) The protection given by this section to
freedom of religion or belief applies equally to freedom not to have or hold a particular
religion or belief, or any religion or belief. (9) A reference in this section to a religion
includes a reference to a religious denomination and to the beliefs of a religion or
Tuvalu religious denomination. Section 10(3): This section is not intended to deny the existence,
nature or effect of cultural, social, civic, family or religious obligations, or other
obligations of a non-legal nature, or to prevent such obligations being given effect by law
if, and so far as, it may be thought appropriate to do so. Section 29: ...(2) This includes
recognition of—
(a) the right to worship, or not to worship, in whatever way the conscience of the
individual tells him; and (b) the right to hold, to receive and to communicate opinions,
ideas and information... (5) Subject to section 15 (definition of “reasonably justifiable in a
democratic society”) nothing contained in a law or done under a law shall be considered
to be inconsistent with section 23 (freedom of belief) or 24(freedom of expression) to the
extent that the law makes provision regulating or placing restrictions on any exercise of
the right— (a) to spread beliefs; or
(b) to communicate opinions, ideas and information; if the exercise of that right may
otherwise conflict with subsection (4).
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to… (b) freedom of thought, conscience
and belief which shall include academic freedom in institutions of learning; (c) freedom to
practise any religion and manifest such practice which shall include the right to belong to
and participate in the practices of any religious body or organisation in a manner
Uganda consistent with this Constitution; Atticle 37: Every person has a right as applicable, to
belong to, enjoy, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, cultural institution,
language, tradition, creed or religion in community with others.
Article 35: Everyone has the right to freedom of personal philosophy and religion. This
right includes the freedom to profess or not to profess any religion, to perform alone or
Ukraine collectively and without constraint religious rites and ceremonial rituals, and to conduct
religious activity....
Article 32: Freedom to exercise religious worship shall be guaranteed in accordance with
United Arab Emirates established customs, provided that it does not conflict with public policy or violate public
morals.
Human Rights Act, Article 13: (1) If a court’s determination of any question arising under
this Act might affect the exercise by a religious organisation (itself or its members
United Kingdom collectively) of the Convention right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, it
must have particular regard to the importance of that right. (2) In this section “court”
includes a tribunal.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
United States prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
Article 5:All religious denominations are free in Uruguay. The State does not sustain any
religion. It recognizes the Catholic Church’s dominion over all the temples that have been
Uruguay totally or partially constructed with Exchequer funds, except the chapels which are
destined for service as shelters, hospitals, prisons, and other public establishments. It also
declares the designated buildings of worship of the various religions exempt from all type
of taxes.
Article 31: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed to all Everyone shall have the right to
Uzbekistan profess or not to profess any religion. Any compulsory imposition of religion shall be
impermissible.
Article 5(1): The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any restrictions imposed
by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to the following fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin,
Vanuatu religious or traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence,
safety, public order, welfare and health... (f) freedom of conscience and worship;
Article 59: The State will guarantee freedom of religion and of cult. Every person has a
right to profess his religious faith and cults and to manifest his beliefs in private or in
public, by means of education or other practices, as long as it is not opposed to morality,
good customs and the public order. The independence and autonomy of churches and
religious confessions is guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those derived
from this Constitution and the law. The father and the mother have a right [that] their
Venezuela children receive the religious education which is in accordance with their convictions.
Nobody can invoke religious creeds or disciplines to evade compliance with the law or to
keep another from the exercise of his rights. Article 61: Every person has a right to the
freedom of conscience and to manifest it, except [if] its practice affects personality or
constitutes a crime. Conscientious objection cannot be invoked to evade compliance with
the law or to impede compliance of others with it or [impede] the exercise of their rights
Article 70: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any
religion or follow none. All religions are equal before the law. The places of worship of all
faiths and religions are protected by the law. No one has the right to infringe on the
Vietnam freedom of faith and religion or to take advantage of the latter to contravene State laws
and policies.
Yemen None
Preamble: DECLARE the Republic a Christian nation while upholding the right of every
person to enjoy that person’s freedom of conscience or religion Article 19: (1) Except with
his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
Zambia conscience, and for the purposes of this Article the said freedom includes freedom of
thought and religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone
or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate
his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance
Article 19: (1) Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person
shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, that is to say, freedom
of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, whether
alone or in community with others, and whether in public or in private, to manifest and
propagate his religion or belief through worship, teaching, practice and observance.... (6)
Zimbabwe religious denomination and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly. Article
11: It is recognised and declared that every person in Zambia has been and shall continue
to be entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the
right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital
status, but subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and all of the
following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly, movement and
association;
Negative Religious Freedom/Atheism- freedom
Limitations on Religious Freedom from religion
Article 11(2) Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs

law and are necessary in the interests of public safety,
order, health or morals, or for the protection of the
fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
Article 45: Freedom of conscience and belief shall be

inviolable. The Angolan State shall recognize freedom of
worship and guarantee its exercise, provided it does not
conflict with public order and the national interest.

question makes provision that is reasonably required— (a)
morality or public health; or
members of any other religion,
thought, conscience and religion.....
Expression of this right can be restricted only by law, if it is
necessary for public security, health, morals or for the
protection of rights and freedoms of others.
Article 48(II):Everyone has the right to

Article 18(II): The spread and propaganda of independently define his or her attitude towards
religions (religious movements) which humiliate human religion, to profess religion alone or together with
dignity and contradict the principles of humanity are others, or to profess no religion at all, to express
banned. and spread religious convictions.
in contravention of this Article to the extent that the law in
including the right to observe and practice any religion
without the unsolicited interference of member of any
other religion,—and except so far as that provision or, as
democratic society.

question makes
provision- (a) which is reasonably required- (i) in the
interests of defence, public safety, public order, public
morality or public health; or (ii) for the purpose of
other religion; or (b) with respect to standards or
qualifications to be required in relation to places of
education including any instruction
Article 16: Relations between the State and religious
organizations shall be regulated by the law
with regard to their influence on the formation of the Article 31: Everyone shall have the right
spiritual, cultural and state traditions of the Belarusian independently to determine one's attitude
towards religion, to profess any religion
people. The activities of confessional organizations, their individually or jointly with others, or to profess
bodies and representatives, that are directed against the none at all, to express and spread beliefs
sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, its constitutional connected with one's attitude towards religion,
system and civic harmony, or involve a violation of civil and to participate in the performance of acts of
rights and liberties of its citizens as well as impede the worship and religious rituals and rites, which are
execution of state, public and family duties by its citizens or not prohibited by the law.
are detrimental to their health and morality shall be
prohibited.

in the interest of the persons who receive or may receive
instruction in them.
Article 7(22): Notwithstanding the rights conferred by this

Constitution, nothing in this Article shall prevent the State
from subjecting reasonable restriction by law, when it
concerns…. (d) Incitement to an offence on the grounds of
race, sex, language, religion or region;
case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is
society.
Article 37 (1) :The freedom of conscience, the

Article 37(2): The freedom of conscience and religion shall freedom of thought and the choice of religion and
not be practised to the detriment of national security, of religious or atheistic views shall be inviolable.
public order, public health and morals, or of the rights and The State shall assist the maintenance of
freedoms of others. Article 58(2): Obligations established by tolerance
the Constitution and the law shall not be defaulted upon on different and respect among the believers from
denominations, and among believers
grounds of religious or other convictions. and non-believers
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to
believe, freedom of conscience, of religious or
philosophical opinion, freedom of worship,
freedom of assembly, the free practice of custom
as well as the freedom of procession and of
demonstration shall be guaranteed by the present
Constitution subject to respect of the law, of
public order, of good morals and of the human
person.
Article 43: ...Freedom of belief and religious worship shall

be guaranteed by the State on the condition that such
freedom does not affect other beliefs and religions or
violate public order and security….
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as

well as the free exercise of worship are guaranteed to all
within the conditions established by law. Any form of
religious fundamentalism (intégrisme) and intolerance is
forbidden.
Article 27: ...These can only be restricted by the respect of
the liberties and rights of others and the imperative to
safeguard the public order and good morals. The law
determines the conditions of their exercise.
Article 19(6)...which are not contrary to morals, good

customs or public order. Religious communities may build
and maintain churches and the corresponding facilities
under the conditions of safety and hygiene fixed by the laws
and ordinances…..
Article 36: ...No one may make use of religion to engage in

activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of
citizens or interfere with the educational system of the
state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject
to any foreign domination.
Article 22: ...subject to respect for the law, public order,

morality and the rights of others. The law determines the
Article 9: The freedom of thought and expression, notably
the freedom of conscience, of religious or philosophical
opinion are guaranteed to all, under reserve of respect of
the law, the rights of others, of the national security and of
the public order.
Article 16: Freedoms and rights may only be restricted by

law in order to protect freedoms and rights of others, public
order, public morality and health. Any limitation of
freedoms and rights must be proportionate to the need for
limitation in each individual case.
Article 55: The State, which recognizes, respects

Article 55: ...with respect for the law. The law regulates the and guarantees freedom of conscience and
State’s relations with religious institutions. religion, simultaneously recognizes, respects, and
guarantees the freedom of every citizen to change
religious creeds, or not to have any…
Article 18: (6)Freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief

law and are necessary in the interests of the security of the
Republic, the constitutional order, the public safety, the
public order, the public health, the public morals; or for the
protection of the rights and liberties guaranteed by this
Constitution to any person.(7) Until a person attains the age
of sixteen, the decision as to the religion to be professed by
him shall be taken by the person having the lawful
guardianship of such person.
CFRBF, Article 16(4): The exercise of these rights may be

limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a
democratic society for the protection of public safety and
order, health and morals, or the rights and freedoms of
others.
Section 67: Citizens shall be at liberty to form congregations
for the worship of God in a manner according with their
convictions, provided that nothing contrary to good morals
or public order shall be taught or done.

individuals… (8) The right to practice, maintain,
change, profess in public or in private, one’s
religion or beliefs, and to disseminate them
Article 66(8): ...with the restrictions that respecting the law individually or collectively, with the restrictions
imposes. that respecting the law imposes. The State shall
protect voluntary religious practice as well as the
expression of those who do not profess and
religion and will foster an atmosphere of plurality
and tolerance.
Section 40: ...Everyone has the freedom to exercise his or

her religion, both alone and in community with others, in
public or in private, unless this is detrimental to public
order, health or
morals.
Article 27(5): Freedom to express or manifest one’s religion

or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are
prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public
safety, peace, health, education, public morality or the
fundamental rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure
the independence of the state from religion.
Article 35(4):
(4) The right set out in subsection (2) may be made subject
to such limitations prescribed by law as are necessary: (a) to
protect: (i) the rights or freedoms of other persons; or (ii)
or (b) to prevent a public nuisance.
Section 11: ….No one is under the obligation,
against his or her conscience, to participate in the
practice of a religion.
Article 1(13): ...religious communities conduct and

administrate their affairs in an independent manner, under
reserve of respect of the principles of national sovereignty,
public order and the preservation of the moral and mental
integrity of the individual. Political associations, parties or
interests as well as religious communities of which the
activities are contrary to law, or to the good relations of
ethnic groups or ensembles may be prohibited according to
the terms of the law.
Section 25(4): (4) The freedoms referred to in subsections

(1) and (2) shall be exercised subject to the law of The
Gambia in so far as that law imposes reasonable restrictions
on the exercise of the rights and freedoms thereby
conferred, which are necessary in a democratic society and
are required in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity
of The Gambia, national security, public order, decency or
morality, or in relation to contempt of court. Section 32:
...subject to the terms of this Constitution and to the
condition that the rights protected by this section do not
impinge on the rights and freedoms of others or the
national interest, especially unity. Section 17(2): ...but
subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest.
Article 19(3): The restriction of the freedoms enumerated

in the present Article shall be
impermissible unless their manifestation infringes upon the
rights of others.
Article 21(2): (2) A restriction on a person’s freedom of
movement by his lawful detention shall not be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of this article. (4)
Nothing in, or done under the authority of, a law shall be
held to be inconsistent with, or in contravention of, this
article to the extent that the law in question makes
provision— (a) for the imposition of restrictions by order of
a court, that are required in the interest of defence, public
safety or public order, on the movement or residence within
Ghana of any person; or ... (e) that is reasonably required
for the purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana
against the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which
exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood of
Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or incites
hatred against other members of the community; except so
far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done
under the authority of that law is shown not to be
reasonably justifiable in terms of the spirit of this
Constitution. Article 26(2): All customary practices which
dehumanise or are injurious to the physical and mental
well-being of a person are prohibited.
Article 13(2): ...The practice of rites of worship is not

allowed to offend public order or the good usages.
Proselytism is prohibited
members of any other religion, and except so far as that
provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the
authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable
in a democratic society.
Article 36: …without other limits than the public order and
the respect due to the dignity of the hierarchy and the
faithful of other beliefs.

authority of any law shail be held to be inconsistent with or
in contravention ofthis article to
the extent that the law in question makes provision-
(a) which is reasonably required- (i) in the interests of
defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public
health; or (ii) for the purpose ofprotecting the rights and
freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe
and practice any religion without the unsolicited
intervention ofmembers of any other religion; or (iii) with
relation to places of education including any instruction
(not being religious instruction) given at such places.
Article 30: …Everyone is entitled to profess his religion and

practice his faith, provided the exercise of that right does
not disturb law and order.
Article 77: ...provided they do not violate the law and
public policy.
Bill of Rights, Article 15(3): Freedom to manifest one's

religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as
are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public
and freedoms of others.
Article 63: Nothing may however be preached or practised Article 64: ...Everyone shall be free to remain
which is prejudicial to good morals or public order outside religious associations.
Article 25: (1) Subject to public order, morality and health
and to the other provisions of this Part...(2) Nothing in this
article shall affect the operation of any existing law or
prevent the State from making any law- (a) regulating or
restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular
activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b)
providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing
open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to
all classes and sections of Hindus. Explanation I.-The
wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be
included in the profession of the Sikh religion. Explanation
II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus
shall be construed as including a reference to persons
professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the
reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed
accordingly. Article 26: Subject to public order, morality and
health...
Article 28J(2): In exercising his/her rights and freedoms,

every person shall have the duty to accept the restrictions
established by law for the sole purposes of guaranteeing
the recognition and respect of the rights and freedoms of
others and of satisfying just demands based upon
considerations of morality, religious values, security and
public order in a democratic society.
Article 26: ...No one may be prevented from participating
in the aforementioned groups, or be compelled to
participate in them.
Article 44(2i): Freedom of conscience and the free

profession and practice of religion are, subject to public
order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen.
Article 19: ...provided they are not offensive to public
morality Article 8: All religious denominations are equally
free before the law. Denominations other than Catholicism
have the right to self-organisation according to their own
statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian law.

protecting the rights and freedoms
of other persons, including the right to observe
and practise any religion without the unsolicited
intervention of members of any other religion.
Article 14: ...unless such exercise is inconsistent with public

order or morality.
Article 5: (4) Activities of political parties and trade unions
of other states, religious parties as well as financing political
parties and trade unions by foreign legal entities and
citizens, foreign states and international organizations shall
not be permitted in the Republic. (5) Activities of foreign
religious associations on the territory of the Republic as
well as appointment of heads of religious associations in
the Republic by foreign religious centers shall be carried out
in coordination with the respective state institutions of the
Republic. Article 22(2): The right to freedom of conscience
must not specify or limit universal human and civil rights
and responsibilities before the state. Article 39: (1) Rights
and freedoms of an individual and citizen may be limited
only by laws and only to the extent necessary for protection
of the constitutional system, defense of the public order,
human rights and freedoms, health and morality of the
population.... (3) Any form of restrictions to the rights and
freedoms of the citizens on political grounds shall not be
permitted. Rights and freedoms stipulated by articles 10-11;
13-15 paragraph 1 of article 16; article 17; article 19; article
22; paragraph 2 of article 26 of the Constitution shall not be
restricted in any event.

other persons, including the right to observe and practise a
religion without the unsolicited intervention of members of
another religion, and except so far as that provision or, as
democratic society.
Article 68: ...This right is granted by approving the

construction of religious buildings and the holding of
religious ceremonies. No one may use religion as a pretext
for drawing in foreign forces or for harming the State and
social order.
Article 35: ...provided that it does not conflict with public

policy or morals.
Article 14 (5): Everyone shall be guaranteed
freedom of religion and atheistic views.
Article 30: Lao citizens have the right and

freedom to believe or not to believe in religions.
Article 116: Trights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six,

ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and
two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one
hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to
restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to
protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure
of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the
basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions
may also be imposed on the expression of religious
beliefs.
Article 9: …provided that they do not disturb the public

order
Article 13: (5) Nothing contained in or done under the

question makes provision— (a) in the interests of defence,
or (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms
members of any other religion. (6) A person shall not be
permitted to rely in any judicial proceedings upon such a
provision of law as is referred to in subsection (5) except to
the extent to which he satisfies the court that that provision
or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority
thereof does not abridge the rights and freedoms
guaranteed by this section to a greater extent than is
necessary in a practical sense in a democratic society in the
interests of any of the matters specified in subsection (5)(a)
or for the purpose specified in subsection (5)(b).
Article 14: ...no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment

thereof except as may be required by law to protect public
and freedoms of others…..
Article 37(2): The Roman Catholic Church is the State
Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State;
other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds
and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with
morality and public order.
Article 26: ...Freedom of a human being to profess and

spread his religion or belief may not be limited otherwise
than by law and only when this is necessary to guarantee
the security of society, the public order, the health and
morals of the people as well as other basic rights and
freedoms of the person. Article 28: While implementing his
rights and freedoms, the human being must observe the
Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Lithuania and
must not restrict the rights and freedoms of other people.
Article 43: The teaching proclaimed by churches and
religious organization[s], other religious activities and
houses of prayer may not be used for purposes which are in
conflict with the Constitution and laws.
Article 54: The freedoms and rights of the individual and

citizen can be restricted only in cases determined by the
Constitution. The freedoms and rights of the individual and
citizen can be restricted during states of war or emergency,
in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. The
restriction of freedoms and rights can not discriminate on
grounds of sex, race, colour of skin, language, religion,
national or social origin, property or social status. The
restriction of freedoms and rights can not be applied to the
right to life, the interdiction of torture, inhuman and
humiliating conduct and punishment, the legal
determination of
punishable offences and sentences, as well as to the
freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought and
religious confession.
Article 44: (1)There shall be no derogation, restrictions or
limitation with regard to… (h) the right to freedom of
conscience, belief, thought and religion and to academic
freedom. (2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), no
restrictions or limitations may be placed on the exercise of
any rights and freedoms provided for in this Constitution
other than those prescribed by law, which are reasonable,
recognized by international human rights standards and
necessary in an open and democratic society. (3) Laws
prescribing restrictions or limitations shall not negate the
essential content of the right or freedom in question, shall
be of general application.
Article 11: (4) State law and in respect of the Federal

Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, federal
law may control or restrict
the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among
persons professing the religion of Islam.
(5) This Article does not authorize any act contrary to any
general law relating to public order, public health or
morality.
Article 4: ...with respect to the law.
Article 32b:but subject to respect for the rights and

freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and
all of the following...
in contravention of subarticle
(1), to the extent that the law in question makes provision
that is reasonably required in the interests of public safety,
public order, public morality or decency, public health, or
the protection of the rights and freedoms of others, and
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the
thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be
Article 2, Section 1: (2) Nothing in this Section shall be
construed to invalidate reasonable restrictions imposed by
law on the time, place, or manner of conduct, provided (a)
the restrictions are necessary to preserve public peace,
order, health, or security or the rights or freedoms of
others; (b) there exist no less restrictive means of doing so;
and (c) the restrictions do not penalize conduct on the basis
of disagreement with the ideas or beliefs expressed.
Article 3: ...and the provisions of this Chapter shall have

effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights
and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection
as are contained in those provisions, being limitations
designed to ensure that the enjoyment of those rights and
freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights
and freedoms of others or the public interest. Article 5: (5)
Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any
law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention
of this section to the extent that the law in question makes
provision— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health; or\ (b) for the
persons professing any other religion or belief, except so far
as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done
under its authority is shown not to be reasonably justifiable
in a democratic society
Article 24: ...provided they do not constitute a crime or

offense punishable by law.
Article 10, Section 9 (b): A civil right may be impaired only

to the extent actually required for the preservation of
peace, health, or safety….
Article 23: ...except for crimes committed by using these
liberties.
Article 9(1): the Church shall honor the state
Article 24: Guaranteed human rights and freedoms may be

limited only by the law, within the
scope permitted by the Constitution, to the extent
necessary in an open and democratic society in order to
satisfy the purpose for which the limitation has been
permitted. Limitations shall not be introduced for purposes
other than the ones for which they were prescribed. Article
46: ...Freedom to express religious beliefs may be restricted
only if so required in order to protect life and health of the
people, public peace and order, as well as other rights
guaranteed by the Constitution.
Article 34: ...subject to public order, morality or health and
to the other provisions of this Constitution Article 360: (a)
The freedom of religious practice granted in section 34 shall
not include economic, financial, political or other secular
activities that may be associated with said religious practice.
(b) The freedom of religious practice so guaranteed shall
not prevent the Union from enacting laws for the purpose
of public welfare and reform. Article 364: The abuse of
religion for political purposes is prohibited. Moreover, any
act which is intended or is likely to promote feelings of
hatred, enmity or discord between racial or religious
communities or sects is contrary to this Constitution. A law
may be promulgated to punish such activity.
Article 11(4); (4) Nothing contained in or done under the

in contravention of the provisions of this Article to the
extent that that law makes provision which is reasonably
required—
public morality or public health; (b) for protecting the rights
and freedoms of other persons, including the right to
observe and practise any religion without the unsolicited
intervention of members of some other religion; or (c) for
regulating the secular education provided in any place of
education in the interests of the persons receiving
instruction in that place.
Article 23(1): ...Provided that no person shall be entitled to

convert another person from one religion to another, and
no person shall act or behave in a manner which may
infringe upon the religion of others.
Article 6(2): Rules concerning the exercise of this right

other than in buildings and enclosed places may be laid
down by Act of Parlimanet for the protectio of health, in the
interest of traffic and to combat or prevent disorders.
Article 69: ...No one may evade obedience to the law or Article 29: Everyone has the right to freedom of
impede others from exercising their rights and fulfilling conscience and thought and to profess or not
their duties by invoking religious beliefs or dispositions. profess a religion…..
Article 26: ...These rights are exercised in the respect of

public order, peace ,and social and national unity.
Article 38(4): Nothing in this section shall entitle any person

to form, take part in the activity or be a member of a secret
society Article 45: Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41
of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is
reasonably justifiable in a democratic society— (a) in the
interest of defence, public safety, public order, public
protecting the rights and freedom of other persons.
Section 2: …The inhabitants professing it are bound to bring

up their children in the same Section 16: The King ordains
all public church services and public worship and all
meetings and assemblies dealing with religious matters, and
ensures that public teachers of religion follow the norms
prescribed for them
Article 28: ...provided it does not disrupt the public order

or contradict with morals.
Article 20 : Subject to law, public order and morality….
Article 37: The state shall… (h) prevent the consumption of
alcoholic liquor otherwise than for medicinal and, in the
case of non-Muslims, religious purposes….
Article 35: ...without any other limitation than respect for

Christian morality and public order...
Article 38: (1) For the purposes of this Subdivision, a law

that complies with the requirements of this section is a law
that is made and certified in accordance with Subsection
(2), and that:— (a) regulates or restricts the exercise of a
right or freedom referred to in this Subdivision to the extent
that the regulation or restriction is necessary:— (i) taking
account of the National Goals and Directive Principles and
the Basic Social Obligations, for the purpose of giving effect
to the public interest in:— (A) defence; or (B) public safety;
or (C) public order; or (D) public welfare; or (E) public health
(including animal and plant health); or (F) the protection of
children and persons under disability (whether legal or
practical); or (G) the development of under-privileged or
less advanced groups or areas; or (ii) in order to protect the
exercise of the rights and freedoms of others; or (b) makes
reasonable provision for cases where the exercise of one
such right may conflict with the exercise of another, to the
extent that the law is reasonably justifiable in a democratic
society having a proper respect for the rights and dignity of
mankind. (2) For the purposes of Subsection (1), a law
must:—
(a) be expressed to be a law that is made for that purpose;
and (b) specify the right or freedom that it regulates or
restricts; and (c) be made, and certified by the Speaker in
his certificate under Section 110 (certification as to making
of laws) to have been made, by an absolute majority. (3)
The burden of showing that a law is a law that complies
with the requirements of Subsection (1) is on the party
relying on its validity.
Article 53(5): The freedom to publicly express religion may
be limited only by means of statute
and only where this is necessary for the defence of State
security, public order, health, morals or the freedoms and
rights of others.
Article 50: …in accordance with the law and the

requirements of the maintenance of public order and
morality.
Article 29(4); All forms, means, acts, or actions of religious
enmity are prohibited in the relationship between the cults.
Article 53: (1)The exercise of certain rights or freedoms may
be restricted only by law and only if this is necessary, as the
case may be, to defend national security, public order,
health, or public morals, or the rights and freedoms of
citizens; to investigate a crime; or to prevent the
consequences of a natural calamity, a disaster or a
particularly severe catastrophe. (2) The restriction can only
be imposed if it is necessary in a democratic society. The
measure must be proportionate to the situation which
caused it, has to be applied in a non-discriminatory manner
and may not eliminate the right or freedom in question.
Article 55(3): Human and civil rights and freedoms may be

limited by federal law only to the extent necessary for the Article 28: Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom
protection of the basis of the constitutional order, morality, of conscience and religion, including the right to
health, rights and lawful interests of other people, and for profess individually or collectively any religion or
ensuring the defence of the country and the security of the not to profess any religion…
State.

question makes provision that is reasonably required—
public morality or public health;
members of any other religion; or (c) for the purpose of
regulating educational institutions in the interests of the
persons who receive or may receive instruction in them,

Article 11(2): Nothing in clause (1) shall affect the operation

of any existing law or prevent the State from making any
law in so far as that existing law or the law so made
imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right
conferred under the provisions of that clause in the
interests of national security or of public order, health or
morals, or for protecting the rights and freedom of others,
including their rights and freedom to observe and practice
their religion without the unsolicited interference of
members of other religions.
Article 24: …subject to the public order…..
Article 43: ....Freedom of manifesting religion or beliefs may

be restricted by law only if that is necessary in a democratic
society to protect lives and health of people, morals of
democratic society, freedoms and rights guaranteed by the
Constitution, public safety and order, or to prevent inciting
of religious, national, and racial hatred..... Article 44: ...
Constitutional Court may ban a religious community only if
its activities infringe the right to life, right to mental and
physical health, the rights of child, right to personal and
family integrity, public safety and order, or if it incites
religious, national or racial intolerance.
Article 21(2): The freedom to manifest and propagate a

religion or belief may be subject to such limitations as may
be prescribed by a law and necessary in a democratic
society— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public
order, public morality or public health; or (b) for the
purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other
persons.
question makes a provision which is reasonably required—
(a) in the interest of defence, public safety, public order,
public morality or public health; or (b) for the purpose of
protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons
without the unsolicited intervention of the members of any
other religion; and except in so far as that provision or, as
thereof, is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a
democratic society.
Article 15(4): This Article does not authorise any act

contrary to any general law relating to public order, public
health or morality
Article 24(1): The freedom of thought,

Article 24(4): Conditions for exercising of rights under conscience, religious belief and faith are
paragraphs 1 to 3 may be limited only by law, if such a guaranteed. This right includes the right to change
measure is necessary in a democratic society to protect one’s religious belief or faith. Everyone has the
public order, health, morals, or the rights and freedoms of
others. right to have no religion. Everyone has the right to
publicly express his/her thoughts.
Article 11(6): (6) Nothing contained in or donc under the
including the right to practise and observe any religion
case may be, the thing donc under the authority thereof is
society.
Article 15(2): (2) Religious observances may be conducted

at state or state-aided institutions, provided that— (a) those
observances follow rules made by the appropriate public
authorities; (b) they are conducted on an equitable basis;
and (c) attendance at them is free and voluntary. Article
31(2): The rights in subsection (1) may not be exercised in a
manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights.
Article 16(1): ...with no other restriction on their expression

than may be necessary to maintain public order as
protected by law.
Article 38: ...subject to requirements of law and public
order...
Section 23(4): Nothing contained in or done under the

question makes provision— (a) that is reasonably required
morality or public health; or (b) that is reasonably required
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: The rights
and freedoms referred to in Article 1, points I to 5, in
Articles 6 and 8, and in
Article 11, paragraph two, may be restricted in law to the
extent provided for in Articles 13 to
16. With authority in law, they may be restricted by other
statute in cases under Chapter 8,
Article 7, paragraph one, point 7, and Article 10. Freedom
of assembly and freedom to
demonstrate may similarly be restricted also in cases under
Article 14, paragraph one, sentence
two. The restrictions referred to in paragraph one may be
imposed only to satisfy a purpose acceptable in a
democratic society. The restriction must never go beyond
what is necessary having regard to the purpose which
occasioned it, nor may it be carried so far as to constitute a
threat to the free formation of opinion as one of the
fundaments of democracy. No restriction may be imposed
solely on grounds of a political, religious, cultural or other
such opinion.....
Article 25(2): ...provided they do not disturb the public

order.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to

independently determine his (her) relationship
toward religion, to profess any religion
individually or together with others, or to profess
none…
Article 19(2): Protection of rights referred to in this Article

shall be in accordance with the provisions prescribed by the
laws which are of importance to a democratic society for
security and peace in the society, integrity of the society
and the national coercion.
Section 37: ... provided that it is not contrary to his civic
duties, public order or good morals.
Article 14: The exercise of the rights and liberties

guaranteed by the present Constitutions may be subject
only to limitations specifically provided for by law and
necessary for the protection of national security, the public
order, public health, morals or the fundamental rights and
freedoms of others. Article 25: The exercise of these rights
and liberties is made with respect to the liberties of others,
the public order, and norms established by law and
regulations.... Religious confessions have the right to
organize themselves and to freely exercise their activities
with respect to the law.
Article 5:..But it shall not be lawful to use this freedom to

commit evil and licentious acts or under the name of
worship to do what is contrary to the law and peace of the
land.
Article 24: ..provided that they do not violate the provisions
of Article 14…. No one shall be allowed to exploit or abuse
religion or religious feelings, or things held sacred by
religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the purpose of
personal or political influence, or for even partially basing
the fundamental, social, economic, political, and
legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 14: None
of the rights and freedoms embodied in the Constitution
shall be exercised with the aim of violating the indivisible
integrity of the state with its territory and nation, and
endangering the existence of the democratic and secular
order of the Turkish Republic based upon human rights. No
provision of this Constitution shall be interpreted in a
manner that enables the State or individuals to destroy the
fundamental rights and freedoms embodied in the
Constitution or to stage an activity with the aim of
restricting them more extensively than stated in the
Constitution Article 13: Fundamental rights and freedoms
may be restricted only by law and in conformity with the
reasons mentioned in the relevant articles of the
restrictions shall not be in conflict with the letter and spirit
of the Constitution and the requirements of the democratic
order of the society and the secular Republic and the
principle of proportionality.
Article 12: ...Everyone has the right to

Article 21: The exercise of rights and freedoms must not independently determine his (her) religious
violate the rights and freedoms of other persons, moral affiliation and to profess individually or with
rules, or the social order, or harm the national security. others any religion or no religion at all…
Section 23: (6) Nothing in or done under a law shall be
considered to be inconsistent with this section to the extent
that the law makes provision which is reasonably required
— (a) in the interests of— (i) defence; or (ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order; or (iv) public morality; or (v) public health;
or (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms
Article 35: ...The exercise of this right may be restricted by

law only in the interests of protecting public order, the
health and morality of the population, or protecting the
rights and freedoms of other persons.
Article 32:...provided that it does not conflict with public

policy or violate public morals.
Article 31: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed
to all Everyone shall have the right to
profess or not to profess any religion. Any
compulsory imposition of religion shall be
impermissible.
Article 59: ...As long as it is not opposed to morality, good

customs and the public order. The independence and
autonomy of churches and religious confessions is
guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those
derived from this Constitution and the law.... Nobody can
invoke religious creeds or disciplines to evade compliance
with the law or to keep another from the exercise of his
rights. Article 61: ...except [if] its practice affects personality
or constitutes a crime. Conscientious objection cannot be
invoked to evade compliance with the law or to impede
compliance of others with it or [impede] the exercise of
their rights
Article 70: ... No one has the right to infringe on the Article 70: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of
freedom of faith and religion or to take advantage of the belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or
latter to contravene State laws and policies. follow none…..
in contravention of this Article to the extent that it is shown
that the law in question makes provision which is
reasonably required— (a) in the interests of defence, public
safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (b)
other persons, including the right to observe and practice
members of any other religion: and except so far as that
provision or, the thing done under the authority thereof as
the case may be, is shown not to be reasonably justified in a
democratic society.
Article 19(5):Nothing contained in or done under the

authority of any law shall be held to be in contravention of
subsection (1) or (3) to the extent that the law in question
makes provision— (a) in the interests of defence, public
safety, public order, public morality or public health; (b) for
the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other
persons professing any other religion or belief; or (c) with
relation to places of education, including any instruction,
not being religious instruction, given at such places; except
so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing
done under the authority thereof is shown not to be
Non-Derogable During War/Emergency
Article 52(2) On no account shall the declaration of a

state of siege or state of emergency affect the right
to life, personal integrity, personal identity, civil
penal law, the right of the accused to defense or
freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 57(3): Following a proclamation of war,
martial law or a state of emergency the exercise of
individual civil rights may be temporarily curtailed by
law, except for the rights established by Art. 28, Art.
29, Art. 31 paras 1, 2 and 3, Art. 32 para 1, and Art.
37.
Article 269: A declaration of martial law or a state of
emergency shall, in no case, affect rights to life,
physical integrity, personal identity, civil status, and
citizenship, the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the
right of the accused to defense, freedom of
conscience and religion.
Article 61: : In no case, not even when the state of
siege or the state of emergency has been proclaimed
in accordance with Articles 87 and 88 of this
Constitution, is a derogation admissible from the
following rights and fundamental principles... The
freedom of thought, of conscience and religion.
Article 17: During a state of war or an immediate
threat to the independence and unity of the State, or
in the event of severe natural disasters, individual
freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution
may be restricted. This shall be decided by the
Croatian Sabor by a two-thirds majority of all
members or, if the Croatian National Parliament is
unable to meet on the proposal of the Government
and the signature of the Prime Minister, by the
President of the Republic. The extent of such
restrictions shall correspond to the nature of the
danger, and may not result in the inequality of
citizens in respect of race, color, sex, language,
religion, national or social origin.
Article 263: State of Defense: In the case of national
sovereignty or territorial integrity being placed in
grave or imminent danger by external, armed
aggressions, the Executive Power, without damaging
the inherent responsibilities of his office, may
request that the National Congress declare a state of
defense (emergency). In this state, the following
cannot be suspended: (3) The freedom of conscience
and of worship, according to the regulations of
Article 45.
Article 25(5): In no case shall a declaration of a state

of siege affect the right to life, physical integrity,
citizenship, non-retroactivity of the criminal law,
defense in a criminal case and freedom of conscience
and religion, the right not to be subjected to torture,
slavery or servitude, the right not to be subjected to
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment, and the guarantee of non-
discrimination.
Article 31(2): The declaration of a state of siege or
state of emergency can in no case affect the right to
life, personal integrity, personal identity, civil
penal law, the right of defense of the accused, and
the freedom of conscience and religion.
Bill of Rights Section 5: (1) In time of public
emergency which threatens the life of the nation and
the existence of which is officially proclaimed,
measures may be taken derogating from the Bill of
Rights to the extent strictly required by the
exigencies of the situation, but these measures shall
be taken in accordance with law. (2) No measure
shall be taken under Subsection (1) that... (b)
involves discrimination solely on the ground of race,
colour, sex, language, religion or social origin; or
Article 44: (1)There shall be no derogation,
restrictions or limitation with regard to… (h) the right
to freedom of conscience, belief, thought and
religion and to academic freedom Article 45: (3)
Derogation shall only be permissible during a state of
emergency— (a) with respect to freedom of
expression, freedom of information, freedom of
movement, freedom of assembly and rights under
section 19 (6) (a) and section 42 (2) (b); (b) to the
extent that such derogation is not inconsistent with
the obligations of Malawi under International Law;
and
(c) to the extent that— (i) in the case of war or threat
of war, it is strictly required to prevent the lives of
defensive combatants and legitimate military
objectives from being placed in direct jeopardy; or
(ii) in the case of a widespread natural disaster, it is
strictly required for the protection and relief of those
people in the disaster area.
Article 19(2): In case of a state of emergency or war,
the human rights and freedoms as defined by the
Constitution and other laws shall be subject to
limitation only by a law. Such a law shall not affect
the right to life, the freedom of thought, conscience
and religion, as well as the right not to be subjected
to torture, inhuman and cruel treatment.
Article 25: During the proclaimed state of war or

emergency, the exercise of certain human rights and
liberties may be limited, to the necessary extent. The
limitations shall not be introduced on the grounds of
sex, nationality, race, religion, language, ethnic or
social origin, political or other beliefs, financial
standing or any other personal feature. There shall
be no limitations imposed on the rights to: life, legal
remedy and legal aid; dignity of and respect for a
person; fair and public trail and the principle of
legality; presumption of innocence; defense;
compensation of damage for illegal or ungrounded
deprivation of liberty and ungrounded conviction;
freedom of thought, conscience and religion; entry
into marriage.
Article 286: The declaration of a state of siege or a

state of emergency shall in no event restrict or
suspend the right to life, the right to personal
integrity, the right to civil capacity and to citizenship,
the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the right of
accused persons to a defence, and freedom of
religion.
Article 233(3): An emergency law:—(a) may not
alter… (iii) Section 45 (freedom of conscience,
thought and religion); or
Article 233: The statute specifying the scope of
limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and
citizens in times of martial law and states of
emergency shall not limit the freedoms and rights
specified in.... Article 53 (conscience and religion).....
Limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and
citizens only by reason of race, gender, language,
faith or lack of it, social origin, ancestry or property
Article 19(6): Under no circumstances shall a

declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency
affect the rights to life, personal integrity, personal
identity, civil capacity and citizenship, the non-
retroactivity of the criminal law, defendants' right to
a defence, or freedom of conscience and religion.
Article 137: "...A declaration of a state of siege or of
a state of emergency shall not under any
circumstances violate the right to life and physical
integrity of the person, the rights accorded to people
by law in relation to their status, capacity and
nationality; the principle of non-retroactivity of
criminal
law, the right to legal defence and freedom of
conscience and religion...."
Article 202: Upon proclamation of the state of
emergency or war, derogations from human and
minority rights guaranteed by the Constitution shall
be permitted only to the extent deemed necessary.
Measures providing for derogation shall not bring
about differences based on race, sex, language,
religion, national affiliation or social origin.
Article 16: Human rights and fundamental freedoms
provided by this Constitution may
exceptionally be temporarily suspended or restricted
during a war and state of
emergency. Human rights and fundamental freedoms
may be suspended or
restricted only for the duration of the war or state of
emergency, but only to the extent
required by such circumstances and inasmuch as the
measures adopted do not
create inequality based solely on race, national
origin, sex, language, religion,
political or other conviction, material standing, birth,
education, social status or any other personal
circumstance.
The provision of the preceding paragraph does not
allow any temporary suspension
or restriction of the rights provided by Articles 17,
18, 21, 27, 28, 29 and 41.
Article 211: The President of the Republic, with the
consent of the First Vice President, may during the
state of emergency take, by virtue of law or
exceptional order, any measures that shall not
derogate from the provisions of this Constitution and
the Comprehensive Peace Agreement except as may
be provided herein:— (a) to suspend part of the Bill
of Rights. However, there shall be no infringement on
the right to life, freedom from slavery, freedom from
torture, the right of non-discrimination on the basis
of race, sex, religious creed, the right in litigation or
the presumption of innocence and legal
representation,
Article 15: In times of war, mobilization, martial law,
or state of emergency, the exercise of fundamental
rights and freedoms can be partially or entirely
suspended, or measures may be taken, to the extent
required by the exigencies of the situation, which
derogate the guarantees embodied in the
Constitution, provided that obligations under
international law are not violated.
Even under the circumstances indicated in the first
paragraph, the individual's right to
life, and the integrity of his or her material and
spiritual entity shall be inviolable except
where death occurs through lawful act of warfare; no
one may be compelled to reveal
his or her religion, conscience, thought or opinion,
nor be accused on account of them;
offences and penalties may not be made retroactive,
nor may anyone be held guilty until so proven by a
court judgment.
Section 36: Nothing in or done under a law shall be
considered to be inconsistent with— (a) section 16
(life); or (b) section 17 (personal liberty); or (c)
section 21 (privacy of home and property); or (d)
section 23 (freedom of belief); or (e) section 24
(freedom of expression); or (f) section 25 (freedom
of assembly and association); or (g) section 26
(freedom of movement); or (h) section 27 (freedom
from discrimination), to the extent that the law— (i)
makes any provision, in relation to a period of public
emergency; or (j) authorizes the doing, during any
such period, of any thing, that is reasonably
justifiable for the purpose of dealing with any
situation that arises or exists during that period.
Country Freedom of Expression
Article 34: Freedom of expression shall be inviolable. Every Afghan shall have
the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as
other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution. Every Afghan
Afghanistan shall have the right, according to provisions of law, to print and publish on
subjects without prior submission to state authorities. Directives related to the
press, radio and television as well as publications and other mass media shall
Article 22: (1) Freedom of expression is guaranteed. (2) Freedom of the press,
radio and television is guaranteed. (3) Prior censorship of means of
Albania communication is prohibited. (4) The law may require authorization to be
granted for the operation of radio or television stations.
Article 41: The freedoms of expression, association and assembly shall be

Algeria guaranteed to the citizen.
Article 12: Freedoms of expression, of communication and of information are

guaranteed. The law shall regulate the right of reply, the right of correction and
Andorra professional secrecy. Preliminary censorship or any other means of ideological
control on the part of the public authorities shall be prohibited.
Article 2: The Republic of Angola shall be a democratic State based on the rule
of law, national unity, the dignity of the individual, pluralism of expression and
Angola political organization, respecting and guaranteeing the basic rights and
freedoms of persons, both as individuals and as members of organized social
groups. Article 32(1): Freedom of expression, assembly, demonstration and all
other forms of expression shall be guaranteed.
Antigua and Barbuda enjoyment of his freedom of expression.
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following rights, in
accordance with the laws that regulate their exercise, namely: of working in
and practicing any lawful industry; of navigating and trading; of petitioning the
Argentina authorities; of entering, remaining in, traveling through and leaving the
Argentine territory; of publishing their ideas through the press without prior
censorship; of using and disposing of their property; of associating for useful
purposes; of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and learning.,
Article 27: Everyone shall have the right to freely express his/her opinion. No
one shall be forced to rescind or change his/her opinion. Everyone shall have
the right to the freedom of expression including freedom to search for, receive
and impart information and ideas by any means of information media
regardless of frontiers.
Armenia Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be
guaranteed.
The State guarantees the existence and activities of independent and public
radio and television offering a variety of informational, cultural and
entertaining programs.
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Article 23(1): Except with his consent, no person shall be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purposes of this Article
Bahamas the said freedom includes freedom to hold opinions, to receive and impart
ideas and information without interference, and freedom from interference
Article 23: Freedom of opinion and scientific research is guaranteed. Everyone

has the right to express his opinion and publish it by word of mouth, in writing
Bahrain or otherwise under the rules and conditions laid down by law, provided that
the fundamental beliefs of Islamic doctrine are not infringed, the unity of the
people is not prejudiced, and discord or sectarianism is not aroused.
Article 39(2): Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the

interests of the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states,
public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court,
Bangladesh defamation or incitement to an offence— 1. the right of every citizen of
freedom of speech and expression; and
2. freedom of the press, are guaranteed.
Barbados freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom
to communicate ideas and information without interference and freedom from
interference
Article 33: Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thoughts and beliefs and their
free expression. No one shall be forced to express one's beliefs or to deny
Belarus them. No monopolization of the mass media by the State, public associations
or individual citizens and no censorship shall be permitted.
Belgium
Article 12 (1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
Belize without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
correspondence.
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience, of
religion, of creed, of opinion and of expression with respect for the public
order established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and the
expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the secularity of the
Benin State. The institutions and the religious or philosophical communities shall
have the right to develop without hindrances. They shall not be subject to the
guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer their affairs in an
autonomous manner.
Article 7(2): A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech,
Bhutan
opinion and expression.
Article 106: (1) The State guarantees the right of communication and the right
to information. (2) The State guarantees the Bolivians and the Bolivian people
the right to freedom of expression, opinion and information, amendment and
response, and the right to
freely express ideas through any media without prior censorship.
Bolvia (3) The State guarantees workers and workers in the press,
freedom of expression, the right of communication, and the right to
information. Article 106(5): To freely express and disseminate thoughts and
opinions through any means of communication, orally, written or visual,
individually or collectively.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Article 2(3h): Freedom of expression.
Botsawana without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
correspondence.
Article 5(9): expression of intellectual, artistic, scientific, and communication
Brazil activity is free, independent of any censorship or license;
Brunei Daraussalam
Article 39: (1) Everyone shall be entitled to express an opinion or to publicize it

through words, written or oral, sound or image, or in any other way. (2) This
Bulgaria right shall not be used to the detriment of the rights and reputation of others,
or for the incitement of a forcible change of the constitutionally established
order, the perpetration of a crime, or the incitement of enmity or violence
against anyone.
Article 8: Freedom of opinion and of the press, and the right to information
shall be guaranteed. Every person shall have the right to express and to
Burkina Faso disseminate his opinions within the limits of the existing statutes and
regulations.
Article 31: The freedom of expression is guaranteed. The State respects the
Burundi freedom of religion, thought, conscience and opinion.
Article 41: Khmer citizens shall have freedom of expression of their ideas,
freedom of information, freedom of publication and freedom of assembly. No
Cambodia one shall exercise these rights to infringe upon the honor of others, or to affect
the good customs of society, public order and national security. The regime of
the media shall be determined by law.
Preamble: the freedom of communication, of expression, of the press, of

Cameroon assembly, of association, and of trade unionism, as well as the right to strike
shall be guaranteed under the conditions fixed by law;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2b: freedom of thought,

belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media
Canada of communication;
Article 47(1): Everyone shall have freedom of expression by speech, image, or

any other medium; no one shall be harassed because of political, philosophical,
religious, or other opinions. Article 28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression;
association; religion; worship; intellectual, artistic and cultural creation;
Cape Verde demonstration; and other liberties consecrated by the Constitution, by laws,
and by International Law or convention shall be guaranteed. Article 47(2): The
right to airtime may also be granted by law to trade unions, companies, and
religious institutions.
Central African Republic \
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, communication,

Chad conscience, religion, the press, of association, assembly, circulation,
demonstration, and parade are guaranteed to all.
Article 19(12): Freedom to express opinions and disseminate information,

without prior censorship, in any form and by any means, without prejudice to
Chile the responsibility for crimes and abuses that are committed in the exercise of
these freedoms, in conformity with the law which must be passed by a
qualified quorum....
China
Article 20: Every individual is guaranteed the freedom to express and diffuse
Colombia his/her thoughts and opinions, to transmit and receive information that is true
and impartial, and to establish mass communications media.
Preamble: freedom of expression and of assembly, freedom of association and

Comoros freedom to organize trade unions, subject to respect for morals and public
order;
Article 19: All citizens (tout citoyen) have the right to express and to diffuse
freely their opinion by speech, by writing, by image and any other form of
communication. The freedom of the press and the freedom of information are
Congo guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. Access to the sources of information is
free. Every citizen has the right to information and communication. The
activities relative to these domains shall be exercised with respect for the law.
Article 23: All persons have the right to freedom of expression.

This right implies the freedom to express their opinions and convictions, in
Democratic Republic of particular by speech, in print and through pictures, subject to respect for the
Congo law, public order and morality.
Cook Islands Article 64(1e): Freedom of speech and expression;
Article 28: No one may be disturbed or persecuted for the expression of his
opinions or for any act which does not infringe the law. Private actions which
do not harm the morals or public order, or which do not cause any damages to
Costa Rica third parties are outside the scope of the law. However, clergymen or secular
individuals cannot make political propaganda in any way invoking religious
motives or making use of religious beliefs.
Article 10: Each has the right to express and to freely disseminate their ideas.
Cote d' Ivoire All propaganda having for its object or for its effect to make one social group
prevail over another, or to encourage racial or religious hatred is forbidden.
Article 38: Freedom of thought and expression are guaranteed. Freedom of
expression includes freedom of the press and other media of communication,
freedom of speech and public expression, and the free establishment of all
institutions of public communication. Censorship is forbidden. Journalists have
Croatia the right to freedom of reporting and access to information. The right to
correction and reply is guaranteed to anyone whose constitutional rights have
been violated by public information.
Cuba
Article 19(1): Every person has the right to freedom of speech and expression
Cyprus in any form.
CFRBF, Article 17: (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information
are guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express his views in speech, in
writing, in the press, in pictures, or in any other form, as well as freely to seek,
Czech Republic receive, and disseminate ideas and information irrespective of the frontiers of
the state.
Denmark
Article 15: Everyone shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his
Djibouti opinions by word, pen, or image. These rights shall be subject to the provisions
of the law as well as to respect for the honour of other persons…..
Dominica correspondence. Article 1: Whereas every person in Dominica is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his race,
place of origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and
all of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and
of assembly and association; and...
Article 49: . Everyone has the right to freely express their thoughts, ideas, and
Domincan Republic opinions, through whatever means, without prior approval….
Article 40: (1) All persons have the right to freedom of expression and the right
to inform and be informed impartially. (2) The exercise of freedom of
expression and information cannot be limited by any type of censorship. (3)
East Timor The exercise of rights and liberties referred to in this Article is regulated by law
based on the imperative of respect for the Constitution and the dignity of the
human person.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals… (6) The right to
Ecuador opinion and to freely express one’s thoughts and in all forms and
manifestations
Article 47: Freedom of opinion is guaranteed. Every individual has the right to
express his opinion and to disseminate it verbally or in writing or by
Egypt photography or by other means within the limits of the law.
Article 6: Everyone can freely express and disseminate their thoughts as long
as they do not subvert the public order nor harm morals, honor, or the privacy
El Salvador of others. The exercise of this right may not be subject to previous
examination, censorship, or pledge; but those who make use of it, who violate
the law, shall be liable for the offense committed.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and liberties…. (b) The free
Equatorial Guinea expression of thought, ideas, and opinions.
Article 19(2): Every person shall have the freedom of speech and expression,
Eritrea including freedom of the press and other media.
Section 45: Everyone has the right to freely disseminate ideas, opinions, beliefs
and other information by word, print, picture or other means. This right may
be restricted by law to protect public order, morals, and the rights and
freedoms, health, honour and good name of others. This right may also be
Estonia restricted by law for state and local government public servants, to protect a
state or business secret or information received in confidence, which has
become known to them by reason of their office, and the family and private
life of others, as well as in the interests of justice. There is no censorship.
Article 29: (1) Everyone has the right to hold opinions without inteference.(2)
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without any interference. This
right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the
Ethiopia form of art, or through any media of his choice. (3) Freedom of the press and
other mass media and freedom of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of
the press shall specifically include the following elements: (a) Prohibition of
any form of censorship. (b) Access to information of public interest.
Article 30(1): (1) Every person has the right to freedom of speech and
expression, including:
Fiji (a) freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas; and (b)
freedom of the press and other media….
Section 12: Everyone has the freedom of expression. Freedom of expression

entails the right to express, disseminate and receive information, opinions and
other communications without prior prevention by anyone. More detailed
provisions on the exercise of the freedom of expression are laid down by an
Act. Provisions on restrictions
Finland relating to pictorial programmes that are necessary for the protection of
children may be laid down by an Act. Documents and recordings in the
possession of the authorities are public, unless their publication has for
compelling reasons been specifically restricted by an Act. Everyone has the
right of access to public documents and recordings.
Article 4: ...Statutes shall guarantee pluralism in the expression of opinions and

France equitable participation of political parties and groups in the democratic life of
the Nation.
Gabon
Section 25(1a): freedom of speech and expression, which shall include
Gambia freedom of the press and other media;
Article 34(1): The state shall promote the development of culture, the
unrestricted
Georgia participation of citizens in cultural life, expression and enrichment of cultural
originality, recognition of national and common values and deepening of
international cultural relations.
Article 5(1): Everyone has the right to freely express and disseminate his
opinions in speech, writing, and pictures and to inform himself without
Germany hindrance from generally accessible sources. The freedom of the press and the
freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films are guaranteed. There
shall be no censorship.
Article 21(1a): freedom of speech and expression, which shall include freedom
Ghana of the press and other media;
Article 14: (1) Every person may express and propagate his thoughts orally, in
writing and through the press in compliance with the laws of the State.(2) The
press is free. Censorship and all other preventive measures are prohibited.
(3)The seizure of newspapers and other publications before or after circulation
is prohibited. Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be allowed
exceptionally after circulation and in case of: (a) an offence against the
Christian or any other known religion. ... (4) In all the cases specified under the
preceding paragraph, the public prosecutor must, within twenty-four hours
from the seizure, submit the case to the judicial council which, within the next
twenty-four hours, must rule whether the seizure is to be maintained or lifted;
otherwise it shall be lifted ipso jure. An appeal may be lodged with the Court
Greece of Appeals and the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court by the publisher of the
newspaper or other printed matter seized and by the public prosecutor.
(5) Every person offended by an inaccurate publication or broadcast has the
right to reply, and the information medium has a corresponding obligation for
full and immediate retraction. Every person offended by an insulting or
defamatory publication or broadcast has also the right to reply, and the
information medium has a corresponding obligation for immediate publication
or transmission of the reply. The manner in which the right to reply is exercised
and in which the full and immediate retraction or publication and transmission
of the reply is made, shall be specified by law.
Article 10(1): (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
Grenada without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
correspondence.
Article35: The expression of thought through any mass medium without

censorship or prior permission is free. This constitutional right cannot be
restrained by law or any governmental provision. Whoever enjoying this
Guatemala freedom should fail to respect private lives or morals will be held responsible in
accordance with the law. Whoever may feel aggrieved has the right to publish
his defense, clarifications, and rectifications....
Article 7: ...He shall be free to express, to manifest and to disseminate his ideas
Guinea and opinions by speech, by writing and by image….
Article 51(1):Everyone has the right to freely express and disclose their
Guinea-Bissau thoughts through whatever available means, as well as the right to inform, to
inquire, and to be informed without impediment or discrimination
the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold
Guyana opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information
interference and freedom from interference with his correspondence.
Article 28: Every Haitian has the right to express his opinions freely on any
Haiti matter by any means he chooses.
Article 72: Expression of thought shall be free, and may be expressed through
any means of dissemination, without prior censorship. Those who abuse this
right, and those who by direct or indirect methods restrict or limit the
communication and circulation of ideas and opinions shall be liable before the
law. Article 74: The right to freedom of thought and expression may not be
Honduras restricted by indirect means, such as the abuse of government or private
controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in
the dissemination of information. Article 75: The law which regulates the
expression of thought, may establish prior censorship to protect the ethical
and cultural values of the society, as well as the rights of persons, especially
those of childhood, adolescence and youth.
Basic Law Article 27: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of speech, of the
press, and of publication ; freedom of association, of assembly, of procession,
and of demonstration; and the right and freedom to form and join trade
unions, and to strike. Bill of Rights Article 16: (1) Everyone shall have the right
Hong Kong to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to
freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,
in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his
choice....
Article 61 (1): In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to freely
Hungary express his opinion, and furthermore to access and distribute information of
public interest.
Article 73: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and belief. Everyone
shall be free to express his thoughts, but shall also be liable to answer for them
in court. The law may never provide for censorship or other similar limitations
to freedom of expression.
Iceland Freedom of expression may only be restricted by law in the interests of public
order or the security of the State, for the protection of health or morals, or for
the protection of the rights or reputation of others, if such restrictions are
deemed necessary and in agreement with democratic traditions.
Article 19(1): All citizens shall have the right-- (a)to freedom of speech and
India expression
Article 28E: (2) Every person shall have the freedom to believe in his/her faith
(kepercayaan), and to express his/her views and thoughts, in accordance with
Indonesia his/her conscience.(3) Every person shall have the freedom to associate, to
assemble and to express opinions.
Article 24: Publications and the press have freedom of expression except when
Iran it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the
public. The details of this exception will be specified by law.
Article 36: The State guarantees [the following] in a way that does not violate
Iraq public order and morality: (A) Freedom of expression, through all means.
Article 40(6i): The State guarantees liberty for the exercise of the following
rights, subject to public order and morality: (a) The right of the citizens to
express freely their convictions and opinions. The education of public opinion
being, however, a matter of such grave import to the common good, the State
shall endeavour to ensure that organs of public opinion, such as the radio, the
Ireland press, the cinema, while preserving their rightful liberty of expression,
including criticism of Government policy, shall not be used to undermine public
order or morality or the authority of the State. The publication or utterance of
blasphemous, seditious, or indecent matter is an offence which shall be
punishable in accordance with law.
Israel
Article 21: Anyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech,
Italy writing, or any other form of communication….
Ofreedom hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the
purposes of this section the said freedom includes the freedom to hold
Jamaica opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without
interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence and
other means of communication.
Article 22: Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and
all other forms of expression are guaranteed.
Japan No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of
communication be violated.
Article 15(i): The State shall guarantee freedom of opinion. Every Jordanian
Jordan shall be free to express his opinion by speech, in writing, or by means of
photographic representation and other forms of expression, within the limits
of the law.
Article 20: (1) The freedom of speech and creative activities shall be
guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited. (2) Everyone shall have the right to
freely receive and disseminate information by any means not prohibited by
Kazakhstan law. The list of items constituting state secrets of the Republic of Kazakhstan
shall be determined by law.
Kenya without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
correspondence.
Kiribati
Article 67: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the press, of

assembly, demonstration and association.
North Korea The State shall guarantee conditions for the free activity of democratic political
parties and social organizations.
Article 21(1): All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and
South Korea freedom of assembly and association.
Article 37: Freedom of the press, printing and publishing shall be guaranteed in
Kuwait accordance with the conditions and manner specified by law.
Article 14(6): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, speech and
press, as well as to
Kyrgystan unimpeded expression of those thoughts and beliefs. No one shall be forced to
express their
Article 31: Lao citizens have the right and freedom of speech, press and
Laos assembly; and have the right to set up associations and to stage
demonstrations which are not contrary to the law.
Article 100: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes
Latvia the right to freely receive, keep and distribute information and to express his
or her views. Censorship is prohibited
Article 13: The freedom of opinion, expression through speech and writing, the
Lebanon freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, and the freedom of
association, are all guaranteed within the scope of the law.
Article 4(1): (j) freedom of expression Article 14(1): Every person shall be
entitled to, and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in his
Lesotho enjoyment of, freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions
without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without
interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information
Article 15: (a) Every person shall have the right to freedom of expression, being
fully responsible for the abuse thereof. This right shall not be curtailed,
restricted or enjoined by government save during an emergency declared in
accordance with this Constitution. (b) The right encompasses the right to hold
opinions without interference and the right to knowledge. It includes freedom
Liberia of speech and of the press, academic freedom to receive and impart
knowledge and information and the right of libraries to make such knowledge
available. It includes non-interference with the use of the mail, telephone and
telegraph. It likewise includes the right to remain silent.
Article 13: Freedom of Opinion is guaranteed within the limits of public

Libya interest and the principles of the Revolution.
Article 40: Every person shall be entitled to freely express his opinion and to
communicate his ideas by word of mouth or in writing, print or pictures within
Liechtenstein the limits of the law and morality; no censorship may be exercised except in
respect of public performances and exhibitions.
Article 26: The human being shall have the right to have his own convictions
and freely express them. The human being must not be hindered from seeking,
receiving and imparting information and ideas. Freedom to express
convictions, to receive and impart information may not be limited otherwise
than by law, if this is necessary to protect the health, honour and dignity,
private life, and morals of a human being, or to defend the constitutional order.
Freedom to express convictions and to impart information shall be
Lithuania incompatible with criminal actions—incitement of national, racial, religious, or
social hatred, violence and discrimination, with slander and disinformation.
The citizen shall have the right to receive, according to the procedure
established by law, any information concerning him that is held by State
institutions.
Article 24: The freedom to express opinions in speech iand n all matters, and
Luxembourg the freedom of the press are guaranteed, with the exception of crimes
committed on the exercise of these freedoms. No censorship can be permitted.
expression of thought is guaranteed.
The freedom of speech, public address, public information and the
establishment of institutions for public information is guaranteed.
Macedonia Free access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of
information are guaranteed. The right of reply via the mass media is
guaranteed. The right to a correction in the mass media is guaranteed. The
right to protect a source of information in the mass media is guaranteed.
Censorship is prohibited
Article 10: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, of communication, of

[the] press, of association, of assembly, of movement [circulation], of
Madagascar conscience and of religion are guaranteed to all and can be limited only with
respect to the freedoms and rights of others and by the imperative to
Article 25: Every person shall have the right to freedom of expression. Article
Malawi 34: Every person shall have the right to freedom of opinion, including the right
to hold opinions without interference to hold receive and impart opinions.
Article 10(a): Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4)- (a) every citizen has the right
Malaysia to freedom of speech and expression;
Article 27: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and the freedom to
Maldives communicate opinions and expression in a manner that is not contrary to any
tenet of Islam.
Article 7: The freedom of the press is recognized and guaranteed. It is

exercised within the conditions specified by the law. Equal access for all to the
Mali State media is assured by an independent organ whose statute is established
by an organic law.
Article 32b: Whereas every person in Malta is entitled to the fundamental

rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his
race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to
each and all of the following, namely ... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of peaceful assembly and association... Article 41(1): Except
with his own consent or by way of parental freedom of discipline, no person
Malta shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including
freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and
information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and
information without interference (whether the communication be to the public
generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience, and belief; to freedom of speech and of the press; to the free
Marshall Islands exercise of religion; to freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and to
petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Article 10: The State shall guarantee to all its citizens public and individual
freedoms, that is... — the freedom of opinion and thought;
— the freedom of expression;
Mauritania
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there have

existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race,
place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, each and all
of the following human rights and fundamental freedoms... (b) freedom of
Mauritius conscience, of expression, of assembly and association and freedom to
establish schools.... (1) Article 12(1): Except with his own consent, no person
shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say,
without interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence.
Article 6: The expression of ideas shall not be subject to any judicial or
administrative investigation unless such expression offends good morals,
infringes upon the rights of others, incites crime, or disturbs the public order;
the right to a reply shall be exercised subjects to the terms established by law.
Freedom of information shall be guaranteed by the State. Article 7: The
Mexico freedom to write and publish writings on any subject is inviolable. No law or
authority may establish prior censorship, require bonds from authors or
printers, or restrict the freedom of printing, which shall be limited only by the
respect due to private life, morals, and public peace. Under no circumstances
may a printing press be seized as the instrument of a crime.
Article 4, Section 1: No law may deny or impair freedom of expression,

Micronesia peaceable assembly, association, or petition.
Article 32(1): Every citizen shall be guaranteed the freedom of thought and
Moldova opinion, as well as the freedom of expression in public by way of word, image
or any other means possible.
Article 23: The freedom of cults, that of public exercise as well as the freedom
Monaco to expressing opinions in all manners, is guaranteed…
Article 16: The citizens of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy the following
rights and freedoms… (16) Freedom of thought, opinion and expression,
Mongolia speech, press, peaceful assembly. Procedures for organizing demonstrations
and other assemblies shall be determined by law.
Article 47: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression by speech,
writing, picture or in some other manner. The right to freedom of expression
Montenegro may be limited only by the right of others to dignity, reputation and honor and
if it threatens public morality or the security of Montenegro.
Article 9: The Constitution guarantees to all citizens… Freedom of opinion,

Morrocco freedom of expression under all its forms and freedom to assemble… No
restrictions can be imposed on such freedoms other than by law.
Article 48(1): All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression and to
Mozambique freedom of the press, as well as the right to information.
Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the following rights, unless their
exercise is contrary to the laws enacted for the maintenance of Union security,
Myanmar law and order, community peace and tranquility, or public order and morality…
(a) the right to express and publish freely one’s convictions and opinions...
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (a) freedom of speech and
Namibia expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media…
Article 12(1): A person has the right to freedom of expression. Article 3:

Whereas every person in Nauru is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place
of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
Nauru rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following freedoms, namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of
Article 12(3):Every citizen shall have the following freedoms… (a) freedom of
opinion and expression…. Provided that, (1) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall be
deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on
any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, or which
may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the people of
Nepal various castes, tribes, religions or communities, or on any act of defamation,
contempt of court or incitement to an offense, or on any act which may be
contrary to decent public behaviour or morality.
Article7(1) : No one shall require prior permission to publish thoughts or
Netherlands opinions throught the press, without prejudice to the responsibility of overy
person under the law.
Article 14: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the
New Zealand freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in
any form.
Article 30: Nicaraguans have the right to freely express their convictions in
Nicaragua public or in private, individually or collectively, in oral, written or any other
form.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, opinion, expression,
Niger conscience, religion, and worship.
Article 39(1): Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including

Nigeria freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information
without interference.
Section 100: There shall be freedom of expression.

No person may be held liable in law for having imparted or received
information, ideas or messages unless this can be justified in relation to the
grounds for freedom of expression, which are the seeking of truth, the
promotion of democracy and the individual's freedom to form opinions. Such
Norway legal liability shall be prescribed by law. Everyone shall be free to speak his
mind frankly on the administration of the State and on any other subject
whatsoever. Clearly defined limitations to this right may only be imposed when
particularly weighty considerations so justify in relation to the grounds for
freedom of expression.
Article 29: The freedom of opinion and expression thereof through speech,
Oman writing or other forms of expression is guaranteed within the limits of the Law.

equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political
justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and
association, subject to law and public morality... Article 19: Every citizen shall
have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be
Pakistan freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in
the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defence of
Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order,
decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or
incitement to an offence.
Article IV, Section 2: The government shall take no action to deny or impair the
freedom of expression or press. No bona fide reporter may be required by the
Palau government to divulge or be jailed for refusal to divulge information obtained
in the course of a professional investigation.
Article 37: Every person may express his/her opinion freely, either orally, in
writing or by any other means, without being subject to prior censorship. Legal
Panama responsibility (liability) will, however, be incurred when by any of these means,
the reputation or honor of persons is assailed, or when social security or public
order is attacked.
Article 46: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of expression and
publication, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or
restricted by a law… (2) In Subsection (1), “freedom of expression and
Paupa New Guinea publication” includes: (a) freedom to hold opinions, to receive ideas and
information and to communicate ideas and information, whether to the public
generally or to a person or class of persons....
Article 26: The free expression and dissemination of thoughts and opinions
without any type of censorship are hereby guaranteed. No law will be passed
that could restrict or make these rights unfeasible. There will be no press
Paraguay crimes; they will be considered common crimes committed through the press.
Everyone has the right to generate, process, or disseminate information and to
use any legal, effective instrument to achieve these goals.
Article 2: Everyone person has the right... To freedom of information, opinion,

expression and diffusion of ideas whether oral, written, or visual through any
communications media without prior authorization or censorship or restraint
whatsoever, under protection of the law. Offenses committed through books,
the press, and other communications media are specified in the Criminal Code
Peru and may be tried in ordinary courts. Any action which suspends or forbids any
means of expression or impedes it to circulate freely is an offense. The rights of
informing and expressing an opinion include those of establishing
communications media.
Article 3, Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech,

Phillippines of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the Government for redress of grievances
Poland Article 54(1): The freedom to express opinions, to acquire and to disseminate
information shall be ensured to everyone.
Article 37(1): Everyone shall possess the right to freely express and publicise
his thoughts in words, images or by any other means, as well as the right to
Portugal inform others, inform himself and be informed without hindrance or
discrimination.
Article 47: Freedom of expression of opinion and scientific research is

Qatar guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in
the law.
Article 30(1): The freedom to express ideas, opinions, and beliefs, and the
Romania freedom of creation in any form—orally, in writing, through images, by means
of sound, or by any other means of public communication—are inviolable.
Russia Article 29(2): Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.
Article 34: "Freedom of press and freedom of information are recognized and
guaranteed by the State. Freedom of speech and freedom of information shall
not prejudice public order and good morals, the right of every citizen to
honour, good reputation and the privacy of personal and family life. It is also
guaranteed so long as it does not prejudice the protection of the youth and
Rwanda minors. The conditions for exercising such freedoms shall be determined by
law.
There is hereby established an independent institution known as the "Media
High Council". The law shall determine its responsibilities, organization and
functioning."
Article 12(1): (Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
St. Kitts and Nevis without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
interference (whether the communication is to the public generally or to any
correspondence.
St. Lucia without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
correspondence.
St. Vincent and the without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
Grenadines interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any
correspondence.
Article 13(1): All citizens of Samoa shall have the right— (a) To freedom of
Western Samoa speech and expression….
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties for all. The
following shall be guaranteed, in particular: liberty of person and sanctity of
San Marino the home, freedom of residence and of emigration, freedom of association,
freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and religion....
Sao Tome and Principe Article 29(1) : All have the right to freely express and divulge their thinking by
word, by image or by any other means.
Saudi Arabia
Article 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all citizens fundamental

individual freedoms, economic and social rights as well as collective rights.
These freedoms shall include in particular:Civil and political freedoms: freedom
of opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of
Senegal association, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, freedom of
manifestation;
• cultural freedoms;
Article 46: The freedom of thought and expression shall be guaranteed, as well
as the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through
speech, writing, art or in some other manner. Freedom of expression may be
Serbia restricted by the law if necessary to protect rights and reputation of others, to
uphold the authority and objectivity of the court and to protect public health,
morals of a democratic society and national security of the Republic of Serbia.
Article 22(1): Every person has a right to freedom of expression and for the
Seychelles purpose of this article this right includes the freedom to hold opinions and to
seek, receive and impart ideas and information without interference.
enjoyment of his freedom of expression, and for the purpose of this section
the said freedom includes the freedom to hold opinions and to receive and
impart ideas and information without interference, freedom from interference
with his correspondence, freedom to own, establish and operate any medium
for the dissemination of information, ideas and opinions, and academic
Sierra Leone freedom in institutions of learning.... Article 15: Whereas every person in
Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin,
political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the
following... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association;
Article 14(1): Subject to clauses (2) and (3)—

(a) every citizen of Singapore has the right to freedom of speech and
Singapore expression;
Article 26: (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are
guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express his/her views in word,
writing, print, picture, or other means as well as the right to freely seek,
receive, and spread ideas and information irrespective of state borders. The
Slovakia issuing of press is not subject to approval procedures. Enterprise in the fields of
radio and television may be subject to the awarding of an approval from the
state. The conditions shall be laid down by law.
Article 39: Freedom of expression of thought, freedom of speech and public
appearance, of the press and other forms of public communication and
Slovenia expression shall be guaranteed. Everyone may freely collect, receive and
disseminate information and opinions.
Solomon Islands freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to
communicate ideas and information without interference and freedom from
interference with his correspondence.
Article 24(2):The citizen shall further be entitled to express his opinion in any
Somalia manner, freedoms of publication and speech.
Article 16: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes
— (a) freedom of the press and other media; (b) freedom to receive or impart
information or ideas; (c) freedom of artistic creativity; and (d) academic
freedom and freedom of scientific research. (2) The right in subsection (1) does
South Africa not extend to— (a) propaganda for war; (b) incitement of imminent violence;
or
(c) advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and
that constitutes incitement to cause harm.
Article 20(1): The following rights are recognized and protected:

(a) the right to freely express and spread thoughts, ideas and opinions through
Spain words, in writing or by any other means of reproduction.
Article 14(1): (1) Every citizen is entitled to—
Sri Lanka (a) the freedom of speech and expression including publication;
Article 39(1): Every citizen shall have an unrestricted right to the freedom of
Sudan expression, reception of information, publication, and access to the press
without prejudice to order, safety or public morals as determined by law.
Article 19:Everyone has the right to make public his thoughts or feelings and to
express his opinion through the printed press or other means of
Suriname communication, notwithstanding everyone’s responsibility according to the
law.
Section 24(1): A person has a right of freedom of expression and opinion.
Section 14: The fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual
Swaziland enshrined in this Chapter are hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and association
and of movement
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen shall be

guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his relations with the public
institutions: (1) freedom of expression: Instrument of Government Chapter 2,
Article 13:Freedom of expression and freedom of information may be
restricted having regard to the security of the Realm, the national supply of
goods, public order and public safety, the good name of the individual, the
sanctity of private life, and the prevention and prosecution of crime.
Freedom of expression may also be restricted in commercial activities.
Freedom of expression and freedom of information may otherwise be
Sweden restricted only where particularly important
grounds so warrant. In judging what restrictions may be introduced by virtue of
paragraph one, particular regard shall be had to the importance of the widest
possible freedom of expression and freedom of information in political,
religious, professional, scientific and cultural matters. Instrument of
Government Chapter 2, Article 22: A foreign national within the Realm is
equated with a Swedish citizen in respect of (1) protection against coercion to
participate in a meeting for the formation of opinion or a demonstration or
other manifestation of opinion, or to belong to a religious community or other
association (Article 2, sentence two);
Switzerland Article 16(1): Freedom of expression and of information is guaranteed.
Article 38: Every citizen has the right to freely and openly express his views in
words, in writing, and through all other means of expression. He also has the
right to participate in supervision and constructive criticism in a manner that
Syria safeguards the soundness of the domestic and nationalist structure and
strengthens the socialist system. The state guarantees the freedom of the
press, of printing, and publication in accordance with the law.
Article 11: The people shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing, and
Taiwan publication.
nArticle 30: Everyone is guaranteed freedom of speech, press, [and] the right
to use means of mass information. Propaganda and agitation inciting social and
racial, national, religious and language enmity and hostility are prohibited.
Tajikistan State censorship and prosecution for criticism is prohibited. A list of
information constituting a State secret is determined by law.]
Article 18: Every person - (a) has a freedom of opinion and expression of his
Tanzania ideas; (b) has out right to seek, receive and, or disseminate informatio
Section 45: A person shall enjoy the liberty to express his opinion, make
Thailand speech, write, print, publicize, and make expression by other means.
Article 12: Subject to any law imposing restrictions in the immediate and
ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for the benefit of the public, and
subject to legal restrictions imposed by the Tibetan Assembly during the
Tibet tenureship of a civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the following rights
and freedoms... (b) freedom of speech and expression;
Article 26: Freedom of the press is recognized and guaranteed by the State. It
is protected by law. Everyone has the freedom to express and to disseminate
Togo by speech, writing, or other means, their opinions or information that they
possess with respect to the limits defined by the law.
Article 7(1): It shall be lawful for all people to speak write and print their
opinions and no law shall ever be enacted to restrict this liberty. There shall be
Tonga freedom of speech and of the press for ever but nothing in this clause shall be
held to outweigh the law of defamation, official secrets or the laws for the
protection of the King and the Royal Family.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and Tobago

there have existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason
Trinidad and Tobago of race, origin, colour, religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights
and freedoms, namely... (i) freedom of thought and expression;
Article 8: The freedoms of opinion, expression, press, publication, meeting,

and association are guaranteed and exercised within the conditions defined by
Tunisia law. Political parties cannot be based, in their principles, objectives, activity or
programs, on a religion, language, race, sex, or region.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to express and disseminate his thoughts and
opinion by speech, in writing or in pictures or through other media,
individually or collectively. This right includes the freedom to receive and
Turkey impart information and ideas without interference from official authorities.
This provision shall not preclude subjecting transmission by radio, television,
cinema, and similar means to a system of licensing....
Article 28: Citizens of Turkmenistan have the right to freedom of conviction

Turkmenistan and free expression [of their conviction], as well as to obtain information that
is not a State, official or commercial secret.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his race, place of
origin, political opinions, colour, religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or
sex, to the following fundamental rights and freedoms... (f) freedom of
expression (see section 24)... Section 24: (1)...except with his consent no-one
shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of expression. (2) For the
Tuvalu purposes of this section, freedom of expression includes— (a) freedom to hold
opinions without interference; and (b) freedom to receive ideas and
information without interference; and (c) freedom to communicate ideas and
information without interference; and (d) freedom from interference with
correspondence
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to (a) freedom of speech and
Uganda expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media;
Article 34: Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of thought and speech,
Ukraine and to the free expression of his or her views and beliefs.
United Arab Emirates Article means

30: Freedom of opinion and expressing it verbally, in writing or by other
of expression shall be guaranteed within the limits of law.
Human Rights Act, Article 12:(1) If a court's determination of any question
arising under this Act might affect the exercise by a religious organisation
United Kingdom (itself or its members collectively) of the Convention right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion, it must have particular regard to the
importance of that right. (2) In this section "court" includes a tribunal.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech,

United States or of the press;
Article 29:There is completel freedom of all forms comunication and thoughts

expressed in words, written, or published in the private press, or any other
Uruguay form of spreading it, without prior censorship, the author being responsible
and, where appropriate, the printer or issuer, in accordance with the law for
abuses committed.
Article 29: Everyone shall be guaranteed 1reedom of thought, speech and

convictions. Everyone shall have the right to seek, obtain and disseminate any
Uzbekistan information, except that which is directed against the existing constitutional
system and in sone other instances specified by law. Freedom of opinion and
its expression may be restricted by lawv if any state or other secret is involved.

restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to the
following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without
Vanuatu discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional
beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence, safety,
public order, welfare and health... (g) freedom of expression...
Article 57: Every person has the right to freely express his thoughts, his ideas
or opinions in person [de viva voz], by writing or by any other form of
expression, and to use for this purpose any means of communication and
diffusion, over which censorship cannot be established. The person who uses
this right assumes full responsibility for everything that is expressed.
Venezuela Anonymity, propaganda of war, discriminatory messages and those which
promote religious intolerance are not permitted. Censorship of the public
functionaries for rendering account of the matters under their responsibilities
is prohibited.
Article 69: The-citizen shall enjoy freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of
the press, the right to be informed, and the right to assemble, form
Vietnam associations and hold demonstrations in accordance with the provisions of the
law.
Yemen
Zambia without interference, freedom to impart and communicate ideas and
information without interference, whether the communication be to the public
generally or to any person or class of persons, and freedom from interference
Article 20(1): Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no
person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is
to say, freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and
information without interference, and freedom from interference with his
correspondence. Article 11: It is recognised and declared that every person in
Zimbabwe Zambia has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental rights
and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race,
place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital status, but
subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and all of the
following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly,
Freedom of Assembly and Association
Article 41: The freedoms of expression, association and

assembly shall be guaranteed to the citizen.
Article 32(1): Freedom of expression, assembly,

demonstration and all other forms of expression shall be
guaranteed.

assembly and association, that is to say, his right peacefully to
particular to form or belong to trade unions or other
associations for the promotion and protection of his interests.
Article 14: All inhabitants of the Nation enjoy the following
rights, in accordance with the laws that regulate their
exercise, namely: of working in and practicing any lawful
industry; of navigating and trading; of petitioning the
authorities; of entering, remaining in, traveling through and
leaving the Argentine territory; of publishing their ideas
through the press without prior censorship; of using and
disposing of their property; of associating for useful purposes;
of freely practicing their religion; of teaching and learning.,
Article 29: Everyone shall have the right to the freedom of a

peaceful and unarmed assembly. Restrictions on exercising
those rights by the servicemen in the armed forces, police,
national security, prosecutor’s office, judges and members of
the Constitutional Court may be prescribed only by law.
association with others, including the right to form and to join
trade unions. Every citizen shall have a right to form political
parties with other citizens and join such parties.....
Article 49: (I) Everyone has the right to freely gather with
others. (II) Everyone has the right, upon notification in
advance of responsible government organs, to peaceful,
unarmed gatherings, meetings, demonstrations, rallies, street
processions, pickets together with others. (III.) No one can be
forced to enter an association or to remain its member.
(IV.) The activity of associations which pursue the aim of
overthrowing the legitimate State power in the whole
territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan or in any part of it is
prohibited. The activities of associations which violate the
Constitution and laws can be curtailed solely by a court order.
Article 24(1): Except with his consent, no person shall be
assembly and association, that is to say, his right to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particular to
form or belong to political parties, or to form or belong to
trade unions or other association for the protection of his
interests.
Article 27: The freedom to form associations and unions on

national principles, for lawful objectives and by peaceful
means is guaranteed under the rules and conditions laid down
by law, provided that the fundamentals of the religion and
public order are not infringed. No one can be forced to join
any association or union or to continue as a member.
Article 37: Every citizen shall have the right to assemble and
to participate in public meetings and processions peacefully
and without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictions
imposed by law in the interests of public order health. Article
38: Every citizen shall have the right to form associations or
unions, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law
in the interests of morality or public order
Article 21(1) : Except with his own consent, no person shall
be asembly and hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
assembly and assciation, association, that is to say, his right to
particular to form or belong to political parties or to form or
Article 35: The freedom to hold assemblies, rallies, street

marches, demonstrations and pickets that do not disturb law
and order or violate the rights of other citizens of the Republic
of Belarus, shall be guaranteed by the State. The procedure
for conducting the above events shall be determined by the
law. Article 36: Everyone shall be entitled to freedom of
association….
Article 27: Belgians have the right to enter into association or

partnership; this right cannot be
subject to any preventative measure
Article 25: The State shall recognize and guarantee, under

conditions fixed by law, the freedom to go and come, the
freedom of association, of assembly, of procession and of
demonstration.
freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association,
other than membership of associations that are harmful to
the peace and unity of the country, and shall have the right
not to be compelled to belong to any association.
Article 106(4): Freedom of assembly and association, in public

and in private, within lawful limits.
Article 2(3j): Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of

association with others.

Article 5: (17) there is total freedom of association for lawful
purposes, but any paramilitary association is prohibited;
(18) creation of associations and, as set forth in law, of
cooperatives, requires no authorization, prohibiting state
interference in their operations;
Article 43: (1) All citizens shall have the right to peaceful and
unarmed assembly for meetings and demonstrations. (2) The
procedure for the organizing and holding of meetings and
demonstrations shall be established by law. (3) No notice to
the municipal authorities shall be required for meetings held
indoors. Article 44: (1) All citizens shall be free to associate.
(2) The organization/s activity shall not be contrary to the
country's sovereignty and national integrity, or the unity of
the nation, nor shall it incite racial, national, ethnic or
religious enmity or an encroachment on the rights and
freedoms of citizens; no organization shall establish
clandestine or paramilitary structures or shall seek to attain its
aims through violence. (3) The law shall establish which
organizations shall be subject to registration, the procedure
for their termination, and their relationships with the State.
Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe, freedom

of conscience, of religious or philosophical opinion, freedom
of worship, freedom of assembly, the free practice of custom
as well as the freedom of procession and of demonstration
shall be guaranteed by the present Constitution subject to
respect of the law, of public order, of good morals and of the
human person. Article 21: The freedom of association shall
be guaranteed. Every person shall have the right to establish
associations and to participate freely in the activities of the
established associations. The functioning of the associations
must comply with the statutes and regulations in force....
Article 32: The freedom of assembly and association is

guaranteed, as is the right to establish associations or
organizations in accordance with the law.
Article 41: Khmer citizens shall have freedom of expression of
their ideas, freedom of information, freedom of publication
and freedom of assembly. No one shall exercise these rights to
infringe upon the honor of others, or to affect the good
customs of society, public order and national security. The
regime of the media shall be determined by law. Article 42:
Khmer Citizens have the rights to establish associations and
political parties. These rights shall be determined by law.
Preamble: the freedom of communication, of expression, of

the press, of assembly, of association, and of trade unionism,
as well as the right to strike shall be guaranteed under the
conditions fixed by law;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 2c:

freedom of peaceful assembly; Section 2d: freedom of
association
Article 52: (1) All citizens shall be guaranteed freedom of

assembly and peaceful, unarmed demonstration, even in
public places, with no necessity for authorization. Article 51:
(1) Associations shall be freely constituted, requiring no
administrative authorization. (2) Associations may freely
pursue their own purposes without interference by the
authorities. (3) The dissolution of associations or the
suspension of their activities may only be determined by
judicial decision, as provided by law. (4) Armed, military, and
paramilitary associations, and those which promote violence,
racism, xenophobia, or dictatorship, or those whose purposes
violate criminal law, shall be prohibited. (5) No one may be
forced to join or to remain a member of an association. Article
28 (2): Freedom of thought and expression; association;
religion; worship; intellectual, artistic and cultural creation;
demonstration; and other liberties consecrated by the
Constitution, by laws, and by International Law or convention
Article 8: The freedom of conscience and of assembly, as well
as the free exercise of worship are guaranteed to all within the
conditions established by law. Any form of religious
fundamentalism (intégrisme) and intolerance is forbidden.
Article 11: [The following] are regulated by statute... (2) The
fundamental principles... of the right of assembly and
peaceful demonstration; Article 12: All citizens have the right
to freely establish associations, groups, societies, and
organizations of public utility, provided that they act in
accordance with laws and regulations. The associations,
groups, societies and establishments whose activities are
contrary to public order as well as to the unity and cohesion
of the Central African people are prohibited
Article 27: The freedoms of opinion and of expression,

communication, conscience, religion, the press, of association,
assembly, circulation, demonstration, and parade are
guaranteed to all.
Article 19(13):The right to assemble peacefully without prior

permission and without weapons.
Meetings in public squares, streets and other places of public
use shall be governed by the general police provisions;
Article 15: The right to associate without prior authorization.
In order to enjoy legal personality, associations must be
constituted in conformity with the law. No one may be
obligated to join an association.
Article 35: Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy

freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association,
of procession and of demonstration.
Article 37: Any number of people can assemble and

demonstrate peacefully and punically…. Article 38: The right
of free association for the promotion of various activities that
individuals pursue in society is guaranteed.
Preamble: freedom of expression and of assembly, freedom

of association and freedom to organize trade unions, subject
to respect for morals and public order;
Article 21: The State recognizes and guarantees under
conditions specified by law, the right to go and to come, to
assemble peacefully, (and) the right of association, reunion,
cortege and manifestation.
Article 37: The State guarantees the freedom of association.

The public authorities cooperate with the associations which
contribute to the social, economic, intellectual, moral and
spiritual development of the population and to the education
of its citizens. This cooperation may take the form of a subsidy.
The law determines the conditions for the exercise of this
freedom.
Article 64(1f): Freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to meet peacefully and

unarmed, whether it is for private business or to discuss
political affairs and examine the public conduct of officials.
Meetings on private premises do not need prior authorization.
Those held in public places shall be regulated by law. Article
25: The inhabitants of the Republic have the right of
association for lawful purposes. No one may be compelled to
form a part of any association whatsoever.
Article 11: The freedoms of assembly and demonstration are

guaranteed by the law.
Article 42: All are guaranteed the right of peaceful assembly
and public protest in accordance with the law. Article 43: All
are guaranteed the right to freedom of association for the
purposes of protection of their interests or promotion of their
social, economic, political, national, cultural and other
convictions and objectives. For this purpose, citizens may
freely form political parties, trade unions and other
associations, join them or leave them, in accordance with the
law. The exercise of the right to free association is limited by
the prohibition of any violent threat to the democratic
constitutional order and to the independence, unity and
territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia.
Article 54: The rights of assembly, demonstration and

association are exercised by workers, both manual and
intellectual; peasants; women; students; and other sectors of
the working people, [rights] to which they have the necessary
ability (los medios necesarios) to exercise. The social and mass
organizations have all the facilities they need to carry out
those activities in which the members have full freedom of
speech and opinion based on the unlimited right of initiative
and criticism.
Article 21: (1)Every person has the right to freedom of

peaceful assembly. (2) Every person has the right to freedom
of association with others, including the right to form and to
join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Notwithstanding any restriction under paragraph 3 of this
Article, no person shall be compelled to join any association
or to continue to be a member thereof.
CFRBF, Article 19(1): he right of peaceful assembly is

guaranteed. CFRBF, Article 20(1): The right of association is
guaranteed. Everybody has the right to associate together
with others in clubs, societies, and other associations.
Section 78: Citizens shall, without previous permission, be

free to form associations for any lawful purpose.
Article 15: All citizens shall have the right freely to constitute
associations and trade unions, subject to compliance with the
formalities required by the laws and regulations
fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, place of origins, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely—... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of assembly and association; and... Article
11(1): Except with his own consent, a person shall not be
Article 42(1): All are guaranteed the freedom to assemble

peacefully and unarmed, without a need of prior
authorization. Article 43(1) :To all is guaranteed the freedom
of association provided that the association is not intended to
promote violence and is in accordance with the law.
Article 66: It is recognized and guaranteed to all individuals…

(13) The right to association, meeting, and manifestation in
free and voluntary form.
Article 54: Citizens shall have the right to peaceable and

unarmed private assembly, without the need for prior notice.
Security personnel may not attend these private meetings.
Public meetings, processions and assemblies are allowed
within the limits of the law. Article 55: Citizens shall have the
right to form associations as defined by the law. The
establishment of associations whose activities are detrimental
to society or have a clandestine or military character is
prohibited.
Article 7:The inhabitants of El Salvador have the right to freely
associate and assemble peacefully, without arms for any
lawful purpose. No one may be obliged to belong to an
association. A person may not be impeded or limited from
participating in any lawful activity for not belonging to an
association. The existence of armed political, religious, or
union groups is prohibited.
Article 13: Each citizen enjoys the following rights and

liberties.... (k) Free association, assembly, and manifestation.
Article 19(5): All persons shall have the right to assembly and
to demonstrate peaceably together with others. Article 2(4):
All organs of the State, all public and private associations and
institutions and all citizens shall be bound by and remain loyal
to the Constitution and shall ensure its observance.Article
7(6): The organization and operation of all political, public
associations and movements shall be guided by the principles
of national unity and democracy.
Section 47: Everyone has the right, without prior permission,

to assemble peacefully and to conduct meetings. This right
may be restricted in the cases and pursuant to procedure
provided by law to ensure national security, public order,
morals, traffic safety, and the safety of
participants in a meeting, or to prevent the spread of an
infectious disease.
Article 30: (1) Everyone has the right to assemble and to

demonstrate together with others peaceably and unarmed,
and to petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of open-
air meetings and the route of movement of demonstrators or,
for the protection of democratic rights, public morality and
peace during such a meeting or demonstration. (2) This right
does not exempt from liability under laws enacted to protect
the well-being of the youth or the honour and reputation of
individulas, and laws prohibiting any propaganda for war and
any public expression of opinions intended to injure human
dignity. Article 31: Every person has the right to freedom of
association for any cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in
violation of appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the
constitutional order, or which promote such activities are
prohibited.
Article 31(1): Every person has the right to assemble and
demonstrate with others peacefully…. Article 32(1): Every
person has the right to freedom of association.
Section 13: Everyone has the right to arrange meetings and

demonstrations without a permit, as well as the right to
participate in them. Everyone has the freedom of association.
Freedom of association entails the right to form an association
without a permit, to be a member or not to be a member of
an association and to participate in the activities of an
association. The freedom to form trade unions and to organise
in order to look after other interests is likewise guaranteed.
More detailed provisions on the exercise of the freedom of
assembly and the freedom of association are laid
down by an Act.
Article 1(13): the right to form associations, political parties or

interests as well as religious communities, is guaranteed to all
under conditions fixed by the law; religious communities
conduct and administrate their affairs in an independent
manner, under reserve of respect of the principles of national
sovereignty, public order and the preservation of the moral
and mental integrity of the individual.
Section 25 (1d):freedom to assemble and demonstrate
peaceably and without arms;… Section 25(1e): freedom of
associations and unions, including political parties and trade
unions;
Article 25: (1) Everyone except members of the armed forces,

of the police and of the
security office has the right to public assembly without arms
either indoors or outdoors without prior permission. (2) The
necessity of prior notification of the authorities may be
established by law in the case where a public assembly or
manifestation is held on a public thoroughfare. (3) Only the
authorities shall have the right to brake up a public assembly
or manifestation in case it assumes an illegal character. Article
26: (1) Everyone shall have the right to form and to join public
associations, including trade unions. (2) Citizens of Georgia
shall have the right to form a political party or other political
association and participate in its activity in accordance with
the Organic Law.
Article 8: (1) All Germans have the right to assemble

peacefully and unarmed without prior notification or
permission. (2) In the case of outdoor assemblies, this right
may be restricted by or pursuant to a law. Article 9(1): All
Germans shall have the right to form clubs and other
associations.
Article 21(1): (d) freedom of assembly including freedom to
take part in processions and demonstrations; (e) freedom of
association, which shall include freedom to form or join trade
unions or other associations, national and international, for
the protection of their interest
Article 11: (1)Greeks shall have the right to assemble

peaceably and unarmed. (2) The police may be present only at
outdoor public assemblies. Outdoor assemblies may be
prohibited by a reasoned police authority decision, in general
if a serious threat to public security is imminent, and in a
specific area, if a serious disturbance of social and economic
life is threatened, as specified by law. Article 12(1): Greeks
shall have the right to form non-profit associations and
unions, in compliance with the law, which, however, may
never subject the exercise of this right to prior permission.
Article 33: The right of peaceful assembly without the

presence of weapons is recognized.
The right of assembly and public demonstration cannot be
restricted, limited, or restrained; and the law will regulate it
with the sole purpose of guaranteeing the public order.
Religious processions outside churches are permitted and
regulated by law. For the exercise of these rights, prior notice
by the organizers before the competent authority will suffice.
Article 34: The right of free association is recognized. No one
is obligated to become associated or to become a member of
self-defense or similar groups or associations. The case of
professional associations is excepted.
Article 10: All citizens have the right of demonstration and
procession. All citizens have the right to form associations and
societies to collectively exercise their political, economic,
social or cultural rights.
Article 54(1): Citizens have the right to meet together

peacefully in public places, within the terms of the law.
Article 55(1): Citizens have the right to, freely and without the
need of any authorization, to form associations, provided that
they don’t intend to promote violence and their respective
ends are not contrary to the law
Article 147: Except with his own consent, no person shall be

hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom ofassembly and
or other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 31: Freedom of unarmed assembly and association for

political, economic, social, cultural or any other peaceful
purposes is guaranteed.
Article 78: Freedom of association and assembly is
guaranteed provided its exercise is not contrary to the public
policy or to good morals. Article 79: Everyone has the right of
peaceful assembly, without arms, in a public demonstration or
temporary assembly, in connection with their common
interests of whatever nature, without the need of notice or
special permission.
Basic Law Article 27: Hong Kong residents shall have freedom
of speech, of the press, and of publication ; freedom of
association, of assembly, of procession, and of demonstration;
and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and
to strike. Bill of Rights Article 17: The right of peaceful
assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed
on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in
conformity with the law and which are necessary in a
democratic society in the interests of nationalsecurity or
public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of
public health or morals or the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others. Bill of Rights Article 18 (1): Everyone
shall have the right to freedom of association with others,
including the right to form and join trade unions for the
Article 12: The State shall support co-operatives based on

voluntary association and shall recognize the autonomy of
such co-operatives.Article 62(1): The Republic of Hungary
recognizes the right to peaceful assembly and shall ensure the
free exercise thereof.
Article 74: Associations may be formed without prior

permission for any lawful purpose, including political
associations and trade unions. An association may not be
dissolved by administrative decision. The activities of an
association found to be in furtherance of unlawful objectives
may however be enjoint, in which case legal action shall be
brought without undue delay for a judgment dissolving the
association. No one may be obliged to be a member of any
association. Membership of an association may however be
made obligatory by law if this is necessary in order to enable
an association to discharge its functions in the public interest
or on account of the rights of others. People are free to
assemble unarmed. Public gatherings may be attended by
police. Public gatherings in the open may be banned if it is
feared that riots may ensue.
Article 19(1): All citizens shall have the right… (b)to assemble
peaceably and without arms (c) to form associations or unions
Article 28E(3): Every person shall have the freedom to

associate, to assemble and to express opinions.
Article 27: Public gatherings and marches may be freely held,

provided arms are not carried and that they are not
detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam. Article 26:
The formation of parties, societies, political or professional
associations, as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or
pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, is
permitted provided they do not violate the principles of
independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria of Islam,
or the basis of the Islamic Republic. No one may be prevented
from participating in the aforementioned groups, or be
compelled to participate in them.
Article 36: The State guarantees [the following] in a way that

does not violate public order and morality… (C). Freedom of
assembly and peaceful demonstration. Article 37: (1) The
freedom of forming and of joining associations and political
parties is guaranteed. Its exercise shall be regulated by law. (2)
It is prohibited to force any person to join any party, society or
political entity or to force him to continue his membership in
it.
Article 40(6):(1) (ii) The right of the citizens to assemble
peaceably and without arms.
Provision may be made by law to prevent or
control meetings which are determined in
accordance with law to be calculated to
cause a breach of the peace or to be a
danger or nuisance to the general public and
to prevent or control meetings in the vicinity
of either House of the Oireachtas.(ii) The right of the citizens
to form associations and unions. Laws, however, may be
enacted for the regulation and control in the public interest of
the exercise of the foregoing right.(ii) Laws regulating the
manner in which the right of forming associations and unions
and the right of free assembly may be exercised shall contain
no political, religious or class discrimination.(2) Laws
regulating the manner in which the right of forming
associations and unions and the right of free assembly may be
exercised shall contain no political, religious or class
discrimination.
Article 17: Citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and

unarmed. No previous notice is required for meetings,
including those held in places
open the public. In case of meetings held in public places,
previous notice shall be given to the
authorities, who may prohibit them only for proven reason of
security or public safety. Article 18: Citizens have the right to
form associations freely and without authorization for those
ends that are not forbidden by criminal law. Secret
associations and associations that, even indirectly, pursue
political aims by means of organisations having a military
character shall be forbidden.
Artucke 23(1): Except with his own consent, no person shall
be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of peaceful
assembly and association, that is to say, his right peacefully
association. to assemble freely and associate with other
persons and in particular to form or belong to trade unions or
other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 22: Freedom of assembly and association as well as

speech, press and all other forms of expression are
guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the
secrecy of any means of communication be violated.
Article 16: (i) Jordanians shall have the right to hold meetings
within the limits of the law. (ii) Jordanians are entitled to
establish societies and political parties provided that the
objects of such societies and parties are lawful, their methods
peaceful, and their bye-laws not inconsistent with the
Article 32: Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall have

the right to peacefully and without arms assemble, hold
meetings, rallies and demonstrations, street processions and
pickets. The use of this right may be restricted by law in the
interests of state security, public order, protection of health,
rights and freedoms of other persons. Article 23(1): Citizens of
the Republic of Kazakhstan shall have the right to freedom of
forming associations. The activities of public associations shall
Article 67: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the

press, of assembly, demonstration and association.
The State shall guarantee conditions for the free activity of
democratic political parties and social organizations.
Article 21(1): All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and

the press, and freedom of assembly and association.
Article 44: Individuals shall have the right of private assembly
without permission or prior notification, and the police may
not attend such private meetings. Public meetings,
processions and gatherings shall be permitted in accordance
with the conditions and manner specified by law, provided
that their purpose and means are peaceful and not contrary
to morals. Article 43: Freedom to form associations and
unions on a national basis and by peaceful means shall be
guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and manner
specified by law. No one may be compelled to join any
association or union.
Article 25: Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right
to assemble peacefully, without weapons and conduct
political meetings, rallies, marches, demonstrations and
pickets on condition of prior notification to state authorities or
local self-government bodies. The procedure and conditions
for conducting them shall be established by law. Article 21(1):
Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to freedom
of association.
Article 31: Lao citizens have the right and freedom of speech,
press and assembly; and have the right to set up associations
and to stage demonstrations which are not contrary to the
law.
Article 103: The State shall protect the freedom of previously

announced peaceful meetings, street processions, and pickets.
Article 102: Everyone has the right to form and join
associations, political parties and other public organisations.
Article 13: The freedom of opinion, expression through

speech and writing, the freedom of the press, the freedom of
assembly, and the freedom of association, are all guaranteed
within the scope of the law.
Article 4(1): (k) freedom of peaceful assembly (l) freedom of
association Article 15(1): Every person shall be entitled to,
and (except with his own consent) shall not be hindered in his
enjoyment of freedom of peaceful assembly, without arms,
that is to say, freedom to assemble with other persons.Article
16(1): Every person shall be entitled to, and (except with his
own consent) shall not be hindered in his enjoyment of
freedom to associate freely with other persons for ideological,
religious, political, economic, labour, social, cultural,
recreational and similar purposes.
Article 41: The right of free association and assembly is
guaranteed within the limits prescribed by law.
Article 36: Citizens may not be prohibited or hindered from

assembling unarmed in peaceful meetings. This right may not
be limited otherwise than by law and only when it is
necessary to protect the security of the State or society, public
order, people’s health or morals, or the rights and freedoms of
other persons. Article 35: Citizens shall be guaranteed the
right to freely form societies, political parties and associations,
provided that the aims and activities thereof are not contrary
to the Constitution and laws. No one may be compelled to
belong to any society, political party, or association. The
founding and activities of political parties and other political
and public organization shall be regulated by law.
Article 25: The Constitution guarantees the right to assemble

peacefully and unarmed in compliance with the laws
governing the exercise of this right which may not be subject
to prior authorization. - This provision does not apply to open-
air political, religious or other meetings which are entirely
governed by laws and police regulations. Article 26: The
Constitution guarantees the right of association, in
compliance with the laws governing the exercise of this right,
which may not be subject to prior authorization.
Article 21: Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and

to express public protest without prior
announcement or a special licence. The exercise of this right
may be restricted only during a state of emergency or war.
Article 20: Citizens are guaranteed freedom of association to
exercise and protect their political, economic, social, cultural
and other rights and convictions. Citizens may freely establish
associations of citizens and political parties, join them or
resign from them.
Article 10: The freedoms of opinion and of expression, of

communication, of [the] press, of association, of assembly, of
movement [circulation], of conscience and of religion are
guaranteed to all and can be limited only with respect to the
freedoms and rights of others and by the imperative to
Article 38: Every person shall have the right to assemble and
demonstrate with others peacefully and unarmed. Article 32:
(1) Every person shall have the right to freedom of
association, which shall include the freedom to form
associations.
(2) No person may be compelled to belong to an association
Article 10(1): (b) all citizens have the right to assemble
peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to
form associations

assembly without prior permission of the State. Article 30: (a)
Every citizen has the right to establish and to participate in the
activities of political parties. (b) Everyone has the freedom to
form associations and societies, including the following: (1)
the right to establish and participate in any association or
society for economic, social, educational or cultural or
purposes; (2) the right to form trade unions, to participate or
not participate in their activities.
Article 5: The State recognizes and guarantees, within the

conditions determined by law, the freedom to come and go,
the free choice of residence, freedom of association, of
assembly, of procession and demonstration [manifestation].

say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political
opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
each and all of the following, namely ... (b) freedom of
conscience, of expression and of peaceful assembly and
association... Article 42(1): Except with his own consent or by
way of parental discipline no person shall be hindered in the
enjoyment of his freedom of peaceful assembly and
association, that is to say, his right peacefully to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particto form
or belong to trade or other unions or associations for the
Article 2, Section 1: (1) Every person has the right to freedom
of thought, conscience, and belief; to freedom of speech and
of the press; to the free exercise of religion; to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association; and to petition the
government for a redress of grievances.
Article 10: The State shall guarantee to all its citizens public
and individual freedoms, that is... — the freedom of assembly;
— the freedom of association and the freedom to belong to
any political or labor organization of one’s choice.
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in

Mauritius there have existed and shall continue to exist
without discrimination by reason of race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public
interest, each and all of the following human rights and
fundamental freedoms...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression, of assembly and
association and freedom to establish schools.... Article 13(1):
Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and association,
that is to say, his right to assemble freely and associate with
other persons and, in particular, to form or belong to trade
unions or other associations for the protection of his interests.
Article 9: May not abridge the right to peaceably assemble or
associate with any lawful purpose, but only citizens of]the
Republic may do so to take part in political affairs of the
country…..
Article 4, Section 1: No law may deny or impair freedom of

expression, peaceable assembly, association, or petition.
Article 40: Meetings, demonstrations, rallies, processions or

any other assembly shall be free and
may be organized and conducted only peacefully and without
the use of any weapon whatsoever. Article 41(1): All citizens
shall be free to associate in parties and other socio-political
organizations. These organizations shall contribute to the
definition and expression of the citizens' political will and take
part in the election process under the rule of law.
Article 29: Monacans have the right to peaceably assemble

without arms, in compliance with the laws that regulate the
exercise of this right without submitting to previous
authorization. This liberty does not extend to open air
meetings, which remain under the law of the police. Article
30: Monacans have the right to peaceably assemble without
arms, in compliance with the laws that regulate the exercise
of this right without submitting to previous authorization. This
liberty does not extend to open air meetings, which remain
under the law of the police.
Article 16: The citizens of Mongolia are guaranteed to enjoy

the following rights and freedoms… (16) Freedom of thought,
opinion and expression, speech, press, peaceful assembly.
Procedures for organizing demonstrations and other
assemblies shall be determined by law.
Article 52: The freedom of peaceful assembly, without
approval, with prior notification of the competent authority
shall be guaranteed. The freedom of assembly may be
temporarily restricted by the decision of the competent
authority in order to prevent disorder or execution of a
criminal offence, threat to health, morality or security of
people and property, in accordance with the law. Article 53:
The freedom of political, trade union and other association
and action, without approval, by the registration with the
competent authority, shall be guaranteed. No one shall be
forced to become a member of an association. The state
supports political and other associations, when there is a
public interest
Article 9: The Constitution guarantees to all citizens…

Freedom of opinion, freedom of expression under all its forms
and freedom to assemble… No restrictions can be imposed on
such freedoms other than by law.
Article 51: All citizens shall have the right to freedom of

assembly and demonstration, within the terms of the law.
Article 52: (1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of association.
(2) Social organisations and associations shall have the right to
pursue their aims, to create institutions designed to achieve
their specific objectives and to own assets in order to carry
out their activities, in accordance with the law.
Article 354: All citizens shall freely exercise the following

rights, unless their exercise is contrary to the laws enacted for
the maintenance of Union security, law and order, community
peace and tranquility, or public order and morality… (b) the
right to assemble peacefully without arms and to organize
processions...
Article 21: (1) All persons shall have the right to… (d)
assemble peaceably and without arms… (e) freedom of
associations or unions, including trade unions and political
parties…
Article 139(1): Persons have the right to assemble and

associate peaceably and to form or belong to trade unions or
other associations. Article 3: Whereas every person in Nauru
is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, place
of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the
public interest, to each and all of the following freedoms,
namely... freedom of conscience, of expression and of
Article 12(3):Every citizen shall have the following freedoms…

(b) freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms….(d)
freedom to form unions and associations… Provided that...(3)
Nothing in sub-clauses (c) and (d) shall be deemed to prevent
the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any
act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of
Nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations
subsisting among the people of various castes, tribes, religions
or communities, or which may instigate violence, or which
may be contrary to public morality.
Article 9(1): The right of assembly and demonstration shall be
recognised, without prejudice to the responsibility of
everyone under the law. Article 8: The right of association
shall be recognised. This right may be restricted by Act of
Parliament in the interest of public order.

assembly. Article 17: Everyone has the right to freedom of
association.
Article 27: The State recognizes and guarantees the freedom
to come and go, freedom
of association, assembly, procession and demonstration in the
circumstances
defined by law. Article 9: in the framework of the freedom of
association recognized and guaranteed by this Constitution,
political parties, groups of political parties, unions and other
associations shall develop and operate freely subject to the
principles of national sovereignty, the democracy and the laws
of the Republic. The Parties and groups of political parties
participate in the voting process. The same prerogatives shall
be recognized for all citizens of Niger with full benefit of civil
and political rights if he fulfills the conditions of eligibility
provided by the law. Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or
religious character shall be prohibited. No party shall be
created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic group or a
region or a religion,susceptible to prosecution.
Article 40: Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely

and associate with other persons, and in particular he may
form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other
association for the protection of his interests: Article 229: In
this Part of this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires
— “association” means any body of persons corporate or
unincorporate who agree to act together for any common
purpose, and includes an association formed for any ethnic,
social, cultural, occupational or religious purpose...
-
Article 32: The citizens have the right to assemble within the
limits of the Law. Article 33: The freedom of forming societies
on a national basis and for legitimate objectives and by
peaceful means—provided that it is not in conflict with the
provisions and objectives of this Basic Statute—is guaranteed
in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated by the
Law. It is prohibited to form societies the activities of which
are adverse to the order of society, secret or of a military
nature. It is unlawful to force any one to join any society.
Article 16: Every citizen shall have the right to assemble

peacefully and without arms, subject to any reasonable
restrictions imposed by law in the interest of public order.
Preamble: ...Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights
including equality of status, of opportunity and before law,
social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought,
expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to
law and public morality... Article 17(1): Every citizen shall have
the right to form associations or unions, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of
sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, public order or morality
Article IV, Section 4: The government shall take no action to

deny or impair the right of any person to peacefully assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances or to
associate with others for any lawful purpose including the
right to organize and to bargain collectively.
Article 38: All inhabitants of the Republic have the right to
assemble peacefully, without arms, for lawful ends. Public
demonstrations or gatherings in open air are not subject to
permission. Only previous notification of the local
Administrative Authorities, twenty-four hours in advance, is
required to hold such gatherings. Authorities may take Police
action to prevent or restrain abuse of this right, when the
form in which it is exercised causes, or may cause, traffic
disturbances, breach of the peace, or violation of the rights of
others. Article 39: The formation of companies, associations,
or foundations that are not contrary to morals or legal order,
is permitted. These may obtain recognition as juridical
persons. Recognition shall not be granted to associations
whose ideologies are based on the supposed superiority of
any race or ethnic group or which defend or promote racial
discrimination. The capacity, recognition and regulation of
these companies and other juridical persons shall be
determined by Panamanian law.
Article 47: Every person has the right peacefully to assemble

and associate and to form or belong to, or not to belong to,
political parties, industrial organizations or other associations,
except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated
or restricted by a law...
Article 32: Everyone has the right to assemble and to
demonstrate peacefully, without carrying weapons and with
legal purpose, without having to ask the authorization of the
respective authorities. Everyone has the right to not attend
this type of meeting. The law can only regulate the exercise of
this right in areas of public traffic control, at certain hours, to
preserve public order and the rights of others as established
by law. Article 42: Everyone is free to join associations or
unions with legal purposes. No one can be forced to join any
association. The law will establish procedures for joining
professional associations. Secret associations, as well as those
of a paramilitary nature, are hereby prohibited.
Article 2: Every person has the right... (12) To assemble

peacefully but without arms. Meetings in private places or
those open to the public do not require previous notification.
Those called in public places or streets require prior
notification to the authorities, which may prohibit them only
for demonstrated security or public health reasons. (13) To
organize and establish foundations and various forms of legal
non-profit organizations, without prior authorization and
under the law. They cannot be dissolved by administrative
decision
Article 3, Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the

freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
Government for redress of grievances. Article 3, Section 8:
The right of the people, including those employed in the
public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
Article 57: The freedom of peaceful assembly and

participation in such assemblies shall be ensured
to everyone. Limitations upon such freedoms may be imposed
by statute. Article 58(1): The freedom of association shall be
guaranteed to everyone.
Article 45(1): Citizens shall possess the right to meet
peacefully and without arms, even in places
that are open to the public, without the need for any
authorisation. Article 46(1): Citizens shall possess the right to
freely associate with one another without requiring any
authorisation, on condition that such associations are not
intended to promote
violence and their purposes are not contrary to the criminal
law.
Article 44: The right of the citizens to assemble is guaranteed

in accordance with the provisions of the law. Article 45: The
right of citizens to establish association is guaranteed in
accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in
the law.
Article 39: Meetings, demonstrations, parades, or any other

form of assembly are free and may be organized and held only
in a peaceful manner, without any kind of weapons. Article
40(1): Citizens may freely establish and adhere to political
parties, trade unions, employers’ associations and other forms
of association
Article 31: Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the

right to assemble peacefully,
without weapons, hold rallies, mass meetings and
demonstrations, marches and pickets. Article 30: (1) Everyone
shall have the right of association, in cluding the right to
establish trade unions for the protection of his(her) interests.
The freedom of activity of public associations shall be
guaranteed. (2) Nobody may be compelled to join any
association or to stay there.
Article 36: Freedom of peaceful assembly without arms is

guaranteed if it is not inconsistent with the law. Prior
authorization shall only be necessary if the law so requires
and solely in the case of assembly in the open air, in a public
place or on a public road, to the extent that such is necessary
in the interests of public safety, public health or public order.
Article 35: Freedom of association is guaranteed and shall not
require prior authorization. Such freedom shall be exercised
under conditions determined by law.
association, that is to say, his right to assembly freely and
Article 13(1): All citizens of Samoa shall have the right— (b) To
assemble peaceably and without arms (c) To form associations
or unions….
Article 6: The Republic recognises civil and political liberties

for all. The following shall be guaranteed, in particular: liberty
of person and sanctity of the home, freedom of residence and
of emigration, freedom of association, freedom of expression,
freedom of conscience and religion....
Article 34(1): Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully

without weapons, even
in places open to public Article 35(1): The citizens have the
right to, freely and without dependence on any authorization,
form associations, so long as they are not contrary to the
penal law or do not question the Constitution and national
independence.
Article 8: The Republic of Senegal shall guarantee to all

citizens fundamental individual freedoms, economic and
social rights as well as collective rights. These freedoms shall
include in particular:Civil and political freedoms: freedom of
opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of the press,
freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of
movement, freedom of manifestation; cultural freedoms;
Article 12: All citizens shall have the right to freely establish
associations, economic, cultural and social groupings as well
as societies on the condition that they comply with the
formalities established by statutes and regulations. Those
groupings whose goal or objectivity is contrary to the criminal
laws or directed against public order shall be prohibited.
Article 54: Citizens may assemble freely.
Assembly held indoors shall not be subjected to permission or
registering. Gathering, demonstrations and other forms of
assembly held outdoors shall be reported to the state body, in
accordance with the law. Freedom of assembly may be
restricted by the law only if necessary to protect public health,
morals, rights of others or the security of the Republic of
Serbia. Article 55: Freedom of political, union and any other
form of association shall be guaranteed, as well as the right to
stay out of any association. Associations shall be formed
without prior approval and entered in the register kept by a
state body, in accordance with the law. Secret and paramilitary
associations shall be prohibited. Constitutional Court may ban
only such associations the activity of which is aimed at violent
overthrow of constitutional order, violation of guaranteed
human or minority rights, or inciting of racial, national and
religious hatred.
Judges of Constitutional Court, judges, public prosecutors,
Defender of Citizens, members of police force and military
persons may not be members of political parties.
Article 23(1): Every person has a right to freedom of peaceful

assembly and association and for the purpose of this article
this right includes the right to assemble freely and associate
with other persons and in particular to form or to belong to
political parties, trade unions or other associations for the
protection of the interests of that person and not to be
compelled to belong to any association.
belong to any political party, trade unions or other economic,
social or professional associations, national or international,
for the protection of his interests. Article 15: Whereas every
person in Sierra Leone is entitled to the fundamental human
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the
right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin, political
opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the
each and all of the following... (b) freedom of conscience, of
expression and of assembly and association;
Article 14(1): Subject to clauses (2) and (3)… (b) all citizens of
Singapore have the right to assemble peaceably and without
arms; and
Article 28(1): The right of peaceful assembly is guaranteed.

Article 29(1): Freedom of association is guaranteed.
Everybody has the right to associate with others in clubs,
societies, or other associations.
Article 42: The right of peaceful assembly and public meeting
shall be guaranteed. Everyone has the right to freedom of
association with others. Legal restrictions of these rights shall
be permissible where so required for national security or
public safety and for protection against the spread of
infectious diseases. Professional members of the defence
forces and the police may not be members of political parties

hindered in the enjoyment of bis freedom of assembly and
or other associations for the protection of bis interests.
Article 24(2): Every citizen shall be free to participate in an

assembly, demonstration, or in their organization.
Article 17: Everyone has the right, peacefully and unarmed, to

assemble, to demonstrate, to picket and to present petitions.
Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of association.
Article 21(1): The right to peaceful unarmed assembly is

granted. The exercise of this right shall not require prior
authorization. Article 22(1): The right of association is
granted.
Article 14(1): (1) Every citizen is entitled to… (b) the freedom
of peaceful assembly (c) the freedom of association…
Article 40(1): The right to peaceful assembly shall be

guaranteed; every person shall have the right to freedom of
association with others, including the right to form or join
political parties, associations and trade or professional unions
for the protection of his interests. Article 44(1): Education is a
right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to
education without discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity,
gender or disability.

association and assembly, taking into consideration the rules
to be determined by law for the protection of public order,
safety, health and morality.
Section 25(1): A person has the right to freedom of peaceful
assembly and association. Section 14: The fundamental
human rights and freedoms of the individual enshrined in this
Chapter are hereby declared and guaranteed, namely... (b)
freedom of conscience, of expression and of peaceful
assembly and association and of movement
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 1: Every citizen

shall be guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his
relations with the public institutions… (3) freedom of
assembly: that is, the freedom to organise or attend a meeting
for the purposes of information or the expression of opinion
or for any other similar purpose, or for the purpose of
presenting artistic work... (5) freedom of association: that is,
the freedom to associate with others for public or private
purposes
Article 22(1):The freedom of assembly is guaranteed. Article

23(1): The freedom of association is guaranteed
Article 39: Citizens have the right to meet and demonstrate

peacefully within the principles of the Constitution. The law
regulates the exercise of this right.
Article 14: The people shall have freedom of assembly and of

association.
Article 29: A citizen has the right to participate in meetings,
rallies, demonstrations, and peaceful processions established
by law. No one may be forced to participate in them Article
28: Citizens have the right of association; a citizen has the
right to participate in creation of political parties including
those of a democratic, religious and atheistic character,
professional unions, and other social associations, [and] to
voluntarily join or leave such organizations....
Article 20: Every person has a freedom, to freely and

peaceably assemble, associate and cooperate with other
persons, and for that purpose, express views publicly and to
form and join with associations or organizations formed for
purposes of preserving or furthering his beliefs or interests or
any other interests.
Section 63: A person shall enjoy the liberty to assemble

peacefully and without arms…. Section 64: A person shall
enjoy the liberty to unite and form an association, a union, a
league, a co-operative, a farmer group, a private organization,
a non-governmental organization or any other group.
Article 12: Subject to any law imposing restrictions in the
immediate and ultimate interest of the Tibetan people and for
the benefit of the public, and subject to legal restrictions
imposed by the Tibetan Assembly during the tenureship of a
civil servant, all Tibetans shall be entitled to the following
rights and freedoms... (e) freedom to assemble peacefully
without arms... (g) right to form, and become a member of
any religious, cultural, economic, corporate, union or other
association;
Article 30: The State recognizes and guarantees within the

conditions fixed by law, the exercise of the freedoms of
association, of meeting, and of peaceful manifestation
without instruments of violence. The State recognizes private,
confessional and secular education.
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad

and Tobago there have existed and shall continue to exist
without discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour,
religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights and
freedoms, namely... (j) freedom of association and assembly
Article 34: Everyone has the right to hold unarmed and

peaceful meetings and demonstration
marches without prior permission…. Article 33: Everyone has
the right to form associations, or become a member of an
association, or withdraw from membership without prior
permission. No one shall be compelled to become or remain a
member of an association.
Article 29: Freedom of assembly, meeting, and demonstrating

in accordance with the law is guaranteed.
Section 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his
race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, religious beliefs
or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following
fundamental rights and freedoms... (g) freedom of assembly
and association (see section 25)...Section 25: ...except with his
consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his
freedom of assembly and association. (2) For the purposes of
this section, freedom of assembly and association includes—
(a) the right to assemble freely and to associate with other
persons; and (b) the right to form or belong to political
parties; and (c) the right, as regulated by law, to form or
protection or advancement of one’s interests.
Article 29: (1) Every person shall have the right to… (d)
freedom to assemble and to demonstrate together with
others peacefully and unarmed and to petition; and (e)
freedom of association which shall include the freedom to
form and join associations or unions, including trade unions
and political and other civic organisations.
Article 39: Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully

without arms and to hold meetings, rallies, processions and
demonstrations, upon notifying in advance the bodies of
executive power or bodies of local self-government. Article
36: Citizens of Ukraine have the right to freedom of
association in political parties and public organizations for the
exercise and protection of their rights and freedoms and for
the satisfaction of their political, economic, social, cultural and
other interests, with the exception of restrictions established
by law in the interests of national security and public order,
the protection of the health of the population or the
protection of rights and freedoms of other persons.
Article 33: Freedom of assembly and establishing associations

shall be guaranteed within the limits of law.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting… the
right of the people peaceably to assemble…
Article 38: The right to peaceful assembly without arms

remains guaranteed. The exercise of this right cannot be
ignored by any authority of the Republic except in virtue of a
law, and only so long as it is opposed to health, safety, and
public order. Article 39: Everyone has the right of association,
regardless of their objective, as long as it doesn’t constitute an
illegal association declared by law.
Article 33: All citizens shall have the right to engage in public
life by holding rallies, meetings and demonstrations in
accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The bodies of authority shall have the right to suspend or ban
such undertakings exclusively on the grounds of security.
Article 34: All citizens of the republic of Uzbekistan shall have
the right to form trade unions, political parties and any other
public associations, and to participate in mass movements. No
one may infringe on the rights, freedoms and dignity of the
individuals, constituting the minority opposition in political
parties, public associations and mass movements, as well as in
representative bodies of authority.
Article 5(1): The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject

to any restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons
are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms
of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of
race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political
opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in
defence, safety, public order, welfare and health... (h) freedom
of assembly and association....
Article 69: The citizen shall enjoy freedom of opinion and
speech, freedom of the press, the right to be informed, and
the right to assemble, form associations and hold
demonstrations in accordance with the provisions of the law.

belong to any political party, trade union or other association
for the protection of his interests.
Article 21(1): Except with his own consent or by way of
parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in his freedom
of assembly and association, that is to say, his right to
particular to form or belong to political parties or trade unions
or other associations for the protection of his interests. Article
11: It is recognised and declared that every person in Zambia
has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right,
whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed, sex or marital status, but subject to the limitations
contained in this Part, to each and all of the following,
namely...(b) freedom of conscience, expression, assembly,
Non-Discrimination/Equality- Individuals
Article 18: 1. All are equal before the law. (2) No one may be unjustly
discriminated against for reasons such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity,
language, political, religious or philosophical beliefs, economic condition,
education, social status, or parentage.
(3) No one may be discriminated against for the reasons mentioned in
paragraph 2
without a reasonable and objective justification.
Article 29: The citizens shall be equal before the law without any
discrimination on the basis of birth, race, gender, opinion or any other
personal or social condition or circumstances.
Article 6:(1) All persons are equal before the law. No one may be
discriminated against on grounds of birth, race, sex, origin, religion,
opinions or any other personal or social condition. (2) Public authorities
shall create the conditions such that the equality and the liberty of the
individuals may be real and effective
Article 18(1) All citizens shall be equal under the law and shall enjoy the
same rights and be subject to the same duties, without distinction as to
color, race, ethnic group, sex, place of birth, religion, ideology, level of
education or economic or social status.
Article 3: Whereas every person in Antigua and Barbuda is entitled to

the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the
right, regardless of race, place of origin, political opinions or affiliations,
colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms
of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following,
namely....(b) freedom of conscience, of expression (including freedom of
of itself or in its effect.(4) In this section, the expression “discriminatory”
political opinions or affiliations, colour, creed, or sex whereby persons of
one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which
persons of another such description are not made subject or are
accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded to persons of
another such description.
Article 14.1: All people are equal before the law. Discrimination based
on sex, race, color of the skin, ethnic or social origin, genetic
circumstances, language, religion, viewpoints, political or other opinions,
belonging to a national minority, property status, birth, disability, age or
other conditions of personal or social character shall be prohibited.
Article 7(1):All nationals (Austrian citizens) are equal before the law.
Privileges based upon birth, sex, estate, class or religion are excluded. No
one shall be discriminated against because of his disability. The Republic
(Federation, Laender and municipalities) commits itself to ensuring the
equal treatment of disabled and non-disabled persons in all spheres of
every-day life.
Article 25(III): Everyone has equal rights and freedoms irrespective of

race, nationality, religion, sex, origin, property status, social position,
convictions, political party, trade union organization and social unity
affiliation. Limitations or recognition of rights and freedoms because of
race, nationality, social status, language, origin, convictions and religion
are prohibited.
Article 26: (1) Subject to the provision of paragraph (4), (5) and (9) of
this Article no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either
of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of paragraphs (6), (9)
and (10) of this Article, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
performance of the function of any public office or any public authority.
(3) In this Article, the expression "discriminatory" means affording
different treatment to different person attributable wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, place of origin political opinions
colour or creed whereby person of one such description are subjected to
disabilities or restrictions to which person of another such description
not accorded to persons of another such description....
Article 18: People are equal in human dignity, and citizens are equal
before the law in public rights and duties. There shall be no
discrimination among them on the basis of sex, origin, language, religion
or creed.
Article 28: (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on
ground only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. (2) Women shall
have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of public life.
(3) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place
of birth be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition
with regard to access to any place of public entertainment or resort, or
admission to any educational institution. (4) Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from making special provision in favour of women or
children or for the advancement of any backward section of citizens.
Article 29(2): No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of,
any employment or office in the service of the Republic.
Article 23: (1) Subject to the provisions ofthis section- Protection from
(2) In this section the expression "discriminatory" neans affording
colour or creed, whereby persons of one such description are subjected
to disabilities or restrictions to which persons ofanother such description
are hot made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are
not afforded to persons of another such description....
Article 22: All shall be equal before the law and entitled without
discrimination to equal protection of their protection of their rights and
legitimate interests
Article 11: Enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognised for Belgians
must be provided
without discrimination. To this end, laws and federate laws* guarantee
among others the rights and freedoms of ideological and philosophical
minorities. Article 131: The law determines the measures designed to
prevent all forms of discrimination
for ideological or philosophical reasons.
manner by any person or authority.
description....
Article 26: The State shall assure to everyone equality before the law
without distinction of origin, of race, of sex, of religion, of political
opinion or of social position….
Article 7(15): All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to
equal and effective protection of the law and shall not be discriminated
against on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion, politics or other
status.
Article 6(1):. Every person possesses juridical personality and capacity, in

accordance with the laws. Everyone enjoys the rights, freedoms and
guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to
race, gender, language, religion, political or other views, origin, economic
or social condition, or any other. Article (14): I(1)Every person has legal
personality and capacity under the law and enjoy the rights recognized
by this Constitution, without any distinction.
(2) The State prohibits and punishes all forms of discrimination based on
sex, color, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, origin, culture,
nationality, citizenship, language, religion, ideology, political affiliation or
philosophical, marital status or social or economic condition, type of
occupation, level of
education, disability, pregnancy, or anything that has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
of equal rights of every person.
Article 2(4): Non-Discrimination. The enjoyment of the rights and

freedoms provided for in this Article or in the international agreements
listed in Annex I to this Constitution shall be secured to all persons in
Bosnia and Herzegovina without discrimination on any ground such as
sex, race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or
other status.
different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political
description.
Article 3: The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil
are:... (4) to promote the well-being of all, without prejudice as to
origin, race, sex, color, age and any other forms of discrimination.Article
5: Everyone is equal before the law, with no distinction whatsoever,
guaranteeing to Brazilians and foreigners residing in the Country the
inviolability of the rights to life, liberty, equality, security and property,
on the following terms:
None
Article 38: No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his rights because

of his views, nor shall be obligated or forced to provide information
about his own or another person's views.
Article 1: All the Burkinians are born free and equal in rights. All shall be
equally entitled to enjoy all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the
present Constitution.
Discrimination of all sorts, notably those founded on race, ethnicity,
region, color, gender, language, religion, caste, political opinions, wealth
and birth, shall be prohibited.
Article 13: All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All
citizens have the same rights and are entitled to the same protection of
the law. No Burundian will be excluded from the social, economic or
political life of the nation because of his race, language, religion, sex or
ethnic origin. Article 22: All citizens are equal before the law, which
provides them with equal protection. No one may be subject to
discrimination because of their origin, race, ethnicity, sex, color,
language, social situation or his religious, philosophical or political
convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they
are suffering from HIV/AIDS or any other incurable disease.
Article 31: ...Khmer citizens shall be equal before the law, enjoying the
same rights and freedom and obligations regardless of race, color, sex,
language, religious belief, political tendency, national origin, social status,
wealth or other status. The exercise of personal rights and freedom by
any individual shall not adversely affect the rights and freedom of
others. The exercise of such rights and freedom shall be in accordance
with
the law.
Preamble: declare that the human person, without distinction as to race,

religion, sex or belief, possesses
inalienable and sacred rights;
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982, Part 1, Section 15:(1) Every

individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the
equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination
and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or
ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2)
Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as
its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or
groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national
or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
Article 1(2): The Republic of Cape Verde recognizes the equality of all
citizens before the law, without distinction as to social origin or
economic situation, race, sex, religion, political or ideological convictions,
and social conditions, and assures the full exercise by all citizens of
fundamental liberties. Article 22: All citizens shall have equal social
status and shall be equal before the law, without privilege, benefit, or
prejudice, and may not be deprived of any rights or exempt from any
duty by reason of race, sex, ancestry, language, origin, religion, social
and economic condition, or political or ideological conviction. Article
48(2): No one may be discriminated against, persecuted, deprived of
rights, or given special benefits or immunity because of their religious
faith, conviction, or practices.
Article 5: All human beings are equal before the law without distinction
of race, ethnic origin, regional origin, sex, religion, political affiliation and
social position.
Article 14: The State assures to all equality before the law, without
distinction of origin, race, sex, religion, political opinion, or social
position. It has the duty to see to the elimination of all forms of
discrimination with regard to women and to assure the protection of
their rights in all areas [domaines] of private and public life. Article
32: ...No one may be wronged [leser] in their work on account of their
origins, opinions, beliefs, sex, or their marital status.
Article 19(2): Equality before the law. In Chile there are no privileged
persons or groups. In Chile there are no slaves and the one who sets foot
on its territory remains free. Men and women are equal before the law.
Article 36: ...No state organ, public organization or individual may

compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may
they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in,
any religion. Article 34: All citizens of the People’s Republic of China who
have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election,
regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background,
religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except
persons deprived of political rights according to law.
Article 13:All individuals are born free and equal before the law, will
receive equal protection and treatment from the authorities, and will
enjoy the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities without any
discrimination on account of gender, race, national or family origin,
language, religion, political opinion, or philosophy.
Preamble: ...the equality of all concerning rights and duties without

distinctions based on sex, origin, race, religion or belief…
Article 8: All citizens are equal before the law, without discrimination
based on origin, social or material situation, racial, ethnic or
departmental, gender (le sexe) instruction, language, religion,
philosophy or place of residence. Women have the same rights as men.
The law guarantees to them the promotion to all political, elective and
administrative functions.
Article 13: No Congolese person may, in matters of education or access

to public functions or any other matter, be subject to any discriminatory
measure, whether it results from a statute or from a measure of the
executive, on the ground of his/her religion, family origin, social
condition, residence, views or political convictions, or membership of a
certain race, ethnicity, tribe, cultural or linguistic minority. Article 36: No
one may be harmed in their work because of their origin, sex, opinions,
beliefs or socio-economic conditions. Article 45:All persons have access
to establishments of national education without discrimination on
grounds of place of origin, race, religion, sex, political or philosophical
opinions, physical, mental or sensorial condition in accordance with their
capacities.
Article 64(1): It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook

Islands there exist, and shall continue to exist, without discrimination by
reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the
following fundamental human rights and freedoms-
discrimination infringing human dignity.
Article 17: Any person has the right to freely chose his profession or his
employment. Access to public or private employment is equal for all. Any
discrimination in the access to or exercise of employment, based on sex,
[or on] political, religious or philosophical opinions, is prohibited. Article
30: The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular,
democratic and social. The Republic assures to all equality before the law
without distinction as to origin, race, sex or religion. It respects all
beliefs. Its principle is government of the people, by the people and for
the people.
Article 14: Everyone in the Republic of Croatia shall enjoy all rights and
freedoms, regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or
other belief, national or social origin, property, birth, education, social
status or other criteria. All shall be equal before the law.
Article 42: Discrimination based on race, color of the skin, sex, national
origin, religious creeds, or any other type offending human dignity, is
prohibited and punished by the law Article 43: The State establishes the
right, won by the Revolution, of its citizens, without distinction based on
race, color, sex, religious creeds, national origin, or any other type
offending human dignity to...
Article 28: (1) All persons are equal before the law, the administration
and justice and are entitled to equal protection thereof and treatment
thereby.
(2) Every person shall enjoy all the rights and liberties provided for in this
Constitution without any direct or indirect discrimination against any
person on the ground of his community, race, religion, language, sex,
political or other convictions, national or social descent, birth, color,
wealth, social class, or on any ground whatsoever, unless there is express
provision to the contrary in this Constitution.
CFRBF, Article 3 (1): Everyone is guaranteed the enjoyment of her

fundamental rights and basic freedoms without regard to gender, race,
color of skin, language, faith and religion, political or other conviction,
national or social origin, membership in a national or ethnic minority,
property, birth, or other status.
None
without distinction as to origin, race, sex or religion. It shall respect all
beliefs. Article 3: The Republic of Djibouti shall comprise all persons
whom it recognizes as members and who accept its duties, without
distinction of language, race, sex or religion.
race, place of origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject
to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public
interest, to each and all of the following, namely— Article 13: (1) Subject
to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law
shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its
effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this
section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any
person or authority.
description.
Article 45(2): No one can be persecuted or discriminated against on the

basis of their religious convictions Article 16: (1) All citizens are equal
before the law, shall exercise the same rights and shall be subject to the
same duties. (2) No one may be discriminated against on grounds of
color, race, marital status, gender, ethnic origin, social or economic
status, political or ideological convictions, religion, education or physical
or mental condition.
Article 40: All citizens are equal before the law.

They have equal rights and duties without discrimination between them
due to race, ethnic origin, language, religion or creed.
Article 47: Employers and private workers, without distinction of
nationality, sex, race, creed, or political ideas and whatever their activity
or the nature of their work, have the right to freely associate to defend
their respective interests, forming professional or trade associations or
unions.... Article 3: All persons are equal before the law. The enjoyment
of civil rights may not ne restricted on the basis of nationality, race, sex
or religion. The heredicary privelege shall not be recognized.
Shall not be recognized or hereditary privilege.
Article 5: Any act of bias or discrimination committed on the basis of

tribe, sex, religious, social, political, corruption or other analogous
reason is punishable or punished by law
Article 14: (1) All persons are equal under the law.
(2) No person may be discriminated against on account of race, ethnic
origin, language, color, gender, religion, disability, age, political view, or
social or economic status or any other improper factors....
Section 12: Everyone is equal before the law. No one shall be

discriminated against on the basis of
nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, political or other
opinion, property or social status, or on other grounds. The incitement
of national, racial, religious or political hatred, violence or discrimination
shall, by law, be prohibited and punishable. The incitement of hatred,
violence or discrimination between social strata shall, by law, also be
prohibited and punishable.
Preamble: ....Firmly convinced that the fulfilment of this objective

requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms
and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any
sexual, religious or cultural discrimination.... Article 25: All persons are
equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the
equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall guarantee to all
persons equal and effective protection without discrimination on
grounds of race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth or other
status. Article 34: (1) Men and women, without any distinction as to
race, nation, nationality or religion, who have attained marrigeable age
as defined by law, have the right to marry and found a family Article 38:
Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination based on colour,
race, nation, nationality, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion
or other status, has the following rights....
Article 38: (1) Every person has the right to equality before the law. (2) A
person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly,
on the ground of his or her: (a) actual or supposed personal
characteristics or circumstances, including race, ethnic origin, colour,
place of origin, gender, sexual orientation, birth, primary language,
economic status, age or disability; or (b) opinions or beliefs, except to
the extent that those opinions or beliefs involve harm to others or the
diminution of the rights or freedoms of others; or on any other ground
prohibited by this Constitution.
Section 6: Everyone is equal before the law.

No one shall, without an acceptable reason, be treated differently from
other persons on the ground of sex, age, origin, language, religion,
conviction, opinion, health, disability or other reason that concerns his
or her person. Children shall be treated equally and as individuals and
they shall be allowed to influence matters pertaining to themselves to a
degree corresponding to their level of development. Equality of the
sexes is promoted in societal activity and working life, especially in the
determination of pay and the other terms of employment, as provided in
more detail by an Act.
without distinction of origin, race or religion.
Article 1(7): each citizen has the right to work and the right to obtain
employment. No one can be impaired in his work by reason of his
origins, his sex, his race, his opinions Article 2: The Gabonese Republic
assures the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of
origin, race, sex, opinion or religion.
Preamble: The fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in this
Constitution, will ensure for all time respect for and observance of
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to
ethnic considerations, gender, language or religion. Section 17(2): Every
person in The Gambia, whatever his or her race, colour, gender,
property, birth or other status, shall be entitled to the fundamental
human rights and freedoms of the individual contained in this Chapter,
but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the
public interest. Section 33: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no law shall make any
provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (3)
Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no person shall be treated in
a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any law or in
authority.
(4) In this section, the expression “discrimination” means affording
their respective descriptions by race, colour, gender, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
are not made subject, or are accorded privileges or advantages which
are not accorded to persons of another such description.
Article 14: Everyone is free by birth and is equal before law regardless of
race, colour, language, sex, religion, political and other opinions,
national, ethnic and social belonging, origin, property and title, place of
residence.
Article 3: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law.

(2) Men and women shall have equal rights. The State shall promote the
effective implementation of equal rights for women and men and take
steps to eliminate existing discriminations. (3) No one may be favored or
disfavored because of gender, parentage, race, language, homeland and
origin, faith, religious or political opinions. No one may be disfavored
because of disability.
Article 12(2):Every person in Ghana, whatever his race, place of origin,
political opinion, colour, religion, creed or gender shall be entitled to the
fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual contained in
this Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and for the public interest. Article 17: (1) All persons shall be equal
before the law. (2) A person shall not be discriminated against on
grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, creed or social or
economic status. (3) For the purposes of this article, “discriminate”
means to give different treatment to different persons attributable only
or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin,
political opinions, colour, gender, occupation, religion or creed, whereby
persons of one description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to
which persons of another description are not made subject or are
granted privileges or advantages which are not granted to persons of
another description.... Article 28 (4): No child shall be deprived by any
other person of medical treatment, education or any other social or
economic benefit by reason only of religious or other beliefs. Article 30:
A person who by reason of sickness or any other cause is unable to give
his consent shall not be deprived by any other person of medical
only of religious or other beliefs. Article 35 (5): he State shall actively
promote the integration of the peoples of Ghana and prohibit
discrimination and prejudice on the grounds of place of origin,
circumstances of birth, ethnic origin, gender or religion, creed or other
beliefs.
Article 4(1): All Greeks are equal before the law. Article 5(2): All persons
living within the Greek territory shall enjoy full protection of their life,
honour and liberty irrespective of nationality, race or language and of
religious or political beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases
provided by international law. The extradition of aliens prosecuted for
their action as freedom-fighters shall be prohibited.
Article 1: Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to the
race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject
to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for...
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and
association; Article 13: (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4),
(5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is
of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated
public authority.
colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are
description.
Article 4: In Guatemala, all human beings are free and equal in dignity
and rights. Men and women, whatever their civil status, have equal
opportunities and responsibilities. No person can be subjected to
servitude or other condition that undermines his dignity. Human beings
must display brotherly behavior vis-α-vis each other.
Preamble: Proclaim… The equality and solidarity of all nationals without
distinction of race, ethnicity, sex, origin, religion and opinion. Article 1:
Guinea is a unitary, indivisible, secular (laïque), democratic and social
Republic. It shall ensure equality before the law for all citizens without
distinction of origin, race, ethnicity, sex, religion and opinion. It shall
respect all beliefs. Article 4: An Act of Parliament shall punish any act of
racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, or any regionalistic propaganda,
which could gravely affect national unity, the security of the State, the
territorial integrity of the Republic or the democratic functioning of its
institutions. Article 8: All human beings shall be equal before the law.
Men and women shall have the same rights. No one shall be favored or
discriminated against on the ground of his or her gender, birth, race,
ethnicity, language, political, philosophical or religious beliefs and
opinions. Article 18: No one shall be harassed in his work on account of
his sex, his race, his ethnicity or his opinions.
Article 24: All citizens shall be equal before the law, shall have the same
rights, and shall be subject to the same duties, without distinction
regarding race, sex, social, intellectual or cultural level, religious belief, or
Article 40: (1)Every person in Guyana is entitled to the basic right to a

creative and productive life, free from hunger, disease, ignorance and
want. That right includes the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin,
rights and freedoms ofothers and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely... (b) freedom of conscience, of expression and
of assembly and association... Article 149: (1) Subject to the provisions
of this article (a) no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory
either of itself or in its effect; and (b) no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law
or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public
authority. (2) In this article the expression "discriminatory" means
advantages which are not afforded to persons of another such
description.
Article 18: Haitians shall be equal before the law, subject to the special
advantages conferred on native-born Haitians who have never
renounced their nationality.
Article 60: All forms of discrimination on account of sex, race, class, or
any other reason prejudicial to human dignity shall be punishable.
Billl of Rights Article 22: All persons are equal before the law and are
entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law.
In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to
all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any
ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Bill of
Rights Article 20(1): Every child shall have, without any discrimination as
to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property
or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his
status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State. Bill of
Rights Article 1:The rights recognized in this Bill of Rights shall be
enjoyed without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
Article 70/A: The Republic of Hungary shall respect the human rights
and civil rights of all persons in the country without discrimination on
the basis of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origins, financial situation, birth or on any
other grounds whatsoever.
Article 65: Everyone shall be equal before the law and enjoy human
rights irrespective of sex, religion, opinion, national origin, race, colour,
Article 15: (1) The State shall not discriminate against any
citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place
of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion,
race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any
disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to- (a) access to
shops, public restaurants, hotels and
places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing
ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out
of State funds or dedicated to the use of
the general public. Article 16(2): No citizen shall, on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of
them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any
employment or office under the State. Article 23(2): Nothing in this
article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for
public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make
any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any
of them. Article 29(2): No citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of
State funds on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, language or any of them. Article 325: There shall be
one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency for election to
either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the
Legislature of a State and no person shall be ineligible for inclusion in
any such roll or claim to be included in any special electoral roll for any
such constituency on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of
them.
Article 281 (2): Every person shall have the right to be free from
discriminatory treatment based upon any grounds whatsoever and shall
have the right to protection from such discriminatory treatment.
Article 14: In accordance with the sacred verse (“God does not forbid
you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you
because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your
homes” [60:8]), the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all
Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with ethical
norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect
their human rights. This principle applies to all who refrain from
engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic
of Iran.
Article 14: Iraqis are equal before the law without discrimination based
on gender, race, ethnicity, origin, color, religion, creed, belief or opinion,
or economic and social status.
Article 40(6ii): Laws regulating the manner in which the right of forming
associations and unions and the right of free
assembly may be exercised shall contain no political,
religious or class discrimination.Article 44(2):(iii)The State shall not
impose any disabilities or make any discrimination on the ground of
religious profession, belief or status. (iv) Legislation providing State aid
for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the
management of different religious denominations, nor be such as to
affect prejudicially the right of any child to attend a school receiving
public money without attending religious instruction at that school.
Article 3: All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the
law, without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinion,
personal and social conditions.
Article 13: Whereas every person in Jamaica is entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has
the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, Article 24: 1)
Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section,
no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either of itself
or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (6), (7) and (8)
of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by
any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of
section, the expression "discriminatory" means affording different
treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their
respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour
or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
Article 14: All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be
no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of
race, creed, sex, social status or family origin…. Article 44: The
qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be
fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race,
creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.
Article 6 (i): Jordanians shall be equal before the Law. There shall be no
discrimination between them as regards to their rights and duties, on
grounds of race, language or religion.
Article 14: (1) Everyone shall be equal before law and the court. (2) No
one shall be subject to any discrimination for reasons of origin, social,
property status, occupation, sex, race, nationality, language, attitude
towards religion, convictions, place of residence or any other
circumstances.
Article 70: Whereas every person in Kenya is entitled to the fundamental
his race, tribe, place of origin or residence or other local connection,
rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all
of the following, namely. Article 82: (1) Subject to subsections (4), (5)
and (8), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of
itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to subsections (6), (8) and (9), no person
shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by a person acting by virtue
of any written law or in the performance of the functions of a public
office or a public authority. (3) In this section the expression
race, tribe, place of origin or residence or other local connexion, political
description....
colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected
description.
Article 65: Citizens enjoy equal rights in all spheres of State and public
activities. Article 66: All citizens who have reached the age of 17 have
the right to elect and to be elected, irrespective of sex, race, occupation,
length of residence, property status, education party affiliation, political
views or religion.
Article 11(1): All citizens shall be equal before the law, and there shall be
no discrimination in political, economic, social or cultural life on account
of sex, religion or social status.
Article 29: All people are equal in human dignity, and in public rights and
duties before the law, without distinction as to race, origin, language or
religion.
Article 13(3): In the Kyrgyz Republic everyone shall be equal before the
law and the courts. No one shall be subjected to any kind of
discrimination or violation of their rights and freedoms on grounds of
ethnic origin, sex, race, nationality, language, religious denomination,
political or religious beliefs or any other personal or social
circumstances.
Article 22: Lao citizens irrespective of their sex, social status, education,
faith and ethnic groups are all equal before the law.
Article 91: All human beings in Latvia shall be equal before the law and
the courts. Human rights shall be realised without discrimination of any
kind.
Preamble: No discrimination among the people on the basis of any

allegiance whatsoever, nor division, partition or implantation is
permitted.
Article 4(1): Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his
race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights
and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of the following... Article 18:
(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4) and (5) no law shall make
any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (6), no person shall be treated
public authority. (3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory”
wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, colour, sex,
property, birth or other status whereby persons of one such description
description..... (5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) to the extent that
it makes provision with respect to standards of qualifications (not being
standards of qualifications specifically relating to race, colour, sex,
property, birth or other status) to be required of any person who is
appointed to any office in the public service, any office in a disciplined
force, any office in the service of a local government authority or any
office in a body corporate established by law for public purposes. Article
26(1): Lesotho shall adopt policies aimed at promoting a society based
on equality and justice for all its citizens regardless of race, colour, sex,
Article 11: (a) All persons are born equally free and independent and
have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are
the right of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of pursuing and
maintaining and security of the person and of acquiring, possessing and
protecting property, subject to such qualifications as provided for in this
Constitution. (b) All persons, irrespective of ethnic background, race, sex,
creed, place of origin or political opinion, are entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, subject to such
qualifications as provided for in this Constitution. (c) All persons are
equal before the law and are therefore entitled to the equal protection
of the law.
Article 18: All Liberian citizens shall have equal opportunity for work and
employment regardless of sex, creed, religion, ethnic background, place
of origin or political affiliation, and all shall be entitled to equal pay for
equal work.
Article 5: All citizens are equal before the law

Artilce 31(1) : All citizens shall be equal before the law. The public offices
shall be equally open to them, subject to observance of the legal
regulations.
Article 29:All persons shall be equal before the law, the court, and other
State institutions and officials. The rights of the human being may not be
restricted, nor may he be granted any privileges on the ground of
gender, race, nationality, language, origin, social status, belief,
convictions, or views.
Article 54: The restriction of freedoms and rights can not discriminate on
grounds of sex, race, colour of skin, language, religion, national or social
origin, property or social status. Article 110: The Constitutional Court of
the Republic of Macedonia...protects the freedoms and rights of the
indivithe prohibition of discrimination among citizens on the ground of
sex, race, religion or national, social or political affiliation....
Article 8: Nationals are equal under the law and enjoy the same
fundamental liberties protected by the law without discrimination based
on sex, level of education [instruction], wealth, origin, race, religious
belief or opinion. Article 28: No one may be discriminated against [léser]
in his work or in his employment because of sex, of age, of religion, of
opinions, of origins, of adherence to a union or of political convictions.
Article 20(1): Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all

persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection
against discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, disability,
Article 8: (2) Except as expressly authorized by this Constitution, there
shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion,
race, descent, place of birth or gender in any law or in the appointment
to any office or employment under a public authority or in the
administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or
disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade,
business, profession, vocation or employment.... (5) This Article does not
invalidate or prohibit- (a) any provision regulating personal law; (b) any
provisions or practice restricting office or employment connected with
the affairs of any religion or of an institution managed by a group
professing any religion, to persons professing that religion;
Article 17(a): Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms included in

this Chapter without discrimination of any kind, including race, national
origin, colour, sex, age, mental or physical disability, political or other
opinion, property, birth or other status, or native island. Article 20: Every
individual is equal before and under the law, and has the right to the
equal protection and equal benefit of the law.
Article 2: Every Malian is born and remain free and equal in rights and
duties. All discrimination founded on social origin, color, language, race,
sex, religion and political opinion shall be prohibited.

fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the
right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed
or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely ... Article
45: (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-articles (4), (5) and
discrimination on (7) of this article, no law shall make any provision that
is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the
provisions of sub-articles (6), (7) and (8) of this article, no person shall be
treated in a discriminatory manner
by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the
performance of the functions of any public office or any public
authority. (3) In this article, the expression "discriminatory" means
description.... (9) A requirement, however made, that the Roman
Catholic Apostolic Religion shall be taught by a person professing that
religion shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of
this article.
Article 2, Section 12: (1) All persons are equal under the law and are
entitled to the equal protection of the laws.
(2) No law and no executive or judicial action shall, either expressly, or in
its practical application, discriminate against any persons on the basis of
gender, race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national
or social origin, place of birth, family status or descent.
(3) Nothing in this Section shall be deemed to preclude non-arbitrary
preferences for citizens pursuant to law.
Article 1: ...The Republic shall guarantee equality before the law to all of
its citizens, without distinction as to origin, race, sex or social
condition…..
Article 3: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there

have existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason
of race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex Article 16:
(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any
provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
(2) Subject to subsections (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting in the performance of any
public function conferred by any law or otherwise in the performance of
section, “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to
different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective
descriptions by race, caste, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to
are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are
Article 1: All discrimination motivated by ethnic or national origin,
gender, age, handicaps, social condition, health, religion, opinions,
preferences, marital status, or any other discrimination that violates
human dignity and has the objective of restricting or diminishing the
rights and liberties of persons is prohibited. Article 3(2c): It shall
contribute to better human relationships not only by the elements which
it provides toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating,
together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of
the family, the conviction of the general interest of society but also by
the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of
rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, religion, class, sex, or
individuals
Article 4, Section 3: A person may not be deprived of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law, or be denied the equal protection
of the laws.
Article 16(2): All citizens of the Republic of Moldova shall be equal

before the law and public authorities, regardless of the race, nationality,
ethnic origin, language, religion, sex,
opinion, political affiliation, property or social origin.
Article 14: (1) All persons lawfully residing within Mongolia are equal
before the law and the courts. (2)No person shall be discriminated on
the basis of ethnic origin, language, race, age, sex, social origin and
status, property, occupation and post, religion, opinion and education.
Every one shall be a person before the law.
Article 8: Direct or indirect discrimination on any grounds shall be
prohibited. Regulations and introduction of special measures aimed at
creating the conditions for the exercise of national, gender and overall
equality and protection of persons who are in an unequal position on
any grounds shall not be considered discrimination. Special measures
may only be applied until the achievement of the aims for which
they were undertaken.
Article 5: All Moroccans are equal before the law.
Article 35: All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the
same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of colour, race,
sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social
position, the marital status of their parents, their profession or their
political preference. Article 39: All acts intended to undermine national
unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions or situations of
privilege or discrimination based on colour, race, sex, ethnic origin, place
of birth, religion, level of education, social position, physical or mental
ability, the marital status of one’s parents, profession or political
preference, shall be punished in terms of the law. Article 251(1): Access
to public office shall not be obstructed on grounds of colour, race, sex,
religion, ethnic or social origin, or party-political preference, and shall
adhere strictly to the criteria of the merit and ability of applicants.
Article 348: The Union shall not discriminate against any citizen of the
Republic of the Union of Myanmar based on race, birth, religion, official
position, status, culture, sex or wealth. Article 352: The Union shall,
subject to the fulfillment of special professional requirements, not
discriminate for or against any citizen of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar based on race, birth, religion, and sex in the appointment of
Civil Service personnel and the assignment of duties. However, nothing
in this Section shall prevent appointment of men to positions that are
suitable for men only.
Preamble: Whereas the said rights include the right of the individual to
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, regardless of race, colour,
ethnic origin, sex, religion, creed or social or economic status…. Article
10: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law. (2) No persons may be
discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race, colour, ethnic origin,
religion, creed or social or economic status. Article 14(1):Men and
women of full age, without any limitation due to race, colour, ethnic
origin, nationality, religion, creed or social or economic status shall have
the right to marry and to found a family. They shall be entitled to equal
rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
None
Article 13: 1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall
be denied the equal protection of the laws.
(2) There shall be no discrimination against any citizen in the application
of general laws on grounds of religion, race, gender, caste, tribe, origin,
language or ideological conviction or any of these. (3) The State shall not
discriminate among citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe,
gender, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these.
Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special
provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of
women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic tribes [Adivasi Janajati], Madhesi or
farmers, laborers or those who belong to a class which is economically,
socially or culturally backward, or children, the aged, disabled or those
who are physically or mentally incapacitated.... Article 14(2): No person
shall, on the ground of caste or tribe, be deprived of the use of services,
conveniences or utilities available to the public, or be denied access to
any public place, or public religious places, or be prevented from
performing any religious act.... Article 142(4): The Election Commission
shall not register any political party if any Nepali citizen is discriminated
against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of
religion, caste, tribe, language or gender or if the name, objectives,
symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that may disturb
the country’s religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if
the constitution or rules of such party have the objective of protecting
and promoting a partyless or single party system of government.
Article 1: All persons in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal
circumstances. Discrimination on the grounds of religion, belief, political
opinion, race or sex or on any other grounds whatsoever shall not be
permitted.
22 ofthis Act shall apply to any restrictions

on the employment of any person on work involving the national
security of New Zealand- (a) By reference to his or her- (i) Religious or
ethical belief... Human Rights Act, Article 26: Nothing in section 22
ofthis Act [employment] shall prevent different treatment based on sex,
religious or ethical belief, or age if the duties of the position in respect of
which that treatment is accorded...(b) Are such that, because ofthe laws,
customs, or practices of the country in which those duties are to be
performed, they are ordinarily carried out only by a person who is of a
particular sex or religious or ethical belief, or who is in a particular age
group. Human Rights Act, Article 27(2): Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act
shall prevent different treatment based on sex, religious or ethical belief,
disability, age, political opinion, or sexual orientation where the position
is one of domestic employment in a private household. Human Rights
Act, Article 28: (1) Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act shall prevent different
treatment based on sex where the position is for the purposes of an
organised religion and is limited to one sex so as to comply with the
doctrines or rules or established customs of the religion.(2) Nothing in
section 22 o fthis Act shall prevent different treatment based on religious
or ethical beliefwhere- (a) That treatment is accorded under section 65
of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975; or (b) The sole
or principal duties of the position (not being a position to which section
65 of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 applies)- (i)
Are, or are substantially the same as, those of a clergyman, priest,
pastor, official, or teacher among adherents of that belief or otherwise
involve the propagation ofthat belief; or (ii) Are those of a teacher in a
private school; or (iii) Consist of acting as a social worker on behalf of an
organisation whose members comprise solely or principally adherents of
that belief. (3) Where a religious or ethical beliefrequires its adherents to
follow
a particular practice, an employer must accommodate the
practice so long as any adjustment ofthe employer's activities
required to accommodate the practice does not unreasonably
disrupt the employer's activities. Human Rights Act, Article 39(1):
Nothing in section 38 ofthis Act shall apply where the authorisation or
qualification is needed for, or facilitates engagement in, a profession or
calling for the purposes of an organised religion and is limited to one sex
or to persons ofthat religious beliefso as to comply with the doctrines or
rules or established customs of that religion. Human Rights Act, Article
55: Nothing in section 53 ofthis Act shall apply to accommodation in any
hostel or in any establishment (such as a hospital, club, school,
university, religious institution, or retirement village), or in any part of a
Article 27: All individuals are equal before the law and have the right to
equal protection. There shall be no discrimination based on birth,
nationality, political belief, race, gender, language, religion, opinion,
origin, economic position or social condition. Article 82: : Workers have
the right to working conditions that specifically ensure them: (1) Equal
pay for equal work under identical conditions, suitable to their social
responsibility, without discrimination for political, religious, racial,
gender or any other reasons, which ensure a well-being compatible with
human dignity;
Article 8: The Republic of Niger is a State of Law (État de droit). The
Republic shall assure to all the equality before the law without
distinction of sex, of social, ethnic or religious origin.The Republic shall
respect and protect all faiths. No religion, no belief shall assume the
political power nor interfere in the affairs of the State. All particularist
propaganda of regional, racial or ethnic character, all manifestation of
racial, ethnic, political or religious discrimination, shall be punished by
law. Foreigners shall benefit, in the territory of the Republic, of the same
rights and freedoms as the Nigerian citizens in the conditions
determined by law.
Article 15(2): Accordingly, national integration shall be actively

encouraged, whilst discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, sex,
religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties shall be prohibited.
Article 42(1): A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, ethnic
group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion shall not, by
reason only that he is such a person— (a) be subjected either expressly
by, or in the practical application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any
executive or administrative action of the government, to disabilities or
restrictions to which citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic
groups, places of origin, sex, religions or political opinions are not made
subject; or (b) be accorded either expressly by, or in the practical
application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any such executive or
administrative action, any privilege or advantage that is not accorded to
citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic groups, places of origin,
sex, religions or political opinions.
None
Article 17: All citizens are equal before the Law and share the same
public rights and duties. There is no discrimination between them on the
ground of gender, origin, colour, language, religion, sect, domicile, or
social status.

equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and
political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith,
worship and association, subject to law and public morality.. Article
22(3b): no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational
institution receiving aid from public revenues on the ground only of race,
religion, caste or place of birth. Article 26: (1) In respect of access to
places of public entertainment or resort, not intended for religious
purposes only, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the
ground only of race, religion, caste, sex, residence or place of birth. (2)
Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent the State from making any special
provision for women and children. Article 27(1): No citizen otherwise
qualified for appointment in the service of Pakistan shall be
discriminated against in respect of any such appointment on the ground
only of race religion, caste, sex, residence or place of birth...
Article IV, Section 5: Every person shall be equal under the law and shall
be entitled to equal protection. The government shall take no action to
discriminate against any person on the basis of sex, race, place of origin,
language, religion or belief, social status or clan affiliation except for the
preferential treatment of citizens, for the protection of minors, elderly,
indigent, physically or mentally handicapped, and other similar groups,
and in matters concerning intestate succession and domestic relations.
No person shall be treated unfairly in legislative or executive
investigation.
Article 19: There shall be no public or private privileges, or
discrimination, by reason of race, birth, social class, handicap, sex,
religion or political ideology. Article 67: A like wage or salary shall always
be paid for like work under identical conditions, irrespective of the
person who performs it, without taking into account sex, nationality,
age, race, social standing, political or religious ideologies. Article 94:
...Educational institutions, whether public or private, are open to all
students without distinction of race, social position, political ideology,
religion, or the nature of the relationship of the student’s parents or
guardians.... Article 300: Public Employees shall be of Panamanian
nationality, without discrimination for reasons of race, sex, religion or
political activities....
Article 2: ...WE ACCORDINGLY CALL FOR—

(1) an equal opportunity for every citizen to take part in the political,
economic, social, religious and cultural life of the country... (5) equal
participation by women citizens in all political, economic, social and
religious activities... Article 5: ...(1) a fundamental re-orientation of our
attitudes and the institutions of government, commerce, education and
religion towards Papua New Guinean forms of participation,
consultation, and consensus, and a continuous renewal of the
responsiveness of these institutions to the needs and attitudes of the
People... Article 55: (1) Subject to this Constitution, all citizens have the
same rights, privileges, obligations and duties irrespective of race, tribe,
place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed, religion or sex. (2)
Subsection (1) does not prevent the making of laws for the special
benefit, welfare, protection or advancement of females, children and
young persons, members of underprivileged or less advanced groups or
residents of less advanced areas. (3) Subsection (1) does not affect the
operation of a pre-Independence law.
Article 46: All residents of the Republic are equal as far as dignity and
rights are concerned. No discrimination is permitted. The State will
remove all obstacles and prevent those factors that support or promote
discrimination..... Article 88: No discrimination will be permitted against
workers for reasons of race, sex, age, religion, social status, political, or
union preference
Article 2: Every person has the right: (1) To life, to his identity, to his
moral, spiritual, and physical integrity, and to his unrestricted
development and well-being. The unborn child is entitled to every
privilege as a matter of right.
2. To equality before the law. No one may be discriminated against on
account of origin, race, gender, language, religion, opinion, economic
condition or any other condition.
3. To freedom of conscience and religion, individually or collectively. No
one may be persecuted on account of his ideas or beliefs. Freedom of
opinion is unlimited. All confessions may freely be exercised publically as
long as they do not offend public morals or disturb public order.
Article 3, Section 1: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of the laws Article 3, Section 5: he free exercise and
enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed....
Article 32: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law. All persons shall
have the right to equal treatment by public authorities. (2) No one shall
be discriminated against in political, social or economic life for any
reason whatsoever
Article 13: (1) Every citizen shall possess the same social dignity and shall
be equal before the law. (2) No one shall be privileged, favoured,
prejudiced, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on the
basis of ancestry, sex, race, language, place of origin, religion, political or
ideological beliefs, education, economic situation, social circumstances
or sexual orientation. Article 41(2): No one shall be persecuted, deprived
of rights or exempted from civic obligations or duties because of his
convictions or religious observance. Article 59(1): Regardless of age, sex,
race, citizenship, place of origin, religion and political and ideological
convictions, every worker shall possess the right...
discrimination whatsoever on grounds of sex, race, language, or religion.
Article 4(2): Romania is the common and indivisible homeland of all its
citizens regardless of race, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, opinion,
political allegiance, wealth, or social origin. Article 44(4):
Nationalizations and all other forcible transfers of assets into public
ownership based on the owner’s social, ethnic, religious or political
status or other discriminatory features are prohibited.
Article 19: (1) All persons shall be equal before the law and the court. (2)
The State guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and
freedoms regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, material
and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, convictions,
membership of public associations, or of other circumstances. All forms
of limitations of human rights on social, racial, national, language or
religious grounds shall be prohibited
Article 11: All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights
and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic
origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith,
opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or
mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and
punishable by
law.Article 33: ...Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or discrimination
or any other form of division is punishable by law
Article 15:(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make
any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2)
Subject to subsections (6), (7), (8) and (9), a person shall not be treated
public authority. (3) In this section the expression “discriminatory”
birth out of wedlock, political opinions or affiliations, colour, sex or creed
whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or
subject or are accorded privileges or advantages that are not accorded
manner by any person or authority. (3) In this section, the expression
sex, race, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed whereby
persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or
subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded
(7) and (8) of this section, no persons shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any persons acting by virtue of any written law or in the
description.
Article 15: (1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal
protection under the law. (2) Except as expressly authorised under the
provisions of this Constitution, no law and no executive or administrative
action of the State shall, either expressly or in its practical application,
subject any person or persons to any disability or restriction or confer on
any person or persons any privilege or advantage on grounds only of
descent, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin,
place of birth, family status, or any of them.
Article 4: Everyone shall be equal before the law, without any distinction
as to personal, economic,
social, political or religious status.
Article 15(1): All citizens are equal before the law, enjoy the same rights
and are subject to the same obligations without distinction as to social
or racial or racial origin, sex, political tendency, religious belief or
.Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on

justice, shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia
Article 1: ...It shall ensure the equality before the law of all citizens,
without distinction of origin, race, gender or religion. It shall respect all
beliefs. Article 5: Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious discrimination, as
well as any regionalist propaganda which could affect the internal
security of the State or the territorial integrity of the Republic shall be
Article 21: All are equal before the Constitution and law.
Everyone shall have the right to equal legal protection, without
discrimination. All direct or indirect discrimination based on any
grounds, particularly on race, sex, national origin, social origin, birth,
religion, political or other opinion, property status, culture, language,
age, mental or physical disability shall be prohibited. Special measures
which the Republic of Serbia may introduce to achieve full equality of
individuals or group of individuals in a substantially unequal position
compared to other citizens shall not be deemed discrimination.
Article 27(1): Every person has a right to equal protection of the law
including the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set out in this
Charter without discrimination on any ground except as is necessary in a
democratic society.
Article 6(2): Accordingly, the State shall promote national integration
and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of
origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic
association or ties.Article 15: Whereas every person in Sierra Leone is
entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the
individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of
origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for
the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each
and all of the following... Article 27: (1) Subject to the provisions of
subsection (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any provision which is
of subsections (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a
discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any law or in
authority. (3) In this section the expression “discriminatory” means
mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin,
political opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such
of another such description are not made subject, or are accorded
such description.
Article 12: (1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the
equal protection of the law. (2) Except as expressly authorised by this
Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens of
Singapore on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth
in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a
public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the
acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or
carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.
Article 16(1): Without prejudice to the generality of Article 12, there
shall be no discrimination against any citizen of Singapore on the
grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth….
Article 12: (1) People are free and equal in dignity and in rights. Basic
rights and freedoms are inherent, inalienable, non-prescriptible, and not
subject to repeal. (2) Basic rights and freedoms on the territory of the
Slovak Republic are guaranteed to everyone regardless of sex, race, color
of skin, language, faith and religion, political, or other thoughts, national
or social origin, affiliation to a nation, or ethnic group, property, descent,
or any other status. No one may be harmed, preferred, or discriminated
against on these grounds.
Article 14: In Slovenia everyone shall be guaranteed equal human rights
and fundamental freedoms irrespective of national origin, race, sex,
language, religion, political or other conviction, material standing, birth,
education, social status, disability or any other personal circumstance. All
are equal before the law.
itself or in its effect (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8)
and (9) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
manner by any
person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the
functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) Subject to the
provisions of subsection (9) of this section, no person shall be treated in
a discriminatory manner in respect of access to shops, hotels, lodging-
houses, public restaurants, eating-houses or places of public
entertainment or in respect of access to places of public resort
maintained wholly or partly out of public funds or dedicated to the use
of the general public. (4) In this section, the expression "discriminatory"
political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such
description are subjected
description are not nuade subject or are accorded privileges or
description.
Article 6: All citizens regardless of sex, religion, origin and language shall
be entitled to equal rights and duties before the law
Article 9: (1) Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal
protection and benefit of the law. (2) Equality includes the full and equal
enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. To promote the achievement of
equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance
persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination
may be taken. (3) The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or
indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race,
gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour,
sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture,
language and birth.
Article 14: Spaniards are equal before the law and may not in any way be
discriminated against on account of birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or
any other personal or social condition or circumstance.
Article 12: (1) All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to
the equal protection of the law. (2) No citizen shall be discriminated
against on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex, political
opinion, place of birth or any one of such grounds (3) No person shall,
on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex or any one of such
grounds, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition
with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, places of
public entertainment and places of public worship of his own religion....
Article 27: (5) The State shall strengthen national unity by promoting co-
operation and mutual confidence among all sections of the People of Sri
Lanka, including the racial, religious, linguistic and other groups, and
shall take effective steps in the fields of teaching, education and
information in order to eliminate discrimination and prejudice. (6) The
State shall ensure equality of opportunity to citizens, so that no citizen
shall suffer any disability on the ground of race, religion, language, caste,
sex, political opinion or occupation.
Article 31: All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
discrimination, as to race, colour, sex, language, religious creed, political
opinion, or ethnic origin, to the equal protection of the law. Article 82:
The Government of National Unity shall undertake the following duties...
(b) establishment of a decentralized democratic system of governance
taking into account the cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic
diversity and gender equality... Article 44(1): Education is a right for
every citizen and the State shall provide access to education without
discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity, gender or disability. Article
136: The National Civil Service, notably at the senior and middle-levels,
shall be representative of the people of the Sudan; to ensure this, the
following principles and guidelines shall be recognized and observed...
(c) no level of government shall discriminate against any qualified
Sudanese citizen on the basis of religion, ethnicity, region or gender,
Article 185(1): Resources and common wealth of the Sudan shall be
shared equitably to enable each level of government to discharge its
legal and constitutional responsibilities and duties and to ensure that the
quality of life, dignity and living conditions of all citizens are promoted
without discrimination on grounds of gender, race, religion, political
affiliation, ethnicity, language or region.
Article 28: All employees have, independent of age, sex, race,

nationality, religion or political opinions, the right to…
Article 14(3): A person of whatever gender, race, place of origin, political
opinion, colour, religion, creed, age or disability shall be entitled to the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual contained in this
Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest. Article 20: (1) All persons are equal before and
under the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life
and in every other respect and shall enjoy equal protection of the law.
(2) For the avoidance of any doubt, a person shall not be discriminated
against on the grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe, birth,
creed or religion, or social or economic standing, political opinion, age or
disability. (3) For the purposes of this section, “discriminate” means to
give different treatment to different persons attributable only or mainly
to their respective descriptions by gender, race, colour, ethnic origin,
birth, tribe, creed or religion, or social or economic standing, political
opinion, age or disability.
Instrument of Government Chapter 1, Article 1: The public institutions

shall combat discrimination of persons on grounds of gender, colour,
national or ethnic origin, linguistic or religious affiliation, functional
disability, sexual orientation, age or other circumstance affecting the
private person. Opportunities should be promoted for ethnic, linguistic
and religious minorities to preserve and develop a cultural and social life
of their own.
Article 8: (1) Everyone shall be equal before the law. (2)

No one may be discriminated against, in particular on grounds of origin,
race, gender, age, language. social position. way of life, religious,
ideological, or political convictions, or because of a physical, mental or
psychological disability.
Article 25(3): The citizens are equal before the law in their rights and
duties.
Article 17: All are equal before the law and court. The State guarantees
the rights and freedoms of everyone regardless of his nationality, race,
gender, language, religious beliefs, political persuasion, education, [and]
social and property status.
Article 9: The object of this Constitution is to facilitate the building of

the United Republic as a nation of equal and free individuals enjoying
freedom, justice, fraternity and concord, through the pursuit of the
policy of Socialism and Self Reliance which emphasizes the application of
socialist principles while taking into account the conditions prevailing in
the United Republic. Therefore, the state authority and all its agencies
are obliged to direct their policies and programmes towards ensuring ...
(g) that the Government and all its agencies accord equal opportunities
to all citizens, men and women alike without regard to their colour, tribe,
religion, or station in life. Article 13: (1) Ail persons are equal before the
law and are entitled, without any discrimination, to protection and
equality before the law. (2) No law enacted by any authority in the
United Republic shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of
itself or in its effect. (3) The civic rights, duties and interests of every
person and community
shall be protected and determined by the courts of law or other state
agencies established by or under the law. (4) No person shall be
discriminated against by any person or any
authority acting under any law or in the discharge of the functions or
business of any state office. (5) For the purposes of this Article the
expression "discriminate" means to satisfy the needs, rights or other
requirements of different persons on the basis of their nationality, tribe,
place of origin, political opinion, colour, religion, sex or station in life
such that certain categories of people are regarded as weak or inferior
and are subjected to restrictions or conditions whereas persons of other
categories are treated differently or are accorded opportunities or
advantage outside the specified conditions or the prescribed necessary
qualifications except that the word "discrimination" shall not be
construed in a manner that will
prohibit the Government from taking purposeful steps aimed at
rectifying disabilities in the society.
Section 5: The Thai people, irrespective of their origins, sexes or

religions, shall enjoy equal protection under this Constitution. Section
30: All persons are equal before the law and shall enjoy equal protection
under the law.
Men and women shall enjoy equal rights. Unjust discrimination against a
person on the grounds of the difference in origin, race, language, sex,
age, disability, physical or health condition, personal status, economic or
social standing, religious belief, education or constitutionally political
view, shall not be permitted.
Article 9: All Tibetan citizens shall be equal before the law and shall
enjoy the rights and freedoms set forth in this Chapter without
discrimination on grounds of birth, sex, race, religion, language, lay or
ordained, social origin, rich or poor, elected position or other status.
Article 2: Republic of Togo assures equality before the law of all citizens,
regardless of origin, race, sex, social condition, or religion. It respects all
political and philosophical opinions as well as religious beliefs. Article
37: No one may be harmed in their work because of their sex, origin,
beliefs, or opinions.
None
Article 4: It is hereby recognised and declared that in Trinidad and

Tobago there have existed and shall continue to exist without
discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour, religion or sex, the
following fundamental human rights and freedoms, namely...
Article 10: All individuals are equal without any discrimination before
the law, irrespective of language, race, colour, sex, political opinion,
philosophical belief, religion and sect, or any such considerations….
Article 19: Turkmenistan guarantees the equality of rights and freedoms

of citizens and also the equality of citizens before the law regardless of
nationality, origin, property and official status, place of residence,
language, attitude toward religion, political conviction, [or] political
affiliation.
Article 27: (1) In this section, discrimination refers to the treatment of
different people in different ways wholly or mainly because of their
different— (a) races; or (b) places of origin; or
(c) political opinions; or (d) colours; or (e) religious beliefs or lack of
religious beliefs, Article 11(1): Every person in Tuvalu is entitled,
whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, religious
beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following fundamental
rights and freedoms...
Article 34(3): No child shall be deprived by any person of medical

of religious or other beliefs.
Article 24: Citizens have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and
are equal before the law. There shall be no privileges or restrictions
based on race, color of skin, political, religious and other beliefs, sex,
ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, linguistic or
other characteristics....
Article 25: All persons are equal before the law, without distinction
between citizens of the Union in regard to race, nationality, religious
belief or social status.
None
Article 8: All persons are equal before the law. The law does not
recognize any distinction between them but of their talents or virtues.
Article 18: All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have equal
rights and freedoms, and shall be equal before the law, without
discrimination by sex, race, nationality, language. religion, social origin,
convictions, individual and social status.Any privileges may be granted
solely by the law and shall conform to the principles of social justice.

restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens, all persons are entitled to
the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without
discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or
traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to
respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate
public interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health-
Article 70: ...All religions are equal before the law…. Article 52: All
citizens are equal before the law. Article 54 The citizen, regardless of
nationality, sex, social background, religious belief, cultural standard,
occupation, time of residence, shall, upon reaching the age of eighteen,
have the right to vote, and, upon reaching the age of twenty-one, have
the right to stand for election to the National Assembly and the People’s
Councils in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Article 25: Yemeni society is based on social solidarity, which is based on

justice, freedom and equality according to the law.
Article 23: (1) Subject to clauses (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any
provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject
to clauses (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a discriminatory
(3) In this Article the expression “discriminatory” mean, affording
different treatment to different persons attributable, wholly or mainly to
their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin, marital
status, political opinions colour or creed whereby persons of one such
of another such description are not made subject or are accorded
such description.
Article 23: (1) Subject to the provisions of this section—
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a law shall be regarded as making
a provision that is discriminatory and a person shall be regarded as
having been treated in a discriminatory manner if, as a result of that law
or treatment, persons of a particular description by race, tribe, place of
origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex, gender, marital status or
physical disability are prejudiced— (a) by being subjected to a condition,
restriction or disability to which other persons of another such
description are not made subject; or (b) by the according to persons of
another such description of a privilege or advantage which is not
accorded to persons of the first-mentioned description; and the
imposition of that condition, restriction or disability or the according of
that privilege or advantage is wholly or mainly attributable to the
description by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
creed, sex, gender, marital status or physical disability of the persons
concerned. Article 11: It is recognised and declared that every person in
Zambia has been and shall continue to be entitled to the fundamental
his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex or marital
status, but subject to the limitations contained in this Part, to each and
all of the following, namely:
Non-Discrimination/Equality- Religions
Article 10(3): The state recognizes the equality of

religious communities.
Article 18(1): In the Republic of Azerbaijan religion
is separated from the State. All religions are equal
before the law.
Article 16: Religions and faiths shall be equal before
the law….
Article 6: (1) All persons are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. (2) All citizens 1 shall be equal
before the law. There shall be no privileges or
restriction of rights on the
grounds of race, national or social origin, ethnic
self-identity, sex, religion, education, opinion,
political affiliation, personal or social status or
property status.
Article 19:Freedom of religion is guaranteed. Every
individual has the right to freely profess his/her
religion and to disseminate it individually or
collectively. All religious faiths and churches are
equally free before the law.
Article 41: All religious communities are equal
before the law and are separate from the state.
Article 8: ...The different creeds and religions enjoy

equal consideration.
Article 18(3): All religions are equal before the law.

Without prejudice to the competence of the
Communal Chambers under this Constitution, no
legislative, executive or administrative act of the
Republic shall discriminate against any religious
institution or religion.
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag shall
reflect the hope of the Nations, Nationalities,
Peoples as well as religious communities of Ethiopia
to live together in equality and unity.
Article 44(2ii): The State guarantees not to endow
any religion.
Article 8: All religious denominations are equally

free before the law. Denominations other than
Catholicism have the right to self-organisation
according to their own statutes, provided these do
not conflict with Italian law. Their relations with the
State are regulated by law, based on agreements
with their respective representatives.
Article 29: All persons shall be equal before the law,
the court, and other State institutions and officials.
The rights of the human being may not be
restricted, nor may he be granted any privileges on
the ground of gender, race, nationality, language,
origin, social status, belief, convictions, or views.

well as the Islamic Religious Community in
Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic
Methodist Church, Jewish Community and other
Religious communities and groups are separate
from the state and equal before the law.
Article 2, Section1: (3) Nothing in this Section shall
be construed to prevent government from
extending financial aid to religiously supported
institutions insofar as they furnish educational,
medical or other services at no profit, provided
such aid does not discriminate among religious
groups or beliefs on the basis of a governmental
preferences for some religions over others, and
provided such aid goes no further than (a)
reimbursing users of educational, medical, or other
non-profit services for fees charged to such users,
or (b) reimbursing such institutions for costs
incurred in providing such services, but only with
funds channeled through an organization open to
all religious institutions that provide the services in
question.
Article 14: ...Religious communities shall be equal
and free in the exercise of religious rites and
religious affairs.
Article 25: (1) Churches and other religious
organizations shall have equal rights. (2) Public
authorities in the Republic of Poland shall be
impartial in matters of
personal conviction, whether religious or
philosophical, or in relation to outlooks
on life, and shall ensure their freedom of
expression within public life.
Article 14(2): Religious associations shall be
separate from the State and shall be equal before
the law.
Article 44: Churches and religious communities are
equal and separated from the state. Churches and
religious communities shall be equal and free to
organize independently their internal structure,
religious matters, to perform religious rites in
public, to establish and manage religious schools,
social and charity institutions, in accordance with
the law.....
Article 68: 68. In this Part, unless the context
otherwise requires… differentiating measure”
means any measure which is, or is likely in its
practical application to be, disadvantageous to
persons of any racial or religious community and
not equally disadvantageous to persons of other
such communities, either directly by prejudicing
persons of that community or indirectly by giving
advantage to persons of another community;
Article 8(2): No one may be discriminated against
on the grounds of birth, sex, race, language,
religious origin, education, political beliefs,
economic position or any other status.
Article 10: All religious denominations are equal
before the law
Article 12: The State guarantees freedom of religion

and conscience and their equality before the law…..
Article 21: (1) All persons are equal before and
under the law in all spheres of political, economic,
social and cultural life and in every other respect
and shall enjoy equal protection of the law. (2)
Without prejudice to clause (1) of this article, a
person shall not be discriminated against on the
ground of sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe,
standing, political opinion or disability. (3) For the
purposes of this article, “discriminate” means to
give different treatment to different persons
attributable only or mainly to their respective
descriptions by sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe,
standing, political opinion or disability.
Article 61: Religious organizations and associations
the law…..
Country Church/State Cooperation
Afghanistan
Article 10: (4) The state and the religious

communities mutually respect the independence of
oneanother and work together for the good of each
and all (5) Relations between the state and religious
Albania communities are regulated on the basis
of agreements entered into between their
representatives and the Council of Ministers.
These agreements are ratified by the Assembly.
Algeria
Andorra
Article 8(2): Religions shall be respected and the
State shall protect churches and places and objects of
Angola worship, provided they abide by the laws of the
State.
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Article 181: (1) The salaries and pensions of ministers

of religion are paid for by the State; the amounts
required are charged annually to the budget. (2)The
salaries and pensions of representatives of
Belgium organisations recognised by the law as providing
moral assistance according to a non-denominational
philosophical concept are paid for by the State; the
amounts required are charged annually to the
budget.
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolvia
Botsawana
Brazil
Brunei Daraussalam
Article 37(1): The freedom of conscience, the

freedom of thought and the choice of religion and of
religious or atheistic views shall be inviolable. The
Bulgaria State shall assist the maintenance of tolerance and
respect among the believers from different
denominations, and among believers and non-
believers.
Burkina Faso
Preamble: The protection and inclusion of the ethnic,
Burundi cultural and religious minority groups into the general
system of good governance;
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
communities shall be separate from the State and
shall be independent and free in their organization
Cape Verde and in the exercise of their own activities, as partners
in the social and spiritual development of the Cape
Verdian people.
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Domincan Republic
Article 12: (1)The State recognizes and respects the

different religious denominations, that are free in
their organization and in the exercise of their own
activities, with due observance of the Constitution
East Timor and the law. (2.)The State promotes the cooperation
with the different religious denominations that
contribute to the well-being of the people of East
Timor.
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Article 21: The State's intervention in the

appointment and installation of heads of religions,
the mode of appointing and dismissing other
ministers of religions, the right of any of them to
Luxembourg correspond with their superiors and to publish their
acts, as well as the Church's relations with the State,
are subject to conventions to be submitted to the
Chamber of Deputies for the provisions governing its
intervention.
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Article 2, Section1: (3) Nothing in this Section shall
be construed to prevent government from extending
financial aid to religiously supported institutions
insofar as they furnish educational, medical or other
services at no profit, provided such aid does not
discriminate among religious groups or beliefs on the
basis of a governmental preferences for some
religions over others, and provided such aid goes no
Marshall Islands further than (a) reimbursing users of educational,
medical, or other non-profit services for fees charged
to such users, or (b) reimbursing such institutions for
costs incurred in providing such services, but only
with funds channeled through an organization open
to all religious institutions that provide the services in
question.
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Article 31(4): The religious worships shall be

autonomous, independent from the State and shall
enjoy the latter's support, including by facilitating the
Moldova religious assistance in the army, hospitals,
penitentiaries, nursing homes and orphanages Article
72: (3) The organic law shall govern... (l) the general
system on religious worships;
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morrocco
Article 12(4): The State shall recognise and esteem

the activities of religious denominations in order to
promote a climate of understanding, tolerance and
Mozambique peace, the strengthening of national unity, the
material and spiritual well being of citizens, and
economic and social development.
Article 363: The Union may assist and protect the

Myanmar religions it recognizes to its utmost.
Namibia
Nauru
Article 33: The State shall have the following

responsibilities… (d) to carry out an inclusive,
democratic and progressive restructuring of the State
by eliminating its existing form of centralized and
unitary structure in order to address the problems
related to women,Dalits, indigenous tribes [Adivasi
Janajati], Madhesis, oppressed and minority
communities and other disadvantaged groups, by
eliminating class, caste, language, gender, cultural,
religious and regional discrimination Article 34(5):
The social objective of the State shall be to establish
Nepal and develop a healthy social life on the foundation of
justice and morality, by eliminating all types of
economic and social inequalities and by establishing
harmony among diverse castes, tribes, religions,
languages, races, communities and sects. Article
138(1): To bring an end to discrimination based on
class, caste, language, gender, culture, religion and
region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form
of the state, the state shall be made inclusive and
restructured into a progressive, democratic federal
system
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Article 17(3): The State shall direct its policy towards

ensuring that… (b) conditions of work are just and
Nigeria humane, and that there are adequate facilities for
leisure and for social, religious and cultural life….
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paupa New Guinea
Article 24: Relations between the State and the
Paraguay Catholic Church are based on independence,
cooperation, and autonomy.
Peru
Artice 6, Section 28(3): Charitable institutions,

churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant
thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all
lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly,
and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or
educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
Article 6, Section 29(2): (2) No public money or
property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or
Phillippines employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit,
or support of any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any
priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher,
or dignitary as such, except when such priest,
preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the
armed forces, or to any penal institution, or
government orphanage or leprosarium.
Article 25(3): The relationship between the State and

churches and other religious organizations shall be
based on the principle of respect for their autonomy
Poland and the mutual
independence of each in its own sphere, as well as on
the principle of cooperation
for the individual and the common good.
Portugal
Qatar
Article 29(5): The religious sects are autonomous in

relation to the state and enjoy its support, which
Romania includes measures facilitating religious assistance in
the Army, in hospitals, penitentiaries, asylums, and
orphanages.
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
Western Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Article 81: In the field of education, culture and

information, Serbia shall give impetus to the spirit of
tolerance and intercultural dialogue and undertake
Serbia efficient measures for enhancement of mutual
respect, understanding and cooperation among all
people living on its territory, regardless of their
ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity.
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Article 76(1): It shall be the general function of the

Council to consider and report on such matters
Singapore affecting persons of any racial or religious community
in Singapore as may be referred to the Council by
Parliament or the Government.
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Article 27: (11) The State shall create the necessary
economic and social environment to enable people of
all religious faiths to make a reality of their religious
principles…. (13) The State shall promote with special
Sri Lanka care the interests of children and youth, so as to
ensure their full development, physical, mental,
moral, religious and social, and to protect them from
exploitation and discrimination.
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Article 72: (1) The regulation of the relationship

between the church and the state shall be the
responsibility of the Cantons. (2)The Confederation
Switzerland and the Cantons may within the scope of their
powers take measures to preserve public peace
between the members of different religious
communities.
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Section 80: The State shall act in compliance with the

social, public health, education and culture policies as
follows... (4) promoting and supporting the
delegation of powers to the local governments,
Thailand communities, religious organizations and private
sector with a view to provide and participate in
educational management for the development of
educational quality standard equally and to be in line
with the fundamental State policy;
Article 4: It shall be the duty of the Tibetan

Administration to adhere to the principles of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights as specified by
the United Nations, and to also urge and encourage
all other countries of the world to respect and
Tibet comply with such Declarations, and shall emphasize
the promotion of the moral and material well-being
of the Tibetan people, the safeguarding of their
social, cultural, religious and political rights, and in
particular, the ultimate achievement of their common
goal.
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Preamble: (5) In government, and in social affairs

generally, the guiding principles of Tuvalu are—
agreement, courtesy and the search for consensus, in
accordance with traditional Tuvaluan procedures,
rather than alien ideas of confrontation and
divisiveness;
Tuvalu the need for mutual respect and co-operation
between the different kinds of authorities concerned,
including the central Government, the traditional
authorities, local governments and authorities, and
the religious authorities.
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Government Neutrality on Religion Separation of Church/State
Article 10: (1) In the Republic of Albania there is

no official religion (2) The state is neutral on
questions of belief and conscience and
guarantees the freedom of their expression in
public life..
Article 8: (1) The Republic of Angola shall be a secular

State, and there shall be separation between the State
and churches.
Article 8.1: The church shall be separate from the

State in the Republic of Armenia….
Article 18(1): In the Republic of Azerbaijan religion is

separated from the State. All religions are equal before
the law.
Article 21: The State does not have the right to

intervene either in the appointment or in the
installation of ministers of any religion
whatsoever or to forbid these ministers from
corresponding with their superiors, from
publishing the acts of these superiors, but, in this
latter case, normal responsibilities as regards the
press and publishing apply. A civil wedding should
always precede the blessing of the marriage,
apart from the exceptions to be established by
the law if needed.
Article 3(3): It shall be the responsibility of religious
institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual
heritage of the country while also ensuring that
religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan.
Religious institutions and personalities shall remain
above politics.
Article 4: ...The State is independent of religion.
Article 13(2): Religious institutions shall be separate

from the State.
Preamble: the State shall be secular. The

neutrality and independence of the State in
respect of all religions shall be guaranteed
Article 2(2): The Republic of Cape Verde shall recognize
and respect the organization of political power and the
unitary nature of the State, the republican form of
government, pluralistic democracy, the separation and
interdependence of powers, the separation of
Churches and the State, the independence of the
Article 48(3): Churches and other religious Courts, the existence and autonomy of local
communities shall be separate from the State and authorities, and the democratic decentralization of
shall be independent and free in their Public Administration. Article 48(3): Churches and
organization and in the exercise of their own other religious communities shall be separate from the
activities, as partners in the social and spiritual State and shall be independent and free in their
development of the Cape Verdian people. organization and in the exercise of their own activities,
as partners in the social and spiritual development of
the Cape Verdian people. Article 102(3): Each
referendum shall have as an object only one question;
the following questions may never be submitted to
popular referendum… (c) Separation of Church and
State….
Article 1: ...The separation between State and religions

is affirmed.
Article 52: The political (shall) have a national

character and shall not identify themselves in the
form, action or, whatever manner, with an
ethnicity (ethnic), a department, a religion or a
sect.
Article 41: All religious communities are equal before

the law and are separate from the state.
Article 8: ...In the Republic of Cuba, religious

institutions are separate from the State….

the foundation of the state, so that it may not be
bound either by an exclusive ideology or by a
Article 11(3): The state shall not interfere in Article 11:(1) State and religion are separate…..(3) The
religious matters and religion shall not interfere in state shall not interfere in religious matters and
state affairs. religion shall not interfere in state affairs.
Article 5: Although religion and the State are separate,

the people of the Fiji Islands acknowledge that
worship and reverence of God are the source of good
government and leadership.

institutions. Article 2: Gabon is an indivisible, secular,
democratic and social Republic. It affirms the
separation of State and religions and recognizes all
beliefs, under the reservation of respect for public
order.

institutions.
Basic Law Article 141(1): The Government of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall
not restrict the freedom of religious belief,
interfere in the internal affairs of religious
organizations or restrict religious activities which
do not contravene the laws of the Region. Basic
Law Article 148: The relationship between non-
governmental organizations in fields such as
education, science, technology, culture, art,
sports, the professions, medicine and health,
labour, social welfare and social work as well as
religious organizations in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region and their counterparts on
the mainland shall be based on the principles of
non-subordination, non-interference and mutual
respect.
Article 60: (3) The church and the State shall operate
in separation in the Republic of Hungary.
Article 20: No special limitation or tax burden

may be imposed on the establishment, legal Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are
capacity or activities of any organisation on the independent and sovereign, each within its own
ground of its religious nature or its religious or sphere.
confessional aims.
Article 21(3):The constitution of a religious body

or denomination shall not be altered except with
the consent of the governing authority of that
body or denomination.
Article 20: ...No religious organization shall

receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise
any political authority…. Article 89: No public
money or other property shall be expended or
appropriated for the use, benefit or maintenance
of any religious institution or association, or for
any charitable, educational or benevolent
enterprises not under the control of public
authority
Article 20(2): No state religion shall be recognized, and
church and state shall be separated.
Article 99: The church

shall be separate from the State.
Article 14: ...No religious denomination or sect Article14: Consistent with the principle of separation
shall have any exclusive privilege or preference of religion and state, the Republic shall establish no
over any other, but all shall be treated alike…. state religion.

well as the Islamic Religious Community in Macedonia,
the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church,
Jewish Community and other Religious communities
and groups are separate from the state and equal
before the law.
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the
State and the churches guides the norms contained in
the present article. All churches and other religious
groups are subject to the law.
Article 9: (2) State institutions shall not engage in

religious activities and the Church shall not
pursue political activities.
3. The relationship between the State and the
Church shall be regulated by law.
Article 14: Religious communities shall be separated

from the state….
Article 12: (1) The Republic of Mozambique shall be a

lay State. (2) The lay nature of the State rests on the
separation between the State and religious
denominations.Article 292: (1) Constitutional
amendment laws shall have to respect the following…
© the separation between religious denominations
and the State
Article 4: The Republic of Niger is one and indivisible,
democratic and social. Its fundamental principles are...
the separation of the State and of religion. Article 152:
No procedure for revision can be begun or pursued if it
carries a threat to the integrity of the national
Article 8: ...No religion, no belief shall assume the territory. The republican form of the State,
political power nor interfere in the affairs of the multipartism, the principle of separation of State and
State….. religion and the provisions of articles 36 and 141 of
this Constitution cannot be the object of an
amendment.
Article 2(6): The separation of Church and State shall
be inviolable.
Article 25(2): Public authorities in the Republic of

Poland shall be impartial in matters of personal
conviction, whether religious or philosophical, or
in relation to outlooks on life, and shall ensure
their freedom of expression within public life.

communities shall be separate from the state and free
to organise themselves and to perform their
ceremonies and their worship.
Article 14(2): Religious associations shall be separate

from the State and shall be equal before the law.
Article 11: ...Churches and religious communities shall
be separated from the state….
Article 1: The Slovak Republic is a sovereign,

democratic state governed by the rule of law. It is
not linked to any ideology, nor religion.
Article 7: The state and religious communities shall be

separate.
Religious communities shall enjoy equal rights; they
shall pursue their activities
freely.
Article 8: Religious organizations are separate from the
State and may not interfere with State affairs.
Article 12: ...Religious associations are separate from
the State and may not perform State functions…..
Article 35: ...The Church and religious organizations in

Ukraine are separated from the State, and the school
—from the Church….
Article 61: ...The state shall not interfere with the Article 61: Religious organizations and associations
activity of religious associations. law…..
Non-Establishment of Religion
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall not make

any law for establishing any religion, or for
imposing any religious observance, or for
prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and
no religious test shall be required as a
qualification for any office or public trust under
the Commonwealth.
Article 19: The Union, States, Federal District
and Counties are forbidden to:
(1) establish religions or churches, subsidize
them, hinder their functioning, or maintain
dependent relations or alliances with them or
their representatives, with the exception of
collaboration in the public interest, as provided
by law;
the foundation of the state, so that it may not
be bound either by an exclusive ideology or by a
Section 40: There is no state church.
Article 11(2): There shall be no state religion.
Article 100(2): (2) The National Assembly shall

have no power to pass a Bill… (b) to establish
any religion as a state religion;
Article 137(1) (Weimar): There shall be no state

church.
Article 44(2ii): The State guarantees not to
endow any religion.
Article 20(2): No state religion shall be
recognized, and church and state shall be
separated.
Article 8(1): In the Kyrgyz Republic no religion

shall be recognised as the state religion or
mandatory religion.
Article14: Consistent with the principle of

separation of religion and state, the Republic
shall establish no state religion.
Article 43: There shall not be a State religion in

Lithuania.
Article 4, Section 2: No law may be passed
respecting an establishment of religion…
Article 14: The State has no official religion.
Article 10: The Government of the Federation or

of a State shall not adopt any religion as State
Religion.
Article IV, Section 1: The government shall not
recognize or establish a national religion, but
may provide assistance to private or parochial
schools on a fair and equitable basis for
nonreligious purposes.
Article 24: ...The State has no official religion….
Article 3, Section 5: No law shall be made

prohibiting the free exercise thereof….
Article 14(1): The Russian Federation shall be a

secular state. No religion may be established as
the State religion or as obligatory.
Article 11: ...No religion may be established as
state or mandatory religion.
Article 11(6): A law shall not make provision for

the establishment of any religion or the
imposition of any religious observance.
Article 16(3): No religion shall have a state

character. The public authorities shall take into
account the religious beliefs of Spanish society
and shall consequently maintain appropriate
cooperation relations with the Catholic Church
and other confessions.
Article 8: In Tajikistan, public life evolves on the
basis of political and ideological pluralism. No
single ideology of a party, social association,
religious organization, movement, or group may
be recognized as the State [ideology]….
Article 7: Uganda shall not adopt a State
religion.
Article 35:No religion shall be recognized by the

State as mandatory.
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law

prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
Article 5:...The State does not sustain any
religion….
Country Confessional State
Article 1:
Afghanistan shall be an Islamic Republic, independent, unitary and indivisible state.
Afghanistan Article 2: The sacred religion of Islam is the religion of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Article 3: No law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy religion of Islam in
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Article 1(a):The Kingdom of Bahrain is fully sovereign, independent Islamic Arab State whose
population is part of the Arab nation and whose territory is part of the great Arab homeland.
Its sovereignty may not be assigned or any of its territory abandoned. Article 2: The religion of
the State is Islam. The Islamic Shari’a is a principal source for legislation. The official language is
Arabic. Preamble: This amendment has taken account of all the lofty values and the great
human principles enshrined in the National Action Charter. These values and principles confirm
that the people of Bahrain surge ahead in their triumphant march towards a bright future, God
willing, a future in which the efforts of all parties and individuals unite, and the authorities in
their new garb devote themselves to achieve the hopes and aspirations under his tolerant rule,
declaring their adherence to Islam as a faith, a code of laws and a way of life, with their
affiliation to the great Arab nation, and their association with the Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain now and in the future, and their striving for everything that will achieve justice, good and
peace for the whole of Mankind. The amendments to the Constitution proceed from the
premise that the noble people of Bahrain believe that Islam brings salvation in this world and
the next, and that Islam means neither inertness nor fanaticism but explicitly states that
wisdom is the goal of the believer wherever he finds it he should take it, and that the Qur’an
has been remiss in nothing. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that we listen and look
to the whole of the human heritage in both East and West, adopting that which we consider to
be beneficial and suitable and consistent with our religion, values and traditions and is
appropriate to our circumstances, in the conviction that social and human systems are not
inflexible tools and instruments which can be moved unchanged from place to place, but are
messages conveyed to the mind, spirit and conscience of man and are influenced by his
reactions and their circumstances of his society.
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolvia
Botsawana
Brazil
Brunei Daraussalam Could fit here?
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia Here instead?
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde

Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Domincan Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Preamble: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the cultural, social,
political, and economic institutions of Iranian society on the basis of Islamic principles and
norms Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-
including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and
their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their
religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to religious education,
affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) and related litigation in
courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims following any one of these schools of
fiqh constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local
councils, are to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon the
rights of the followers of other schools. Article 13: Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians
are the only recognized religious minorities, who, within the limits of the law, are free to
perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in
matters of personal affairs and religious education. Article 28: Everyone has the right to choose
any occupation he wishes, if it is not contrary to Islam and the public interests, and does not
infringe the rights of others….Article 72: The Islamic Consultative Assembly cannot enact laws
Iran contrary to the uṣūl and aḥkām of the official religion of the country or to the Constitution. It is
the duty of the Guardian Council to determine whether a violation has occurred, in accordance
with Article 96. Article 85: ...Likewise, the Assembly may, in accordance with Article 72,
delegate to the relevant committees the responsibility for permanent approval of articles of
association of organizations, companies, government institutions, or organizations affiliated to
the government and or invest the authority in the government. In such a case, the government
approvals must not be inconsistent with the principles and commandments of the official
religion in the country and or the Constitution which question shall be determined by the
Guardian Council in accordance with what is stated in Article 96.... Article 144: The Army of
the Islamic Republic of Iran must be an Islamic Army, i.e., committed to Islamic ideology and
the people, and must recruit into its service individuals who have faith in the objectives of the
Islamic Revolution and are devoted to the cause of realizing its goals. Article 177: The contents
of the Articles of the Constitution related to the Islamic character of the political system; the
basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria; the religious footing; the
objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran; the democratic character of the government; the
wilāyat al-’amr; the Imamate of Ummah; and the administration of the affairs of the country
based on national referenda, official religion of Iran [Islam] and the school [Twelver Ja‘fari] are
unalterable.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Article 10: (a) The religion of the State of the Maldives is Islam. Islam shall be a basis of all the
laws of the Maldives.
(b) No law contrary to any tenet of Islam shall be enacted in the Maldives. Article 16:(a) This
Constitution guarantees to all persons, in a manner that is not contrary to any tenet of Islam,
the rights and freedoms contained within this Chapter, subject only to such reasonable limits
prescribed by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis in a manner that is not contrary to this
Constitution. Any such law enacted by the People’s Majlis can limit the rights and freedoms to
any extent only if demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. (b) The limitation of a
right or freedom specified in this Chapter by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis as provided
for in this Constitution, and in order to protect and maintain the tenets of Islam, shall not be
Maldives contrary to clause (c) In deciding whether a right or freedom in this Chapter has been limited
in accordance with clause (a) and (b), a court must be fully cognizant of and make reference to
all the facts, including... (6) the extent to which the right or freedom must be limited in order
to protect the tenets of Islam, where the right or freedom has been limited pursuant to clause
(b). Article 19: A citizen is free to engage in any conduct or activity that is not expressly
prohibited by Islamic Shari’ah or by law. No control or restraint may be exercised against any
person unless it is expressly authorised by law. Article 67: The exercise and enjoyment of
fundamental rights and freedoms is inseparable from the performance of responsibilities and
duties, and it is the responsibility of every citizen.... (g) to preserve and protect the State
religion of Islam, culture, language and heritage of the country;
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Article 1: Mauritania is an indivisible, democratic and social Islamic Republic.Article 5: Islam

shall be the religion of the people and of the State. Preamble: Conscious of the necessity of
Mauritania strengthening its ties with brother peoples, the Mauritanian people, a Muslim, African and
Arab people, proclaims that it will work for the achievement of the unity of the Greater
Maghreb, of the Arab Nation, and of Africa, and for the consolidation of peace in the world.
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Preamble: The Kingdom of Morocco, a Muslim Sovereign State, whose official language is
Arabic, constitutes a part of the Great Arab Maghreb.... Article 6: Islam is the religion of the
State which guarantees to all freedom of worship. Article 7: The Kingdom's emblem is a red
flag stamped with a five-pointed green star in the middle. The Kingdom's motto is: GOD, THE
HOMELAND [Patrie], THE KING.Article 19: The King, Commander of the Faithful, Supreme
Representative of the Nation, Symbol of its unity and guarantor of the permanence and
Morrocco continuity of the State, ensures the observance of Islam and the Constitution. He is the
protector of the rights and liberties of the citizen, social groups and collectivities.... Article 39:
No member of Parliament can be prosecuted or pursued, detained or tried for opinions or
votes expressed in the exercise of his functions, except in case the expressed opinions put in
question the monarchical system, the Muslim religion or lack respect due to the King. Article
106: The monarchic form of the State as well as the provisions relating to the Islamic religion
cannot be the object of a constitutional revision
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Article 1: The Sultanate of Oman is an Arab, Islamic, Independent State with full sovereignty
Oman and Muscat is its Capital. Article 2: The State’s religion is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis
for legislation.
Preamble: ...Faithful to the declaration made by the Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, that Pakistan would be a democratic State based on Islamic principles
of social justice…. Article 1(1): Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as Pakistan..... Article 2: Islam shall be the State
religion of Pakistan. Article 260 (3): In the Constitution and all enactments and other legal
instruments, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,— (a) “Muslim”
means a person who believes in the unity and oneness of Almighty Allah, in the absolute and
Pakistan unqualified finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him), the last of the
prophets, and does not believe in, or recognize as a prophet or religious reformer, any person
who claimed or claims to be a prophet, in any sense of the word or of any description
whatsoever, after Muhammad (peace be upon him); and (b) “non-Muslim” means a person
who is not a Muslim and includes a person belonging to the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist or
Parsi community, a person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves
‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), or a Bahai, and a person belonging to any of the scheduled
castes
Palau
Panama
Paupa New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Phillippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis

St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
Western Samoa
San Marino
Article 1: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic State. Its religion is Islam. Its
constitution is Almighty God's Book, The Holy Quran, and the Sunna(Tradition) of the
Prophet(PBUH)…. Article 2: The State's public holidays are Eid Al Fitr (the Feast of Ramadan)
and Eid Al Adhha (The Feast of the Sacrifice). Its calendar follows the Hijri year (the lunar year).
Article 3(c):The words, [arabic] (There is no god but God and Mohammed is His Messenger) are
inscribed in the center, with a drawn sword underneath. The flag should never be inverted.
Article 5(b): Rulers of the country shall be from amongst the sons of the founder King
Abdulaziz Bin Abdulrahman al Faisal Al-Saud, and their descendants. The most upright among
them shall receive allegiance according to Almighty God's Book and His Messenger's Sunna(The
Tradition). Article 6: In support of the Book of God and the Sunna of His Messenger(PBUH),
citizens shall give the pledge of allegiance (bay'a) to the King, professing loyalty in times of
hardship and ease. Article 7: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia derives its authority
from the Book of God and the Sunna of the Prophet(PBUH), which are the ultimate sources of
reference for this Law and the other laws of the State.Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia is based on justice, shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia
Article 11: Saudi Society is based on full adherence to God's guidance. Members of this society
shall cooperate amongst themselves in charity, piety and cohesion. Article 23: The State shall
protect the Islamic Creed, apply the Sharia, encourage good and discourage evil, and undertake
Saudi Arabia its duty regarding the Propagation of Islam(Da'wa). Article 24: The State shall develop and
maintain the Two Holy Mosques. It shall provide care and security to pilgrims to help them
perform their Hajj and Umra and visit to the Prophet's Mosque in ease and comfort.Article 25:
The State will nourish the aspirations of Arab and Moslem nations in solidarity and harmony
and strengthen relations with friendly states. Article 29: The State shall patronize sciences,
letters and culture. It shall encourage scientific research, protect the Islamic and Arab heritage,
and contribute towards Arab, Islamic and human civilization.Article 33: The State shall form
armed forces and equip them to defend the Islamic Creed, the Two Holy
Mosques, the society and the homeland. Article 34: It shall be the duty of every citizen to
defend the Islamic Creed, the society and homeland. The Law shall specify rules for military
service. Article 45: The Holy Quran and the Sunna(Tradition) of God's Messenger shall be the
source for fetwas(religious advisory rulings). The Law shall specify hierarchical organization for
the composition of the Council of the Senior Ulema, the Research Administration and the
Office of the Mufti, together with their functions. Article 46: The Judiciary is an independent
authority. The decisions of judges shall not be subject to any authority other than the authority
of the Islamic Sharia. Article 48: The Courts shall apply rules of the Islamic Sharia in cases that
are brought before them, according to the Holy Quran and the Sunna, and according to laws
which are decreed by the ruler in agreement with Holy Quran and the Sunna
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Article2: The Republic of Yemen is an Arab, Islamic and independent sovereign

state whose integrity is inviolable, and no part of which may be ceded. The people of Yemen
Yemen are part of the Arab and Islamic Nation. Article 2: Islam is the religion of the state, and Arabic is
its official Language. Article 3: Islamic Shari'ah is the source of all legislation.
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Official Religion
Article 2: "Islam shal be the religion of the state." Article 9: The institutions shall not indulge in… •
practices contrary to Islamic morals and the values of the November Revolution. Article 178: None of
the following shall be the object of a constitutional amendment…. (3) the role of Islam as the religion of
the State
Article 8.1: ...The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy
Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation
of the national identity of the people of Armenia.Freedom of activities for all religious organizations
operating in accordance with the law shall be guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia.
The relationship between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church may be
regulated by law.
Article 2A: The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but other religions may be practiced in peace and
harmony in the Republic Article 8: (1) The principles of absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah,
nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning economic and social justice, together with the
principles derived from them as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state
policy. (1A) Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall be the basis of all actions.
Article 3: (1) The official religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be the Islamic Religion: Provided that all
other religions may be practised in peace and harmony by the persons professing them. (2) The Head of
the official religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan. (3) The
Religious Council shall be the authority responsible for advising His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-
Pertuan on all matters relating to the Islamic Religion. (4) For the purpose of this Article, His Majesty
the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan may, after consultation with the Religious Council, but not necessarily in
accordance with the advice of that Council, make laws in respect of matters relating to the Islamic
Religion. Article 1(2): "Islamic Religion" means the Islamic Religion according to the Shafeite sect of
Ahlis Sunnah Walj amaah; Article 4(5)B; The appointment of Ministers and Deputy Ministers shall
bemade from among the Malay race professing the Islamic Religion, save where His Majesty the Sultan
and Yang Di-Pertuan otherwise decides. Article 84(a): (1) No person shall be appointed to any office
specified in the Third Schedule unless he is a citizen of Brunei Darussalam of the Malay race professing
the Islamic Religion. Article 86(7c): one member who shall be a person from any country who professes
the Islamic Religion who holds or has held office in Islamic law or is an expert in Islamic law and
jurisprudence
Article 43: Buddhism is the religion of the State. Article 16: The Queen of the Kingdom of Cambodia
exercises duties that serve social, humanitarian and religious interests and assists the King with protocol
and diplomatic functions Article 13: The Royal Council of the Throne shall consist of... The Chief Monk
of each of the Orders of Mahayana Buddhism (MohaNikay) and Theravada Buddhism
(ThammayutekakNikay)
Preamble: The Comorian people solemnly affirm their will
• to draw from Islam, the religion of the state, the permanent inspiration of the principles and rules
that govern the Union;
Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to
its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are
not opposed to universal morality or good customs.
Section 4: The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and as such
shall be supported by the State.Section 4: The King shall be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church.Section 66: The constitution of the Established Church shall be laid down by statute. Section 69:
Rules for religious bodies dissenting from the Established Church shall be laid down by statute.
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic its official language.
Islamic law (Sharia) is the principal source of legislation.
Article 62: The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Church in Iceland and, as such, it shall be
supported and protected by the State.
This may be amended by law. Article 79(2): If Althingi passes an amendment to the status of the Church
under Article 62, it shall be submitted to a vote for approval or rejection by secret ballot of all those
eligible to vote.
Article 2(1): (1) Islam is the official religion of the State and it is a fundamental source of legislation: (A)
No law that contradicts the established provisions of Islam may be established.
Article 2: Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official language.
Article 2: The religion of the State is Islam, and the Islamic Sharia shall be a main source of legislation.
that Constitution, all rights, privileges, prerogatives and powers enjoyed by him as Head of that religion,
are unaffected and unimpaired; but in any acts, observances of ceremonies with respect to which the
Conference of Rulers has agreed that they should extend to the Federation as a whole each of the other
Rulers shall in his capacity of Head of the religion of Islam authorize the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to
represent him. (3) The Constitution of the States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak shall each
make provision for conferring on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong the position of Head of the religion of
Islam in that State. (4) Nothing in this Article derogates from any other provision of this Constitution. (5)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the head of the
religion of Islam in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya; and for this purpose
Parliament may be law make provisions for regulating Islamic religious affairs and for constituting a
Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in matters relating to the religion of Islam. Article 160(2):
"Malay" means a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language,
conforms to Malay custom .. Article 161E(2): No amendment shall be made to the Constitution without
the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State of Sabah or Sarawak or each of the States of
Sabah and Sarawak concerned, if the amendment is such as to affect the operation of the Constitution
as regards any of the following matters: Article34(1): The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise his
functions as Ruler of his State except those of Head of the religion of Islam. Article 38: (1) There shall
be a Majlis Raja-Raja (Conference of Rulers), which shall be constituted in accordance with the Fifth
Schedule. (2) The Conference of Rulers shall exercise its functions of... (b) agreeing or disagreeing to the
extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole... (6) The
members of the Conference of Rulers may act in their discretion in any proceedings relating to the
following functions, that is to say... (d) the agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts,
observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole... Article 42(10): Notwithstanding anything in
this Article, the power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of, or to remit, suspend or
commute sentences imposed by any court established under any law regulating Islamic religious affairs
in the State of Malacca, Penang, Sabah or Sarawak or the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan
and Putrajaya shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Head of the religion of Islam in the
State. Article 97(3): If in accordance with State law or in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala
Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, in accordance with federal law any Zakat, Fitrah, Baitulmal, or similar
Islamic religious revenue is raised, it shall be paid into a separate fund and shall not be paid out except
under the authority of State law or federal law, as the case may be.Article 76(2): No law shall be made
in pursuance of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) with respect to any matters of Islamic law or the custom of
the Malays or to any matters of native law or custom in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and no Bill for
a law under that
paragraph shall be introduced into either House of Parliament until the Government of any State
concerned has been consulted. Article 150: (5) Subject to Clause (6A), while a Proclamation of
Emergency is in force, Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution make laws with respect to any matter, if it appears to Parliament that the law is required
by reason of the emergency; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such a law or an amendment to
such a Bill, nor shall any provision of this Constitution or of any written law which requires any consent
or concurrence to the passing of a law or any consultation with respect thereto, or which restricts the
coming into force of a law after it is passed or the presentation of a Bill to the Yang di -Pertuan Agong
Article 2: (1) The religion of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. Religion. (2) The authorities
of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty and the right to teach which principles are right
and which are wrong. (3) Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in
all State schools as part of compulsory education.
Article 9: The apostolic, Roman Catholic religion is the religion of the State.
Stahnke goes here…

Section 2: All inhabitants of the Realm shall have the right to free exercise of their religion. The
Evangelical-Lutheran religion shall remain the official religion of the State. The inhabitants professing it
are bound to bring up their children in the same Section 4: The King shall at all times profess the
Evangelical-Lutheran religion, and uphold and protect the same. Section 12: The King himself chooses a
Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote. This Council shall consist of a Prime
Minister and at least seven other Members. More than half the number of the Members of the Council
of State shall profess the official religion of the State.... Section 16: The King ordains all public church
services and public worship and all meetings and assemblies dealing with religious matters, and ensures
that public teachers of religion follow the norms prescribed for them. Section 27: ...A Member of the
Council of State who does not profess the official religion of the State shall not take part in proceedings
on matters which concern the State Church.
Might fit better here but Stanhke says confessional

Article 1: Qatar is an independent sovereign Arab State. Its religion is Islam and Shari'a law shall be a
main source of its legislations
Article 3(1): Islam shall be the state religion. Article 31: Every person shall be entitled to profess any
religion or creed.
Maybe here
Article 3: (1) The religion of the President of the Republic has to be Islam. (2) Islamic jurisprudence is
the principal source of legislation.
Maybe here
Article 1: Tunisia is a free, independent, and sovereign State; its religion is Islam, its language Arabic,
and its regime the Republic. Article 38: The President of the Republic is the head of State. Their religion
is Islam.
Article 7: Islam is the official religion ofthe Union. The Islamic Shari'ah shall be a main source of
legislation in the Union…. Article 6: The Union is a part of the Great Arab Nation, to which it is bound
by the ties of religion, language, history and common
destiny. The people of the Union are one people, and one part of the Arab Nation. Preamble:
...progressing by steps towards a comprehensive, representative,
democratic regime in an Islamic and Arab society free from fear and anxiety.... Article 12: The foreign
policy of the Union shall be directed towards support for Arab and Islamic causes and interests and
towards the consolidation of the bonds of friendship and cooperation with all nations and peoples on
the basis of the principles of the charter of the United Nations and ideal international standards.
Human Rights Act, Article 10(6):(6) In this section "legislation" does not include a Measure of the
Church Assembly or of the General Synod of the Church of England.
Special Reference/Endorsed
Article 11(3) The Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its
activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the State in accordance
with the Andorran tradition. The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of the
Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.
Article 2: The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith.
Maybe here instead

Article 3: (1) Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and
values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance. (2) The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all
religions in Bhutan (3) It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to
promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate
from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.(4) The
Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected
monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and
accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo. (5) His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the
recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual
master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons. (6) The members of the Dratshang
Lhentshog shall comprise: (a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman; (b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung
Dratshang; and (c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant. (7) The Zhung
Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.
Article 9(20): The State shall strive to create conditions that will enable the true and sustainable
development of a good and compassionate society rooted in Buddhist ethos and universal human
values. Article 35(4)-The National Flag: ...The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes
the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general and
that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular.... The National Emblem: ...There are four
other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect. They symbolize the spiritual and
secular traditions of the Kingdom based on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana
Buddhism.... Article 2: . (1) His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo is the Head of State and the symbol of
unity of the Kingdom and of the people of Bhutan. (2) The Chhoe-sid-nyi of Bhutan shall be unified
in the person of the Druk Gyalpo who, as a Buddhist, shall be the upholder of the Chhoe-sid.
Article 13(3): Eastern Orthodox Christianity shall be considered the traditional religion in the
Republic of Bulgaria.
Article 2: For the purposes of this Constitution―
(1) the Greek Community comprises all citizens of the Republic who are of Greek origin and whose
mother tongue is Greek or who share the Greek cultural traditions or who are members of the
Greek-Orthodox Church;
(2) the Turkish Community comprises all citizens of the Republic who are of Turkish origin and
whose mother tongue is Turkish or who share the Turkish cultural traditions or who are Moslems;
(3) citizens of the Republic who do not come within the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of this
Article shall, within three months of the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution, opt
to belong to either the Greek or the Turkish Community as individuals, but, if they belong to a
religious group, shall so opt as a religious group and upon such option they shall be deemed to be
members of such Community: Provided that any citizen of the Republic who belongs to such a
religious group may choose not to abide by the option of such group and by a written and signed
declaration submitted within one month of the date of such option to the appropriate officer of the
Republic and to the Presidents of the Greek and the Turkish Communal Chambers opt to belong to
the Community other than that to which such group shall be deemed to belong; Provided, further,
that if an option of such religious group is not accepted on the ground that its members are below
the requisite number, any member of such group may within one month of the date of the refusal
of acceptance of such option opt in the aforesaid manner as an individual to which Community he
would like to belong.
For the purposes of this paragraph, a “religious group” means a group of persons ordinarily
resident in Cyprus professing the same religion and either belonging to the same rite or being
subject to the same jurisdiction thereof the number of whom, on the date of the coming into
operation of this Constitution, exceeds one thousand out of which at least five hundred become on
such date citizens of the Republic... (6) any individual or any religious group deemed to belong to
either the Greek or the Turkish Community under the provisions of paragraph (3) of this Article may
cease to belong to such Community and be deemed to belong to the other Community upon— (a)
a written and signed declaration by such individual or religious group to the effect that such change
is desired, submitted to the appropriate officer of the Republic and to the Presidents of the Greek
and the Turkish Communal Chambers; (b) the approval of the Communal Chamber of such other
Community;
Preamble: In its cultural and humane perspective, the Catholic Church in East Timor has always
been able to take on the suffering of all the People with dignity, placing itself on their side in the
defense of their most elementary rights.
Article 26: The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches may
obtain, in conformity with the law, the recognition of their personality.
Section 76: Provisions on the organisation and administration of the Evangelic Lutheran Church are
laid down in the Church Act. The legislative procedure for enactment of the Church Act and the
right to submit legislative proposals relating
to the Church Act are governed by the specific provisions in that Code.
Article 9: (1) The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and religion, as well as shall
recognise the special role of the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history
of Georgia and its independence from the state.
(2)The relations between the state of Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous
Orthodox Church of Georgia shall be determined by the Constitutional
Agreement. The Constitutional Agreement shall correspond completely to
universally recognised principles and norms of international law, in particular, in
the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Article 3: (1) The prevailing religion in Greece is that of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. The
Orthodox Church of Greece, acknowledging our Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is inseparably united
in doctrine with the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople and with every other Church of Christ
of the same doctrine, observing unwaveringly, as they do, the holy apostolic and synodal canons
and sacred traditions. It is autocephalous and is administered by the Holy Synod of serving Bishops
and the Permanent Holy Synod originating thereof and assembled as specified by the Statutory
Charter of the Church in compliance with the provisions of the Patriarchal Tome of June 29, 1850
and the Synodal Act of September 4, 1928. (2) The ecclesiastical regime existing in certain districts
of the State shall not be deemed contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. (3) The text
of the Holy Scripture shall be maintained unaltered. Official translation of the text into any other
form of language, without prior sanction by the Autocephalous Church of Greece and the Great
Church of Christ in Constantinople, is prohibited. Article 13: (2) All known religions shall be free and
their rites of worship shall be performed unhindered and under the protection of the law. The
practice of rites of worship is not allowed to offend public order or the good usages. Proselytism is
prohibited.(3) The ministers of all known religions shall be subject to the same supervision by the
State and to the same obligations toward it as those of the prevailing religion.
Article 37: The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches, faiths,
entities, and associations of religious character will secure the recognition of their juridical
personality in accordance with the rules of their institution, and the Government will be unable to
deny it unless for reasons of public order. The State will extend to the Catholic Church without any
cost whatever titles of ownership to the real estate which it now holds peacefully for its own
purposes whenever they formed part of the patrimony of the Catholic Church in the past. Property
assigned to third parties nor those which the State has traditionally assigned to their services
cannot be affected. The real estate of religious entities assigned to the church, education, and
social welfare enjoy exemption from taxes, assessments, and levies.
Article 25(2): Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the
State from making any la.w.. (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of
Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. Explanation I.-
The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh
religion. Explanation II.-In sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as
including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to
Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly. Article 290A: ... a sum of thirteen; lakhs
and fifty thousand rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of the State
of '[Tamil Nadu] every year to the Devaswom Fund established in that State for the maintenance of
Hindu temples and shrines in the territories transferred to that State on the 1st day of November,
1956, from the State of Travancore- Cochin.] Article 48: The State shall endeavour to organise
agriculture and animal husbandry on modem and scientific lines
and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the
slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.
Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are independent and sovereign, each within its own
sphere. Their relations are regulated by the Lateran pacts. Amendments to such Pacts which are
accepted by both parties shall not require the procedure of constitutional amendments.Article 8:
All religious denominations are equally free before the law. Denominations other than Catholicism
have the right to self-organisation according to their own statutes, provided these do not conflict
with Italian law. Their relations with the State are regulated by law, based on agreements with their
respective representatives.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold or act in the office of Kadhi
unless— (a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he possesses such knowledge of the Muslim
law applicable to any sect or sects of Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service
Commission, to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s court shall extend to the
determination of questions of Muslim law relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or
inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion.
followers; mobilises and encourages the Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other
religions to participate in the activities which are beneficial to the country and people. All acts of
creating division of religions and classes of people are prohibited.
Article 24: ...Until the Chamber of Deputies adopts an electoral law without confession-based
allocation rules, the parliamentary seats shall be distributed in accordance with the following
principles: (A) Equality between Christians and Muslims… As an exception and once only, the
parliamentary seats vacant on the date of the publication of the present law as well as the seats
which may be created by the electoral law by application of the principle of equality between
Christians and Muslims in conformity with the National Reconciliation Charter shall be allocated
through appointment by the Government of National Unity with a two-thirds majority in a single
step. The Electoral Law shall determine the details of the application of this Article. Article 95: The
Chamber of Deputies elected on the basis of equal representation of Muslims and Christians must
take adequate steps to abolish the confessional system by a step-by-step plan. A National
Committee shall be established under the chairmanship of the President of the Republic and shall
include, in addition to the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the President of the Council
of Ministers, personalities drawn from political, intellectual and social life. The mission of the
Committee is to study and propose measures capable of abolishing the confessional system, to
present them to the Chamber of Deputies and the Council of Ministers and to supervise the
implementation of the step-by-step plan. In the transitory period: (A) The communities shall be
equally represented in the formation of the Government. (B) The rule of sectarian representation is
abolished. It shall be replaced by the principles of specialization and professional competence in
the public administration, the judicial system, the military and security institutions and the mixed
public-private enterprises in conformity with the requirements of national harmony, with the
exception of functions of the first category and equivalent functions. These functions shall be
divided equally between Christians and Muslims, without any function being reserved for a specific
community, and be subject to the principles of specialization and professional competence. Article
22: With the election of the first Chamber of Deputies on a national and non-confessional basis a
new Senate shall be established in which all religious communities shall be represented and whose
powers shall be limited to national issues of a fundamental character.
Article 37(2): The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection
of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious
services to the extent consistent with morality and public order. Article 38: The right of ownership
and all other proprietary rights of ecclesiastical communities and religious associations in respect of
their institutions, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship, education and charity are
guaranteed. The administration of Church property in the parishes shall be regulated by a special
law; the assent of the Church authorities shall be sought before the said law is promulgated.
Article 19(3): The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as the Islamic Religious Community in
Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church, Jewish Community and other
Religious communities and groups are separate from the state and equal before the law.
Article 362: The Union also recognizes Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Animism as religions
existing in the Union on the day of the coming into operation of this Constitution.
Preamble: ...those Christians who inspired by their belief in GOD have joined and committed
themselves to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed, its patriotic intellectuals…
Article 35: All religions may be professed and all forms of worship practiced freely, without any
other limitation than respect for Christian morality and public order. It is recognized that the
Catholic religion is practiced by the majority of Panamanians.
Article 24: Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is hereby recognized without any restrictions
other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion.
Relations between the State and the Catholic Church are based on independence, cooperation, and
autonomy.....
Article 50: Within a framework of independence and autonomy, the State recognizes the Catholic
Church as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral development of Peru and
lends the Church its cooperation. The State respects other denominations and may establish forms
of cooperation with them.
Article 25(4): The relations between the Republic of Poland and the Roman Catholic Church shall
be determined by international treaty concluded with the Holy See, and by
statute.
Article 16(3): No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account
the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation
relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions.
Article 9: The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it
shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana, while assuring to all
religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e).
Instrument of Government Chapter 8, Article 6: Provisions concerning religious communities are

laid down in law. Provisions concerning the bases of the Church of Sweden as a religious
community shall also be laid down in an act of law. The enactment, amendment or abrogation of
such a law is governed by the provisions of Article 16 concerning enactment of the Riksdag Act. Act
of Succession, Article 4: In accordance with the express provision of Article 2 of the Instrument of
Government of 1809 that The King shall always profess the pure evangelical faith, as adopted and
explained in the unaltered Confession of Augsburg and in the Resolution of the Uppsala Meeting of
the year 1593, princes and princesses of the Royal House shall be brought up in that same faith and
within the Realm. Any member of the Royal Family not professing this faith shall be excluded from
all rights of succession.
Section 79: The State shall patronize and protect Buddhism as the religion observed by most Thais
for a long period of time and other religions, promote good understanding and harmony among
followers of all religions as well as encourage the application of religious principles to create virtue
and develop the quality of life. Section 9: The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions.
Preamble: Whereas His Holiness the Dalai lama has offered a democratic system to Tibetans, in
order that the Tibetan People in-Exile be able to preserve their ancient traditions of spiritual and
temporal life, unique to the Tibetans….Article 18: (8) It shall endeavor to improve the residential
and non-residential government and private primary, middle and high schools, and it shall
endeavor to gradually introduce the Tibetan language as the medium of instruction in all of its
schools, with special emphasis placed on moral education rooted in the Buddhist teachings.... (11)
It shall endeavour to disseminate a non-sectarian and wholesome tradition of Buddhist doctrines....
Article 19: The executive power of the Tibetan Administration shall be vested in His Holiness the
Dalai Lama, and shall be exercised by Him, either directly or through officers subordinate to Him, in
accordance with the provisions of this Charter.... Article 37: The Tibetan Assembly shall consist of…
(b) 2 members elected from each religious denomination: Nyingma, Kagyud, Sakya, Geluk and
Yungdrung Bon Article 42(1): When the Tibetan Assembly is not in session, there shall be a
Standing Committee of the Tibetan Assembly which shall consist of 2 members from each region, 1
member from each of the religious denominations, and 1 member from among those directly
nominated by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, either elected or selected. This Standing Committee
shall be redesignated each year.
Article 5:All religious denominations are free in Uruguay. The State does not sustain any religion. It
recognizes the Catholic Church’s dominion over all the temples that have been totally or partially
constructed with Exchequer funds, except the chapels which are destined for service as shelters,
hospitals, prisons, and other public establishments. It also declares the designated buildings of
worship of the various religions exempt from all type of taxes.
Preamble: ...HEREBY proclaim the establishment of the united and free Republic of Vanuatu
founded on traditional Melanesian values, faith in God, and Christian principles, AND for this
purpose give ourselves this Constitution.
Preamble: DECLARE the Republic a Christian nation while upholding the right of every person to
enjoy that person’s freedom of conscience or religion;
No religion declared Secularism/Laicite
No
Yes
No
No
Article 8: (1) The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State, and

No there shall be separation between the State and churches.
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Preamble: The Azerbaijan people, continuing the traditions of

many centuries of their Statehood, guided by the principles
which are reflected in the Constitutional Act on the State
Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, wishing to provide
welfare for all and everyone, and to establish justice, freedom,
security, and being aware of their responsibility before past,
Yes present, and future generations, exercise their sovereign right
by solemnly declaring the following goals.... to establish a law-
governed, secular state which assures the supremacy of the law
as an expression of the will of the people; Article 7(I): The
Azerbaijan State is a democratic, law-governed, secular, unitary
republic.Article 18(III): The State education system is of secular
character.
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Article 2: The Republic of Bénin shall be one—indivisible,

secular, and democratic. Article 23: Every person has the right
to freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion, of creed, of
opinion and of expression with respect for the public order
established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and
the expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the
secularity of the State. The institutions and the religious or
Yes philosophical communities shall have the right to develop
without hindrances. They shall not be subject to the
guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer
their affairs in an autonomous manner. Article 156: The
republican form of government and the secularity of the State
may not be made the object of a revision.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Article 31: Burkina Faso shall be a democratic, unitary and
Yes secular State….
Article 1: Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular,

democratic, unitary Republic which respects its ethnic and
religious diversity. Article 61: No one may abuse the rights
recognized by the Constitution or by the law in order to
compromise the national unity, the peace, the democracy or the
independence of Burundi or to interfere with the secular
Yes character of the State or to violate in any other way the present
Constitution. Article 299: No amendment procedure shall be
accepted if it undermines national unity, the cohesion of the
Burundian people, the secular character of the State,
reconciliation, democracy or the territorial integrity of the
Republic.
No
Preamble: the State shall be secular. The neutrality and

independence of the State in respect of all religions shall be
Yes guaranteed Article 1(2): The Republic of Cameroon shall be a
decentralized unitary State. It shall be one and indivisible,
secular, democratic and dedicated to social service....
Yes
Yes
Article 18: ...The Central African Republic is a State based on the

rule of law, sovereign, indivisible, laic (laïc) [or, lay] and
democratic....Article 20: Political parties or groups take part in
the elections and the political, economic and social life. They
form and conduct their activities freely. They are held to respect
the principle of democracy, unity and national sovereignty, the
Yes Rights of Man, the laicistic character and the republican form of
government of the State in accordance with the laws and
regulations. They are prohibited from identifying themselves
with a race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sect, language, region or
armed group. Article 108: Expressly excluded from the
amendment are: — the Republican and laic form of the State...
Article 1: Chad is a Republic, sovereign, independent, secular,
social, one and indivisible, founded on the principles of
democracy, the rule [règne] of law and justice. Article 35:
...Public education is secular and free….Article 178: ...Any deed
affecting the republican form, the unification and secularity of
Yes the State, the sovereignty, the independence, and the integrity
of the national territory is considered a crime of high treason....
Article 225: No procedure of revision may be started or pursued
if it interferes with... the republican form of the State, the
principle of the division of powers and secularity;
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: The Republic of the Congo is a Sovereign State,

indivisible, secular, social and democratic. Article 189: ...The
republican form, the secular character of the State, the number
Yes of mandates of the President of the Republic, as well as the
rights enunciated by Titles I and II cannot be the object of the
amendments.
Article 1: The Democratic Republic of the Congo is, within its

borders of 30 June 1960, a State based on the rule of law,
Yes independent, sovereign, united and indivisible, social,
democratic and secular
Yes
No
Article 30: The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible,

secular, democratic and social…. Article 127: No procedure of
Yes revision can be undertaken or pursued if it carries affects to the
integrity of the territory. The republican form and the secular
[form] of the State cannot be made the object of a revision.
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: Ecuador is a Constitutional state of rights and justice,
social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unified,
intercultural, multinational, and secular. It is organized in
republic form and decentrally governed. Article 3: Fundamental
No duties of the State.... (4) To guarantee the secular ethics as the
foundation of public duties and juridical organization. Article 28:
Public education shall be universal and laic in all its levels, and
free until the third level of inclusive higher education.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and

Yes social Republic….
Article 2: Gabon is an indivisible, secular, democratic and social

Republic. It affirms the separation of State and religions and
recognizes all beliefs, under the reservation of respect for public
order. Article 7: Any act touching upon the republican form,
unity, secularity, sovereignty and independence, constitutes a
crime of high treason punishable by law.
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Article 1: Guinea is a unitary, indivisible, secular (laïque),

democratic and social Republic. It shall ensure equality before
the law for all citizens without distinction of origin, race,
ethnicity, sex, religion and opinion. It shall respect all beliefs.
Article 91: The republican form of government of the State, the
secular character of the State (principe de laïcité) and the
principle of separation of powers shall not be the object of an
amendment.
Article 1:Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign, democratic, secular, and

unitary republic.Article 130: No proposal for revision may
impose upon… (b) thesecular Statute of the State;
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes None
Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

Preamble resolved to constitute India into a '[SOVEREIGN
No SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all
its citizens:
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1(1): The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself a
Yes democratic, secular, legal and social state whose highest values
are an individual, his life, rights and freedoms.
No?
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1(1): The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) is a sovereign,

Yes unitary, democratic, secular, social State
governed by the rule of law.
No
Yes
Maybe here
Yes
No
No
No
Article 40: State and municipal establishments of teaching and

Yes education shall be secular. At the request of parents, they shall
provide religious instruction.
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Rreamble: ...undertake solemnly to defend the republican and

secular form of the State.... Article 18: …. Public education is
obligatory, free and secular. Article 25: Mali is an independent,
sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular and social Republic.
Article 28: The Parties concur in the expression of suffrage. They
form and exercise freely their activities within the conditions
Yes determined by the law. They respect the principles of national
sovereignty, democracy, territorial integrity, national unity and
the secularity of the State. Article 118: The republican form and
the secularity [laïcité] of the State as well as multipartyism
cannot be the object of revision.
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 3(1): As Article 24 guarantees freedom of beliefs,
Yes education shall be secular and, as such, must be maintained
entirely apart from any religious doctrine.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 12: (1) The Republic of Mozambique shall be a lay State.

Yes (2) The lay nature of the State rests on the separation between
the State and religious denominations
No
Preamble: ...resolved to constitute the Republic of Namibia as a

sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State securing to all
our citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity…. Article
Yes 1(1):The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a
sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State founded upon
the principles of democracy, the rule of law and justice for all.
Yes
Article 4(1): Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign,
Yes secular, inclusive and fully democratic State.
Yes
Yes
Article 124: Education in Nicaragua is secular. The State

Article 14: The State has recognizes the right of private education centers with a religious
no official religion. orientation to teach religion as an extracurricular subject
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 14(1): The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No

Yes religion may be established as the State religion or as obligatory.
Article 1: The Rwandan State is an independent, sovereign,

Yes democratic, social and secular Republic…
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Article 1: The Republic of Senegal shall be secular, democratic,

Yes and social….
Yes Article 11: The Republic of Serbia is a secular state….
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Article 1: The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic,
law-governed, secular, and unitary State. Article 100: The
Yes republican form of government, the territorial integrity, the
democratic, law-governed, secular, and social nature of the State
are unchangeable.
Preamble: NOW, THEREFORE, THIS CONSTITUTION IS ENACTED

BY THE
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF
TANZANIA, on behalf of the People, for the purpose of building
Yes such a society and ensuring that Tanzania is govemed by a
Govemment that adheres to the principles of democracy and
socialism and shall be a secular state. Article 3(1): The United
Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which
adheres to multi-party democracy.
No
No
Article 1: The Republic of Togo is a State of law, secular,

democratic, and social. It is one and indivisible. Article 25: The
Yes exercise of worship and expression of belief are carried out with
respect to the laicite of the State. Article 144: The republican
form and secularism of the State cannot be the object of an
amendment.
Yes
Yes
No
restrictions shall not be in conflict with the letter and spirit of
the Constitution and the requirements of the democratic order
of the society and the secular Republic and the principle of
proportionality. Article 14: None of the rights and freedoms
embodied in the Constitution shall be exercised with the aim of
violating the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory
and nation, and endangering the existence of the democratic
and secular order of the Turkish Republic based upon human
rights. Article 136:The Department of Religious Affairs, which is
within the general administration, shall exercise its duties
prescribed in its particular law, in accordance with the principles
of secularism, removed from all political views and ideas, and
aiming at national solidarity and integrity. Article 81: Members
of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, on assuming office,
shall take the following oath: "I swear upon my honour and
integrity, before the great Turkish Nation, to safeguard the
existence and independence of the state, the indivisible
integrity of the Country and the Nation, and the absolute
sovereignty of the Nation; to remain loyal to the supremacy of
Yes law, to the democratic and secular Republic, and to Ataturk's
principles and reforms; not to deviate from the ideal according
to which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and
fundamental freedoms under peace and prosperity in society,
national solidarity and justice, and loyalty to the
Constitution."Article 103: On assuming office, the President of
the Republic shall take the
following oath before the Turkish Grand National Assembly: "In
my capacity as President of the Republic I swear upon my
honour and integrity before the Turkish Grand National
Assembly and before history to safeguard the existence and
independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the
Country and the
Nation and the absolute sovereignty of the Nation, to abide by
the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles of
the secular Republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to
which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and
fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and
prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and
do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of
the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions
Article 1: Turkmenistan is a democratic, law-governed, secular
state…. Article 12: ...The educational system of the State is
separate from religious organizations and has a secular
character….
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Maybe
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Country
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolvia
Botsawana
Brazil
Brunei Daraussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Domincan Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morrocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paupa New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Phillippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the

Grenadines
Western Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Religion and Politics/Government
Article 35: To attain moral and material goals, the citizens of Afghanistan shall have the right to form
associations in accordance with provisions of the law. The people of Afghanistan shall have the right, in
accordance with provisions of the law, to form political parties, provided that:1. Their manifesto and
charter shall not contravene the Holy religion of Islam and principles and values enshrined in this
constitution;
Article 4(2): Political parties shall, in their objectives, program and activity, contribute to… (e) The
defense of the republican form and unitary and secular nature of the State
Article 30(1) :No person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Senator who— (i) is a minister of religion.
Article 39: No person shall be qualified to be elected as a member of the House who--i) is a minister of
religion
Article 73: Regular clergymen cannot be members of the Congress, nor may Governors of the Province
that they head.
Article 10(1): Legislation and its implementation is a Federal concern (Bundessache) in the following
matters...(13)....religious matters; census—while preserving the rights of the Länder to assemble any
statistics in their own territory—as well as endowments and funds insofar as they concern endowments
and funds which, according to their purposes, go beyond the area of interest of the Land and which
hitherto have not been administered autonomously by the Länder;
Article 85(II): Persons cannot be elected Members of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan who
have dual citizenship, are in State service in other countries, work in the executive or juridical organs,
persons engaged in a different paid activity with the exception of scientific, creative and teaching work,
ministers of religion, persons whose incapacity has been confirmed by a court, persons who serve their
sentence in places of confinement based on a court verdict. Article 89: I. The powers of a Deputy of the
Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are terminated in the following cases:.... (4.) a position held in
government organs, being a minister of religion, being engaged in the business, commercial or other paid
activity (excepting scientific, teaching and creative activity);
Article 33(a): The King is Head of State, and its nominal representative, and his person is inviolate. He is
the loyal protector of the religion and the homeland, and the symbol of national unity. Article 89(b): No
member of the Consultative Council or the Chamber of Deputies shall be called to account for expressing
his opinions or ideas in the Council or its committees unless the opinion expressed is prejudicial to the
fundamentals of the religion or the unity of the nation, or the mandatory respect for the King, or is
defamatory of the personal life of any person.
Article 36(4): Seven Senators shall be appointed by the Governor-

General, acting in bis discretion, by instrument under the Public Seal, to represent religious, economic or
social interests or such other interests as the Governor-General considers ought to be represented:
Article 15: (3) Candidates and political parties shall not resort to regionalism, ethnicity and religion to
incite voters for electoral gain. (4) . A political party shall be registered by the Election Commission on its
satisfying the qualifications and requirements set out hereinafter, that... (b) Its membership is not based
on region, sex, language, religion or social origin; Article 3(3): It shall be the responsibility of religious
institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that
religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain
above politics.
Article 238: Persons may be ineligible for public office on the following grounds…. (5) Ministers of any
religious groups that haven’t resigned within at least three months of election day
Article 11(4): There shall be no political parties on ethnic, racial or religious lines, nor parties which seek
the violent seizure of state power. Article 13(4): (4) Religious institutions and communities, and religious
beliefs shall not be used to political ends.
Article 78: In their organization and functioning the political parties must respond to the democratic
principles. They must be open to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at
the leadership level. They may not foment violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, and in
particular those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation. Article 80: The law guarantees
the non-interference of the public bodies in the internal functioning of the political parties, with the
exception of those restrictions which are necessary for the prevention of ethnic, political, regional,
religious or gender hatred and the maintenance of public order.
Article 56(3): Political parties may not adopt names which, directly or indirectly, are identified with any
part of the national territory, with a church, religion, or religious doctrine, or that may evoke the name of
a person or institution; they may not adopt emblems which are the same as, or might be confused with,
national or regional symbols. Article 57(3):
Article 20: Political parties or groups take part in the elections and the political, economic and social life.
They form and conduct their activities freely. They are held to respect the principle of democracy, unity
and national sovereignty, the Rights of Man, the laicistic character and the republican form of
government of the State in accordance with the laws and regulations. They are prohibited from
identifying themselves with a race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sect, language, region or armed group.
Article 18: ...The misuse (usage) of religion for political purposes is prohibited. Article 53: The political
parties are recognized in conformity with the Constitution and the law. To be recognized, they are
expected to notably adhere to the following fundamental principles... the secular character of the State:
political parties which in their functioning do not conform to the above stated principles, are susceptible
to dissolution.
Article 28: No one may be disturbed or persecuted for the expression of his opinions or for any act which
does not infringe the law. Private actions which do not harm the morals or public order, or which do not
cause any damages to third parties are outside the scope of the law. However, clergymen or secular
individuals cannot make political propaganda in any way invoking religious motives or making use of
religious beliefs.
Article 13: ...Political parties or groups created on regional, confessional, tribal, ethnic or racial bases, are
forbidden.
Article 6: Political parties shall be instrumental in the expression of the suffrage. They shall be formed
and carry on their activities freely in respect for the Constitution and the principles of national
sovereignty and democracy. They shall be prohibited from identifying themselves by race, ethnic group,
sex, religion, sect, language or region. The formalities with respect to registration of political parties and
the exercise and cessation of their activities shall be determined by law.
Article 32(1): (1) A person shall not be qualified to be elected or appointed as a Representative or
Senator (hereinafter in this section referred to as a member) if he—…. (b) is a minister of religion; (6)
“minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any other person the functions of whose
principal occupation include teaching or preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 7: ...The existence of armed political, religious, or union groups is prohibited. Article 82: Ministers
of any religious denomination, active service members of the Armed Forces, and members of the Civil
National Police cannot belong to political parties nor run for political office.
s
Article 55: (4)Ev ery political party shall have a national character, and membership shall not be based on
ethnic, religious, regional or other sectional divisions. (7) For purposes of registration, a prospective
political party shall furnish the Electoral Commission with a copy of its Constitution and the names and
addresses of its national officers; and shall satisfy the Commission that... (c) the party’s name, emblem,
colour, motto or any other symbol has no ethnic, regional, religious or other sectional connotation or
gives the appearance that its activities are confined only to a part of Ghana. Article 56: Parliament shall
have no power to enact a law to establish or authorise the establishment of a body or movement with
the right or power to impose on the people of Ghana a common programme or a set of objectives of a
religious or political Article 206: There shall be established a Prisons Service Council which shall consist
of... (h) a representative of such religious bodies as the President may, in consultation with the Council of
State, appoint;
Article 59: (1) Before undertaking the discharge of their duties, Members of Parliament shall take the
following oath in the Chamber and in a public sitting.
“I swear in the name of the Holy Consubstantial and Indivisible Trinity to keep faith in my Country and in
the democratic form of government, obedience to the Constitution and the laws and to discharge
conscientiously my duties”. (2) Members of Parliament who are of a different religion or creed shall take
the same oath according to the form of their own religion or creed.
Article 186: The following cannot run for the positions of President or Vice President of the Republic… (f)
The ministers of any religion or cult;… Article 197: Ministers of State cannot be... (e) The ministers of any
religion or cult.Article 207: ...The function of magistrate or judge is incompatible with any other
employment, with executive positions in labor unions and political parties, and with the status of minister
of any religion....
Article 3: [Political parties]…. shall not identify with any race, ethnic group, religion or territory.
Article 212B: The Ethnic Relations Commission shall consist of (a)... representative of religious bodies
Article 212D: The functions of the Ethnic RelationsCommission are to.. (f) encourage and create respect
for religious, cultural and
other form of diversity in a plural society;
Article 289: Awaiting the establishment of the Permanent Electoral Council provided for in this
Constitution, the National Council of Government shall set up a Provisional Electoral Council of nine (9)
members, charged with drawing up and enforcing the Electoral Law to govern the next elections, who
shall be designated as follows... (8) One for the Protestant religions;
Article 77: ...Ministers of the various religions may not hold public office or engage in any form of political
propaganda, invoking religious motives or, as a means to such end, thus taking advantage of the religious
beliefs of the people.
Article 16(5): Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the
incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any
member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a
particular denomination. Article 371A(1): Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution- (a) no Act of
Parliament in respect of (i)religious or social practices of the Nagaas… shall apply to the State of Nagaland
unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution so decides Article 371AG1): Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of (i) religious or social practices of the
Mizos… shall apply to the State of Mizoram unless the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mizoram by a
resolution so decides
Article 22D(2): The DPD shall participate in the discussion of Bills related to regional autonomy; the
relationship of central and local government; formation, expansion, and merger of regions; management
of natural resources and other economic resources, and financial balance between the centre and the
regions; and shall provide consideration to the DPR over Bills on the State Budget and on Bills related to
taxation, education, or religion. (3) The DPD may oversee the implementation of laws concerning regional
autonomy, the formation, expansion and merger of regions, the relationship of central and local
government, management of natural resources and other economic resources, implementation of the
State Budget, taxation, education, or religion and shall in addition submit the result of such oversight to
the DPR as material for further consideration. Article 24(2): The judicial power shall be implemented by a
Supreme Court and judicial bodies underneath it in the form of public courts, religious affairs courts,
military tribunals, and state administrative courts, and by a Constitutional Court.
Article 6(1): All powers of government, legislative, executive and judicial, derive, under God, from the
people, whose right it is to designate the rulers of the State and, in final appeal, to decide all questions of
national policy, according to the requirements of the common good
Article 17: The State has exclusive legislative powers in the following matters... (c) relations between the
Republic and religious denominations
Article 20: ...No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political
authority….
Article 66: All citizens who have reached the age of 17 have the right to elect and to be elected,
irrespective of sex, race, occupation, length of residence, property status, education party affiliation,
political views or religion.
Article 8(5): The following shall be prohibited in the Kyrgyz Republic.... establishment of political parties
on a religious basis and the pursuit by religious organisations of political goals and tasks; interference by
religious organisations and ministers of religious faiths in the activity of state bodies; activity in pursuit of
political goals by foreign political parties, public and religious organisations, their representatives and
branches.
Article 10: Education is free so long as it does not disturb the public order, does not violate morals and
does not touch the dignity of any religion or creed. The rights of communities to establish their own
private schools cannot be abridged, subject to the condition that they comply with the general
requirements laid down by the State with respect to public education. Article 19: A Constitutional Council
is established to review the constitutionality of the laws and to determine the disputes and applications
relating to presidential and parliamentary elections. The right to apply to the Council for the control of
the constitutionality of laws is granted to the President of the Republic, the President of the Chamber of
Deputies, the Prime Minister, or to [at least] ten members of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as to the
heads of the legally recognized communities exclusively concerning matters of personal status, the liberty
of conscience, the free exercise of religion and the freedom of religious education. The rules concerning
the organization, the functioning and the composition of the Council and the application to it are
established by law.
Article 78: As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, an "association" means a body
of persons, corporate or other, which acts together for a common purpose, and includes a group of
people organized for any ethnic, social, cultural, occupational or religious objectives...Article 79: No
association, by whatever name called, shall function as a political party, nor shall any citizen be an
independent candidate for election to public office, unless: (a) the association or independent candidate
and his organization meet the minimum registration requirements laid down by the Elections Commission
and are registered with it. Registration requirements shall include filing with the Elections Commission a
copy of the constitution of the association and guidelines of the independent candidate and his
organization, a detailed statement of the names and addresses of the association and its officers or of the
independent candidate and the officers of his organization, and fulfillment of the provision of sub-
sections (b), (c), (d) and (e) hereof. Registration by the Elections Commission of any association or
independent candidate and his organization shall vest in the entity or candidate and his organization so
registered legal personality, with the capacity to own property, real, personal or mixed, to sue and be
sued and to hold accounts. A denial of registration or failure by the Elections Commission to register any
applicant may be challenged by the applicant in the Supreme Court; (b) the membership of the
association or the independent candidate’s organization is open to every citizen of Liberia, irrespective of
sex, religion or ethnic background, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution. (c) the headquarters
of the association or independent candidate and his organization is situated: (i.) in the capital of the
Republic where an association is involved or where an independent candidate seeks election to the office
of President or Vice- President; (ii). in the headquarters of the county where an independent candidate
seeks election as a Senator; and (iii.) in the electoral center in the constituency where the candidate
seeks election as a member of the House of Representatives or to any other public office; (d) the name,
objective, emblem or motto of the association or of the independent candidate and his organization is
free from any religious connotations or divisive ethnic implications and that the activities of the
association or independent candidate are not limited to a special group or, in the case of an association,
limited to a particular geographic area of Liberia; (e) the constitution and rules of the political party shall
conform to the provisions of this Constitution, provide for the democratic elections of officers and/or
governing body at least once every six years, and ensure the election of officers from as many of the
regions and ethnic groupings in the country as possible. All amendments to the Constitution or rules of a
political party shall be registered with the Elections Commission no later than ten days from the effective
dates of such amendments.
Article 39: The enjoyment of civil and political rights shall not be dependent on religious belief nor may
the latter constitute a ground for any dereliction of civil obligations.
Article 14: Citizens organize themselves freely without prior authorization in associations or political
parties; however associations or political parties which threaten the unity of the Nation and those which
advocate totalitarianism or segregationism of an ethnic, tribal or confessional character are prohibited.
Article 68: (c) thirty-two other Senators who shall be elected by a two-thirds majority of sitting members
of the Senate on the basis of nominations by the Nominations Committee provided for in subsection (2)
from all of the following sectors... (iii) religion, who shall include representatives of the major religious
faiths in Malawi.
Article 28: The Parties concur in the expression of suffrage. They form and exercise freely their activities
within the conditions determined by the law. They respect the principles of national sovereignty,
democracy, territorial integrity, national unity and the secularity of the State.
First Schedule, 3: ...(3) For the purposes of this Schedule, each candidate at an election shall be regarded
as belonging to the community to which he declared he belonged at his nomination as such, or if the
Supreme Court has held in proceedings questioning the correctness of his declaration that he belongs to
another community, to that other community, but the community to which any candidate belongs for
those purposes shall not be stated upon any ballot paper prepared for those purposes.
(4) For the purposes of this Schedule, the population of Mauritius shall be regarded as including a Hindu
community, a Muslim community and a Sino-Mauritian community; and every person who does not
appear, from his way of life, to belong to one or other of those 3 communities shall be regarded as
belonging to the General Population, which shall itself be regarded as a fourth community....
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the State and the churches guides the norms contained
in the present article. All churches and other religious groups are subject to the law. It shall be the
exclusive responsibility of the Congress of the Union to legislate in matters regarding public cults,
churches, and religious groups. The respective regulatory law, which shall be of public order, shall develop
and implement the following provisions: (a) Churches and religious groups shall have juridical personality
as religious associations, once they secure the appropriate registration. The law shall regulate these
associations, and shall determine the conditions and requirements for such registration.
(b) The authorities shall never intervene in the internal life and management of religious associations. (c)
Mexicans may become ministers of any cult. In so doing, Mexicans as well as foreigners must satisfy the
requirements specified by law. (d) In accordance with the terms of the regulatory law, ministers of cults
may not hold public offices. As citizens, they have the right to vote, but not to be elected. Those who
have left the ministry in advance and in the manner established by the law may be elected. (e) Ministers
may not associate among themselves for political purposes or preach in favor of or against any political
candidate, party, or association. Neither may they oppose the laws of the country or its institutions, nor
insult patriotic symbols in any form in public meetings, religious acts of the cult or religious propaganda,
or religious publications. The formation of any class of political groups with a title containing any word or
other indication of relation with any religious denomination is strictly prohibited. No meeting of a
political character may be held in temples. The simple promise to tell the truth and to carry out any
obligations which are contracted subjects the person who is making such promises in case he/she does
not honor them to the penalties provided for this purpose by the law. Ministers of cults, their ancestors,
descendants, siblings and spouses as well as the religious associations to which they belong shall be
incapable of inheriting by testament from those persons that they have guided or helped spiritually and
who are not within the fourth degree of kinship in relation to them. All acts related to the civil status of
persons shall fall within the exclusive competence of the administrative authorities as established by law
and shall have the force and validity that these laws attribute to them. The federal authorities and those
of the States and municipalities shall have, in matters related to civil status, the powers and
responsibilities determined by the law.
Article 9(2): State institutions shall not engage in religious activities and the Church shall not pursue
political activities
Article 76: Political parties shall be prohibited from using names containing expressions that are directly
related to any religious denominations or churches, and from using emblems that may be confused with
national or religious symbols. Article 251: Access to public office shall not be obstructed on grounds of
colour, race, sex, religion, ethnic or social origin, or party-political preference, and shall adhere strictly to
the criteria
of the merit and ability of applicants.
Article 392: The following persons shall have no right to vote: (a) members of religious orders… Article
407: . A political party shall lose the right to exist for the following reasons… (c) if it directly or indirectly
receives and uses financial, material and other assistance from a foreign government, a religious
association, or other association or person from a foreign country; (d) if it abuses religion for political
purpose. Article 121: The following persons shall not be entitled to be elected as the Pyithu Hluttaw
representatives... (g) persons who directly or indirectly enjoy the support in terms of money, land,
housing, building, vehicle, property and so forth from a government, or a religious or other organization
of a foreign country, or are members of an organization which enjoys such support; (h) persons who abet,
encourage or incite to the use of religious propaganda for political purposes with regard to the voting, or
are members of organizations engaging in this type of conduct; (i) members of a religious order...
Article 142(4): The Election Commission shall not register any political party if any Nepali citizen is
discriminated against in becoming a member of the political party on the basis of religion, caste, tribe,
language or gender or if the name, objectives, symbol or flag of such political party is of a character that
may disturb the country’s religious or communal unity or is divisive in character, or if the constitution or
rules of such party have the objective of protecting and promoting a partyless or single party system of
government. Article 90: Except for the revenues of religious endowments, all revenues received by the
Government of Nepal, all loans raised on the security of revenues, and all the money received in
repayment of any loan made under the authority of any Act and any amount received by the
Government of Nepal shall be credited to a Government Fund to be known as the Consolidated Fund.
Provided that, the money of religious endowments, other than private religious endowments, shall be
regulated by laws to be enacted
Article 147(4e): The following persons can’t run for President: The ministers of any religious faith unless
they have renounced its practice at least two months prior to the election.
Article 8: No religion, no belief shall assume the political power nor interfere in the affairs of the State…..
Article 9:In the framework of the freedom of association recognized and guaranteed by this Constitution,
political parties, groups of political parties, unions and other associations shall develop and operate freely
subject to the principles of national sovereignty, the democracy and the laws of the Republic. The Parties
and groups of political parties participate in the voting process. The same prerogatives shall be
recognized for all citizens of Niger with full benefit of civil and political rights if he fulfills the conditions
of eligibility provided by the law. Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or religious character shall be
prohibited. No party shall be created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic group or a region or a
religion,susceptible to prosecution.Article 133: The National Commission of Human Rights and
Fundamental Liberties is an independent administrative authority. Article 134: The National Commission
of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties seeks to promote and ensure the efficacy of the rights and
liberties enshrined in this Constitution, where appropriate, conforming with the international agreements
adopted by Niger. Article 135: An organic law determines the composition, organization, responsibilities,
and the operating procedures of the National Commission of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties.
Article 222: No association by whatever name called shall function as a political party, unless… (b) the
membership of the association is open to every citizen of Nigeria irrespective of his place of origin,
circumstance of birth, sex, religion or ethnic grouping... (e) the name of the association, its symbol or logo
does not contain any ethnic or religious connotation or give the appearance that the activities of the
association are confined to a part only of the geographical area of Nigeria; and
Section 12: The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote.
This Council shall consist of a Prime Minister and at least seven other Members. More than half the
number of the Members of the Council of State shall profess the official religion of the State.... Section
27: Article 27: ...A Member of the Council of State who does not profess the official religion of the State
shall not take part in proceedings on matters which concern the State Church.
Article 45: Ministers of religious faiths and members of religious orders, aside from the performance of
duties inherent to their missions, may hold public posts only when such are positions related to social
welfare, public education, or scientific research. Article 139: It is unlawful to form political parties based
on sex, race, or religion, or that have as their purpose the destruction of the democratic form of
government.
Article 197: The following cannot be candidates for deputies or senators… (5) Ministers or clergymen of
any religion Article 235: The following are ineligible to run as candidates for president or vice president of
the Republic:.... (5) Ministers or clergymen of any religion
Article 3, Section 5: No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Article 6,
Section 5(2): The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of
representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of
this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by
law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities,
women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
Article 191: The following may make application to the Constitutional Tribunal regarding
matters specified in Article 188 [constitutional tribunal matters]… churches and religious organizations;
Article 51(3): Without prejudice to the philosophy or ideology that underlies their manifestoes, political
parties shall not employ names that contain expressions which are directly related to any religion or
church, or emblems that can be confused with national or
religious symbols.
Article 73: (3) The following matters are regulated by organic law… (s) the general rules dealing with
religious cults…
Article 54: Political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan,
region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination.
Article 28: (1) A person shall not be qualified to be elected or appointed as a member if he... (b) is a
minister of religion... (6) In this section... “minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any
other person the principal functions of whose occupation include teaching or preaching in any
congregation for religious worship.
Article 24(2): Of the eleven Senators.... (c) two shall be appointed by the Governor-General, acting in his
own deliberate judgment after he has consulted those religious, economic or social bodies or associations
from which he considers that such Senators should be selected Article 26(1): .(1) No person shall be
qualified to be appointed as a Senator if, at the date of his appointment, he... (b) is a minister of religion
(except in the case of an appointment under section 24(2)(c) of this Constitution( 5) In subsection (1) of
this section... “minister of religion” means any person in holy orders and any other person the functions
of whose principal occupation include teaching or preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 26(1): .(1) No person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Senator if, at the date of his
appointment, he... (b) is a minister of religion (except in the case of an appointment under section 24(2)
(c) of this Constitution( 5) In subsection (1) of this section... “minister of religion” means any person in
holy orders and any other person the functions of whose principal occupation include teaching or
preaching in any congregation for religious worship.
Article 4: Political parties and coalitions of political parties shall contribute to the exercise of suffrage.
They must respect the Constitution as well as the principles of national sovereignty and of democracy.
They shall be prohibited to identify themselves with a race, an ethnicity, a gender, a religion, a sect, a
language, or a region.
Article 5: ...Activities of political parties aiming at forced overthrow of constitutional system, violation of
guaranteed human or minority rights, inciting racial, national or religious hatred, shall be prohibited…..
Article 35:(5) No association, by whatever name called, shall be registered or be allowed to operate or to
function as a political party if the Political Parties Registration Commission is satisfied that— (a)
membership or leadership of the party is restricted to members of any particular tribal or ethnic group or
religious faith; or (b) the name, symbol, colour or motto of the party has exclusive or particular
significance or connotation to members of any particular tribal or ethnic group or religious faith; or (c)
the party is formed for the sole purpose of securing or advancing the interests and welfare of a particular
tribal or ethnic group, community, geographical area or religious faith; or (d) the party does not have a
registered office in each of the Provincial Headquarter towns and the Western Area.... For the purposes
of this section the expression— “association” includes any body of persons, corporate or incorporate,
who agree to act together for any common purpose, or an association formed for any ethnic, social,
cultural, occupational or religious purpose; and “political party” means any association registered as a
political party as prescribed by subsection (5).
Article 21(2): The President may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions:… (h)
the exercise of his functions under section 12 of the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A)…
Article 22(1): Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the President, acting in his
discretion, may refuse to make an appointment to any of the following offices or to revoke any such
appointment if he does not concur with the advice or recommendation of the authority on whose advice
or recommendation he is, by virtue of that other provision of this Constitution or any other written law,
to act... (d) the chairman and members of the Presidential Council for Religious Harmony constituted
under the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A); Article 221: The President, acting in his
discretion, may cancel, vary, confirm or refuse to confirm a restraining order made under the
Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A) where the advice of the Cabinet is contrary to the
recommendation of the Presidential Council for Religious Harmony.
Article 181: (1) The following state institutions strengthen constitutional democracy in the Republic… (c)
The Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic
Communities. Article 185: 1) The primary objects of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of
the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities are— (a) to promote respect for the rights of
cultural, religious and linguistic communities; (b) to promote and develop peace, friendship, humanity,
tolerance and national unity among cultural, religious and linguistic communities, on the basis of equality,
non-discrimination and free association; and (c) to recommend the establishment or recognition, in
accordance with national legislation, of a cultural or other council or councils for a community or
communities in South Africa. (2) The Commission has the power, as regulated by national legislation,
necessary to achieve its primary objects, including the power to monitor, investigate, research, educate,
lobby, advise and report on issues concerning the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities.
(3) The Commission may report any matter which falls within its powers and functions to the South
African Human Rights Commission for investigation. (4) The Commission has the additional powers and
functions prescribed by national legislation. Article 186: (1) The number of members of the Commission
for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities and their
appointment and terms of office must be prescribed by national legislation. (2) The composition of the
Commission must— (a) be broadly representative of the main cultural, religious and linguistic
communities in South Africa; and (b) broadly reflect the gender composition of South Africa.
Article 40: (3) No association shall function as a political party at the national level unless it has:— (a) its
membership open to all Sudanese irrespective of religion, ethnic origin or place of birth, Article 5:(2)
Nationally enacted legislation applicable to Southern Sudan or states of Southern Sudan shall have as its
sources of legislation popular consensus, the values and the customs of the people of the Sudan,
including their traditions and religious beliefs, having regard to Sudan’s diversity. (3) Where national
legislation is currently in operation or is to be enacted and its source is religion or custom, then a state,
and subject to Article 26: (a) herein in the case of Southern Sudan, the majority of whose residents do
not practice such religion or customs may a) either introduce legislation so as to allow practices or
establish institutions, in that state consistent with their religion or customs, or (b) refer the law to the
Council of States to be approved by a two-thirds majority of all the representatives or initiate national
legislation which will provide for such necessary alternative institutions as may be appropriate. Article
165(1): There shall be established a Southern Sudan Council of Ministers to be appointed by the
President of Government of Southern Sudan, in consultation with the Vice President and approved by
Southern Sudan Assembly. The Government of Southern Sudan shall be established with due regard to
the need for inclusiveness in recognition of ethnic, religious diversity and gender. SCHEDULE C: The
exclusive executive and legislative powers of a state of the Sudan shall be as follows… (10) Regulation of
religious matters;
Instrument of Government Chapter 8, Article 6: Provisions concerning religious communities are laid
down in law. Provisions concerning the bases of the Church of Sweden as a religious community shall also
be laid down in an act of law. The enactment, amendment or abrogation of such a law is governed by the
provisions of Article 16 concerning enactment of the Riksdag Act. Instrument of Government Chapter 11,
Article 6: The Chancellor of Justice, the Prosecutor General, the central administrative boards and the
county administrative boards come under the Government. Other State administrative authorities come
under the Government, unless they are authorities under the Riksdag according to the present
Instrument of Government or by virtue of other law. Administrative functions may be entrusted to a local
authority. Administrative functions may be delegated to a limited company, association, collective,
foundation, registered religious community or any part of its organisation, or to a private person. If such a
function involves the exercise of public authority, delegation shall be made by virtue of law.
Article 8: In Tajikistan, public life evolves on the basis of political and ideological pluralism. No single
ideology of a party, social association, religious organization, movement, or group may be recognized as
the State [ideology]….
Article 20: Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticles (1) and (4), it shall not be lawful for any political
party to be registered which according to its constitution or policy - (a) aims at promoting or furthering
the interests of -(i) any faith or religious group; Article 39(2): ...(2) Without prejudice to any person's right
and freedom of expression to hold his own views, to profess a religious faith of his choice, to associate
with others and to participate with others in community work in accordance with the laws of the land, no
person shall be qualified to be elected to hold the office of President of the United Republic unless he is a
member of, and a candidate proposed by, a political party. Article 67(1e): without prejudice to a person's
right and freedom to hold his own views, to profess a religious faith of his choice, to associate with others
and to participate in community work in accordance with the laws of the land, no person shall be
qualified to be elected to the office of President of the United Republic if he is not a member of, and a
candidate proposed by, a political party
Section 100: A person under any of the following prohibitions on the election day is disfranchised: (1)
being a Buddhist priest, novice, monk or clergy;
Article 37: The Tibetan Assembly shall consist of…(b) 2 members elected from each religious
denomination: Nyingma, Kagyud, Sakya, Geluk and Yungdrung Bon Article 42(1): When the Tibetan
Assembly is not in session, there shall be a Standing Committee of the Tibetan Assembly which shall
consist of 2 members from each region, 1 member from each of the religious denominations, and 1
member from among those directly nominated by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, either elected or selected.
This Standing Committee shall be redesignated each year.
Article 7: Political parties and the merging of political parties must respect the Constitution. They may
not identify themselves with a region, an ethnicity, or a religion.
Article 28: Every Tongan who has arrived at the age of 21 years and can read and write and is not
disabled by the twenty third clause of this Constitution shall be liable to serve on juries and the names of
all those who are liable to serve shall be published once every year and anyone who neglects to serve
shall be punished as shall be enacted by the Legislature. Ministers of the Crown and the Governors,
Members of the Legislative Assembly, Judges and Magistrates, heads of Government Departments or
Ministries, law practitioners, members of the police force and of the armed forces of Tonga, officers of
the Supreme Court. of the Magistrates Courts or of any prison, ministers of religion, persons of unsound
mind or persons incapable of serving by reason of blindness, deafness or any other permanent physical
infirmity shall be exempt from serving on juries. (Substituted by Act 23 of 1990.)
Article 8: ...Political parties cannot be based, in their principles, objectives, activity or programs, on a
religion, language, race, sex, or region.
Preamble: ...as required by the principle of secularism, there shall be no interference whatsoever by
sacred religious feelings in state affairs and politics.. Article 24: No one shall be allowed to exploit or
abuse religion or religious feelings, or things held sacred by religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the
purpose of personal or political influence, or for even partially basing the fundamental, social, economic,
political, and legal order of the state on religious tenets Article 68: ...The statutes and programmes, as
well as the activities of political parties shall not be in conflict with the independence of the state, its
indivisible integrity with its territory and nation, human rights, the principles of equality and rule of law,
sovereignty of the nation, the principles of the democratic and secular republic; they shall not aim to
protect or establish class or group dictatorship or dictatorship of any kind, nor shall they incite citizens to
crime. Article 136:The Department of Religious Affairs, which is within the general administration, shall
exercise its duties prescribed in its particular law, in accordance with the principles of secularism,
removed from all political views and ideas, and aiming at national solidarity and integrity. Provisional
Article 1: ...The functions of the Presidential Council shall be as follows… (b) on the request of the
President of the Republic and within the period specified by him: to consider and give an opinion on
matters relating to the holding of new general elections, the exercise of emergency powers and the
measures to be taken during a state of emergency, the management and supervision of the Turkish Radio
and Television Corporation, the training of the youth and the conduct of religious affairs;
Article 30: Citizens have the right to create political parties and other public associations that function
within the framework of the Constitution and laws. Prohibited is the creation and activity of political
parties or other public associations aimed at violent alteration of the constitutional structure, permitting
violence in their activities, acting against the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, propagating
war, racial, national, social, or religious enmity, [or] encroaching on the health or morals of the people, as
well as creation of militarized associations and political parties based on national or religious traits.
Article 71(1): A political party in the multi-party political system shall conform to the following
principles… (b) membership of a political party shall not be based on sex, ethnicity, religion, or other
sectional division;
Article 37: The establishment and activity of political parties and public associations are prohibited if
their program goals or actions are aimed at the liquidation of the independence of Ukraine, the change
of the constitutional order by violent means, the violation of the sovereignty and territorial indivisibility
of the State, the undermining of its security, the unlawful seizure of state power, the propaganda of war
and of violence, the incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or religious enmity, and the encroachments on
human rights and freedoms and the health of the population
Article 57: The formation and functioning of political parties and public associations
aiming to do the following shall be prohibited: changing the existing constitutional
system by force; coming out against the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of
the Republic, as well as the constitutional rights and freedoms of its citizens; advocating
war and social, national, racial and religious hostility, and encroaching on the health and
morality of the people, as well as of any armed associations and political parties based on
the national or religious principles. All secret societies and associations shall be banned.
Article 84: The National Assembly has the following duties and powers… (5) To decide on the State’s
policies on nationalities and on religions Article 112: The Government has the following powers and
duties… (9) To implement social policies, nationalities policies, policies on religion; Article 9: The
Vietnam Fatherland Front is a political alliance and a voluntary union of political organizations, socio-
political organizations, social organizations and individuals representing their social classes and strata,
nationalities, religions, and overseas Vietnamese. Article 54: The citizen, regardless of nationality, sex,
social background, religious belief, cultural standard, occupation, time of residence, shall, upon reaching
the age of eighteen, have the right to vote, and, upon reaching the age of twenty-one, have the right to
stand for election to the National Assembly and the People’s Councils in accordance with the provisions
of the law.
Article 64(2): A candidate for the House of Representatives must meet the following conditions... (d) must
be of good character and conduct, fulfill his religious duties and have no court convictions against him for
committing crimes that contradict the rules of honour and honesty, unless he was pardoned/ reprieved.
Article 107:Every Yemeni who meets the following specified conditions may become a candidate for the
post of the President of the Republic... (d) To be of good character, practices his Islamic duties and have
no dishonorable criminal record and if so, he has been reprieved.
Religion and Education
Article 45: The state shall devise and implement a unified educational curricula based
on the tenets of the sacred religion of Islam, national culture as well as academic
principles, and develop religious subjects curricula for schools on the basis of existing
Islamic sects in Afghanistan.
Article 65: Statute shall uphold the rights of parents with regard to the education and
protection of their children as well as the duty of the children to aid and assist their
parents.
Article 20: (2) Freedom of teaching and of establishing teaching centres shall be
recognised. (3) Parents have the right to decide the type of education for their
children. They also have the right to moral or religious instruction for their children in
accordance with their own convictions.
Article 11(2): Except with his own consent (or, if he is under the age, of eighteen years,
the consent of his parent or guardian) no person attending any place of education shall
Article 14(6): ...Public schools are generally accessible to all without distinction of
birth, sex, race, estate, class, language and religious confession [and] otherwise within
the framework of legal preconditions. The same applies correspondingly (sinngemäss)
to Kindergarten, centers and pupils’ homes. Article 14(10): In matters relating to school
authorities of the Federation, the Länder and the political districts, compulsory
schooling, school organization, private schools and the relationship between schools
and the churches (religious associations) including religious instruction in the school
insofar as it does not concern matters of the universities and academies of art, the
National Council can pass Federal legislation only if at least one-half of the members
are present and a majority of two-thirds have voted. The same applies to the
ratification of State treaties pertaining to those matters which fall into the type
specified in Article 50. Article 14a(3): Insofar as it does not concern matters provided
for in Paragraph 2, legislation is a Federal responsibility, execution rests with the Länder
[in matters of]... (a) religious instruction;
Article 18(III):The State education system is of secular character.
Article 22: (2) Except with his consent (or, if he is a person who has not attained the
age of eighteen years, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
any religious ceremony or observance of that instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion other than his own. (3) (3) No religious body or denomination shall
be prevented from or hindered in providing religious instruction for persons of that
body of denomination in the course of any education provided by that body or
denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in receipt of any
Article 7(b):The law regulates care for religious and national instruction in the various
stages and forms of education, and at all stages is concerned to develop the citizen’s
personality and his pride in his Arabism.
Article 41(2): No person attending any educational institution shall be required to

receive religious instruction, or to take part in or to attend any religious ceremony or
own.
Article 19: No religious community shall be prevented from providing religious

instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided by
that community whether or not that community is in receipt of any govemment
subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance designed to meet, in whole or in
part, the cost of such course of education. (4) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
person who has not attained the age of twenty-one years, the consent of his guardian),
instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion which is not
lis own.
Article 24:(1) Education is free; any preventive measure is forbidden;the punishment of
offences
is regulated only by the law or federate law. The community offers free choice to
parents. The community organises non-denominational education.This implies in
particular the respect of the philosophical, ideological or religious beliefs of parents
and pupils. Schools run by the public authorities offer until the end of compulsory
education, the choice between the teaching of one of the recognised religions and
non-denominational ethics teaching.... (3)Everyone has the right to education with the
respect of fundamental rights and freedoms. Access to education is free until the end
of compulsory education.
All pupils of school age
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community
with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or
belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (3) Every recognised religious
education and to manage any place of education which it maintains; and no such
community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that
community in the course of any education provided by that community whether or not
it is in receipt of a government subsidy or other form of financial assistance designed
to meet in whole or in part the cost of such course of education.
Article 14: Religious institutions and communities shall be able to cooperate equally in
the education of the youth. Private schools, secular or parochial, may be opened with
the authorization and control of the State. The private schools may benefit from state
subsidies under conditions determined by law.
Article 86: In schools, the freedom of conscience, faith, and the teaching of religion, as
well as the spirituality of the native and indigenous peoples (campesinos) is recognized
and respect and mutual coexistence between people of diverse religious beliefs will be
encouraged, without dogmatic imposition. There will not be discrimination based on
religion in the acceptance and retention of students in schools.
provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
minor, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be
required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
Article 27: Every citizen shall have the right to schooling. Public education shall be
secular. Private education shall be recognized. Statute shall determine the conditions of
its exercise.
Article 53: ...However, the right to establish private schools is guaranteed in the
conditions established by the law.
Article 68: ...The State shall help promote and develop Pali schools and Buddhist
institutes
See footnote 50 for different provisions on education and religious instruction
Article 49(2c): The State may not program education and culture to follow any
philosophical, aesthetic, political, ideological, or religious directives.
Article 35: ...Public education is secular and free….
Article 36: ...No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public
order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the
state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.
Article 68: Parents have the right to select the type of education for their minor
children. In state institutions, no individual may be obliged to receive religious
instruction.
Article 45: All persons have access to establishments of national education without
discrimination on grounds of place of origin, race, religion, sex, political or
philosophical opinions, physical, mental or sensorial condition in accordance with their
capacities. The national education establishments may, in cooperation with the
religious authorities, ensure to pupils who have not attained the age of maturity an
education in accordance with their religious convictions if their parents ask for it. The
public authorities have the duty to ensure the dissemination and the teaching of the
Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights, as well as all the duly ratified regional and international
conventions relating to human rights and to international humanitarian law.
Article 20(1): Every person has the right to receive―and every person or institution
has the right to give―instruction or education subject to such formalities, conditions
or restrictions as are in accordance with the relevant communal law and are necessary
only in the interests of the security of the Republic, the constitutional order, the public
safety, the public order, the public health, the public morals or the standard and quality
of education; or for the protection of the rights and liberties of others including the
right of the parents to secure for their children such education as is in conformity with
their religious convictions.
CFRBF, Article 16(3): The conditions under which religious instruction may be given at
state schools shall be set by law.
to a religion which is not his own.( 3) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its
Article 28: Public education shall be universal and secular at all levels, and free until
the third level of inclusive higher education. Article 29: Mother and fathers or their
representatives will have the freedom to choose an education for their children in
accordance with their principles, beliefs and pedagogical options.
Article 19: Religious education shall be a principal subject in the courses of general
education.
Article 58: No establishment of education can refuse to admit students for reasons of
the nature of the union of their parents or guardians, nor for social, religious, racial, or
political differences.
Article 23: ...The State guarantees to every person, private entity, or religious
community, legal status, or the right to form, provided that schools submit to the
official pedagogical plan. The official instruction allows the free choice of programs of
religious formation, based on freedom of conscience and religion that protect the
constitution….
Article 27:(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of Article 90,
believers may establish institutions of religious education and administration in order
to propagate and organize their religion…. (4) Parents and legal guardians have the
right to bring up their children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions. Article 90(2): Education shall be provided in a
manner that is free from any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural
prejudices.
Article 35: (3) The right set out in subsection (2) extends to the right of religious
communities or denominations to provide religious instruction as part of any
education provided by them, whether or not they are in receipt of any financial
assistance from the State.... (5) Except with his or her consent or, in the case of a
person under the age of 18, the consent of a parent or guardian, a person attending a
place of education is not required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or
attend a religious ceremony or observance if the instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion that is not his or her own or if he or she does not hold any religious
belief. Article 39(2): Every religious community or denomination and every cultural or
social community has the right to establish and maintain places of education and to
manage them, whether or not it receives financial assistance from the State.
Article 1(16): the support to be given to children and their education constitute, for
parents, a natural right and duty which they exercise under the surveillance and with
the aid of the State and public entities. Parents have the right, in the area of scholarly
obligation, to decide upon the moral and religious education of their children. The
children have, vis-a-vis the State, the same rights concerning assistance as well as their
physical, intellectual and moral development;
Article 7: (2) Parents and guardians shall have the right to decide whether children
receive religious instruction.(3) Religious instruction shall form part of the regular
curriculum in state schools, with the exception of non-denominational schools.
Without prejudice to the state’s right of supervision, religious instruction shall be given
in accordance with the tenets of the religious community concerned. Teachers may not
be obliged against their will to give religious instruction. (4) The right to establish
private schools is guaranteed. Private schools that serve as alternatives to state schools
shall require the approval of the State and shall be subject to the laws of the Länder.
Such approval shall be given when private schools are not inferior to the state schools
in terms of their educational aims, their facilities, or the professional training of their
teaching staff, and provided that they do not encourage the segregation of pupils
according to the financial means of their parents. Approval shall be withheld if the
economic and legal position of the teaching staff is not adequately assured....
Article 25(2): Every person shall have the right, at his own expense, to establish and
maintain a private school or schools at all levels and of such categories and in
accordance with such conditions as may be provided by law.
Article 16(2): Education constitutes a basic mission for the State and shall aim at the
moral, intellectual, professional and physical training of Greeks, the development of
national and religious consciousness and at their formation as free and responsible
citizens.
eighteen years, the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion other than his own. (3) Every religious community shall be entitled,
at its own expense, to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any
place of education which it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be
prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the
course of any education provided at any places of education which it wholly maintains
or in the course of any education which it otherwise provides.
Article 73: The family is the source of education and parents are entitled to choose
what is to be taught to their minor children. The State will be able to subsidize free
private educational centers and the law will regulate issues relating to this matter.
Private educational centers will operate under the inspection of the State. They are
obligated to fill, at least, official study plans and programs. As cultural centers they will
be exempted from all types of taxes and customs duties. Religious education is optional
in public schools and can be given during regular hours without any discrimination. The
State will contribute to the maintenance of religious education without any
discrimination.
Article 49(4): Public education shall not be confessional.
Article 145: (2) No religious community shall be prevented from providing religious
instruction for persons of that community. (3) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a
person who has not attained the age of eighteen years, the consent of his guardian),
instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a
religion which is not his own.
Article 151: Public education shall be secular and shall be based on fundamental
principles of democracy. It shall instill and promote in all students a deep feeling of
Honduran patriotism and shall be directly connected with the economic and social
development process of the country.
Basic Law Article 137: (1) Educational institutions of all kinds may retain their
autonomy and enjoy academic freedom. They may continue to recruit staff and use
teaching materials from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Schools
run by religious organizations may continue to provide religious education, including
courses in religion.
(2) Students shall enjoy freedom of choice of educational institutions and freedom to
pursue their education outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Bill of
Rights Article 15(4): The liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to
ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own
convictions shall be respected.
Article 67(2): Parents have the right to choose the form of education given to their
children.
Article 28: (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution
wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an
educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established
under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be
imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution
recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take
part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend
any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises
attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has
given his consent thereto. Article 29(2): No citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on
grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. Article 30: (1) All
minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice. (2) The State shall not, in granting
aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the
ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or
language.
Article 31: (3) The government shall manage and organize one system of national
education, which shall increase the level of spiritual belief, devoutness and moral
character in the course of educating the people and shall be regulated by law.... (5) The
government shall advance science and technology with the highest respect for
religious values and national unity for the advancement of civilization and prosperity of
humankind.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-
performing their religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining
to religious education...
Artice 42(1): The State acknowledges that the primary and natural
educator of the child is the Family and guarantees to respect
the inalienable right and duty of parents to provide, according
to their means, for the religious and moral, intellectual,
physical and social education of their children. Article 44(2):(iv) Legislation providing
State aid for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the management of
different religious denominations, nor be such as to affect prejudicially the right of any
child to attend a school receiving public money without attending religious instruction
at that school.....(vi) The property of any religious denomination or any educational
institution shall not be diverted save for necessary works of public utility and on
payment of compensation.
Article 33: ...Entities and private persons have the right to establish schools and
institutions of education, at no cost to the State….
Article 21: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a minor,
the consent of his parent or guardian), no person attending any place of education
shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any
to a religion or a religious body or denomination other than his own.... (4) No religious
body or denomination shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for
persons of that body or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
body or denomination whether or not that body or denomination is in receipt of any
Article 20: …The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other
religious activity.
establish and maintain places of education and to manage a place of education which
it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from providing
provided at a place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending a place of education shall be
required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a religious
provided at any places of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any
minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending any place of education shall
Article 15: The State shall devote particular attention to education and schooling. This
must be so ordered and administered that, from the co-operation of the family, the
school and the Church, the younger generation may be imbued with religious and
moral principles and patriotic sentiments and may be fitted for their future
occupations. Article 16: (1) The whole field of education and schooling shall be under
the supervision of the State, without prejudice to the inviolability of the doctrine of
the Church. (2) Education shall be compulsory for all. (3) The State shall ensure that
adequate compulsory instruction in the elementary subjects is given free of charge in
public schools. (4) Religious instruction shall be given by the Church authorities. (5) All
persons with children in their care shall ensure that they receive education of the
standard prescribed for public elementary schools.
Article 26: ...Parents and guardians shall, without restrictions, take care of the religious
and moral education of their children and wards according to their own convictions.
Article 40: State and municipal establishments of teaching and education shall be
secular. At the request of parents, they shall provide religious instruction.
Article 19(4): The Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as the Islamic Religious
Community in Macedonia, the Catholic Church, Evangelic Methodist Church, Jewish
Community and other Religious communities and groups are free to establish schools
and other social and charitable institutions, by ways of a procedure regulated by law.
Article 13: The State shall actively promote the welfare and development of the people
of Malawi by progressively adopting and implementing policies and legislation aimed
at achieving the following goals(... (f) Education :To provide adequate resources to the
education sector and devise programmes in order to... (iv) promote national goals such
as unity and the elimination of political, religious, racial and ethnic intolerance.
Article 12: (1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there

shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only
of religion, race, descent or place of birth- (a) in the administration of any educational
institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils
or students or the payment of fees; or (b) in providing out of the funds of a public
authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any
educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether
within or outside the Federation. (2) Every religious group has the right to establish
and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and there
shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such
institutions or in the administration of any such law; but it shall be lawful for the
Federation or a State to establish or maintain or assist in establishing or maintaining
Islamic institutions or provide or assist in providing instruction in the religion of Islam
and incur such expenditure as may be necessary for the purpose. (3) No person shall
be required to receive instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of worship
of a religion other than his own. (4) For the purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a
person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.
Article 18: Every citizen has the right to education. Public education is obligatory, free
and secular. Private education is recognized and exercised within the conditions
defined by the law.
Article 40(2): No person shall be required to receive instruction in religion or to show
knowledge or proficiency in religion if, in the case of a person who has not attained the
age of sixteen years, objection to such requirement is made by the person who
according to law has authority over him and, in any other case, if the person so
required objects thereto: Provided that no such requirement shall be held to be
inconsistent with or in contravention of this article to the extent that the knowledge of,
or the proficiency or instruction in, religion is required for the teaching of such religion,
or for admission to the priesthood or to a religious order, or for other religious
purposes, and except so far as that requirement is shown not to be reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society. Article 2: (2) The authorities of the Roman Catholic
Apostolic Church have the duty and the right to teach which principles are right and
which are wrong. (3) Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be
provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education. Article 45(9): A
requirement, however made, that the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion shall be
taught by a person professing that religion shall not be held to be inconsistent with or
in contravention of this article.
Article 11: (2) Except with his own consent (or, if he is a minor, the consent of his
guardian), no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion that he does not profess.
(3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from making provision
for the giving, by persons lawfully in Mauritius, of religious instruction to persons of
that community or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
community or denomination. Article 14: (1) No religious denomination and no
religious, social, ethnic or cultural association or group shall be prevented from
establishing and maintaining schools at its own expense. (2) Nothing contained in or
done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in
contravention of subsection (1) to the extent that the law in question makes provision
— (a) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public
health; or
(b) for regulating such schools in the interests of persons receiving instruction in them,
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under its
authority is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. (3) No
person shall be prevented from sending to any such school a child of whom that
person is parent or guardian by reason only that the school is not a school established
or maintained by the Government. (4) In subsection (3), “child” includes a stepchild
and a child adopted in a manner recognised by law, and “parent” shall be construed
accordingly.
Article 3(1): As Article 24 guarantees freedom of beliefs, education shall be secular
and, as such, must be maintained entirely apart from any religious doctrine.
Article 4, Section 2: ...assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious

purposes.
Article 35(8): The State shall ascertain, under the law, the freedom of religious
education. The State education system shall be of a lay nature.
Article 113: (3) Public education shall not pertain to any religion.... (5) The State shall
not plan education and culture in accordance with any specific philosophical, aesthetic,
political, ideological or religious guidelines.
Article 368:The Union shall honor and assist outstanding citizens in education
irrespective of race, religion and sex according to their qualifications.
Article 20(4): All persons shall have the right, at their own expense, to establish and to
maintain private schools, or colleges or other institutions of tertiary education:
provided that: (a) such schools, colleges or institutions of tertiary education are
registered with a Government department in accordance with any law authorising and
regulating such registration; (b) the standards maintained by such schools, colleges or
institutions of tertiary education are not inferior to the standards maintained in
comparable schools, colleges or institutions of tertiary education funded by the State;
(c) no restrictions of whatever nature are imposed with respect to the admission of
pupils based on race, colour or creed; (d) no restrictions of whatever nature are
imposed with respect to the recruitment of staff based on race or colour.
Article 11: ..(3)Except with his consent or, if he is under the age of twenty years, the
consent of his parent or guardian, no person attending a place of education is required
to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or
observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than
his own religion or belief.(4) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any
law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of the provisions of this
Article to the extent that that law makes provision which is reasonably required... (c)
for regulating the secular education provided in any place of education in the interests
of the persons receiving instruction in that place.
Article 23: (3) Education provided by public authorities shall be regulated by Act of
Parliament, paying due respect to everyone's religion or belief..... (5)The standards
required of schools financed either in part or in full from public funds shall be
regulated by Act of Parliament, with due regard, in the case of private schools, tothe
freedom of provide education according to religious or other belief.
Human Rights Act, Article 28: (1) Nothing in section 22 ofthis Act shall prevent
different treatment based on sex where the position is for the purposes of an
organised religion and is limited to one sex so as to comply with the doctrines or rules
or established customs of the religion.(2) Nothing in section 22 o fthis Act shall prevent
different treatment based on religious or ethical beliefwhere- (a) That treatment is
accorded under section 65 of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975; or
(b) The sole or principal duties of the position (not being a position to which section 65
of the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 applies)- (i) Are, or are
substantially the same as, those of a clergyman, priest, pastor, official, or teacher
among adherents of that belief or otherwise involve the propagation ofthat belief; or
(ii) Are those of a teacher in a private school... Human Rights Act, Article 58(1): An
educational establishment maintained wholly or principally for students of one sex,
race, or religious belief, or for students with a particular disability, or for students in a
particular age group, or the authority responsible for the control of any such
establishment, does not commit a breach of section 57 ofthis Act by refusing to admit
students of a different sex, race, or religious belief, or students not having that
disability or not being in that age group.
Article 124: Education in Nicaragua is secular. The State recognizes the right of private
education centers with a religious orientation to teach religion as an extracurricular
subject
Article 38: (2) No person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
such instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own, or a
religion not approved by his parent or guardian. (3) No religious community or
denomination shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for pupils of that
community or denomination in any place of education maintained wholly by that
receive religious instruction, or take part in any religious ceremony, or attend religious
worship, if such instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his
own. (2) In respect of any religious institution, there shall be no discrimination against
any community in the granting of exemption or concession in relation to taxation. (3)
Subject to law,— (a) no religious community or denomination shall be prevented from
providing religious instruction for pupils of that community or denomination in any
educational institution maintained wholly by that community or denomination; and (b)
no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution receiving aid from
public revenues on the ground only of race, religion, caste or place of birth. (4) Nothing
in this Article shall prevent any public authority from making provision for the
advancement of any socially or educationally backward class of citizens.
Article IV, Section 1: The government shall not recognize or establish a national
religion, but may provide assistance to private or parochial schools on a fair and
equitable basis for nonreligious purposes.
Article 94: ...Educational institutions, whether public or private, are open to all
students without distinction of race, social position, political ideology, religion, or the
nature of the relationship of the student’s parents or guardians.... Article 107: The
Catholic religion shall be taught in public schools, but, upon the requests of parents or
guardians, certain students shall not be obliged to attend religion classes, nor to
participate in religious services.
Section 45(1): Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, thought and
religion and the practice of his religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and
propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to interfere with the freedom of
others, except to the extent that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a
law that complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on qualified rights).
Article 74: ...Freedom to teach, without any requirement other than having ethical
integrity and being competent for the job, as well as the right to have a religious
education and ideological pluralism are also guaranteed.
Article 14: Ethical and civic training and the teaching of the Constitution and of human
rights are mandatory in the entire civil or military educational process. Religious
education is provided in keeping with freedom of conscience….
Article 14, Section 3(3): At the option expressed in writing by the parents or
guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public
elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or
approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards
belong, without additional cost to the Government. Article 14, Section 4(2): (2)
Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission
boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all
educational institutions.
Article 53: (1) Parents shall have the right to ensure their children a moral and religious
upbringing and teaching in accordance with their convictions. The provisions of Article
48, para. 1 shall apply as appropriate.
(4) The religion of a church or other legally recognized religious organization may be
taught in schools, but other peoples' freedom of religion and conscience shall not be
infringed thereby. Article 48(1): Parents shall have the right to rear their children in
accordance with their own convictions. Such upbringing shall respect the degree of
maturity of a child as well as his freedom of conscience and belief and also his
convictions. Article 35(2): National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to
establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious
identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their
cultural identity.
Article 43: (2) The state shall not lay down educational and cultural programmes in
accordance with any philosophical, aesthetic, political, ideological or religious
directives.(3) Public education shall not be denominational. (4) The right to create
private and cooperative schools shall be guaranteed.
Article 29(6): Parents or guardians have the right to ensure, in accordance with their
own convictions, the education of minor children for whom they are responsible.
Article 48(1): The family is based on a freely consented marriage by the spouses, their
full equality, and the right and duty of the parents to raise, educate, and instruct their
children
eighteen years, the consent of a person who is his parent or guardian) a person
attending any place of education, detained in any prison or corrective institution or
serving in a defence force shall not be required to receive religious instruction or to
take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction,
ceremony or observance relates to a religion that is not his own. (3) Every religious
education and to manage any place of education that it wholly maintains and such a
community shall not be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of
that community in the course of any education that it wholly maintains or in the
course of any education that it otherwise provides.
receive religious instruction or take part in any religious ceremony or attend religious
own. (2) Every religious community or denomination shall have the right to establish
and maintain educational institutions of its own choice and to provide therein religious
instruction for pupils of that community or denomination. (3) Nothing in clause (2)
shall prevent the State from making any law requiring the inspection of educational
institutions and the maintenance therein of standards in keeping with the general
educational level in Samoa.
Article 31: (1) The right to learn and the freedom to teach are guaranteed. (2) The
State may not reserve for itself the right to plan education and culture according to any
philosophical, political, ideological or religious policies.
Article 13: The aim of education is to implant the Islamic Creed in the hearts of all
youths, to help them acquire knowledge and skills, to qualify them to become useful
members of their society, to love their homeland and take pride in its history.
Article 22: ...The religious institutions and communities shall equally be recognized as
means of education. All national institutions, public and private, have the duty to
promote literacy among their members and to participate in the national effort to
promote literacy in one of the national languages. Article 24: The freedom of
conscience, the religious and cultural freedoms and practices, and the profession of
religious teacher shall be guaranteed to all, subject to the public order.
Article 43: ...Parents and legal guardians shall have the right to ensure religious and
moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.
Article 11: (3) A person attending any place of education shall not be compelled to
impart or receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
ceremony or observance….. (7) Anything in this article shall not preclude any religious
community or denomination from providing religious instruction for persons of that
community or denomination in the course of any education provided by that
Article 24: (3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from

providing religious instruction for persons of that community or denomination in the
course of any education provided by that community or denomination. (4) No person
shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take
any oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion or belief.
Article 16:(1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 12, there shall be no
discrimination against any citizen of Singapore on the grounds only of religion, race,
descent or place of birth... (2) Every religious group has the right to establish and
maintain institutions for the education of children and provide therein instruction in its
own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any
law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law. (3) No person
shall be required to receive instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of
worship of a religion other than his own. (4) For the purposes of clause (3), the religion
of a person under the age of 18 years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.
Article 42: Private schools may be established and instruction provided there only
under conditions set by law; education may be provided at such schools in exchange
for tuition.
Article 41: ...Parents have the right to provide their children with a religious and moral
upbringing in accordance with their beliefs. The religious and moral guidance given to
children must be appropriate to their age and maturity, and be consistent with their
free conscience and religious and other beliefs or convictions.
which it wholly maintains. (3) No religious community shal be prevented from
education provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the
course of any education which it otherwise provides. (4) Except with his own consent
(or, if he is a person who bas not attained the age of eighteen years, the consent of his
guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
religious instruction or take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own..... (7)
Nothing in this section shall affect the power of Parliament to prescribe the curriculum
and related matters in ail places of education within Solomon Islands.
Article 27(3): The public authorities guarantee the right of parents to ensure that their
children receive religious and moral instruction in accordance with their own
convictions.
Article 44(1): Education is a right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to
education without discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity, gender or disability.
Section 23(3): A religious community is entitled to establish and maintain places of
education and to manage any place of education which that community wholly
maintains, and that community may not be prevented from providing religious
instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at
any place of education which that community wholly maintains or in the course of any
education which that community otherwise provides.
Article 80: The State shall act in compliance with the social, public health, education
and culture policies as follows… (4) promoting and supporting the delegation of
powers to the local governments, communities, religious organizations and private
sector with a view to provide and participate in educational management for the
development of educational quality standard equally and to be in line with the
fundamental State policy;
Article 17: (8) It shall endeavor to improve the residential and non-residential
government and private primary, middle and high schools, and it shall endeavor to
gradually introduce the Tibetan language as the medium of instruction in all of its
schools, with special emphasis placed on moral education rooted in the Buddhist
teachings.... (11) It shall endeavour to disseminate a non-sectarian and wholesome
tradition of Buddhist doctrines.... (15) It shall support and promote cultural, religious,
monastic and academic institutions....
Article 30: ...The State recognizes private, confessional and secular education.
Article 24: ...Education and instruction in religion and ethics shall be conducted under
state supervision and control. Instruction in religious culture and moral education shall
be compulsory in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. Other religious
education and instruction shall be subject to the individual's own desire, and in the
case of minors, to the request of their legal representatives.... Article 24: The
provisions of
international treaties are reserved.
Article 12: ...The educational system of the State is separate from religious
organizations and has a secular character….
Section 23(3): A religious community is entitled, at its own expense— (a) to establish
and maintain places of education; and (b) subject to the maintenance of any minimum
prescribed educational standards, to manage any place of education that it wholly
maintains; and
(c) subject to subsection (4), to provide religious instruction for members of the
community in the course of any education that it provides.
Article 35: ...The Church and religious organizations in Ukraine are separated from the
State, and the school—from the Church….
Article 59: ... . The father and the mother have a right [that] their children receive the
religious education which is in accordance with their convictions...
Article 54: Education is a right for all citizens. The state shall guarantee education in
accordance with the law through building various schools and cultural and educational
institutions. Basic education is obligatory. The state shall do its best to obliterate
illiteracy and give special care to expanding technical and vocational education. The
state shall give special attention to young people and protect them against perversions,
provide them with religious, mental and physical education, and the appropriate
environment to develop their aptitude in all fields.
Article 19: (2) Except with his own consent, or, if he is a minor, the consent of his
guardian, no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own.
(3) No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from providing
religious instruction for persons of that community or denomination in the course of
any education provided by the community or denomination or from establishing and
maintaining institutions to provide social services for such persons.
Article 19: (2) Except with his own consent or, if he is a minor, the consent of his parent
or guardian, no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive
that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own. (3)
No religious community shall be prevented from making provision for the giving by
persons lawfully in Zimbabwe of religious instruction to persons of that community in
the course of any education provided by that community, whether or not that
community is in receipt of any subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance from
the State. Article 20(3): No religious denomination and no person or group of persons
shall be prevented from establishing and maintaining schools, whether or not that
denomination, person or group is in receipt of any subsidy, grant or other form of
financial assistance from the State.
Religion and Family Religion and Social Services
Article 54: Family is the fundamental pillar of the

society, and shall be protected by the state. The
state shall adopt necessary measures to attain the
physical and spiritual health of the family,
especially of the child and mother, upbringing of
children, as well as the elimination of related
traditions contrary to the principles of the sacred
religion of Islam.
Article 13(1) The civil status of persons and forms

of marriage shall be regulated by law. The civil
effects of Canon Law marriage shall be recognised.
Article:(a) The family is the basis of society,
deriving its strength from religion, morality and
love of the homeland. The law preserves its lawful
entity, strengthens its bonds and values, under its
aegis extends protection to mothers and children,
tends the young and protects them from
exploitation and safeguards them against moral,
bodily and spiritual neglect. The State cares in
particular for the physical, moral and intellectual
development of the young. (b) The State
guarantees reconciling the duties of women
towards the family with their work in society, and
their equality with men in political, social, cultural,
and economic spheres without breaching the
provisions of Islamic canon law (Shari’a).
Article 21: A civil wedding should always precede
the blessing of the marriage, apart from the
exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
Article 5(7): ...providing religious
assistance at civilian and military
establishments for collective
confinement is assured, as provided
by law;
Article 46(1): Matrimony shall be a free union

between a man and a woman. Only a civil
marriage shall be legal.
Article 23...Marriage shall be based on the free

consent of a man and a woman. Any
discrimination based on race, color, religion,
ethnicity, caste, social origin or fortune shall be
prohibited with regard to marriage…..
Article 48(5): Religious presence in

Article 46(1): Everyone shall have the right to hospitals and prisons, as well as the
marry in civil or religious ceremony. armed forces, shall be guaranteed, as
provided by law.
Article 42: Religious marriages will have civil effects
within the limits established by law. The civil
effects of all marriages may be terminated by
divorce in accordance with civil law. Also having
civil effects are decrees of annulment of religious
marriages issued by the authorities of the
respective faiths within the limits established by
law.
Article 40: The law defines the rules on marriage

and the organization of the family.
Article 22(3): Nothing in this Article contained

shall, in any way, affect the rights, other than those
on marriage, of the Greek-Orthodox Church or of
any religious group to which the provisions of
paragraph 3 of Article 2 shall apply with regard to
their respective members as provided in this
Constitution.
Article 9: The family is the basis of the society
founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
Article 25: .. No religion may serve to establish the

marital status of persons.
Article 27(4): Parents and legal guardians have the Article 21: (1)All persons held in
right to bring up their children ensuring their custody and persons imprisoned
religious and moral education in conformity with upon conviction and sentencing have
their own convictions. Article 34: ....(4) In the right to treatments respecting
accordance with provisions to be specified by law, their human dignity.(2) All persons
a law giving recognition to marriage concluded shall have the opportunity to
under systems of religious or customary laws may communicate with, and to be visited
be enacted. (5) This Constitution shall not preclude by, their spouses or partners, close
the adjudication of disputes relating to personal relatives, friends, religious
and family laws in accordance with religious or councillors, medical doctors and
customary laws, with the consent of the parties to their legal counsel.
the dispute. Particulars shall be determined by law.
Article 23(2c): the detainee must be

by: (i) his or her spouse, partner or
next-of-kin; and (ii) a religious
counsellor or social worker; Article
26: (1) Every person who is arrested
or detained has the right...(d) to be
by:
(i) his or her spouse, partner or next-
of-kin; and
(ii) a religious counsellor or social
worker;
Article 141 (Weimar): To the extent
that a need exists for religious
services and pastoral work in the
army, in hospitals, in prisons, or in
other public institutions, religious
societies are permitted to provide
them, but without compulsion of any
kind.
Article 19c:They [prisoners] are
entitled to communicate, when they
Article 49: The state of matrimony can be so request, with their kin, defense
authorized by mayors, councilors, practicing lawyer, religious counselor, physician,
notaries, and religious ministers empowered by and where applicable, with the
the corresponding administrative authority. diplomatic or consular representative
of their own nationality.
Article 112: Only a civil marriage performed by

competent officials and under the conditions
established by the Law is valid.
Article 141(3): Religious

organizations may, according to their
previous practice, continue to run
seminaries and other schools,
hospitals and welfare institutions and
to provide other social services.
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and
the Twelver Ja‘farî school [in uṣūl al-Dîn and fiqh],
and this principle will remain eternally immutable.
Other Islamic schools, including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î,
Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full
respect, and their followers are free to act in
accordance with their own jurisprudence in
performing their religious rites. These schools
enjoy official status in matters pertaining to
religious education, affairs of personal status
(marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) ...
Article 29(1): The family is the foundation of

society; the State preserves its entity and its
religious, moral and patriotic values
Article 9: The family is the corner-stone of Society.
It is founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
Law shall preserve the integrity of the family,
strengthen its ties and protect under its auspices
motherhood and childhood.
Article 38: ...The State shall register marriages,
births, and deaths. The State shall also recognise
church registration of marriages….
Article 21: Civil marriage must always precede the

religious wedding.
Article 42: Every person who is
detained, including every sentenced
prisoner, shall have the right… (d) to
be given the means and opportunity
to communicate with, and to be
visited by, his or her spouse, partner,
next-of-kin, relative, religion
counsellor and a medical practitioner
of his or her choice;
Article 119(4): The law shall establish forms in
which traditional and religious marriage shall be
esteemed, and determine the registration
requirements and effects of such marriage.
Article 14(1): Men and women of full age, without
any limitation due to race, colour, ethnic origin,
nationality, religion, creed or social or economic
status shall have the right to marry and to found a
family. They shall be entitled to equal rights as to
marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
Article 15: The State shall defend
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in
accordance with their religious convictions
and the demands of responsible parenthood…
Article 53(1): Parents shall have the right to ensure

their children a moral and religious upbringing and
teaching in accordance with their convictions. The
provisions of Article 48, para. 1 shall apply as
appropriate. Article 48(1): Parents shall have the
right to rear their children in accordance with their
own
convictions. Such upbringing shall respect the
degree of maturity of a child as well
as his freedom of conscience and belief and also
his convictions.
Article 21: The family is the basis of the society. A

Qatari family is founded on religion, ethics, and
patriotism….
Article 29(6): Parents or guardians have the right

to ensure, in accordance with their own
convictions, the education of minor children for
whom they are responsible. Article 48: (1) The
family is based on a freely consented marriage by
the spouses, their full equality, and the right and
duty of the parents to raise, educate, and instruct
their children. (2) The conditions in which
marriages may be contracted, dissolved, and
annulled are established by law. A religious
marriage ceremony can be celebrated only after
the civil ceremony
Article 9: The family is the nucleus of Saudi Society.
Members of the family shall be raised in the
Islamic Creed, which demands allegiance and
obedience to God, to His Prophet and to the
rulers, respect for and obedience to the laws, and
love for and pride in the Homeland and its glorious
history.
Article 15: (3) (a) This section does not prevent
legislation recognising— Article 35(1): Everyone who is
(i) marriages concluded under any tradition, or a arrested for allegedly committing an
system of religious, personal or family law; or (ii)
systems of personal and family law under any communicatehas
offence the right… (f) to
tradition, or adhered to by persons professing a that person’s… (iii) and
with, be visited by,
chosen religious
particular religion. (b) Recognition in terms of counsellor; and
paragraph (a) must be consistent with this section
and the other provisions of the Constitution.
Instrument of Government Chapter 11, Article 6:
The Chancellor of Justice, the Prosecutor General,
the central administrative boards and the county
administrative boards come under the
Government. Other State administrative
authorities come under the Government, unless
they are authorities under the Riksdag according
to the present Instrument of Government or by
virtue of other law. Administrative functions may
be entrusted to a local authority. Administrative
functions may be delegated to a limited company,
association, collective, foundation, registered
religious community or any part of its organisation,
or to a private person. If such a function involves
the exercise of public authority, delegation shall be
made by virtue of law. Groungs for allowing civil
effects of marriage
Article 33: ...Polygamy is prohibited.

Article 31(2a): Marriage between persons of the
same sex is prohibited.
Article 15: The family is the basis of society. It is

founded on morality, religion, ethics and
patriotism. The law shall guarantee its existence,
safeguard and protect it from corruption.
Article 26: The Family is the basis of society, its
pillars are religion, customs and
love of the homeland. The law shall maintain the
integrity of the family and
strengthen its ties.
Country Legal Recognition of Religion/Autonomy
Afghanistan
Artice 10(6): Religious communities are juridical persons. They have

independence in the administration of their properties according to their
Albania principles, rules and canons, to the
extent that interests of third parties are not infringed.
Algeria
Article 11(3) The Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free
and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of
Andorra special co-operation with the State in accordance with the Andorran
tradition. The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of
the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their
own rules.
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Article 23: Every person has the right to freedom of thought, of conscience,
of religion, of creed, of opinion and of expression with respect for the
public order established by law and regulations. The exercise of a creed and
the expression of beliefs shall take place with respect for the secularity of
Benin the State. The institutions and the religious or philosophical communities
shall have the right to develop without hindrances. They shall not be
subject to the guardianship of the State. They shall regulate and administer
Bhutan
Bolvia
Botsawana
Brazil
Brunei Daraussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Article 19(6): Freedom of conscience, the manifestation of all beliefs and
the free exercise of all beliefs, which are not contrary to morals, good
customs or public order. Religious communities may build and maintain
churches and the corresponding facilities under the conditions of safety
and hygiene fixed by the laws and ordinances. Churches, religious
Chile communities and religious institutions of any spirituality shall have the
rights granted and acknowledged by the laws currently in force. Churches
and their facilities assigned exclusively for religious purposes shall be
exempt from all types of taxes;
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Article 23: (1) Every person, alone or jointly with others, has the right to
acquire, own, possess, enjoy or dispose of any movable or immovable
property and has the right to respect for such right…. (9) 9.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article, no deprivation
restriction or limitation of the right provided in paragraph 1 of this Article,
in respect of any movable or immovable property belonging to any See,
monastery, church or any other ecclesiastical corporation or any right over
it or interest therein shall be made except with the written consent of the
appropriate ecclesiastical authority being in control of such property and
the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 7 and 8 of this Article shall be subject to
the provisions of this paragraph:
Cyprus Provided that restrictions or limitations for the purposes of town and
country planning under the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article are
exempted from the provisions of this paragraph. (10) 10. Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Article, no deprivation, restriction or limitation of
any right provided in paragraph 1 of this Article in respect of any vakf
movable or immovable property, including the objects and subjects of the
vakfs and the properties belonging to the Mosques or to any other Moslem
religious institutions, or any right thereon or interest therein shall be made
except with the approval of the Turkish Communal Chamber and subject to
the Laws and Principles of Vakfs and the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 7
and 8 of this Article shall be subject to the provisions of this paragraph:
CFRBF, Article 16(2): Churches and religious societies govern their own
affairs; in particular, they establish their own bodies and appoint their
Czech Republic clergy, as well as found religious orders and other church institutions,
independent of state authorities.
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Domincan Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador The other churches may obtain, in conformity with the law, the recognition
of their personality.
Article 23: ...The State guarantees to every person, private entity, or
Equatorial Guinea religious community, legal status, or the right to form, provided that
schools submit to the official pedagogical plan…..
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Article 1(13): the right to form associations, political parties or formations,

communities, is guaranteed to all under conditions fixed by the law;
religious communities conduct and administrate their affairs in an
independent manner, under reserve of respect of the principles of national
Gabon sovereignty, public order and the preservation of the moral and mental
integrity of the individual. Political associations, parties or formations,
communities of which the activities are contrary to law, or to the good
relations of ethnic groups or ensembles may be prohibited according to the
terms of the law.
Gambia
Article 9 (1): The state shall declare complete freedom of belief and
religion, as well as shall recognise the special role of the Apostle
Georgia Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its
independence from the state.
Article 137 (Weimar): (3) Every religious society shall regulate and
administer its affairs independently within the limits of the law that applies
to all. It shall confer its offices without the participation of the state or the
civil community. (4) Religious societies shall acquire legal capacity according
to the general provisions of the civil law. (5) Religious societies shall remain
corporations under public law insofar as they have enjoyed that status in
the past. Other religious societies shall be granted the same rights upon
application, if their constitution and the number of their members give
assurance of their permanency. If two or more religious societies
established under public law unite into a single organization, the latter shall
also constitute a corporation under public law. (6) Religious societies that
are corporations under public law shall be entitled to levy taxes on the
basis of the civil taxation lists in accordance with Land law. (7) Associations
Germany whose purpose is to foster a philosophical creed shall have the same status
as religious societies. (8) Such further regulation as may be required for the
implementation of these provisions shall be a matter for Land legislation.
Article 138 (Weimar): (1) Rights of religious societies to public subsidies on
the basis of a law contract, or special grant shall be redeemed by legislation
of the Länder. The principles governing such redemption shall be
established by the Reich. (2) Property rights and other rights of religious
societies or associations in their institutions, foundations, and other assets
intended for purposes of worship, education, or charity shall be
guaranteed.
Ghana
Greece
Grenada

The other churches, faiths, entities, and associations of religious character
will secure the recognition of their juridical personality in accordance with
the rules of their institution, and the Government will be unable to deny it
unless for reasons of public order. The State will extend to the Catholic
Church without any cost whatever titles of ownership to the real estate
Guatemala which it now holds peacefully for its own purposes whenever they formed
part of the patrimony of the Catholic Church in the past. Property assigned
to third parties nor those which the State has traditionally assigned to their
services cannot be affected. The real estate of religious entities assigned to
the church, education, and social welfare enjoy exemption from taxes,
assessments, and levies.
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Article 30-2: The law establishes the conditions for recognition and
practice of religions and faiths. Article 55-2: The right to own real property
shall be accorded also to aliens residing in Haiti and to foreign companies
Haiti for the needs of their agricultural, commercial, industrial, religious,
humanitarian or educational enterprises, within the limits and under the
conditions prescribed by law.
Honduras
Basic Law Article 141: (2) Religious organizations shall, in accordance with
law, enjoy the rights to acquire, use, dispose of and inherit property and
the right to receive financial assistance. Their previous property rights and
interests shall be maintained and protected. (3) Religious organizations
may, according to their previous practice, continue to run seminaries and
Hong Kong other schools, hospitals and welfare institutions and to provide other social
services. (4) Religious organizations and believers in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region may maintain and develop their relations with
religious organizations and believers elsewhere
Hungary
Iceland
Article 26: Subject to public order, morality and health, every

religious denomination or any section thereof shall have
the right- (a) to establish and maintain institutions for
India religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters
of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property in accordance with law.
Indonesia
Article 12: The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja‘farî school
[in uṣūl al-Dîn and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable.
Other Islamic schools, including the Ḥanafî, Shāfi‘î, Mālikî, Ḥanbalî, and
Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in
accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites.
education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and
Iran wills) and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where
local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are
to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing
upon the rights of the followers of other schools. Article 13: Zoroastrian,
Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities,
who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites
and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of
personal affairs and religious education.
Iraq
Ireland 2
POC Article 83: ...Each religious community shall enjoy autonomy for the
internal affairs of the community subject to the provisions of any Ordinance
or Order issued by the High Commissioner. Article 2: ..."Religious
Israel community" means any
community mentioned in the Second Schedule to this Order and any
community which may be declared by the High Commissioner by Order to
be a religious community....
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Article 9: It also guarantees to the communities, regardless of their
Lebanon religious allegiance, the respect of their rules on personal status and their
religious interests.
Lesotho
Article 78: As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,
an "association" means a body of persons, corporate or other, which acts
Liberia together for a common purpose, and includes a group of people organized
for any ethnic, social, cultural, occupational or religious objectives...
Libya
Article 38: The right of ownership and all other proprietary rights of
ecclesiastical communities and religious associations in respect of their
institutions, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship,
Liechtenstein education and charity are guaranteed. The administration of Church
property in the parishes shall be regulated by a special law; the assent of
the Church authorities shall be sought before the said law is promulgated.
Article 43: The State shall recognise the churches and religious
organization[s] that are traditional in Lithuania, whereas other churches
and religious organization shall be recognised provided that they have
support in society and their teaching and practices are not in conflict with
Lithuania the law and public morals. The churches and religious organization[s]
recognised by the State shall have the rights of a legal person.... The status
of churches and other religious organization[s] in the State shall be
established by agreement or by law.
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Article 11(3): Every religious group has the right-
(a) to manage its own religious affairs; (b) to establish and maintain
Malaysia institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and (c) to acquire and own
property and hold and administer it in accordance with law.
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Article 130: The historic principle of separation of the State and the
churches guides the norms contained in the present article. All churches
and other religious groups are subject to the law. It shall be the exclusive
responsibility of the Congress of the Union to legislate in matters regarding
public cults, churches, and religious groups. The respective regulatory law,
Mexico which shall be of public order, shall develop and implement the following
provisions: (a) Churches and religious groups shall have juridical personality
as religious associations, once they secure the appropriate registration. The
law shall regulate these associations, and shall determine the conditions
and requirements for such registration
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morrocco
Article 54(3): Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their
Mozambique religious aims freely and to own and acquire assets for realising their
objectives
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Article 23(2):Every religious denomination shall have the right to maintain

Nepal its independent existence, and for this purpose to manage and protect its
religious places and religious trusts, in accordance with law.
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Article 36: Religious organizations have juridical capacity and manage and
Panama administer their property within the limits prescribed by law, the same as
other juridical persons.
Paupa New Guinea
Article 24: Relations between the State and the Catholic Church are based
on independence, cooperation, and autonomy. The independence and
autonomy of all churches and religious denominations, without restrictions
Paraguay other than those imposed by this Constitution and the law, are hereby
guaranteed.
Peru
Article 9, Section 2: The Commission on Elections shall exercise the

following powers and functions... (5) Register, after sufficient publication,
political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other
requirements, must present their platform or program of government; and
Phillippines accredit citizens' arms of the Commission on Elections. Religious
denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to
achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to
uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or which are supported by any
foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Article 29(5): The religious sects are autonomous in relation to the state
and enjoy its support, which includes measures facilitating religious
Romania assistance in the Army, in hospitals, penitentiaries, asylums, and
orphanages.
Russia
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
Western Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Article 24: ….The religious institutions and committees shall have the right
to develop their activities without hindrance. They shall not be subject to
Senegal the supervision of the State. They shall regulate and manage their affairs in
an autonomous manner.
Article 44: Churches and religious communities are equal and separated
from the state. Churches and religious communities shall be equal and free
to organize independently their internal structure, religious matters, to
Serbia
perform religious rites in public, to establish and manage religious schools,
social and charity institutions, in accordance with the law.....
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Article 15(3): (3) Every religious group has the right— (a) to manage its
own religious affairs; (b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious
Singapore or charitable purposes; and (c) to acquire and own property and hold and
administer it in accordance with law....
Article 24(3): Churches and religious communities govern their own affairs;
in particular, they constitute their own bodies, appoint their clergy, organize
Slovakia the teaching of religion, and establish religious orders and other church
institutions independently of state bodies.
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Article 6: The State shall respect the following religious rights:— (a)
worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to
establish and maintain places for these purposes, (b) establish and maintain
appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions, (c) acquire and possess
movable and immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary
articles and materials related to the rites or customs of a religion or belief,
(d) write, issue and disseminate religious publications, (e) teach religion or
belief in places suitable for these purposes, (f) solicit and receive voluntary
Sudan financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public
institutions, (g) train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate
religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any
religion or belief, (h) observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and
ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs, (i)
communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and
belief at national and international levels.
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Article 80: The State shall act in compliance with the social, public health,
education and culture policies as follows… (4) promoting and supporting
the delegation of powers to the local governments, communities, religious
Thailand organizations and private sector with a view to provide and participate in
educational management for the development of educational quality
standard equally and to be in line with the fundamental State policy;
Tibet
Togo
female, of such church in that town, and it shall not be lawful for any
religious body to use such leased lands for other than religious purposes or
Tonga to sub-let to any person without the prior consent of Cabinet, and upon
satisfactory proof before a Court that any such land has been sub-let
without consent, such land shall revert to the person from whom the land
was leased, or to his successor in title as the case may be.
Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Section 23: (3) A religious community is entitled, at its own expense— (a)
to establish and maintain places of education; and (b) subject to the
maintenance of any minimum prescribed educational standards, to manage
any place of education that it wholly maintains; and (c) subject to
subsection (4), to provide religious instruction for members of the
community in the course of any education that it provides. (4) Except with
Tuvalu his consent, no-one attending a place of education shall be required—
(a) to receive religious instruction; or (b) to take part in or attend a religious
ceremony or observance, if the instruction, ceremony or observance relates
to a religion or belief other than his own.
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Article 59: ...The independence and autonomy of churches and religious
Venezuela confessions is guaranteed as well, with no other limitations than those
derived from this Constitution and the law.…..
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Bilateral Relations
Article 75: The Congress shall have power…. (22) To approve

or reject treaties entered with other nations and with
international organizations, and concordats with the Holy
See. Treaties and concordats have higher standing than
laws....
Article 9(2): The relations between the state of Georgia and
the Apostle Autocephalous
Orthodox Church of Georgia shall be determined by the
Constitutional Agreement. The Constitutional Agreement
shall correspond completely to
universally recognised principles and norms of international
law, in particular, in the field of human rights and
fundamental freedoms. Article 73(1): 1.
a.1. conclude a constitutional agreement with the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia on behalf of the
state of Georgia...
Article 7: The State and the Catholic Church are
independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere.
Their relations are regulated by the Lateran pacts.
Amendments to such Pacts which are accepted by both
parties shall not require the procedure of constitutional
amendments.Article 8: All religious denominations are
equally free before the law. Denominations other than
Catholicism have the right to self-organisation according to
their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with
Italian law. Their relations with the State are regulated by
law, based on agreements with their respective
representatives.
Article 25: ...(4) The relations between the Republic of
Poland and the Roman Catholic Church shall be determined
by international treaty concluded with the Holy See, and by
statute. (5) The relations between the Republic of Poland
and other churches and religious organizations shall be
determined by statutes adopted pursuant to agreements
concluded between their appropriate representatives and
the Council of Ministers
Religion is a Source of Law
Article 3: No law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy
religion of Islam in Afghanistan.
Preamble:They base our political system on a constitutional monarchy

founded on counsel [shura], which in Islam is the highest model for
governance, and on the people’s participation in the exercise of power, which
is the foundation of modern political thought. Article 2: The religion of the
State is Islam. The Islamic Shari’a is a principal source for legislation. The
official language is Arabic. Article 5(d): Inheritance is a guaranteed right
governed by the Islamic Shari’a.
Article 3(4) For the purpose of this Article, His Majesty the Sultan and Yang
Di-Pertuan may, after consultation with the Religious Council, but not
necessarily in accordance with the advice of that Council, make laws in
respect of matters relating to the Islamic Religion.
Article 2:...Islamic law (Sharia) is the principal source of legislation.
Article 78(5): Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of Peoples’

Representatives and State Councils can establish or give official recognition to
religious and customary courts. Religious and customary courts that had state
recognition and functioned prior to the adoption of the Constitution shall be
organized on the basis of recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.
Section 7: In addition to this Constitution, the laws of The Gambia consist of...
(f) the Sharia as regards matters of marriage, divorce and inheritance among
members of the communities to which it applies.Section 17:(2) The Cadi
Court shall be composed—
(a) for hearings at first instance, by a panel consisting of the Cadi and two
other scholars of the Sharia qualified to be a Cadi or Ulama;...
(4) The Cadi Court shall only have jurisdiction to apply the Sharia in matters of
marriage, divorce and inheritance where the parties or other persons
interested are Muslims…. (6) A person shall be required to be of high moral
standing and professionally qualified in the Sharia in order to be appointed a
Cadi or Ulama. (7) A party to proceedings in the Cadi court shall be entitled to
be represented, at his or her own expense, by a person qualified in the
Sharia.
education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills)
and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where
local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to
be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon
the rights of the followers of other schools. Article 44: The private sector
consists of those activities concerned with agriculture, animal husbandry,
industry, trade, and services that supplement the economic activities of the
state and cooperative sectors. Ownership in each of these three sectors is
protected by the laws of the Islamic Republic, in so far as this ownership is in
conformity with the other articles of this chapter, does not go beyond the
bounds of Islamic law, contributes to the economic growth and progress of
the country, and does not harm society. Article 49: The government has the
responsibility of confiscating all wealth accumulated through usury,
usurpation, bribery, embezzlement, theft, gambling, misuse of endowments,
misuse of government contracts and transactions, the sale of uncultivated
lands and other resources subject to public ownership, the operation of
centres of corruption, and other illicit means and sources, and restoring it to
its legitimate owner; and if no such owner can be identified, it must be
entrusted to the public treasury. This rule must be executed by the
government with due care, after investigation and furnishing necessary
evidence in accordance with the law of Islam. Article 61: The functions of the
judiciary are to be performed by courts of justice, which are to be formed in
accordance with the criteria of Islam, and are vested with the authority to
examine and settle lawsuits, protect the rights of the public, dispense and
enact justice, and implement the Divine limits [al-ḥudūd al-’Ilāhiyyah]. Article
90: With a view to safeguard the Islamic ordinances and the Constitution, in
order to examine the compatibility of the legislations passed by the Islamic
Consultative Assembly with Islam, a council to be known as the Guardian
Council is to be constituted with the following composition: Article 94: All
legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be sent to the
Guardian Council. The Guardian Council must review it within a maximum of
ten days from its receipt with a view to ensuring its compatibility with the
criteria of Islam and the Constitution. If it finds the legislation incompatible, it
will return it to the Assembly for review. Otherwise the legislation will be
deemed enforceable. Article 96: The determination of compatibility of the
legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly with the laws of Islam
rests with the majority vote of the fuqahā’ on the Guardian Council; and the
determination of its compatibility with the Constitution rests with the
majority of all the members of the Guardian Council. Article 105: Decisions
taken by the councils must not be contrary to the criteria of Islam and the
Article 2(1A): No law that contradicts the established provisions of Islam may
be established.
Article 99: The courts shall be divided into three categories:
(i) Civil Courts (ii) Religious Courts (iii) Special Courts Article 102: The Civil
Courts in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan shall have jurisdiction over all
persons in all matters, civil and criminal, including cases brought by or against
the Government, except in matters which, by the provisions of the
Constitution, or of any Law for the time being in force, fall within the
jurisdiction of Religious Courts or Special Courts. Article 103(ii):Matters of
personal status are those matters which are defined by law and are within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts where the parties are
Moslems.Article 104: The Religious Courts shall be divided into: (i) The
Shari’a Courts (ii) The Tribunals of other Religious Communities. Article 105
The Shari’a Courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction in the following matters in
accordance with its special laws: (i) Matters of Personal status of Moslems.
(ii) Cases concerning blood money (Diya) where the two parties are Moslems
or where one of the parties is not a Moslem and the two parties consent to
the jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts. (iii) Matters pertaining to Islamic Wakfs.
Article 108: The Tribunals of Religious Communities are those for the non-
Moslem religious communities which have been or will be recognised by the
Government as being established in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Article 109: Tribunals of Religious Communities shall be established in
accordance with the provisions of laws pertaining thereto. Such laws shall
define the jurisdiction of such Tribunals in matters of personal status and
trusts (Wakfs) constituted for the benefit of the community concerned.
Matters of personal status of any such community shall be the same matters
as are, in the case of Moslems, within the jurisdiction of the Shari’a Courts.
(ii) Such laws shall determine the procedure to be followed by the Tribunals
of the Religious Communities.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold or act
in the office of Kadhi unless— (a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he
possesses such knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sect or sects
of Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service Commission,
to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s court shall extend to
the determination of questions of Muslim law relating to personal status,
marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties
profess the Muslim religion.
Article 2: ...Islamic Sharia shall be a main source of legislation.
Article 8: ...Inheritance is a right which will be governed by the Islamic

Shari'a.
Article 10: (a) The religion of the State of the Maldives is Islam. Islam shall be
a basis of all the laws of the Maldives. (b) No law contrary to any tenet of
Islam shall be enacted in the Maldives. . Article 19: A citizen is free to engage
in any conduct or activity that is not expressly prohibited by Islamic Shari’ah
or by law. No control or restraint may be exercised against any person unless
it is expressly authorised by law
Article 2: The State’s religion is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis for
legislation. Article 10: ...Laying suitable foundations for consolidating the
pillars of genuine shura emanating from the country’s heritage, values and its
Islamic Sharia, taking pride in its history while adopting the useful
contemporary methods and tools..... Article 11: ...Inheritance is a right
governed by Islamic Sharia.....
Article 1: Qatar is an independent sovereign Arab State. Its religion is Islam

and Shari'a law shall be a main source of its legislations
Article 7: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia derives its authority
from the Book of God and the Sunna of the Prophet(PBUH), which are the
ultimate sources of reference for this Law and the other laws of the State.
Article 8: Government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on justice,
shura (consultation) and equality according to Islamic Sharia Article 17:
Ownership, capital and labor are basic components of the economic and
social entity of the Kingdom. They are personal rights which perform a social
function in accordance with the Islamic Sharia.Article 23: The State shall
protect the Islamic Creed, apply the Sharia, encourage good and discourage
evil,
and undertake its duty regarding the Propagation of Islam(Da'wa). Article 45:
The Holy Quran and the Sunna(Tradition) of God's Messenger shall be the
source for fetwas(religious advisory rulings). The Law shall specify hierarchical
organization for the composition of the Council of the Senior Ulema, the
Research Administration and the Office of the Mufti, together with their
functions. . Article 46: The Judiciary is an independent authority. The
decisions of judges shall not be subject to any authority other than the
authority of the Islamic Sharia. Article 48: The Courts shall apply rules of the
Islamic Sharia in cases that are brought before them, according
to the Holy Quran and the Sunna, and according to laws which are decreed by
the ruler in agreement with Holy Quran and the Sunna.
Article 3(2): Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation.
female, of such church in that town, and it shall not be lawful for any religious
body to use such leased lands for other than religious purposes or to sub-let
to any person without the prior consent of Cabinet, and upon satisfactory
proof before a Court that any such land has been sub-let without consent,
such land shall revert to the person from whom the land was leased, or to his
successor in title as the case may be.
Article 7: Islam is the official religion ofthe Union. The Islamic Shari'ah shall
be a main source of legislation in the Union….
Article 3: Islamic Shari'ah is the source of all legislation. Article 23: The right
of inheritance is guaranteed in accordance with Islamic tenets (Shari'ah). A
special law will be issued accordingly
State Symbols and Religion Religious Holidays/Sabbath
Article 20: No one can be obliged to contribute

in any way whatsoever to the acts and
ceremonies of a religion or to observe its days
of rest.
Article 35(4)-The National Flag: ...The lower
orange half that extends to the top symbolizes
the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the
flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general
and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in
particular.... The National Emblem: ...There are
four other jewels inside the circle where the
two vajras intersect. They symbolize the
spiritual and secular traditions of the Kingdom
based on the four spiritual undertakings of
Vajrayana Buddhism...
Article 4: The motto of the Kingdom of

Cambodia is "Nation, Religion, King".
Article 32: National Coat of Arms: …the motto,
“God, Country, and Liberty.”
Article 34: National Motto. The National Motto
is “God, Country, and Liberty.”
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag

shall reflect the hope of the Nations,
Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in
equality and unity.
Article 139 (Weimar) : Sunday and holidays
recognized by the state remain protected by law
as days of rest from work and of spiritual
improvement.
Article 117: The official calendar of the country
takes as its point of departure the migration of
the Prophet of Islam—God’s peace and
blessings upon him and his Family. Both the
solar and lunar Islamic calendars are
recognized, but government offices will
function according to the solar calendar. The
official weekly holiday is Friday.
Article 12(2): A law shall regulate the

decorations, official holidays, religious and
national occasions and the Hijri and Gregorian
calendar.
Article 7: The Kingdom's emblem is a red flag
stamped with a five-pointed green star in the
middle. The Kingdom's motto is: GOD, THE
HOMELAND [Patrie], THE KING.
Article 3(c):The words, [arabic] (There is no god Article 2: The State's public holidays are Eid Al
but God and Mohammed is His Messenger) are Fitr (the Feast of Ramadan) and Eid Al Adhha
inscribed in the center, with a drawn sword (The Feast of the Sacrifice). Its calendar follows
underneath. The flag should never be inverted. the Hijri year (the lunar year).
Article 6: The State shall respect the following
religious rights… (h) observe days of rest,
celebrate holidays and ceremonies in
accordance with the precepts of religious
beliefs,
Article 6: The Sabbath Day shall be kept holy in
Tonga and no person shall practise his trade or
profession or conduct any commercial
undertaking on the Sabbath Day except
according to law; and any agreement made or
witnessed on that day shall be null and void and
of no legal effect
Country Invocation of God

Most Beneficient, the Most Merciful
Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and
Sustainer of Worlds;
and Praise and Peace be upon
Mohammad,
Afghanistan His Last Messenger and his disciples
and followers. We the people of
Afghanistan: Believing firmly in
Almight God, relying on His divine
will and adhering to the Holy religion
of Islam.
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda— (a) proclaim
Antigua and Barbuda that they are a sovereign nation
acknowledge the supremacy of God…

the people of the Argentine Nation,
assembled in General Constituent
Congress by the will and election of
the provinces which compose it, in
fulfillment of pre-existing pacts, with
the object of constituting the
national union, ensuring justice,
preserving domestic peace, providing
Argentina for the common defense, promoting
the general welfare, and securing the
blessings of liberty to ourselves, to
our posterity, and to all men in the
world who wish to dwell on
Argentine soil: invoking the
protection of God, source of all
reason and justice, do ordain, decree
and establish this Constitution for the
Argentine Nation.
Armenia

New South Wales, Victoria, South
Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania,
humbly relying on the blessing of
Almighty God, have agreed to unite
Australia in one indissoluble Federal
Commonwealth under the Crown of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and under the
Constitution hereby established:
Austria
Azerbaijan
Preamble: ...We the Inheritors of and
Successors to this Family of Islands,
recognizing the Supremacy of God
Bahamas
and believing in the Fundamental
Rights and Freedoms of the
Individual….
Bahrain
Sub-Title: In the name of Allah, the

Bangladesh Beneficent, the Merciful
Preamble: Now, therefore, the

people of Barbados (a) proclaim that
Barbados they are a sovereign nation founded
upon principles that acknowledge
the supremacy of God,
Belarus
Belgium
Belize—
(a) affirm that the Nation of Belize
Belize
shall be founded upon principles
which acknowledge the supremacy of
God
Benin
Bhutan
Preamble: Fulfilling the mandate of
our peoples, with the strength of
Bolvia Pachamama and thanks to God,
submitted Bolivia.
Botsawana
Preamble: ...promulgate, under the
protection of God, the following
Brazil CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATIVE
REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL.
Invocation: In the name of ALLAH,

the Compassionate, the Merciful,
PRAISE be
to ALLAH, the Lord of the Universe,
and may the benediction and peace
Brunei Daraussalam
of
ALLAH be upon Our Leader
Muhammad and upon all his
Relations and
Friends.
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982,

Part 1, Preamble: Whereas Canada is
Canada founded upon principles that
recognize the supremacy of God and
the rule of law:
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Preamble: In the exercise of their

sovereign power, represented by
their delegates to the National
Colombia Constituent Assembly, invoking the
protection of God, and in order to
strengthen the unity of the nation
Comoros
Congo
Preamble: Conscious of our
Democratic Republic of responsibilities before God, the
Congo Nation, Africa and the World
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire

Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica—
(a) have affirmed that the
Commonwealth of Dominica is
acknowledge the supremacy of God,
faith in fundamental human rights
Dominica and freedoms, the position of the
family in a society of free men and
free institutions, the dignity of the
human person, and the equal and
inalienable rights with which all
members of the human family are
endowed by their Creator...

the Dominican people, freely and
democratically elected, assembled in
Domincan Republic the National Revisionary Assembly,
invoking the name of God, guided by
the ideology of the Fathers of the
Country…
Preamble: Interpreting the profound

sentiment, the aspirations and the
East Timor faith in God of the People of East
Timor;
Preamble: invoking the name of God

Ecuador and recognizing our diverse forms of
religiosity and spirituality.
Preamble: We, the Egyptian people,

in the name of God and by His
Egypt assistance, pledge indefinitely and
unconditionally to exert every effort
to realize:
Preamble: We, the tepresentatives of
the Salvadorean people, assembled
El Salvador in the constituent assembly, place
our confidence in God…
Preamble: We, the people of

Equatorial Guinea, conscious of our
Equatorial Guinea responsibility before God and
history…
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia

FIJI ISLANDS, SEEKING the blessing of
God who has always watched over
Fiji these islands…. WITH GOD AS OUR
WITNESS, GIVE OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia Almighty,
Georgia
Preamble: Conscious of its

Germany responsibility before God and man,
Preamble: IN THE NAME OF THE

Ghana ALMIGHTY GOD
We the People of Ghana,
Greece
Preamble: Whereas the people of

Grenada— (a) have affirmed that
their nation is founded upon
Grenada fatherhood and supremacy of God
and man’s duties toward his fellow
man;
Preamble: INVOKING THE NAME OF
Guatemala GOD,
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana people.
Haiti
Preamble: We, the representatives

elected by the sovereign will of the
Honduran people, meeting in the
Honduras National Constituent Assembly,
invoking the protection of God and
the example of our founding fathers,
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Preamble: ...By the grace of God

Almighty and motivated by the noble
desire to live a free national life, the
people of Indonesia hereby declare
their independence…. the
Indonesia independence of Indonesia shall be
formulated into a constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia which shall be
built into a sovereign state based on
a belief in the One and Only God
Iran Preamble: In the Name of Allah, the
Compassionate, the Merciful

most merciful, the most
Iraq compassionate… Acknowledging
God’s right over us…
Preamble: In the Name of the Most
Holy Trinity, from Whom
is all authority and to Whom, as our
final end, all actions both of men and
States must be referred, We, the
Ireland people of tire,
Humbly acknowledging all our
obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus
Christ, Who sustained our fathers
through centuries of trial,
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Preamble: We the people of Kiribati,

acknowledging God as the Almighty
Father in whom we put our trust, and
Kiribati with faith in the enduring value of
our traditions and heritage, do now
grant ourselves this Constitution
establishing a sovereign democratic
State....
North Korea -
South Korea

Kuwait Beneficent, the Merciful,
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Preamble: Acknowledging our

devout gratitude to God for our
existence as a Free, Sovereign and
Liberia Independent State, and relying on His
Divine Guidance for our survival as a
Nation;
Libya
Preamble: We, John II, by the Grace

of God, Prince Regnant of
Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau,
Count of Rietberg, etc. etc. etc. make
Liechtenstein known that the Constitution of 26
September 1862 has been modified
by Us with the assent of Our Diet as
follows:
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Preamble: Resolved to promote and
develop its heritage of a pluralist
society and respectful of the
diversity, the richness, and the
dynamism of its ethical-spiritual and
socio-cultural values, among others
Madagascar the “fihavanana” and the beliefs in
God the Creator;
Aware, in the name of humanism, of
the necessity to reconcile Man as
much with his creator and his kin as
with nature and its environment,
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta

REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL
ISLANDS, trusting in God, the Giver of
our life, liberty, identity and our
inherent rights, do hereby exercise
Marshall Islands these rights and establish for
ourselves and generations to come
this Constitution, setting forth the
legitimate legal framework for the
governance of the Republic....
Preamble: Trusting in the

omnipotence of ALLAH, the
Mauritanian people proclaims its will
Mauritania to guarantee the integrity of its
territory, its independence and its
national unity and to take upon itself
its free political, economic and social
development.
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morrocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Preamble: WHEREAS we the people

of Nauru acknowledge God as the
Nauru almighty and everlasting Lord and
the giver of all good things….
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Preamble: The Nicaraguan people, all
democratic, patriotic and
revolutionary parties and
organizations of Nicaragua, its men
and women, its workers and
peasants, its glorious youth, its
heroic mothers, those Christians who
Nicaragua inspired by their belief in GOD have
joined and committed themselves to
the struggle for the liberation of the
oppressed, its patriotic intellectuals,
and all those who through their
productive work contribute to the
defense of the Homeland;
Niger
Preamble: TO LIVE in unity and

harmony as one indivisible and
indissoluble Sovereign Nation under
Nigeria God dedicated to the promotion of
inter-African solidarity, world peace,
international co-operation and
understanding:
Norway
Preamble: In the Name of Allah, the

Oman Compassionate, the Merciful
Preamble: Whereas sovereignty over

the entire Universe belongs to
Almighty Allah alone, and the
Pakistan authority to be exercised by the
people of Pakistan within the limits
prescribed by Him is a sacred trust….
Conscious of our responsibility
before Almighty Allah and men....
Preamble: ...We venture into the
future with full reliance on our own
Palau efforts and the divine guidance of
Almighty God.
Preamble: ...invoking the protection

of God, we decree the Political
Panama Constitution of the Republic of
Panama.
Preamble: ...WE, THE PEOPLE, do

now establish this sovereign nation
and declare ourselves, under the
Paupa New Guinea guiding hand of God, to be the
Independent State of Papua New
Guinea….
Paraguay Preamble: ...pleading to God…
Preamble: The Democratic

Constituent Congress, invoking God
Almighty, obeying the mandate of
the Peruvian people, and recalling
Peru the sacrifice of all the generations
that have preceded us in our country,
has formulated the following
Constitution:
Preamble: We, the sovereign Filipino

Phillippines people, imploring the aid of Almighty
God…
Preamble: ...We, the Polish Nation -
all citizens of the Republic, Both
those who believe in God as the
source of truth, justice, good and
beauty,
Poland As well as those not sharing such
faith but respecting those universal
values as arising
from other sources... Recognizing our
responsibility before God or our own
consciences,
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda

Saint Christopher and Nevis— (a)
declare that the nation is established
St. Kitts and Nevis on the belief in Almighty God and the
inherent dignity of each individual...

Saint Lucia—
(a) affirm their faith in the supremacy
St. Lucia of the Almighty God; (b) believe that
all persons have been endowed
equally by God with inalienable
rights and dignity;
Preamble: WHEREAS the Peoples of
the Islands of Saint Vincent, who are
known as Vincentians— (a) have
St. Vincent and the affirmed that the Nation is founded
Grenadines on the belief in the supremacy of
God and the freedom and dignity of
man;
Preamble: IN THE HOLY NAME OF

GOD, THE ALMIGHTY, THE EVER
LOVING
WHEREAS sovereignty over the
Universe belongs to the Omni-
Western Samoa present God alone, and the authority
to be exercised by the people of
Samoa within the limits prescribed
by His commandments is a sacred
heritage;
San Marino
Preamble: With the help of God, we,

Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Monarch
Saudi Arabia of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia...In
the name of God, the most
compassionate, the most Merciful.
Senegal
Serbia
Preamble: We, the People of
Seychelles, GRATEFUL to Almighty
God that we inhabit one of the most
beautiful countries in the world….
Seychelles 1[INVOKING the blessings of
Almighty God]...
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Preeamble: We the people of
Solomon Islands, proud of the
wisdom and the worthy dustoms of
our ancestors, mindful of our
common and diverse heritage and
Solomon Islands conscious of our common destiny, do
now, under the
guiding hand of God, establish the
sovereign democratic State of
Solomon Islands;....
Somalia
people. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika. Morena
boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën
South Africa Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa.
Mudzimu fhatutshedza Afurika. Hosi
katekisa Afrika.
Spain
Sri Lanka
Preamble: We the people of the
Sudan Grateful to Almighty God who
has bestowed upon us the wisdom
and will to reach a Comprehensive
Sudan Peace Agreement that has
definitively put an end to the longest
running conflict in Africa,
Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF
SURINAME,
inspired by the love for this Country
and the belief in the power of the
Almighty and guided by the
Suriname centuries-long struggle of our people
against colonialism, which was
terminated by the establishment of
the Republic of Suriname on 25
November 1975,
Preamble: Whereas We the People

of the Kingdom of Swaziland do
hereby undertake in humble
Swaziland submission to Almighty God to start
afresh under a new framework of
constitutional dispensation…
Sweden
Preamble: In the name of Almighty
Switzerland God!...
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Preamble: We the people of Togo,

placing ourselves under the
protection of God…(4th bullet)
convinced that such a state cannot
be founded except upon political
pluralism, the principles of the
Democracy and the protection of
Togo human rights such as are defined by
the Charter of the United Nations of
1945, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of 1948 and the
International Agreements of 1966,
the African Charter of Human and
Peoples Rights adopted in 1981 by
the Organization of United Africa.
Tonga
Preamble: Whereas the People of

Trinidad and Tobago— (a) have
affirmed that the Nation of Trinidad
and Tobago is founded upon
supremacy of God, faith in
fundamental human rights and
Trinidad and Tobago freedoms, the position of the family
in a society of free men and free
institutions, the dignity of the human
person and the equal and inalienable
rights with which all members of the
human family are endowed by their
Creator;
compassionate, the merciful…
(second bullet) to remain faithful to
the teachings of Islam…(final
Tunisia paragraph) We, the representatives
of the free and sovereign people of
Tunisia, decide, by the grace of God,
the present Constitution.
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Preamble: ...FOR GOD AND MY

Uganda COUNTRY
Preamble: ...aware of our

responsibility before God, our own
Ukraine conscience, past, present and future
generations….
Preamble: In The Name OfAllah , the
Gracious, the Merciful… May Allah,
United Arab Emirates our Protector and Defender, grant us
success.
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Preamble: ...HEREBY proclaim the

establishment of the united and free
Republic of Vanuatu founded
Vanuatu on traditional Melanesian values,
faith in God, and Christian principles,
AND for this purpose give ourselves
this Constitution.
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Oath of Office References God or Religion
Article 63: Before assuming office, the President shall take, in accordance with special procedures set by
law, the following oath of allegiance: “In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear by the
name of God Almighty that I shall obey and protect the Holy religion of Islam, respect and supervise the
implementation of the Constitution as well as other laws, safeguard the independence, national
sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan, and, in seeking God Almighty’s help and support of the
nation, shall exert my efforts towards the prosperity and progress of the people of Afghanistan.” Article
74: Before assuming office, the Ministers shall take the following oath in the presence of the President: “In
the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear in the name of God Almighty that I shall protect
the Holy religion of Islam, respect the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan, safeguard the rights of
citizens as well as independence, territorial integrity and the national unity of the people of Afghanistan,
and, in all my deeds consider the Almighty’s presence, performing the entrusted duties honestly.” Article
119: Members of the Supreme Court shall take the following oath of office in the presence of the
President: “In the of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, I swear in the name of God Almighty to attain
justice and righteousness in accordance with tenets of the Holy religion of Islam, provisions of this
Constitution as well as other laws of Afghanistan, and to execute the judicial duty with utmost honesty,
righteousness and impartiality.”
Article 76: The President of the Republic shall take the following oath:In the name of God, most
benevolent, ever merciful “Faithful to the supreme sacrifices and the memory of our revered martyrs and
the ideals of the eternal November Revolution, I swear by God All Mighty to respect and glorify the Islamic
religion, to defend the Constitution, to work tirelessly for the continuity of the State, to work to insure the
necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the institutions and the Constitutional system, and to
strive to strengthen the democratic path, to respect the free choice of the people, as well as the
institutions and laws of the Republic, to preserve the integrity of the national territory, the unity of the
people and the nation, to protect the fundamental rights of man and citizen, to work relentlessly for the
development and the prosperity of the people, and to pursue with all my strength the realization of the
great ideals of justice, liberty and peace in the world. and God is my witness.
SCHEDULE 3: OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF ALLEGIANCE: I, , do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I
will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF OFFICE: I,
, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Antigua
and Barbuda and the law, that I will conscientiously, impartially and to the best of my ability discharge my
duties as and do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So
help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). OATH (or AFFIRMATION) OF OFFICE: I, , do swear
(or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose any counsel, advice,
opinion or vote given by any Minister as a member of the Cabinet and that I will not, except with the
authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the proper conduct of the government
of Antigua and Barbuda, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any
matter coming to my knowledge as a member of (or Secretary to) the Cabinet. So help me God. (To be
omitted in affirmation).
Article 92: On assuming office, the President and Vice President shall take an oath, consistent with their
religious beliefs, administered by the President of the Senate and before the assembled Congress, to:
“discharge with loyalty and patriotism the office of President (or Vice President) of the Nation and to
observe and have faithfully observed the Constitution of the Argentine Nation.”
SCHEDULE: OATH I, A.B., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen
Victoria, Her heirs and successors according to law. SO HELP ME GOD!
Article 62: (1) The Federal President on the assumption of his office renders the [following] solemn
promise before the Federal Assembly:
“I solemnly promise that I shall faithfully observe the Constitution and all laws of the Republic and that I
shall fulfill my duty to the best of my knowledge and conscience.” (2) The addition of a religious
affirmation is admissible.Article 72(1): The members of the Federal Government, before the assumption
of their office, shall be sworn in by the Federal President. The addition of a religious affirmation is
admissible. Article 101(4): Before the assumption of office the Land Governor is sworn in by the Federal
President, the other members are sworn in by the Land Governor. The addition of a religious affirmation is
admissible.
Article 33(l): On ascending the throne, the King takes the following oath at a special meeting of the
National Assembly: “I swear by Almighty God that I shall respect the Constitution and the laws of the
State, that I shall defend the freedoms, interests and assets of the people, and that I shall safeguard the
independence of the nation and the integrity of its territories.” Article 78: Every member of the
Consultative Council or the Chamber of Deputies shall take the following oath in public session, prior to
pursuing their work in the Chamber or its committees: “I swear by Almighty God that I shall be loyal to
the country and the King, shall respect the Constitution and the laws of the State, shall defend the
freedoms, interests and assets of the people, and shall perform my work honestly and sincerely.”
FIRST SCHEDULE: OATHS Oath ofAllegiance I, , do swear that 1 will be faithful and bear true allegiance to
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So help me God. Oath for the
due execution of the office of Governor-General. I, , do swear that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of Govemor-General. So help me God. Oath for
the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary. I, , being
appointed Prime Minister/ Minister/Parliamentary Secretary, do swear that I will to the best
ofmyjudgment, at ail times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor- General
(or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good
management of the public affairs of Barbados, and 1 do further swear that I will hot on any account, at
Parliamentary Secretary and that 1 will hot, except with the authority ofthe Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the good management of the affairs of Barbados, directly or indirectly reveal the
business or proceedings ofthe Cabinet or the nature or contents of any documents communicated to me
as Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary or any matter coming to my knowledge in my capacity
as such, and that in ail things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary.
So help me God. Oath for the due execution of the office of Director of Public Prosecutions. I, , do swear
that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of
Director of Public Prosecutions. So help me God. Judicial Oath I, , do swear that I will well and truly serve
Our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth 1l, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of the Chief Justice/Justice
of Appeal/Judge ofthe High Court and I will do right to ail manner of people after the laws and usages of
Barbados without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God. Judicial Oath for Judges of the
Caribbean Court ofJustice I, , do hereby swear (or solemnly affirm) that 1 will faithfully exercise the office
of President/Judge of the Caribbean Court of Justice without fear or favour, affection or ili will and in
accordance with the Code of Judicial Conduct. (So help me God (to be omitted in affirmation)).
Article 53: Before taking his office, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath: “Before
God, the Manes [spirits] of the ancestors, the Nation and before the Béninese People, the only holder of
sovereignty; “I, President of the Republic, elected in accordance with the laws of the Republic do solemnly
swear — To respect and defend the Constitution which the Béninese People have freely given to
themselves; — To fulfil loyally the high office that the Nation has entrusted to me; — To allow myself to be
guided only by the general interest and the respect for human rights to consecrate all my strength to the
research and the promotion of the common good, of peace and of national unity; — To preserve the
integrity of the national territory; — To conduct myself everywhere as a faithful and loyal servant of the
people. In case of perjury, that I shall submit to the severity of the law.” This oath shall be received by the
President of the Constitutional Court before the National Assembly and the Supreme Court.
Article 25: ...Upon his assumption of office, standing, head uncovered, the left hand placed on the
Constitution and the right hand raised, the President of the Republic takes the following oath before the
Constitutional Court sitting in solemn audience:
“I SWEAR BEFORE GOD AND THE NATION TO SCRUPULOUSLY OBSERVE THE CONSTITUTION, TO
GUARANTEE THE INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONTINUITY OF THE REPUBLIC, TO SAFEGUARD THE INTEGRITY
OF THE TERRITORY, TO PRESERVE THE PEACE, TO CONSOLIDATE NATIONAL UNITY, TO ENSURE THE WELL-
BEING OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN PEOPLE, TO CONSCIENTIOUSLY FULFILL THE DUTIES OF MY CHARGE
WITHOUT ANY CONSIDERATION OF AN ETHNIC, REGIONAL OR DENOMINATIONAL NATURE, TO NEVER
EXERCISE THE POWERS WHICH ARE GIVEN TO ME BY THE CONSTITUTION FOR PERSONAL ENDS AND TO BE
GUIDED IN ALL MATTERS ONLY BY THE NATIONAL INTEREST AND THE DIGNITY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN
PEOPLE.”
Article 192: The President of the Republic will assume his/her office before Congress and will take the
following oath: “I swear to God and promise to the people to faithfully execute the Constitution and the
laws of Colombia.”
PART 1: THE QUEEN'S REPRESENTATIVE(4):The [Queen's Representative] shall before assuming the
functions of his office, take and subscribe before the [Chief Justice] of the High Court the following oath-
I, ............, swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her [or His] Majesty
[Specify the name of the reigning Sovereign as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second] as the Head of State of
the Cook Islands, heirs and successors, according to law, and that I will uphold the dignity of the office of
Queen's Representative, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the administration of the Cook
Islands in accordance with the Constitution and the law. So help me God. PART 1: THE HOUSE OF ARIKIS
OF THE COOK ISLANDS (10):Except for the purpose of enabling this Article to be complied with, no
member of the House of Arikis shall be permitted to sit or vote therein until he has taken and subscribed
the following oath before the [Queen's Representative] namely: I,................., swear by Almighty God that I
will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her [or His] Majesty [Specify the name of the reigning
Sovereign, as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second] as the Head of State of the Cook Islands Her [or His] heirs
and successors, according to law, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a member of
the House of Arikis of the Cook Islands. So help me God. PART 2: CABINET(15): Every Minister shall, before
assuming the functions of his office, take and subscribe before the [Queen's Representative] the following
oath: I,........., being chosen and accepted as [Prime Minister] (or a Minister) and member of Cabinet,
swear by Almighty God that I will to the best of my judgement, at all times when thereto required, freely
give my counsel and advice to the [Queen's Representative], for the good management of the affairs of
the Cook Islands and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in Cabinet
and committee and in Executive Council and committed to my secrecy, but that I will in any such things be
a true and faithful [Prime Minister] (or Minister). So help me God.
Article 194: The oath that must be taken by public officials as provided in Article 11 of this Constitution is
as follows: “Do you swear before God and promise the Country to observe and defend the Constitution
and the laws of the Republic and faithfully fulfill the duties of your office? Yes, I swear. If you do, may God
help you, and if you do not, may He and the Country call you to account.”
Article 127: Swearing In. The elected President and Vice President of the Republic, before beginning their
duties, will swear the following oath before the National Assembly: “I swear before God and this people,
by the Country and by my honor, to comply with and enforce the Constitution and the laws of the
Republic, to protect and defend its independence, to respect the rights and liberties of the citizenry and to
faithfully comply with the duties of my office.”
Article 77(3): At the swearing-in ceremony, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath: "I
swear to God, to the people and on my honor that I will fulfill with loyalty the functions that have been
invested in me, will abide by and enforce the Constitution and the laws and will dedicate all my energies
and capacities to the defense and consolidation of independence and national unity."
Article 79: Before assuming his office, the President shall take the following oath before the People’s
Assembly. “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system faithfully, to respect the Constitution
and the law, to look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial
integrity of the motherland”. Article 90: The member of the People’s Assembly shall take the following
oath before the Assembly before assuming upon his duties: “I swear by God Almighty, that I shall preserve
the safety of the nation and the Republican system, shall attend to the interests of the people and shall
respect the Constitution and law”. Article 140: Before assuming his functions, the Vice-President shall take
the following oath before the President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the
Republican system faithfully, to respect the Constitution and the law, to look after the interests of the
people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland”. Article 155: Before
assuming the duties of their office, the members of the Cabinet shall take the following oath before the
President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system faithfully, to respect
the Constitution and the law, to look after the interests of the people, and to safeguard the independence
and territorial integrity of the motherland”.
SCHEDULE: OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS-- A. OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE Oath: I,
_______A.B._____ do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Fiji
Islands, according to law. So help me God!
Affirmation I, ______A.B._____ do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will be faithful
and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Fiji Islands, according to law. B. OATH OR AFFIRMATION
FOR DUE EXECUTION OF OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OR VICE-PRESIDENT Oath: I, _______A.B._______ do
swear that I will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands in the office of [_____]. So help me
God! Affirmation: I, _______A.B._______ do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will well
and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands in the office of [_____]. C. OATH OR AFFIRMATION FOR DUE
EXECUTION OF OFFICE OF MINISTER Oath: I, _______A.B.______ being appointed Prime
Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister, do swear that I will to the best of my judgment, at
all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other person for the
time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good management of the public affairs
of the State, and I do further swear that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the
counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister and that I will not, except with the authority of
the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management of the affairs of the State,
directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet and that in all things I will be a true
and faithful Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister. So help me God! Affirmation: I,
_______A.B._______ being appointed Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister, do
solemnly, sincerely and truly declare that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times when so required,
freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other person for the time being lawfully
performing the functions of that office) for the good management of the public affairs of Fiji, and I do
further solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will not on any account, at any time
whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister and that I will not,
except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management
of the affairs of Fiji, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet and that in all
things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Attorney-General/Minister/Assistant Minister. D. OATH
OR AFFIRMATION FOR DUE EXECUTION OF JUDICIAL OFFICE Oath: I, ______A.B.______ do swear that I
will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji Islands, in the office of [_____]. I will in all things uphold
the Constitution; and I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the laws and usages of the
Republic, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God! Affirmation: I, ______A.B.______ do
solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will well and truly serve the Republic of the Fiji
Islands, in the office of [_____]. I will in all things uphold the Constitution; and I will do right to all manner
of people in accordance with the laws and usages of the Republic, without fear or favour, affection or ill
will. Passed by the House of Representatives this third day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand,
nine hundred and ninety-seven. Passed by the Senate this tenth day of July in the year of our Lord one
thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven.
Article 71(1): Before taking up office the new President shall make a programme speech
and take the following oath: "I, the President of Georgia, before the God and the Nation, declare to
observe the Constitution of Georgia, defend the independence, unity and indivisibility of the country, to
perform faithfully the duties of the President, to take care for the security and welfare of the citizens of
my country and for the revival and might of my Nation and Fatherland".
Article 56: The Federal President, upon assuming his office, takes the following oath before the assembled
Members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat: “I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of
the German people, promote their welfare, protect them from harm, uphold and defend the Basic Law
and the laws of the Federation, perform my duties conscientiously, and do justice to all. So help me God.”
The oath may also be taken without religious affirmation.
people of the Republic of Ghana and to do right to all manner of persons. I further (solemnly swear)
(solemnly affirm) that should I at any time break this oath of office, I shall submit myself to the laws of the
Republic of Ghana and suffer the penalty for it. (So help me God). To be administered by the Chief Justice
before Parliament. THE JUDICIAL OATH I, ___________________ having been appointed (Chief Justice/a
Justice of the Supreme Court/a Justice of the Court of Appeal/a Justice of the High Court of Justice, etc.)
do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the
Republic of Ghana; and that I will truly and faithfully perform the functions of my office without fear or
favour, affection or ill-will; and that I will at all times uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution
and laws of the Republic of Ghana. (So help me God). To be sworn before the President, the Chief Justice
or such other person as the Chief Justice may designate.
THE OATH OF MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF STATE I, ___________________ do (solemnly swear in the name
of the Almighty God) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously perform my duties as a
member of the Council of State and uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic
of Ghana. (So help me God).
To be sworn before the President. THE CABINET OATH I, ___________________ having been appointed a
member of the Cabinet do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will not
directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy;
and that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. (So help
me God). To be sworn before the President. THE OATH OF MINISTER OF STATE I, ___________________
having been appointed Minister of State (Deputy Minister) of the Republic of Ghana, do (in the name of
Ghana in the office of Minister of State (Deputy Minister); that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will, to the best of my judgment, at
all times when required, freely give my counsel and advice for the good management of the public affairs
of the Republic of Ghana; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal any matters that shall come to my
knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy as Minister of State (Deputy
Minister). (So help me God). To be sworn before the President THE OATH OF SECRECY I,
___________________ holding the office of ___________________ do (in the name of the Almighty God
swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any
matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall come to my knowledge in the discharge of
my official duties except as may be required for the discharge of my official duties or as may be specially
permitted by law. (So help me God). To be sworn before the President, the Chief Justice or such other
person as the President may designate. THE OFFICIAL OATH I, __________________ do (in the name of
Ghana in the office of ____________________ and that I will uphold, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana as by law established. (So help me God). To be sworn before the
President or such other person as the President may designate. THE SPEAKER’S OATH I,
___________________ do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the Republic of Ghana as by law established; that I will uphold the integrity of the
Republic of Ghana; that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as Speaker of Parliament;
SCHEDULE 3: FORMS OF OATH FORMS OF OATH OATH OF ALLEGIANCE:
I, ______________, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So help me God. [To be omitted
in affirmation.] OATH OF OFFICE: I, _____________, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will faithfully
execute the office of _____________ without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that in the execution
of the functions of that office I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Grenada. So help me
God. [To be omitted in affirmation.]
Article 135-1: Before taking office, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the
National Assembly: “I swear before God and the Nation faithfully to observe and enforce the Constitution
and the laws of the Republic, to respect and cause to be respected the rights of the Haitian people, to
work for the greatness of the country, and to maintain the nation’s independence and the integrity of its
territory.” Article 187: Members of the High Court of Justice serve on an individual basis, and on opening
proceedings, take the following oath: “I swear before God and before the Nation to judge with the
impartiality and the firmness appropriate to an honest and free man, according to my conscience and my
deep-seated conviction.”
Article 60: Every President and every person acting as
President or discharging the functions of the President
shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe
in the presence of the Chief Justice of India or, in his
absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court
available, an oath or affirmation in the following form,
that is to say- "1, A.B., do swear in the name of God(/solemnyly affirm) that I will fully execute the office of
President (or discharge the functions of the President) of India and will to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-
being of the people of India". Article 69: Every Vice-President shall, before entering upon his office, make
and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or
affirmation in the following form, that is to say-
"I, A.B., do swear in the name of God(solemnly affirm) that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully Article 159:
Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon
his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court exercising jurisdiction
in relation to the State, or, in his absence, the seniormost Judge of that Court available, an oath or
affirmation in the following form, that is to say- "I, A. B., do swear in the name of God (solemnly affirm)
that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of .............
(name of the State) and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and
the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ........... (name of the State)."
Article 9: (1) Prior to taking office, the President and Vice President shall swear an oath in accordance with
their respective religions or shall make a solemn promise before the MPR or DPR. The oath or promise
shall be as follows: Presidential (Vice-Presidential) Oath: “I swear before God that, to the best of my ability,
I shall fulfill as justly as possible my duties as President (Vice-President) of the Republic of Indonesia,
uphold faithfully the Constitution, conscientiously implement all statutes and regulations, and shall devote
myself to the service of Country and Nation.” (2) In the event that the MPR or DPR is unable to convene a
sitting, the President and Vice-President shall swear an oath in accordance with their respective religions
or shall make a solemn promise before the leadership of the MPR witnessed by the leadership of the
Supreme Court.
Article 121: The President must take the following oath and affix his signature to it at a session of the
Islamic Consultative Assembly in the presence of the head of the judicial power and the members of the
Guardian Council:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, as President, swear, in the presence of the Noble
Qur’ān and the people of Iran, by God, the Exalted and Almighty, that I will guard the official religion of the
country, the order of the Islamic Republic and the Constitution of the country; that I will devote all my
capacities and abilities to the fulfilment of the responsibilities that I have assumed; that I will dedicate
myself to the service of the people, the honour of the country, the propagation of religion and morality,
and the support of truth and justice, refraining from every kind of arbitrary behaviour; that I will protect
the freedom and dignity of all citizens and the rights that the Constitution has accorded the people; that
in guarding the frontiers and the political, economic, and cultural independence of the country I will not
shirk any necessary measure; that, seeking help from God and following the Prophet of Islam and the
infallible Imams (peace be upon them), I will guard, as a pious and selfless trustee, the authority vested in
me by the people as a sacred trust, and transfer it to whomever the people may elect after me.
Article 67: Members of the Assembly must take the following oath at the first session of the Assembly and
affix their signatures to its text:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
In the presence of the Glorious Qur’ān, I swear by God, the Exalted and Almighty, and undertake, swearing
by my own honour as a human being, to protect the sanctity of Islam and guard the accomplishments of
the Islamic Revolution of the Iranian people and the foundations of the Islamic Republic; to protect, as a
just trustee, the honour bestowed upon me by the people, to observe piety in fulfilling my duties as
people’s representative; to remain always committed to the independence and honour of the country; to
fulfil my duties towards the nation and the service of the people; to defend the Constitution; and to bear
in mind, both in speech and writing and in the expression of my views, the independence of the country,
the freedom of the people, and the security of their interests.
Members belonging to the religious minorities will swear by their own sacred books while taking this oath.
Members not attending the first session will perform the ceremony of taking the oath at the first session
they attend.
Article 48: Each member of the Council of Representatives must take the following constitutional oath
before the Council prior to assuming his duties:
“I swear by God the Almighty to carry out my legal tasks and responsibilities devotedly and honestly and
preserve the independence and sovereignty of Iraq, and safeguard the interests of its people, and watch
over the safety of its land, skies, waters, resources and federal democratic system, and I shall endeavor to
protect public and private liberties and the independence of the judiciary and to adhere to the neutral
and faithful application of the laws. God is my witness.”
Article 12(8): The President shall enter upon his office by taking and
subscribing publicly, in the presence of members of both
Houses of the Oireachtas, of Judges of the Supreme Court and
of the High Court, and other public personages, the following
declaration:
"In the presence of Almighty God I ,do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will maintain the
Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws, that I will fulfil my duties faithfully and conscientiously in
accordance with the Constitution and the law, and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and
welfare of the people of Ireland. May God direct and sustain me." Article 31: Every member of the Council
of State shall at the first meeting thereof which he attends as a member take and subscribe a declaration
in the following form:
"In the presence of Almighty God I, do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will faithfully and
conscientiously fulfil my duties as a member of the Council of State." Article 34: Every person appointed a
judge under this Constitution shall make and subscribe the following declaration:
"In the presence of Almighty God I, , do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will duly and
faithfully and to the best of my knowledge and power execute the office of Chief Justice (or as the case
may be without fear or favour, affection or illwill towards any man, and that I will uphold the Constitution
and the laws. May God direct and sustain me."
First Schedule: Oath ofAllegiance: "I.................do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to
Jamaica, that I will uphold and defend the Constitution and the laws of Jamaica and that I will
conscientiously and impartially discharge my responsibilities to the people of Jamaica. So help me God."
Oath for the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary
"I .............. being appo inted Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary. do swear that I will to the
best of my judgment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor-
General (or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the
good management of the public affairs of Jamaica, and I do further swear that I will not on any account, at
Parliamentary Secretary and that I will not. except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the good management of the affairs of Jamaica, directly or indirectly reveal the
business or proceedings of the Cabinet or the nature or contents of any documents communicated to me
as a Minister/Parliamentary Secretary or any matter coming to my knowledge in my capacity as such and
that in all things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/ Parliamentary Secretary. So help me
God." Judicial Oath "I ............. I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Jamaica. that I
will uphold and
defend the Constitution of Jamaica and that I will administer justice to all
persons alike in accordance with the laws and usages of Jamaica without fear or favour, affection or ill will.
So help me God."
Article 43: The Prime Minister and Ministers shall, before assuming their duties, take the following oath,
before the King: “I swear by God, the Almighty, to be loyal to the King, uphold the Constitution, serve the
nation and perform the duties entrusted to me with honesty.” Article 80: Every Senator and Deputy shall,
before taking his seat, take an oath before his House as follows: “I swear by the Almighty God to be loyal
to the King and to the country and uphold the Constitution, serve the Nation and duly perform the duties
entrusted to me”.
Schedule 1: (1) Oath of Beretitenti.: I, , swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will
uphold the dignity of the office of Beretitenti, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the
administration of the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati in accordance with the Constitution
and the law. (2) Oath of Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti and other Ministers, and Attorney-General.: I,
, swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve the Independent and
Sovereign Republic of Kiribati in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and I do further swear [or
solemnly affirm] that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated in Cabinet and
committed to my secrecy, but that I will in all things be a true and faithful [Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti]
[Minister] [Attorney-General] (3). Oath of Member of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu: I, , swear
by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Independent
and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a Member of
the Maneaba ni Maungatabu of Kiribati.
(4) Oath to be taken by Judges and Commissioners of the High Court and Judges of the Court of Appeal:
I, , swear by Almighty God [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve the Independent
and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati as a judicial officer, and I will in all things uphold the Constitution and
the law, and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Kiribati, without fear or
favour, affection or illwill.
.Article 60: Before assuming his powers the Amir shall take the following oath at a special sitting of the
National Assembly: "I swear by Almighty God to respect the Constitution and the laws of the State, to
defend the liberties, interests and properties of the people and tosafeguard the independence and
territorial integrity of the Country"
Article 50: When the President of the Republic assumes his office, he has to take the oath of loyalty to the
Nation and the Constitution before the Parliament, according to the following text: “I swear by Almighty
God to respect the Constitution of the Lebanese Nation and its laws, and to maintain the independence of
the Lebanese Homeland, and its territorial integrity.”
Schedule 1: Oath of Office of King or Regent: In the presence of Almighty God and in the full realisation of
the responsibilities and duties of the high office of King (Regent) and of the binding nature and binding
force of this Oath, I, do swear that I will obey and observe the provisions of the Constitution
and all other laws of Lesotho, that I will discharge my duties in such manner as to preserve the character
of the monarchy as a symbol of the unity of the Basotho Nation, and that I will accordingly abstain from
involving the monarchy in any way in politics, or with any political party or group.
SO HELP ME GOD. Schedule 3: Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance: I, do swear (or solemnly
affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to King , his heirs and successors, according to
this Constitution and the laws of Lesotho.
So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation]
Schedulre: (1) This Schedule shall form and be an integral part of this Constitution and shall have the same
force as any other provision thereof. (2) All public officials and employees, whether elected or appointed,
holding office of public trust, shall subscribe to a solemn oath or affirmation as follows:
" I, , do solemnly swear (affirm) that I will support, uphold, protect and defend the Constitution
and laws of the Republic of Liberia, bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and will faithfully,
conscientiously and impartially discharge the duties and functions of the office of to the best of my ability.
SO HELP ME GOD."
Article 14: The supreme function of the State is to promote the general welfare of the People. For this
purpose, the State shall provide for the institution and maintenance of law, and for the protection of the
religious, moral and economic interests of the People. Article 54: (1) The Diet shall be opened with due
solemnity by the Prince Regnant, in person or by his proxy. All the new members shall swear the following
oath to the Prince Regnant or his proxy:
“I hereby swear to observe the State Constitution and the existing laws and to promote in the Diet the
welfare of the country, without any ulterior motives, to the best of my ability and conscience. So help me
God.” Article 108: Members of the Government, State officials, and all mayors, their deputies and the
treasurers of the communes shall take the following oath on appointment: “I swear that I will be loyal to
the Prince Regnant, that I will obey the laws and that I will strictly observe the Constitution. So help me
God.”
Article 5: The following text of the oath for the Member of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania shall be
established: “I (full name),
swear to be faithful to the Republic of Lithuania, swear to respect and execute its Constitution and laws
and to protect the integrity of its lands;
swear to strengthen, to the best of my ability, the independence of Lithuania, and to conscientiously serve
my Homeland, democracy, and the welfare of the people of Lithuania. So help me God.” The oath may
also be taken omitting the last sentence.
Article 81: — (1) Before a person elected to be President or [“First Vice-President or appointed to be First
Vice-President or Second Vice-President”] takes office that person shall take the following oath which shall
be administered in public by the Chief Justice— "I.......do solemnly swear that I will well and truly perform
the functions of the high office of President (or Vice-President) of the Republic of Malawi, and that I will
preserve and defend the Constitution, and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law
without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God.". (2) Instead of taking an oath, the President
[First Vice-President or Second Vice-President] may, if he or she thinks fit, make an affirmation which shall
be in the like form with the substitution of "affirm" for "swear", and the omission of the final sentence.
Fourth Schedule: Part III: W e ............ ib n i ............. Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia do hereby swear:
Wallahi; Wabillahi; Watallahi; and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that We shall justly
and faithfully perform (carry out) our duties in the administration of Malaysia in accordance with its laws
and Constitution which have been promulgated or which may be promulgated from time to time in the
future. Further We do solemnly and truly declare that We shall at all time protect the Religion of Islam and
uphold the rules of law and order in the Country.
Schedule 1:(1) OATH OF OFFICE OF PRESIDENT: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of
Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of
Maldives and the fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the Republic of Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of the office of President
honestly and faithfully in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (2) OATH
OF OFFICE OF VICE PRESIDENT: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I
will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the
Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of the office of Vice President honestly and
faithfully in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (3) OATH OF OFFICE OF
MEMBERS OF THE CABINET: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I will
respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the
Maldives, and will discharge the duties and responsibilities entrusted to me by the President and my
duties and responsibilities as Cabinet Minister/ Attorney General honestly and faithfully in accordance
with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (4) OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS OF THE
PEOPLE’S MAJLIS: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of Almighty Allah that I will respect
the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives and the fundamental
rights of the Maldivian citizens, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Maldives, and
will discharge my duties and responsibilities as a member of the People’s Majlis honestly and faithfully in
accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Maldives.
(5) OATH OF OFFICE OF CHIEF JUSTICE AND JUDGES: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the name of
Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws of
the Republic of Maldives, that I will uphold the fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens and will
discharge the duties and responsibilities of Chief Justice/ Judge honestly and faithfully in accordance with
the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives. (6) OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS OF
INDEPENDENT COMMISSIONS AND INDEPENDENT OFFICES: I, . . . (name of person) . . . , do swear in the
name of Almighty Allah that I will respect the religion of Islam, that I will uphold the Constitution of the
Republic of Maldives, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Maldives, that I will uphold the
fundamental rights of the Maldivian citizens and will discharge the duties and responsibilities of Auditor
General/Prosecutor General/membership of the Elections Commission/ membership of the Judicial
Service ommission/membership of the Human Rights Commission/membership of the Civil Service
Commission/membership of the Anti-Corruption Commission honestly and faithfully in accordance with
the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Maldives.
Article 37: The elected President assumes his functions fifteen days after the official proclamation of the
results. Before assuming his functions he swears before the Supreme Court the following oath:
“I SWEAR BEFORE GOD AND THE MALIAN PEOPLE TO PRESERVE FAITHFULLY [eh haute fidelité] THE
REPUBLICAN REGIME, TO RESPECT AND TO SEE THAT THE CONSTITUTION AND THE LAW ARE RESPECTED,
TO CARRY OUT MY DUTIES IN THE HIGHER INTEREST OF THE PEOPLE, TO PRESERVE THE DEMOCRATIC
ACHIEVEMENTS [acquis], TO GUARANTEE THE NATIONAL UNITY, THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE FATHERLAND
AND THE INTEGRITY OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORY. I COMMIT MYSELF SOLEMNLY AND ON MY HONOR TO
UNDERTAKE AND UTILIZE EVERYTHING FOR THE REALIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.”
Second Schedule: (a) Oathfor the due execution of the office of President: I ................................. solem nly
swear/affirm that I will
faithfully execute the office of President (perform the functions of
the President) of Malta, and will, to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution of Malta. (So help me God).
(b) Oath for the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or
other Minister or Parliamentary Secretary: I ................................. solemnly swear/affirm that I w ll
faithfully and conscientiously perform my duties as (Prime Minister/Minister/Parliamentary Secretary) in
accordance with the Constitution and the laws of Malta, without fear or favour. (So help me God). Third
Schedule: Oath of alleigiance: I.................................. solemnly swear/affirm that I will bear
true faith and allegiance to the people and the Republic of Malta
and its Constitution. (So help me God).
Article 29: The newly elected President shall take office at the expiration of the mandate of his
predecessor. Before assuming office, the President of the Republic shall take an oath with the following
words:
“I swear by Allah the Unique to discharge my functions properly and faithfully, in observance of the
Constitution and the laws, to protect the interest of the Mauritanian people, to safeguard the
independence and sovereignty of the country, the unity of the Nation (patrie) and the integrity of the
national territory. I swear by Allah the Unique not to take or to support, either directly or indirectly, an
initiative which could lead to the amendment of the constitutional provisions on the length of the
presidential term and on the conditions for its renewal, as prescribed in Articles 26 and 28 of this
Constitution.” Third Schedule: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I,................, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will
be faithful and bear true allegiance to Mauritius according to law. (So help me God.) Oath for the due
execution of the office of the prime minister or other minister or junior minister: I, ...., being appointed
Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will to the best of my
jugdment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President (or any other
person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office) for the good management of
the public affairs of Mauritius, and I do further swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any account, at
any time whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice, opinion or vote of any particular Minister or Junior
Minister and that I will not, except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be
required for the good management of the affairs of Mauritius, directly or indirectly reveal the business or
proceedings of the Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister or any matter coming to my knowledge in my
capacity as such and that in all things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister/Minister/Junior Minister.
(So help me God. JUDICIAL OATH: I............, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will well and truly serve
Mauritius and the Constitution in the office of Chief Justice/Judge of the Supreme Court and I will do right
to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Mauritius without fear or favour, affection or ill will.
(So help me God.)
Article 30: Before formally assuming office, a President-elect shall make the following oath or affirmation
which shall be administered by the Chief Justice or a Judge designated by the Chief Justice for this
purpose: “I,............ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm,
That I will strive to the best of my ability to uphold, protect and defend as the Supreme Law the
Constitution of the Republic of Namibia, and faithfully to obey, execute and administer the laws of the
Republic of Namibia; That I will protect the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and the
material and spiritual resources of the Republic of Namibia; and That I will endeavour to the best of my
ability to ensure justice for all the inhabitants of the Republic of Namibia. (in the case of an oath) So help
me God.” SCHEDULE 1 : Oath/Affirmation Of Judges "I........ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that as a
Judge of the Republic of Namibia I will defend and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia as
the Supreme Law and will fearlessly administer justice to all persons without favour or prejudice and in
accordance with the laws of the Republic of Namibia. (in the case of an oath) So help me God." SCHEDULE
2 Oath/Affirmation of Ministers and Deputy-Ministers "I,........... do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of Namibia, hold my office as Minister/Deputy-Minister with honour and
dignity, uphold, protect and defend the Constitution and faithfully obey, execute and administer the laws
of the Republic of Namibia, serve the people of Namibia to the best of my ability, not divulge directly or
indirectly any matters brought before the Cabinet and entrusted to me under secrecy, and perform the
duties of my office and the functions entrusted to m e by the President conscientiously and to the best of
my ability. (in the case of an oath) So help me God." SCHEDULE 3 Oath/Affirmation of Members of the
National Assembly and the National Council "I,................ do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that I will be
faithful to the Republic of Namibia and its people and I solemnly promise to uphold and defend the
Constitution and laws of the Republic of Namibia to the best of my ability.
(in the case of an oath) So help me God."
FIRST SCHEDULE, Article 18: Oath of member of Cabinet[55]: I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will
faithfully carry out my duties as a member of the Cabinet and that I will not improperly reveal any matters
of which I have become aware by reason of my membership of the Cabinet. So help me God. THIRD
SCHEDULE , Article 43: Oath of member of Parliament: I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will be
faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of Nauru and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my
duties as a member of Parliament of Nauru. So help me God! FOURTH SCHEDULE , Article 52: Oath of
Judge I, _____ swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of
Nauru in the office of _____ and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear
or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God!
Article 42: Before taking office, the President of the Republic shall swear an oath on the Holy Book of his
faith before the Constitutional Court, in presence of the members of the National Assembly, in the
following terms: “Before God and before the people of Niger, I ................ President of the Republic elected
in conformity with the laws, swear solemnly on the Holy Book:.....
be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as the Governor of
State, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity,
Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will exercise the authority vested in me as Governor so as not to impede
or prejudice the authority lawfully vested in the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and so as not
to endanger the continuance of Federal Government in Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest
to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of
Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all
circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or
ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be
brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Governor of State, except as
may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Governor; and that I will devote myself to the
service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God. OATH OF OFFICE OF VICE-PRESIDENT,
DEPUTY GOVERNOR, MINISTER, COMMISSIONER OR SPECIAL ADVISER: I, do solemnly
swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as Vice-
President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria/Deputy Governor of State/Minister of the
Government of the Federation/Commissioner of the Government of State/Special Adviser to
, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty,
integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to
preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official
conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the
Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do
right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not
directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my
consideration or shall become known to me as Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria/Deputy
Governor of State/Minister of the Government of the Federation/Commissioner of
State/Special Adviser to except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Vice-
President/Deputy Governor of State/Minister/Commissioner/Special Adviser. So help me God. OATH OF A
MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OR OF A HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY:
I, do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal
Republic of Nigeria; that as a Member of the Senate/House of Representatives/ House of
Assembly, I will perform my functions honestly to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with
the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and the rules of the Senate/House of
Representative/ House of Assembly and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity,
Section 9: As soon as the King, being of age, accedes to the Government, he shall take the following oath
before the Storting: "I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its
Constitution and Laws; so help me God, the Almighty and Omniscient." If the Storting is not in session at
the time, the oath shall be made in writing in the Council of State and be repeated solemnly by the King at
the first subsequent Storting. Section 44: The Princess or Prince who, in the cases mentioned in § 41,
conducts the government shall make the following oath in writing before the Storting: "I promise and
swear that I will conduct the government in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws, so help me
God, the Almighty and Omniscient."
Article 7: The Sultan, before exercising his authority, shall, in a joint session of the Oman Council and the
Defence Council, take the following oath. “I swear by Almighty Allah to respect the Basic Statute of the
State and the Laws and to fully safeguard the interests of the citizens and their freedom and to preserve
the independence of the country and its territorial integrity”. Article 50: Before assuming their powers,
the Prime Minister, his Deputies, and the Ministers shall take the following oath before the Sultan: “I
swear by Almighty Allah to be faithful to my Sultan and Country, to respect the Basic Statute of the State
and the State’s applicable laws, to fully protect its entity and territorial integrity, to guard its interests and
those of its citizens and to perform my duties faithfully and honestly”.
protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: And that, in all circumstances, I
will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. May Allah
Almighty help and guide me (A’meen). MEMBER OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OR MEMBER OF SENATE
[Article 65] (In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.)
I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan:That, as
a member of the National Assembly (or Senate), I will perform my functions honestly, to the best my
ability, faithfully, in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and
the rules of the Assembly (or Senate), and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity,
well-being and prosperity of Pakistan:
That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan: And that I
will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. May Allah Almighty
help and guide me (A’meen). GOVERNOR OF PROVINCE [Article 102] (In the name of Allah, the most
Beneficent, the most Merciful.)
I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That,
as the Governor of the Province of ________________________, I will discharge my duties, and perform
my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity,
well-being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis
for the creation of Pakistan:That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my
official decisions: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or
favour, affection or ill-will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person
any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Governor of
the province of ____________________ except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as
Governor. May Allah Almighty help and guide me (A’meen). CHIEF MINISTER OR PROVINCIAL MINISTER
[Articles 131(4) and 132(2)] (In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.) I,
____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That, as a
Chief Minister (or Minister) of the Government of the Province of ____________________, I will discharge
my duties and perform my functions honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty,
integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology
which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my
official conduct or my official decisions:
That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan:
That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour,
affection or ill-will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any
matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become know to me as Chief Minister (or
Minister) except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Chief Minister (or Minister or as
may be specially permitted by the Chief Minister). May Allah Almighty help and guide me (A’meen).
SPEAKER OF A PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY [Articles 53(2) and 127] (In the name of Allah, the most
Beneficent, the most Merciful.) I, ____________________, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith
Article 181: The President and the Vice-President of the Republic shall take office before the National
Assembly on the first day of July following the elections and shall take the oath of office in these words: “I
swear to God and to the Country to comply faithfully with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic.”
A citizen who professes no religious belief may dispense with the invocation to God in the oath.
Article 7: Where a law requires an Oath of Allegiance or Affirmation of Allegiance to be made, it shall be
made in the following form:— “Oath of Allegiance: I,..., do swear that I will well and truly serve and bear
true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her heirs and successors according to law. SO HELP ME
GOD.
Affirmation of Allegiance: I,..., do promise and affirm that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II. Her heirs and successors according to law
Article 7, Section 5: Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President,
or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation :
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties
as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and
defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself
to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of affirmation, last sentence will
be omitted.)
Article 104: (1.)Deputies shall be representatives of the Nation. They shall not be bound by any
instructions of the electorate. (2) Deputies, before the commencement of the exercise of the mandate,
shall take the following oath in the presence of the Sejm: (3) "I do solemnly swear to perform my duties to
the Nation diligently and conscientiously, to safeguard the sovereignty and interests of the State, to do all
within my power for the prosperity of the Homeland and the well-being of its citizens, and to observe the
Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland." The oath may also be taken with the additional
sentence "So help me, God." (4) A refusal to take the oath shall be deemed to be a renunciation of the
mandate. Article 130: The President of the Republic shall assume office upon taking the following oath in
the presence of the National Assembly: "Assuming, by the will of the Nation, the office of President of the
Republic of Poland, I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution; I pledge that I
shall steadfastly safeguard the dignity of the Nation, the independence and security of the State, and also
that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme
obligation." The oath may also be taken with the additional sentence "So help me, God." Article 151: The
Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers shall take the following oath in the presence of the
President of the Republic: "Assuming this office of Prime Minister (Deputy Prime Minister, minister) I do
solemnly
swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of
Poland, and that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever
remain my supreme obligation." The oath may also be taken with the additional sentence "So help me,
God."
Article 10: The Heir Apparent, on his appointment, shall take the following of oath:
( I swear by Almighty God to respect Sharia law, the Constitution and the law, maintain the
independence of the State and safeguard its territorial integrity, defend the freedom and interests of its
people, and be loyal to the State and the Emir). Article 74: The Emir shall take the following oath prior to
the discharge of his functions in a special session
convened by Al-Shoura Council: The Emir shall take the following oath prior to the discharge of his
functions in a special session convened by Al-Shoura Council: (I swear by Almighty God to respect Sharia
law, the Constitution and the law, protect the
independence of the State, safeguard its territorial integrity, and defend the freedom and interests of its
people). Article 92: Prior to the discharge of their duties before Al-Shoura Council and in an open session,
the Members shall take the following oath: (I swear by the Almighty God to be loyal to the country and to
the Emir, respect Sharia law, the Constitution and the law, and safeguard the interests of the people and
perform my duties with honesty and integrity). Article 119: Prior to assuming office, the Prime Minister
and the Ministers shall take before the Emir the following oath: ( I swear by Almighty God to be loyal to
the country and to the Emir , respect Shari'a Law, the Constitution and the law, fully safeguard the
interests of the people, perform my duties faithfully, conscientiously, and with honour, and fully safeguard
the territorial integrity and safety of the State).
Article 82: (1) The results of the elections for the office of President of Romania are validated by the
Constitutional Court. (2) The candidate whose election has been validated will take the following oath
before the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, in joint session: “I solemnly swear that I will dedicate all
my strength and the best of my ability to the spiritual and material welfare of the Romanian people, that I
will respect the Constitution and the laws of the country, and that I will defend democracy, the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens, and the sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial
integrity of Romania. So help me God!” Article 6(1): The state recognizes and guarantees for members of
the national minorities the right to preserve, develop, and express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and
religious identity
Article 61: "Before taking office, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, the
President of the Supreme Court, the Prime Minister, Ministers, Ministers of State and other members of
Government, the Vice Presidents of the Senate, the Deputy Speakers of the Chamber of Deputies,
Senators, Deputies, Generals in the army and Senior officers of the Rwanda Defence Forces,
Commissioners and Senior officers of the National Police, the Vice-President and Judges of the Supreme
Court, the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the High Court and the Commercial High Court, the
Prosecutor General , the Deputy Prosecutor General and such other persons as may be determined by law
shall take oath in the following words: "I,. ........................ solemnly swear to the Nation that I shall: 1'
remain loyal to the Republic of Rwanda; 2' uphold the Constitution and other laws; 30 safeguard the basic
individual human rights and the interests of the Rwandan people; 4' work for the consolidation of
national unity; 5' diligently fulfil the responsibilities entrusted to me; 6' never use the powers conferred on
me for personal ends. Should I fail to honour this oath, may I face the rigours of the law. So help me God".
Article 104: "Before assuming his/her duties of office, the President of the Republic shall take the oath of
office before the President of the Supreme Court in the presence of both Chambers of Parliament in these
words: << I, ............................... solemnly swear to the Nation that I shall: 1' remain loyal to the Republic of
Rwanda; 2' observe and defend the Constitution and the other laws; 3' diligently fulfil the responsibilities
entrusted in me; 4' preserve peace and territorial integrity; 5' consolidate national unity of Rwandans; 6'
never use the powers conferred upon me for personal ends; 7' safeguard the interests of the Rwandan
people.
Should I fail to honour this oath, may I face the rigours of the law. So help me God. ) The President of the
Republic shall be sworn in no later one month after his/her election. His/her
oath of office shall be administered by the President of the Supreme Court.
SCHEDULE 4: PART 1 : Oath (or affirmation) of allegiance I, _________, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that
I will faithfully bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation). PART 2: Oath (or affirmation) of office I,
______, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will honour, uphold and preserve the Constitution of Saint
Christopher and Nevis and the law, that I will conscientiously, impartially and to the best of my ability
discharge my duties as __________ and do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection
or ill-will. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation).
PART 3: Oath (or affirmation) of secrecy I, ______, do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will not on any
account, at any time whatsoever, disclose any counsel, advice, opinion or vote given by any Minister as a
member of the Cabinet and that I will not, except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as
may be required for the proper conduct of the government of Saint Christopher and Nevis, directly or
indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any matter coming to my knowledge as a
member of (or Secretary to) the Cabinet. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation).
THIRD SCHEDULE: FORMS OF OATH, 1. Oath of Head of State (Article 28):
I, .............................., swear by Almighty God that I will uphold the dignity of the office of Head of State,
and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties in the administration of the Independent State of Samoa
in accordance with the Constitution and the law.
So help me God. 2. Oath of Members of the Council of Deputies(Article 28)
I, ............................, swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve the Independent State of
Samoa, and will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a member of the Council of Deputies in
accordance with the Constitution and the law. So help me God. 3. Oath of the Prime Minister and other
Ministers (Article 34): I, ......................, being chosen and accepted as Prime Minister [a Minister] and
member of Cabinet swear by Almighty God that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times when
thereto required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Head of State, for the good management of the
affairs of the Independent State of Samoa, and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as
shall be debated in Cabinet and Committee and in Executive Council and committed to my secrecy, but
that I will in all things be a true and faithful Prime Minister [Minister]. So help me God. 4. Oath of
allegiance to be taken and subscribed by the Speaker and Members of Parliament (Article 49 and 61):
I,..................., swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Independent
State of Samoa, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a Member of the Parliament of
Samoa. So help me God. 5. Judicial oath to be taken by Judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal
(Article 67 and 78) I, ............................., swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve the
Independent State of Samoa in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and I will do right to all
manner of people, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God.
Article 37: The President of the Republic shall be installed in his functions after having taken the oath
before the Constitutional Council in public meeting. The oath shall be taken in the following terms: “Before
God and the Senegalese Nation, I swear to faithfully fulfill the charge of the President of the Republic of
Senegal, to scrupulously observe and enforce the observance of the provisions of the Constitution and of
the laws, to devote all my strength to the defense of the constitutional institutions, territorial integrity and
national independence, and to spare no effort in the realization of African unity.” The newly elected
president of the Republic shall make a written declaration of his assets for submission to the
Constitutional Council which makes it public.
SCHEDULE 6: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and
affirm/that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Constitution of Seychelles and that I will
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of Seychelles.
SO HELP ME GOD PRESIDENTIAL OATH: I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and
affirm/that I will faithfully and diligently perform my duties and discharge my functions in the office of
President of Seychelles, that I will be faithful to the Republic of Seychelles, that I will uphold the
Constitution and the laws of Seychelles and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of
the people of Seychelles without fear or favour, affection or ill will. SO HELP ME GOD VICE-PRESIDENTIAL
OATH
I do swear/solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm/that I will faithfully and diligently
perform any duties and discharge any functions in the office of Vice-President, that I will be faithful to the
Republic of Seychelles, that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws of Seychelles and that I will
dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Seychelles without fear or favour,
affection or ill will. SO HELP ME GOD
SECOND SCHEUDLUE: PRESIDEN'TS OATH “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly
affirm) that I will at all times well and truly discharge the duties of the office of the President of the
Republic of Sierra Leone according to law, that I will preserve, support, uphold, maintain and defend the
Constitution of the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law established, and that I will do right to all manner of
people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. (So help me God. THIRD SCHEDULE:
Oath of the Vice-President, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, Attorney-General and Minister of Justice,
Secretary to the President, Secretary to the Cabinet, Solicitor-General, Director of Public Prosecutions,
Members of the Electoral Commission, the Speaker, Members of Parliament, Auditor-General, Members
of the Public Service Commission, The Chief Justice and Judges of the Superior Court of Judicature,
Members of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, Members of the Police Council, Members of the
Defence Council. “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully
and truly discharge the duties of the office of of the Republic of Sierra Leone, and that I will
support, uphold and maintain the Constitution of Sierra Leone as by law established. (So help me God.)
OATH OF THE SPEAKER “I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will
bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law established; that I will faithfully
and conscientiously discharge my duties as Speaker of Parliament, and that I will do right to all manner of
people in accordance with the Constitution of Sierra Leone and uphold the Laws and customs of
Parliament without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. (So help me God.) OATH OF MEMBER OF
PARLIAMENT “I having been elected a Member of Parliament do hereby (in the name of God
swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Sierra Leone as by law
established, that I will uphold and defend the Constitution of Sierra Leone, and that I will faithfully and
conscientiously discharge the duties of a Member of Parliament. (So help me God.) THE JUDICIAL OATH
“I do hereby (in the name of God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully and truly
discharge the duties of the office of and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of
Sierra Leone as by Law established, and that I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and
usages of Sierra Leone without fear or favour affection or ill-will. (So help me God.)
SCHEDULE 1: FORMS OF OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS: 1. Oath of Allegiance I ...................... ........... , do
swear [or solemnly that affirm] I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II,
Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. [So help me God. 2. Oath for the due execution of the office of
Governor-General I ................................. do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve Her
Majesty Queen Elizabeth Il, Her Heirs and Successors, in the office of Governor-General of Solomon
Islands. [So help me God.] 3. Oath for the due execution of the office of member of the Cabinet.
I ................................. being a member of the Cabinet, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will to the best
of my judgment, at all times when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the Governor-General
of Solomon Islands (or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that
office) for the good management of the public affairs of Solomon Islands, and I do further swear [or
solemnly affirm] that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the counsel, advice,
opinion or vote of any particular member of the Cabinet, and that I will not, except with the authority of
the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management of the afFairs of Solomon
Islands, directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Cabinet or any matter coming to my
knowledge in my capacity as a member of the Cabinet and that in ail things I will be a true and faithful
member of the Cabinet. [So help me
God.]
Article 73(2): Before assuming functions in the Assembly a Deputy shall take the following oath: In the
name of God and country I swear that I shall faithfully, selflessly and with full confidence serve the Somali
people, implement the principles of the Revolution of 21st October, 1969, abide by the Constitution and
laws of the country, carry out the socialist principles, protect the general interests of the people and the
Somali state, defend with all my ability the freedom, sovereignty and unity of the country, place the
general interest before private interest, and practice equality and justice among the Somali people.
Africans; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and
true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and
devote myself to the well-being of the Republic and all of its people (In the case of an oath: So help me
God.) 2 Oath or solemn affirmation of Deputy President
The Deputy President, before the Chief Justice or another judge designated by the Chief Justice, must
swear/affirm as follows— In the presence of everyone assembled here, and in full realisation of the high
calling I assume as Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, observe, uphold and maintain the
Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always—
promote all that will advance the Republic, and oppose all that may harm it; be a true and faithful
counsellor; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability
and true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and devote myself to the well-being of the
Republic and all of its people. (In the case of an oath: So help me God 3 Oath or solemn affirmation of
Ministers and Deputy Ministers Each Minister and Deputy Minister, before the Chief Justice or another
judge designated by the Chief Justice, must swear/affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I
will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all
other law of the Republic; and I undertake to hold my office as Minister/Deputy Minister with honour and
dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter
entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability.
(In the case of an oath: So help me God.) , 4 Oath or solemn affirmation of members of the National
Assembly, permanent delegates to the National Council of Provinces and members of the provincial
legislatures (1) Members of the National Assembly, permanent delegates to the National Council of
Provinces and members of provincial legislatures, before the Chief Justice or a judge designated by the
Chief Justice, must swear or affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the
Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the
Republic; and I solemnly promise to perform my functions as a member of the National Assembly/
permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces/member of the legislature of the province of
C.D. to the best of my ability. (In the case of an oath: So help me God.) (2) Persons filling a vacancy in the
National Assembly, a permanent delegation to the National Council of Provinces or a provincial legislature
may swear or affirm in terms of subitem (1) before the presiding officer of the Assembly, Council or
legislature, as the case may be. 5 Oath or solemn affirmation of Premiers, Acting Premiers and members of
provincial Executive Councils The Premier or Acting Premier of a province, and each member of the
Executive Council of a province, before the Chief Justice or a judge designated by the Chief Justice, must
swear/affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South
Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I
undertake to hold my office as Premier/Acting Premier/ member of the Executive Council of the province
of C.D. with honour and dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly
any secret matter entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the
best of my ability. (In the case of an oath: So help me God.)
6 Oath or solemn affirmation of Judicial Officers: (1) Each judge or acting judge, before the Chief Justice
or another judge designated by the Chief Justice, must swear or affirm as follows— I, A.B., swear/solemnly
Article 56: To assume office, the President of the Republic elect shall take the following oath before the
National Legislature:— “I.......................swear by Almighty God, that as the President of the Republic of the
Sudan, I shall be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan and shall diligently and
honestly discharge my duties and responsibilities in a consultative manner to foster the welfare and
development of the nation; that I shall obey, preserve and defend the Constitution and abide by the laws
of the Republic; and shall protect the sovereignty of the country, promote its unity, consolidate the
democratic decentralized system of government and preserve the integrity and dignity of the people of
the Sudan; and God is my witness.” Article 71: The national minister shall, upon his appointment, assume
the functions of his office by taking the following oath before the President of the Republic:—
“I ....................... having been appointed a national minister, do hereby swear by Almighty God that I will at
all times be faithful to the Republic of the Sudan; that I will obey, respect, and uphold the Constitution and
abide by all laws of the country, loyally defend its independence, promote its unity and the democratic
decentralized system of government established by the Constitution, and to faithfully serve the people
and the country to the best of my ability; and God is my witness.” Article 89: To assume his functions,
every member of the National Legislature shall take the following oath before the appropriate Chamber:
“I.....................having been elected as Member of the National Assembly/Representative at the Council of
States, do hereby swear by Almighty God that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan
and its people; that I will obey and, respect the Constitution of the country and abide by the law; and that
I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a member of the National Legislature and serve
the people to the best of my ability; and God is my witness.”
anyone whomsoever. I swear (promise) that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in
this office, I will not accept any promises or presents, directly or indirectly, from anyone whomsoever. I
swear (promise) that I will fulfill the office of member of the Assembly conscientiously. I swear (promise)
that I will foster the well-being of Suriname to the best of my capacities. I swear (promise) obedience to
the Constitution and all other rules of law. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So
help me, God Almighty (that I declare and promise).” Article 93: At the inauguration, the President and
the Vice-President shall make the following oath or promise: “I swear (promise) that in order to be elected
President (Vice-President) of the Republic of Suriname, I have not given or promised, nor will give or
promise, directly or indirectly, under whatsoever name or pretext, anything to anyone whomsoever. I
swear (promise) that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office, I will not
accept any promises or presents, directly or indirectly, from anyone whomsoever. I swear (promise) that in
fulfilling the office of President (Vice-President) I will attend to and foster, with all my powers, the interests
of the country and the people. I swear (promise) that I will defend and preserve, with all my powers, the
independence and territory of the Republic of Suriname; that I will protect the general and particular
liberty and the rights of all people and will employ, for the maintenance and promotion of the particular
and general welfare, all means which the laws and circumstances place at my disposal, as a good and
faithful President (Vice-President) should do. I swear (promise) obedience to the Constitution and all other
rules of law.
I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help me God Almighty (That I declare and
promise!).” Article 114: On assuming office the members of the Council of State shall take the following
oath or make the following promise before the President:
“I swear (promise) that in order to be appointed member of the Council of State, I have not given or
promised, nor will I give or promise, anything, directly or indirectly, to anyone whomsoever, under
whatsoever name or pretext. I swear (promise) that in order to do or to refrain from doing anything
whatsoever in this office, I will not accept, directly or indirectly, any promises or present from anyone
whomsoever. I swear (promise) that I will perform my duties and that I will not make public the things of
which I have taken cognizance, through my appointment as member of the Council of State, and which are
entrusted to me as secret, or of which I should understand the confidential character, except to those
persons to whom I am obliged by law ex officio to communicate them. I swear (promise) obedience to the
Constitution and all other rules of law. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help
me, God Almighty (That I declare and promise!).” Article 125: On assuming office, the ministers and under-
secretaries of state shall take the following oath or make the following promise before the President: “I
swear (promise) that in order to be appointed minister I have not given or promised, nor will I give or
promise, anything, directly or indirectly, to anyone whomsoever, under whatsoever name or pretext. I
swear (promise) that in order to do or to refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office, I will not
accept, directly or indirectly, any promises or presents from anyone whomsoever.m I swear (promise) that
I will faithfully perform all the duties which the office of a minister lays upon me. I swear (promise) that I
will promote the well-being of Suriname to the best of my abilities. I swear (promise) obedience to the
Constitution and all other legal rules. I swear (promise) allegiance to the Republic of Suriname. So help
me, God Almighty (That I declare and promise!).”
SECOND SCHEDULE: OATHS (Oath or affirmation of allegiance) I, . . . . . . . . . . do swear (or solemnly

affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to King . . . . . . . . .., his heirs and successors,
according to law. So help me God. (To be omitted in affirmation.) (Oath or Affirmation for due execution of
office) I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will well and truly serve King . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ., his heirs and successors, in the office of (here insert the description of the office). So help
me God. (To be omitted in Affirmation) (Judicial oath or Affirmation) I. . . . . . . . . . . . do swear (or solemnly
affirm) that I will well and truly serve King. . . . . . . . . . .his heirs and successors, in the office of (here insert
the description of the judicial office) and I will do right to all manner of people according to the law
without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God. (To be omitted in Affirmation)
Article 7: The constitutional oath is as follows: “I swear by God the Almighty to sincerely preserve the
republican, democratic, and popular system, respect the constitution and the laws, watch over the
interests of the people and the security of the homeland, and work and struggle for the realization of the
Arab nation’s aims of unity, freedom, and socialism.”
Article 64: Before entering office, the President of the Republic swears before the Constitutional Court
solemnly assembled with these terms: “Before God and before the people of Togo…”
Article 34: The following oath shall be taken by those who shall succeed to the throne—
“I solemnly swear before Almighty God to keep in its integrity the Constitution of Tonga and to govern in
conformity with the laws thereof.” Article 83: The following oath shall be taken by the members of the
Privy Council: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou
IV the rightful King of Tonga and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the Constitution of Tonga and
assist to the end of my power and ability in all things in connection with the Privy Council.” The following
oath shall be taken by the ministers: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty
King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV the rightful King of Tonga and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the
Constitution of Tonga and discharge the duties of my department to the end of my ability for the benefit
of the King and his Government.” The following oath shall be taken by the nobles and representatives of
the people: “I solemnly swear before God that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV
the rightful King of Tonga and that I will righteously and perfectly conform to and keep the Constitution of
Tonga and zealously discharge my duties as a member of the Legislative Assembly.” The members of the
Privy Council shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the King. The ministers shall
sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the King. The nobles and representatives of the
people shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the Legislative Assembly. Article
95: The Chief Justice and any other judge shall take the following oath: “I swear in the presence of God
that I will be loyal to His Majesty King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV the lawful King of Tonga and that I will perform
truly and with impartiality my duties as a judge in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws of the
Kingdom.” The judge shall read and sign this oath in the presence of the Cabinet:
Provided that a Chief Justice or any other judge, who is not a Tongan subject, shall take the following oath
in lieu of the foregoing oath: “I swear in the presence of God that I will perform truly and with impartiality
my duties as a judge in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws of the Kingdom”.
FOURTH SCHEDULE: OATH OF ALLEGIANCE: I.......................swear in the name of the Almighty God/
solemnly affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of Uganda and that I will
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution. [So help me God.] OATH OF PRESIDENT/VICE PRESIDENT
I................swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm/that I shall faithfully exercise the
functions of the President/Vice-President of Uganda and shall uphold, preserve, protect, and defend the
Constitution and observe the laws of Uganda and that I shall promote the welfare of the people of Uganda
[So help me God.] JUDICIAL OATH I........................, swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly
affirm that I will well and truly exercise the judicial functions entrusted to me and will do right to all
manner of people in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established
and in accordance with the laws and usage of the Republic of Uganda without fear or favour, affection or
ill-will. (So help me God). SPEAKER/DEPUTY SPEAKER’S OATH I.........................., swear in the name of the
Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will at all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the
Office of Speaker/Deputy Speaker and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of
Uganda as by law established. (So help me God). OATH OF PRIME MINISTER I..........................being
appointed Prime Minister of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will at
all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the office of Prime Minister, and I will support and
uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established; and that I will to the best of my
judgment at all times when required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President of Uganda and
his/her successors in office as by law established for the good management of the public affairs of the
Republic of Uganda; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal any matter as shall come to my
knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy. (So help me God). OATH OF
MINISTER I......................being appointed a Minister of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty
God/solemnly affirm that I will at all times well and truly serve the Republic of Uganda in the office of a
Minister; and that I will support and uphold the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law
established; and that I will to the best of my judgment at all times when required, freely give my counsel
and advice to the President of Uganda and his/her successors in office as by law established for the good
management of the public affairs of the Republic of Uganda; and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal
any matter as shall come to my knowledge in the discharge of my duties and committed to my secrecy. [So
help me God]. OATH OF MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT I...................., swear in the name of the Almighty
God/solemnly affirm that I will give faithful service to this Parliament and support and uphold the
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as by law established. (So help me God.)
OATH OF SECRETARY TO THE CABINET I..........................., being called upon to exercise the functions of
Secretary to the Cabinet of Uganda swear in the name of the Almighty God/solemnly affirm that I will not
directly or indirectly reveal such matters as shall be debated by the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy.
(So help me God).
Article 52: The term of office of the President and the Vice President shall be five Gregorian years. They
are eligible for re-election to the same offices. Each of them shall, on assuming office, take the following
oath before the Supreme Council " I swear by Almighty God that 1 will be faithful to the United Arab
Emirates; that 1 will respect its Constitution and its laws; that I will protect the interests of the people of
the Union; that I will discharge my duties faithfully and loyally and that I will safeguard the independence
of the Union and its territorial integrity." Article 57: The Prime Minister, his Deputy and the Ministers shall,
before assuming the responsibilities of their office. take the following oath before the President of the
Union: "I swear by Almighty God that I will be loyal to the United Arab Emirates; that I will respect its
Constitution and laws; that 1 will discharge my duties faithfully; that 1 will completely observe the
interests of the people of the Union and that I will completely safeguard the existence of the Union and its
territorial integrity." Article 73: Before assuming his duties in the Council or its Committees, a member of
the Federal National Council shall take the following oath before the Council in public session: - "I swear by
Almighty God that I will be loyal to the United Arab Emirates; that I will respect the Constitution and the
laws of the Union and that I wili discharge my duties in the Council and its Committees honestly and
truthfully".
Article 160: The text of the constitutional oath to be sworn by the President of the
Republic, his deputy, members of the Rouse of Representatives, the Prime Ministers
and Cabinet members and by the speaker and members of the Consultative Council,
shall be as follows: I swear by Almighty Allah: - To adhere to the Quran (the Book of God) and the
traditions established by Prophet Mohammed, - To faithfully safeguard the Republican system; - To respect
the country 's Constitution and Laws; - To fully protect people's freedom and safeguard their interests
and;To safeguard the country's unity, independence and territorial integrity.
SCHEDULE 2: Oath or Affirmation of Loyalty I, ....................... do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will be
faithful and bear true allegiance to Zimbabwe and observe the laws of Zimbabwe. So help me God. [To be
omitted in affirmation] Oath or Affirmation of Office: I, .......................... do swear [or solemnly affirm] that
I will well and truly serve Zimbabwe in the office of ...................... So help me God. [To be omitted in
affirmation]
Oath or Affirmation of a Member of the Cabinet I, ....................... being chosen and admitted to the
Cabinet of Zimbabwe, do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will to the best of my judgment, at all times
when so required, freely give my counsel and advice to the President of Zimbabwe for the good
management of the public affairs of Zimbabwe, that I will not, directly or indirectly, reveal such matters as
may be debated in the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy, but that I will in all things be a true and
faithful member thereof. So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation] Judicial Oath or Affirmation
I, ........................ do swear [or solemnly affirm] that I will well and truly serve Zimbabwe in the office
of ..................... and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Zimbabwe, without
fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God. [To be omitted in affirmation]
No Religious Test Religious Test
Article 116: The Commonwealth shall
not make any law for establishing any
religion, or for imposing any religious
observance, or for prohibiting the free
exercise of any religion, and no
religious test shall be required as a
qualification for any office or public
trust under the Commonwealth.
Article 121: The President must take the following oath and affix his
signature to it at a session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in the
presence of the head of the judicial power and the members of the
Guardian Council:
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, as President,
swear, in the presence of the Noble Qur’ān and the people of Iran, by
God, the Exalted and Almighty, that I will guard the official religion of
the country, the order of the Islamic Republic and the Constitution of
the country; that I will devote all my capacities and abilities to the
fulfilment of the responsibilities that I have assumed; that I will
dedicate myself to the service of the people, the honour of the
country, the propagation of religion and morality, and the support of
truth and justice, refraining from every kind of arbitrary behaviour;
that I will protect the freedom and dignity of all citizens and the rights
that the Constitution has accorded the people; that in guarding the
frontiers and the political, economic, and cultural independence of
the country I will not shirk any necessary measure; that, seeking help
from God and following the Prophet of Islam and the infallible Imams
(peace be upon them), I will guard, as a pious and selfless trustee, the
authority vested in me by the people as a sacred trust, and transfer it
to whomever the people may elect after me.
Article 66: (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to hold
or act in the office of Kadhi unless—
(a) he professes the Muslim religion; and (b) he possesses such
knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sect or sects of
Muslims as qualifies him, in the opinion of the Judicial Service
Commission, to hold a Kadhi’s court.... (5) The jurisdiction of a Kadhi’s
court shall extend to the determination of questions of Muslim law
relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in
proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion.
Article 14…and no religious tests shall be required for any civil or
military office or for the exercise of any civil right. ....
Section 4: The King shall at all times profess the Evangelical-Lutheran
religion, and uphold and protect the same. Section 12: The King
himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are
entitled to vote. This Council shall consist of a Prime Minister and at
least seven other Members. More than half the number of the
Members of the Council of State shall profess the official religion of
the State.... Section 27: ...A Member of the Council of State who does
not profess the official religion of the State shall not take part in
proceedings on matters which concern the State Church.
Article 3, Section 5: No religious test
shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights.
Article 9: The Emir shall, by an Emiri Order, appoint an Heir Apparent
after consultation with the members of the Ruling Family and the
people of wisdom (Ahal Alhal wal agd) in the State. The Heir Apparent
must be a Muslim of a Qatari Muslim Mother.
. Act of Succession, Article 4: In accordance with the express
provision of Article 2 of the Instrument of Government of 1809 that
The King shall always profess the pure evangelical faith, as adopted
and explained in the unaltered Confession of Augsburg and in the
Resolution of the Uppsala Meeting of the year 1593, princes and
princesses of the Royal House shall be brought up in that same faith
and within the Realm. Any member of the Royal Family not professing
this faith shall be excluded from all rights of succession.
Article 3(1):The religion of the President of the Republic has to be
Islam.
Section 9: The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions.

Article 40: To qualify as a candidate for the Presidency of the
Republic, every Tunisian must have exclusive Tunisian nationality, be
Muslim, have Tunisian father, mother and paternal and maternal
grandparents, continually remaining of Tunisian nationality.
Article 6: The Senators and
Representatives before mentioned,
and the Members of the several State
Legislatures, and all executive and
judicial Officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall
be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to
support this Constitution; but no
religious Test shall ever be required as
a Qualification to any Office or public
Trust under the United States.
Provisions against Coercion - No oath, no tax, not
Country compelled to profess ones' belief
Afghanistan
Article 24(3) No one may be compelled or prohibited to

Albania take part in a religious community or its practices or to
make his beliefs or faith public
Algeria
Article 11: (1) The Constitution guarantees the freedom of

Andorra ideas, religion and cult, and no one is bound to state or
disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.
Angola
Article 11(3):No person shall be compelled to take any oath

Antigua and Barbuda which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Article 47(II): Nobody may be forced to identify or refuse his
or her ideas and principles. Article 48 (V)No one shall be
Azerbaijan forced to express (or demonstrate) his or her religious faith
and belief, to execute religious rituals or participate in
religious ceremonies.

Bahamas which is contrary to his religion or belief of to take any oath
Bahrain
Bangladesh

Barbados which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath
Article 31: Everyone shall have the right independently to

determine one's attitude
towards religion, to profess any religion individually or
jointly with others, or to profess
none at all, to express and spread beliefs connected with
one's attitude towards religion,
and to participate in the performance of acts of worship and
religious rituals and rites,
which are not prohibited by the law. Article 33: Everyone is
guaranteed freedom of thoughts and beliefs and their free
Belarus expression. No one shall be forced to express one's beliefs
or to deny them. No monopolization of the mass media by
the State, public associations or individual citizens and no
censorship shall be permitted. Article 4. Democracy in the
Republic of Belarus shall be exercised on the basis of
diversity of political institutions, ideologies and views. The
ideology of political parties, religious or other public
associations, social groups may not be made mandatory for
citizens.
Article 20: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way

Belgium whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion or to
Article: (1) Except with his own consent, a person shall not
be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of
conscience, including freedom of thought and of religion,
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom,
either alone or in community with others, and both in
Belize public and in private, to manifest and propagate his
religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance.... (4) A person shall not be compelled to take
any oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to
take any oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion
or belief.
Benin

freedom of thought, conscience and religion. No person
Bhutan shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of
Bolvia

Botsawana which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath
Article 20: no one can be compelled to join an association

Brazil or to remain in one;
Brunei Daraussalam
Article 38: No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his

rights because of his views, nor shall be obligated or forced
Bulgaria to provide information about his own or another person's
views.
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Article 28(3): No one may be forced to declare his ideology,

Cape Verde religion, or political or union affiliation.
Chad
Chile
Article 36: ...No state organ, public organization or individual
may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any
religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who
China
believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The state
protects normal religious activities.
Article 18: Freedom of conscience is guaranteed. No one will

be importuned on account of his/her convictions or beliefs
or compelled to reveal them or obliged to act against
Colombia his/her conscience. Article 68: Parents have the right to
select the type of education for their minor children. In
state institutions, no individual may be obliged to receive
religious instruction.
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Article 18(5): (5) The use of physical or moral compulsion
for the purpose of making a person change or preventing
him from changing his religion is prohibited. Article 18(8):
Cyprus No person shall be compelled to pay any tax or duty the
proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in part
for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti

person under the age of eighteen years, the consent of his
guardian) a person attending any place of education,
detained in any prison or corrective institution or serving in
a naval, military or air force shall not be required to receive
Dominica religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious
observance relates to a religion which is not his own. (3) (4)
A person shall not be compelled to take any oath which is
Domincan Republic
East Timor

individuals…. (11) The right to not reveal one’s convictions.
No one shall be obligated to declare the same. In no case
can personal information or third party information
Ecuador concerning religious beliefs, affiliations, or political
thoughts, or information concerning health or sexual life be
demanded or utilized without authorization of the person
or their legitimate representatives, unless necessary for
medical attention.
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Article 27(3): No one shall be subject to coercion or other

Ethiopia means which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold
a belief of his choice.
Article 35(6): (6) A person must not be compelled to take an

oath, or to take an oath in a manner, that is contrary to his
Fiji or her religion or belief or that requires him or her to
express a belief that he or she does not hold.
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Article 19(2):The persecution of a person on the account of

his/her speech, thought, religion or belief as well as the
Georgia compulsion to express his/her opinion about them shall
be impermissible.
Article 136 (Weimar): (3) No one shall be obliged to disclose

his religious convictions. The authorities shall have the right
to inquire into a person’s membership in a religious society
Germany only to the extent that rights or duties depend upon it or
that a statistical survey mandated by a law requires it. (4) No
one may be compelled to perform any religious act or
ceremony, or to participate in religious exercises, or to take
a religious form of oath.
Ghana
Article 13(5): No oath shall be imposed or administered

Greece except as specified by law and in the form determined by
law.

Grenada which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Article 145(4): (4) No person shall be compelled to take any
Guyana oath in a manner which
Article 30-1: No one may be compelled to belong to a

Haiti religious organization or to follow a religious teaching
contrary to his convictions.
Honduras
Bill of Rights, Article 15(2): No one shall be subject to
Hong Kong coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to
adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
Hungary
Article 64: ...Everyone shall be free to remain outside
religious associations. No one shall be obliged to pay any
personal dues to any religious association of which he is not
Iceland a member. A person who is not a member of any religious
association shall pay to the University of Iceland the dues
that he would have had to pay to such an association, if he
had been a member. This may be amended by law.
Article 27: No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes,

India the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in
payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of
any particular religion or religious denomination.
Indonesia
Article 26: The formation of parties, societies, political or

professional associations, as well as religious societies,
whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized
Iran religious minorities, is permitted provided they do not
violate the principles of independence, freedom, national
unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic
Republic....
Article 5(2):The State guarantees the protection of the

Iraq individual from intellectual, political and religious coercion
Ireland
Israel
Italy

minor, the consent of his parent or guardian), no person
Jamaica observance relates to a religion or a religious body or
denomination other than his own..... (5) No person shall be
compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his religion
or belief or to take any oath in a manner which is contrary
to his religion or belief.
Article 20: ... No person shall be compelled to take part in

Japan any religious act, celebration, rite or practice….
Jordan
Article 19(1): Everyone shall have the right to determine
Kazakhstan and indicate or not to indicate his national, party and
religious affiliation

minor, the consent of his guardian), no person attending a
instruction or to take part in or attend a religious ceremony
or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
Kenya relates to a religion other than his own. (4) No person shall
be compelled to take an oath which is contrary to his
religion or belief or to take an oath in a manner which is
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Article 14(6): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of
thought, speech and press, as well as to
Kyrgystan unimpeded expression of those thoughts and beliefs. No
one shall be forced to express their
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon

Lesotho ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or
observance relates to a religion other than his own. (4) No
person shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Article 26: ….No one may compel another person or be

compelled to choose or profess any religion or belief….
Lithuania Article 27: A human being’s convictions, practiced religion
or belief may not serve as justification for a crime or for
failure to execute laws
Article 20: No one may be forced to take part in any way

Luxembourg whatsoever in the acts and ceremonies of a religion or to
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi

Article 12: (3) No person shall be required to receive
Malaysia instruction in or to take part in any ceremony or act of
worship of a religion other than his own. (4) For the
purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a person under the
age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or
guardian.
Maldives
Mali
instruction in religion or to show knowledge or proficiency
in religion if, in the case of a person who has not attained
the age of sixteen years,
objection to such requirement is made by the person who
according to law has authority over him and, in any other
case, if the person so required objects thereto: Provided
Malta that no such requirement shall be held to be inconsistent
with or in contravention of this article to the extent that the
knowledge of, or the proficiency or instruction in, religion is
required for the teaching of such religion, or for admission
to the priesthood or to a religious order, or for other
religious purposes, and except so far as that requirement is
shown not to be reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society.
Marshall Islands
Mauritania

observance relates to a religion that he does not profess. (3)
No religious community or denomination shall be prevented
Mauritius from making provision for the giving, by persons lawfully in
Mauritius, of religious instruction to persons of that
community or denomination in the course of any education
provided by that community or denomination. (4) No
person shall be compelled to take any oath that is contrary
to his religion or belief or to take any oath in a manner that
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Article 23:No one can be constrained to help bring about

Monaco the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the
day of rest.
Mongolia
Montenegro Article 46: ...No one shall be obliged to declare own
religious and other beliefs....
Morrocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Article 11(3): Except with his consent or, if he is under the

age of twenty years, the consent of his parent or guardian,
no person attending a place of education is required to
Nauru receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a
own religion or belief.
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Article 29: ...No one shall be the object of coercive
Nicaragua measures which diminish these rights or be compelled to
declare his/her creed, ideology or beliefs.
Niger
Article 38(2): No person attending any place of education

shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take
part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if
Nigeria such instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a
religion other than his own, or a religion not approved by
his parent or guardian.
Norway
Oman
Article 21: No person shall be compelled to pay any special

tax the proceeds of which are to be spent on the
propagation or maintenance of any religion other than his
own. Article 22: (1) No person attending any educational
institution shall be required to receive religious instruction,
or take part in any religious ceremony, or attend religious
Pakistan worship, if such instruction, ceremony or worship relates to
a religion other than his own. (2) In respect of any religious
institution, there shall be no discrimination against any
community in the granting of exemption or concession in
relation to taxation.
Article IV Section 1: The government shall take no action to

deny or impair the freedom of conscience or of
Palau philosophical or religious belief of any person nor take any
action to compel, prohibit or hinder the exercise of religion
Panama
Section 45: (1) Every person has the right to freedom of
conscience, thought and religion and the practice of his
religion and beliefs, including freedom to manifest and
propagate his religion and beliefs in such a way as not to
interfere with the freedom of others, except to the extent
that the exercise of that right is regulated or restricted by a
Paupa New Guinea law that complies with Section 38 (general qualifications on
qualified rights).... (3) No person is entitled to intervene
unsolicited into the religious affairs of a person of a different
belief, or to attempt to force his or any religion (or irreligion)
on another, by harassment or otherwise. (4) No person may
be compelled to take an oath that is contrary to his religion
or belief, or to take an oath in a manner or form that is
Article 24: ...No one may be disturbed, questioned, or

Paraguay forced to give testimony by reason of his beliefs or ideology.
Article 2: Every person has the right... (18) To not reveal

Peru their political, philosophical, religious, or other convictions,
as well as maintain professional confidences.
Phillippines
Article 53: (6) No one shall be compelled to participate or
not participate in religious practices.
Poland (7) No one may be compelled by organs of public authority
to disclose his philosophy
of life, religious convictions or belief.
Article 41(3): No authority shall question anyone in relation

to his convictions or religious observance, save in order to
Portugal gather statistical data that cannot be individually identified,
nor shall anyone be prejudiced in any way for refusing to
answer.
Qatar
Article 29: (1) . Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as
the freedom of religious belief, may not be restricted in any
Romania way. No one can be forced to adopt an opinion or to
espouse a religious belief contrary to his/her convictions.
Article 29(3): Nobody shall be forced to express his

Russia thoughts and convictions or to deny them.
Rwanda

education and to manage any place of education that it
wholly maintains and such a community shall not be
prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of
that community in the course of any education that it
St. Kitts and Nevis wholly maintains or in the course of any education that it
otherwise provides. (4) A person shall not be compelled to
take any oath that is contrary to his religion or belief or to
take any oath in a manner that is contrary to his religion or
belief.
St. Lucia community whether or not it is in receipt of a government

St. Vincent and the community in the course of any education provided by that
Grenadines community whether or not it is in receipt of a government
Article 12(1): No person attending any educational

institution shall be required to receive religious instruction
Western Samoa or take part in any religious ceremony or attend religious
worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to
a religion other than his own.
San Marino
Article 27(3): No one may be questioned by any authority

about his convictions or religious practices except for the
Sao Tome and Principe collection of statistical data not individually identifiable nor
be prejudiced for refusing to answer.
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Article 43: ....No person shall have the obligation to declare

Serbia his religious or other beliefs…..
Article 21: (3) A person attending any place of education

shall not be compelled to impart or receive religious
ceremony or observance.
(4) Subject to this Constitution or any other law, a person
Seychelles shall not be compelled to take any oath that is contrary to
the religion or belief of that person or to take any oath in a
manner that is contrary to that religion or belief.... (6) A law
shall not make provision for the establishment of any
religion or the imposition of any religious observance.
Article 24: (2) Except with his own consent (or if he is a
miner the consent of his parent or guardian) no person
religious instruction or to take part in or to attend any
Sierra Leone religious ceremony or observance if that instruction,
own.... (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath

Singapore part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
worship of a religion other than his own.
Slovakia
Article 41: ... No one shall be obliged to declare his religious

Slovenia or other beliefs….

person who bas not attained the age of eighteen years, the
consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of
education shall be required to receive religious instruction
or take part in or attend any religious ceremony or
Solomon Islands observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance
be compeiled to take any oath which is contrary
Somalia
South Africa
Article 16(2): No one may be compelled to make statements

Spain regarding his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.
Sri Lanka
Article 38:...no person shall be coerced to adopt such faith,

Sudan that he does not believe in, nor to practice rites or services
to which he does not voluntarily consent to.
Suriname
Swaziland
Instrument of Government Chapter 2, Article 2: Every
citizen shall be protected in his relations with the public
institutions against any
coercion to divulge an opinion in a political, religious,
cultural or other such connection. He shall
furthermore be protected in his relations with the public
Sweden institutions against any coercion to
participate in a meeting for the formation of opinion or a
demonstration or other manifestation of
opinion, or to belong to a political association, religious
community or other association for
opinion referred to in sentence one.
Article 15(4): No one shall be forced to join or belong to a

Switzerland religious community. to participate in
a religious act, or to follow religious teachings.
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Article 24: ...No one shall be compelled to worship, or to
participate in religious ceremonies and rites, to reveal
religious beliefs and convictions, or be blamed or accused
because of his religious beliefs and convictions…. Article 25:
Turkey Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and opinion.
No one shall be compelled to reveal his thoughts and
opinions for any reason or purpose, nor shall anyone be
blamed or accused on account of his thoughts and opinions.
Turkmenistan
Section 23: (4) Except with his consent, no-one attending a

place of education shall be required—
(a) to receive religious instruction; or
(b) to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or
observance, if the instruction, ceremony or observance
relates to a religion or belief other than his own. (5) No-one
Tuvalu shall be compelled—
(a) to take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to
his religion or belief; or (b) to take an oath or make an
affirmation in any manner that is contrary to his religion or
belief.
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay

Uzbekistan profess or not to profess any religion. Any compulsory
impermissible.
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Article 19: (3) No religious community or denomination shall

be prevented from providing religious instruction for
persons of that community or denomination in the course
of any education provided by the community or
denomination or from establishing and maintaining
Zambia institutions to provide social services for such persons. (4)
No person shall be compelled to take any oath which is
Article 19: (3) No religious community shall be prevented

from making provision for the giving by persons lawfully in
Zimbabwe of religious instruction to persons of that
community, whether or not that community is in receipt of
Zimbabwe any subsidy, grant or other form of financial assistance from
the State. (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath
that is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath in
a manner that is contrary to his religion or belief.
Religion and Culture/Diversity/Heritage/Tolerance
Article 8(3): A Bhutanese citizen shall foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit
of brotherhood amongst all the people of Bhutan transcending religious,
linguistic, regional or sectional diversities.
Preamble: Do make an effort to establish a model that we can be proud of, that
reflects our Brunei culture which is imbued in religion and steadfast with rich
custom.
Article 1: Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular, democratic, unitary
Republic which respects its ethnic and religious diversity.
Preamble: Proud of its national, linguistic unity and its ethnic, cultural and
religious diversity which contribute to the richness of its character,
Preamble: So (it is) that the Sovereign National Conference, held in N’Djaména
from January 15 to April 7, 1993, and having gathered the political parties, the
civil society associations, the corps of the State, religious and traditional
authorities, the representatives of the rural world, and personal resources, gave
back the Chadian people their confidence and allowed the advent of a new
era..... Affirm by this Constitution, our will to live together in respect of ethnic,
religious, regional and cultural diversity; to build a State of law and a united
Nation founded on public liberties and fundamental Rights of Man, dignity of
the human person, and political pluralism, on the African values of solidarity
and fraternity;
Preamble: Conscious of their ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, and
desirous to build one nation unified in solidarity and prosperous;
Preambe: Solemnly reaffirm their determination to fight all forms of tyranny,
oppression, social, cultural or religious domination and segregation, to defend
national independence, to respect and guarantee human rights and the
fundamental rights of the citizen
Article 12: The society shall be committed to safeguarding and protecting

morals, promoting the genuine Egyptian traditions and abiding by the high
standards of religious education, moral and national values, historical heritage
of the people, scientific facts, socialist conduct and public morality within the
limits of the law. The State is committed to abiding by these principles and
promoting them.
Article 3(2): The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of the
Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious communities of Ethiopia to
live together in equality and unity.
Article 20: Each citizen shall have the duty to respect the honor and the
opinions of others.
Article 51A: It shall be the duty of every citizen of India... (e) to promote
harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
Article 3: Iraq is a country of many nationalities, religions and sects, and is a

founding and active member of the Arab League and committed to its
covenant. Iraq is a part of the Islamic world
Article 6: Its inspiration is its Arabic and Islamic heritage, humanitarian values
and the specific conditions of the Libyan society.
Article 10(2): The State shall recognize and guarantee the right of all citizens to
the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural,
Article 19: Every person shall be entitled to enjoy, practice, profess, maintain
and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the terms of
this Constitution and further subject to the condition that the rights protected
by this Article do not impinge upon the rights of others or the national interest.
Article 180: The communities of the Atlantic Coast have the right to live and
develop themselves under the forms of social organization that correspond to
their historic and cultural traditions. The State guarantees these communities
the benefits of their natural resources, the effectiveness of their forms of
communal property and the free election of their authorities and
representatives. Furthermore, it guarantees the preservation of their cultures
and languages, religions and customs.
Article 15: (3) For the purpose of promoting national integration, it shall be the
duty of the State to… (c) encourage inter-marriage among persons from
different places of origin, or of different religious, ethnic or linguistic association
or ties; and (d) promote or encourage the formation of associations that cut
across ethnic, linguistic, religious or other sectional barriers.... Article 23: The
national ethics shall be Discipline, Integrity, Dignity of Labour, Social Justice,
Religious Tolerance, Self-reliance and Patriotism.
Article 7: The state supports the strengthening of links with Romanians outside
the country’s borders and works for the preservation, development, and
expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identity, by
respecting the legislation of the state of which they are citizens.
Article 10: The state shall aspire to promote family bonds and Arab-Islamic
values. It shall take care of all individuals and provide the right conditions for
the growth of their talents and skills.
Article 13: Every citizen shall… (e) respect the dignity and religion of other
individuals, and the rights and interests of others;
Article 6(5): A Pan South African Language Board established by national
legislation must— (a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and
use of... (ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious
purposes in South Africa.
Preamble:Mindful of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural diversity in the Sudan,

desecration, unlawful removal or illegal export. Article 1: (1) The Republic of
the Sudan is an independent, sovereign State. It is a democratic, decentralized,
multi-cultural, multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and multi-lingual
country where such diversities co-exist.... (3) The Sudan is an all embracing
homeland where religions and cultures are sources of strength, harmony and
inspiration Preamble:Mindful of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural diversity in
the Sudan... Further committed to gearing governance, in the coming phase of
our political advancement, towards the enhancement of economic
development, promotion of social harmony, deepening of religious tolerance
and building trust and confidence in the society generally, Article 4: This
Constitution is predicated upon and guided by the following principles... (b)
religions, beliefs, traditions and customs are the source of moral strength and
inspiration for the Sudanese people, Article 16(1): The State shall enact laws to
protect the society from corruption[,] delinquency and social evils and steer the
society as a whole towards virtuous social values consistent with religions and
cultures of the Sudan. Article 155: Law enforcement agencies of the National
Capital shall be representative of the population of the Sudan and shall be
adequately trained and made sensitive to the cultural, religious and social
diversity in the Sudan. Article 156: Without prejudice to the competence of any
national institution to promulgate laws, judges and law enforcement agencies
shall, in dispensing justice and enforcing law in the National Capital, be guided
by the following:— (a) tolerance shall be on the basis of peaceful coexistence
between the Sudanese people of different cultures, religions and traditions...
Article 5:(2) Nationally enacted legislation applicable to Southern Sudan or
states of Southern Sudan shall have as its sources of legislation popular
consensus, the values and the customs of the people of the Sudan, including
their traditions and religious beliefs, having regard to Sudan’s diversity. (3)
Where national legislation is currently in operation or is to be enacted and its
source is religion or custom, then a state, and subject to Article 26 (a) herein in
the case of Southern Sudan, the majority of whose residents do not practice
such religion or customs may a) either introduce legislation so as to allow
practices or establish institutions, in that state consistent with their religion or
customs, or (b) refer the law to the Council of States to be approved by a two-
thirds majority of all the representatives or initiate national legislation which
will provide for such necessary alternative institutions as may be
appropriate.Article 165(1): There shall be established a Southern Sudan Council
of Ministers to be appointed by the President of Government of Southern
Sudan, in consultation with the Vice President and approved by Southern Sudan
Assembly. The Government of Southern Sudan shall be established with due
regard to the need for inclusiveness in recognition of ethnic, religious diversity
and gender.
Section 70: Every person shall have a duty to uphold the nation, religions, the
King and the democratic regime of government with the King as Head of State
under this Constitution.
Article 4: It shall be the duty of the Tibetan Administration to adhere to the

principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as specified by the
United Nations, and to also urge and encourage all other countries of the world
to respect and comply with such Declarations, and shall emphasize the
promotion of the moral and material well-being of the Tibetan people, the
safeguarding of their social, cultural, religious and political rights, and in
particular, the ultimate achievement of their common goal.
Preamble II(iii): Every effort shall be made to integrate all the peoples of
Uganda while at the same time recognising the existence of their ethnic,
religious, ideological, political and cultural diversity.
Article 11: The State promotes the consolidation and development of the
Ukrainian nation, of its historical consciousness, traditions and culture, and also
the development of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all
indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine
Article 60: Defending religion and the homeland is a sacred duty, military duty
is an honour, and national service is to be organized by law.
Implementation of International Treaties/International Law
Crimes Against Religion/Religious Hatred Protecting Religious Freedom
Preamble: ...Observing the United Nations Charter as well as the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights...
Article 5: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding in

Andorra.
Article 21: Constitutional and legal norms related to fundamental

rights shall be interpreted and incorporated in keeping with The
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the African Charter on the
Rights of Man and Peoples and other international instruments to
which Angola has adhered
Article 75: The Congress shall have power…. (22) To approve or reject
treaties entered with other nations and with international
organizations, and concordats with the Holy See. Treaties and
concordats have higher standing than laws.... The following
[international instruments], under the conditions under which they
are in force, stand on the same level as the Constitution, [but] do not
repeal any article in the First Part of this Constitution, and must be
understood as complementary of the rights and guarantees
recognized therein: The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties
of Man; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the American
Convention on Human Rights; the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protocol; the [International]
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide; the
International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial
Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture and
other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and
the Convention on the Rights of the Child. They may only be
denounced, if such is to be the case, by the National Executive Power,
after prior approval by two-thirds of the totality of the members of
each Chamber. Other treaties and conventions on human rights, after
being approved by Congress, shall require the vote of two-thirds of
the totality of the members of each Chamber in order to enjoy
standing on the same level as the Constitution.[4]
Article 3: A human being, his/her dignity, fundamental rights and
freedoms are an inalienable and ultimate value.
The Republic of Armenia shall ensure the protection of fundamental
human and civil rights and freedoms in conformity with the principles
and norms of international law.
The State’s exercise of power shall be limited by the fundamental
human and civil rights and freedoms.
Article 47(III): Propaganda inciting racial, ethnic or

religious animosity or hostility is inadmissible.
Article 8: The Republic of Belarus shall recognize the supremacy of the

Article 5: The creation and activities of political universally acknowledged principles of international law and ensure
parties and other public associations that aim to
change the constitutional system by force, or that its laws comply with such
conduct a propaganda of war, social, principles. The Republic of Belarus in conformity with principles of
international law may on a voluntary basis enter interstate formations
ethnic, religious and racial hatred, shall be and withdraw from them. The conclusion of international treaties that
prohibited. are contrary to the Constitution shall not be permitted.
Preamble: ...Reaffirm our attachment to the principles of democracy
and human rights as they have been defined by the Charter of the
United Nations of 1945 and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights of 1948, by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
adopted in 1981 by the Organization of African Unity and ratified by
Bénin on January 20, 1986 and whose provisions make up an integral
part of this present Constitution and of Béninese law and have a value
superior to the internal law...
Preamble: Inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the

International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, and the Declaration on the Rights of
Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic
Minorities, as well as other human rights instruments,
Article 44: (1) All citizens shall be free to associate.

(2) The organization/s activity shall not be contrary
to the country's sovereignty and national integrity, or
the unity of the nation, nor shall it incite racial,
national, ethnic or religious enmity or an
encroachment on the rights and freedoms of
citizens; no organization shall establish clandestine
or paramilitary structures or shall seek to attain its
aims through violence.
Preamble:....SUBSCRIBING to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights of 1948 and to the international instruments dealing with
economic, political, social and cultural problems, — REAFFIRMING
solemnly our commitment to the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights of 1981....
Preamble: Proclaiming our commitment to the respect of the

fundamental rights of the individual as they result in particular from
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of December 10, 1948, the
International Covenants on Human Rights of December 16, 1966 and
the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of June 18, 1981;
Article 31: The Kingdom of Cambodia recognizes and respects human

rights as stipulated in the United Nations Charter, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the covenants and conventions
related to human rights, women's rights and children's rights....
Preamble: ...affirm our attachment to the fundamental freedoms

enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter
of the United Nations, The African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights and all duly ratified International Conventions relating thereto,
in particular, to the following principles...
Article 17: (1) Laws and international conventions may grant rights,
liberties, and guarantees not provided for in the Constitution. (2) The
extent and the essential content of constitutional norms regarding
rights, liberties, and guarantees may not be restricted by means of
interpretation. (3) Constitutional and legal norms regarding
fundamental rights may be interpreted and integrated in accordance
with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Preamble: Reaffirms its adherence to the Charter of the Organization

of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man
of December 10, 1948, and to the International Covenants of
December 16, 1966relating to economic, social, and cultural rights on
the one hand, and to civil and political rights on the other,
Preamble: Reaffirm our commitment to the principles of the Rights of

Man as defined by the Charter of the United Nations of 1945, by the
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1948 and the African
Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 1981;
Article 93: International treaties and agreements ratified by Congress
that recognize human rights and prohibit their limitation in states of
emergency have domestic priority. The rights and duties mentioned in
this Charter will be interpreted in accordance with international
treaties on human rights ratified by Colombia.
Preamble: ...to emphasize their commitment to the principles and

fundamental rights defined by the Charter of the United Nations, by
the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, by the Pact of the
League of Arab States, by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as well as
by the international conventions, particularly those relating to
childrens’ and womens’ rights....
Preamble: our adherence and attachment to the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights, the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the
Child and the Rights of Women, particularly to the goal of equal
representation of men and women in the institutions of the country,
as well as to the international instruments relating to the protection
and promotion of human rights;
Article 10: Each has the right to express and to freely

disseminate their ideas. All propaganda having for its Preamble: Proclaims its adherence to the rights and freedoms as
object or for its effect to make one social group defined in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1948 and
prevail over another, or to encourage racial or in the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 1981;
religious hatred is forbidden.
Article 39: Prohibited and punishable is any call for

or incitement to war, or resort to violence, national,
racial or religious hatred, or any form of intolerance.
Article 12(b): bases its international relations on the principles of

equality of rights, free determination of peoples, territorial integrity,
independence of States, international cooperation for mutual and
equitable benefit and interest, peaceful settlement of controversies,
marked by equality and respect, and the other principles proclaimed
in the United Nations Charter and in other international treaties to
which Cuba is a party
Article 23: Fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution shall not
exclude any other rights provided for by the law and shall be
interpreted in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
Preamble: ...Firmly relying on the principles of social justice solemnly

reaffirmed in the rights and liberties of Man defined and consecrated
by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948…
Section 12: ...The incitement of national, racial, Section 3: The state authority shall be exercised solely pursuant to the
religious or political hatred, violence or Constitution and laws which are in conformity therewith. Generally
discrimination shall, by law, be prohibited and recognised principles and rules of international law are an inseparable
punishable…. part of the Estonian legal system….
Article 13(2): The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this

Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to the principles
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants
on Human Rights and international instruments adopted by Ethiopia
Preamble: Solemnly affirms its adherence to the rights of man and

Article 1(13): ...Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious the fundamental liberties such as they result from the Declaration of
discrimination as well as any regionalist propaganda the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 and the Universal
capable of touching the internal or external security
of the State or the integrity of the Republic shall be Charter of theofRights
Declaration Human Rights of 1948, consecrated by the African
of Man and the Rights of Peoples of 1981, and
punished by law; by the National Charter of Liberties of 1990
Article 26: 3. The formation and activity of such

public and political associations aiming at Article 6(2): The legislation of Georgia shall correspond to universally
overthrowing or forcibly changing the constitutional recognised principles and rules of international law. An international
structure of Georgia, infringing upon the treaty or agreement of Georgia unless it contradicts the Constitution
independence and territorial integrity of the country of Georgia, the Constitutional Agreement, shall take precedence over
or propagandising war or violence, provoking domestic normative acts.
national, local, religious or social animosity, shall be
impermissible.
Article 25: The general rules of international law shall be an integral

part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and
directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal
territory.
Article 21(2e): that is reasonably required for the
purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana against
the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which
exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood
of Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or
incites hatred against other members of the
community; except so far as that provision or, as the
case may be, the thing done under the authority of
that law is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in
terms of the spirit of this Constitution.
Article 14(3): The seizure of newspapers and other Article 28(1): The generally recognised rules of international law, as
well as international conventions as of the time they are ratified by
publications before or after circulation is prohibited. statute and become operative according to their respective
Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be
allowed exceptionally after circulation and in case of: conditions, shall be an integral part of domestic Greek law and shall
prevail over any contrary provision of the law. The rules of
(a) an offence against the Christian or any other international law and of international conventions shall be applicable
known religion. . to aliens only under the condition of reciprocity.
Article 4: An Act of Parliament shall punish any act of Preamble: Proclaim… Its adherence to the ideals and principles, rights
racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, or any and duties established in the United Nations Charter, the Universal
regionalistic propaganda, which could gravely affect Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Charter of the Organization for
national unity, the security of the State, the African Unity and the African Charter of the Rights of Man and
territorial integrity of the Republic or the democratic Peoples.
functioning of its institutions.
Preamble: The Haitian people proclaim this constitution in order

to:Ensure their inalienable and imprescriptible rights to life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness; in conformity with the Act of
Independence of 1884 and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of
Man of 1948.... Article 19: The State has the absolute obligation to
guarantee the right to life, health, and respect of the human person
for all citizens without distinction, in conformity with the Universal
Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Article 5(3): Formation and functioning of public
associations pursuing the goals or actions directed
toward a violent change of the constitutional system,
violation of the integrity of the Republic,
undermining the security of the state, inciting social,
racial, national, religious, class and tribal enmity, as
well as formation of unauthorized paramilitary units
shall be prohibited.Article 20(3): Propaganda of or
agitation for the forcible change of the constitutional
system, violation of the integrity of the Republic,
undermining of state security, and advocating war,
social, racial, national, religious, class and clannish
superiority as well as the cult of cruelty and violence
shall not be allowed.
Article 25: Freedom to express convictions and to
impart information shall be incompatible with
criminal actions—incitement of national, racial,
religious, or social hatred, violence and
discrimination, with slander and disinformation.
Article 20: ...The programmes and activities of

political parties and other associations of citizens
may not be directed at the violent destruction of the
constitutional order of the Republic, or at
encouragement or incitement to military aggression
or ethnic, racial or religious hatred or intolerance....
Preamble: Taking into consideration its geo-political situation in the

region and its committed participation among the nations and
adopting as its own: — The International Charter of the Rights of Man,
— The African Charter of the Rights of Man and of People, — The
Conventions concerning the Rights of the Woman and of the Child
which are all considered an integral part of its positive law.
Preamble: ...subscribe to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of

Man of December 10, 1948 and to the African Charter of the Rights of
Man and People of June 27, 1981,
Article 32(3): The law shall forbid and prosecute all Article 4: (1) Constitutional provisions on human rights and freedoms
actions aimed at denying and slandering of the State shall be interpreted and enforced in accordance with the Universal
and people, the instigation to sedition, war of Declaration of Human Rights, other conventions and treaties to which
aggression, national, racial or religious hatred, the the Republic of Moldova is a party. (2) Wherever disagreements
incitement to discrimination, territorial separatism, appear between the conventions and treaties on fundamental human
public violence, or other manifestations encroaching rights to which the Republic of Moldova is a party and its domestic
upon the constitutional regime. laws, priority shall be given to international regulations.
Article 50: ...The competent court may prevent
dissemination of information and ideas via the public
media only if so required in order to prevent
invitation to forcible destruction of the order defined
by the Constitution; preservation of territorial
integrity of Montenegro; prevention of propagating
war or incitement to violence or performance of
criminal offences; prevention of propagating racial,
national and religious hatred or discrimination.
Article 55: The operation of political and other
organizations directed towards forceful destruction
of the constitutional order, infringement of the
territorial integrity of Montenegro, violation of
guaranteed freedoms and rights or instigating
national, racial, religious and other hatred and
intolerance shall be prohibited....
Article 39: All acts intended to undermine national

unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions
or situations of privilege or discrimination based on
colour, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, Article 43: The constitutional principles in respect of fundamental
rights shall be interpreted and integrated in harmony with the
religion, level of education, social position, physical Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the African Charter of
or mental Human and Peoples Rights.
ability, the marital status of one's parents, profession
or political preference, shall be
punished in terms of the law
Article 364: The abuse of religion for political

purposes is prohibited. Moreover, any act which is
intended or is likely to promote feelings of hatred,
enmity or discord between racial or religious
communities or sects is contrary to this Constitution.
A law may be promulgated to punish such activity.
Article 46:All persons in the national territory shall enjoy State
protection and recognition of the rights inherent to the human
person, as well as unrestricted respect, promotion and protection of
those human rights, and the full applicability of the rights set forth in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in the American
Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man; in the International Pact
of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; in the International Pact of
Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations; and in the American
Convention of Human Rights of the Organization of American States.
Article 9: ... Parties of an ethnic, regionalist or

religious character shall be prohibited. No party shall
be created for the purpose of promoting an ethnic
group or a region or a religion,susceptible to
prosecution.
Article 39: (1) The question, whether a law or act is reasonably
justifiable in a democratic society having a proper regard for the rights
and dignity of mankind, is to be determined in the light of the
circumstances obtaining at the time when the decision on the
question is made. (2) A law shall not be declared not to be reasonably
justifiable in a society having a proper regard for the rights and dignity
of mankind except by the Supreme Court or the National Court, or any
other court prescribed for the purpose by or under an Act of the
Parliament, and unless the court is satisfied that the law was never so
justifiable such a declaration operates as a repeal of the law as at the
date of the declaration. (3) For the purposes of determining whether
or not any law, matter or thing is reasonably justified in a democratic
society that has a proper regard for the rights and dignity of mankind,
a court may have regard to:— (a) the provisions of this Constitution
generally, and especially the National Goals and Directive Principles
and the Basic Social Obligations; and (b) the Charter of the United
Nations; and (c) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and any
other declaration, recommendation or decision of the General
Assembly of the United Nations concerning human rights and
fundamental freedoms; and (d) the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the
Protocols thereto, and any other international conventions,
agreements or declarations concerning human rights and
fundamental freedoms; and
(e) judgements, reports and opinions of the International Court of
Justice, the European Commission of Human Rights, the European
Court of Human Rights and other international courts and tribunals
dealing with human rights and fundamental freedoms; and (f)
previous laws, practices and judicial decisions and opinions in the
country; and
(g) laws, practices and judicial decisions and opinions in other
countries; and (h) the Final Report of the pre-Independence
Constitutional Planning Committee dated 13 August 1974 and
presented to the pre-Independence House of Assembly on 16 August
1974, as affected by decisions of that House on the report and by
decisions of the Constituent Assembly on the draft of this
Constitution; and
(i) declarations by the International Commission of Jurists and other
similar organizations; and (j) any other material that the court
considers relevant.
Article 206(Fourth): The norms concerning the rights and freedoms

that the Constitution recognizes are interpreted in accordance with
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the treaties and
international agreements concerning corresponding matters ratified
by Peru.
Article 16: (1) The fundamental rights enshrined in this Constitution

shall not exclude such other rights as may be laid down by law and in
the applicable rules of international law. (2) The provisions of this
Constitution and of laws concerning fundamental rights shall be
interpreted and construed in accordance with the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Article 20: (1) Constitutional provisions on the rights and freedoms of
citizens shall be interpreted and applied in accordance with the
Universal Declaration on Human Rights and with other treaties and
pacts to which Romania is a party. (2) In case of an inconsistency
Article 29(4); All forms, means, acts, or actions of between domestic law and the international obligations resulting from
religious enmity are prohibited in the relationship the covenants and treaties on fundamental human rights to which
between the cults. Romania is a party, the international obligations shall take
precedence, unless the Constitution or the domestic laws contain
more favorable provisions
Article 29(2): Propaganda or agitation, which arouses

social, racial, national or religious hatred and hostility
shall be prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial,
national, religious or linguistic supremacy shall also
be prohibited. Article 13(5): The establishment and
activities of public associations whose goals and
activities are aimed at the forcible changing of the
basis of the constitutional order and at violating the
integrity of the Russian Federation, at undermining
its security, at creating armed units, and at
instigating social, racial, national and religious strife
Article 33: ...Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or

discrimination or any other form of division is
punishable by law
Article 1: The Republic of San Marino recognises the general
principles of international law as an integral part of its own legal
order, rejects war as a means of settling disputes between States,
subscribes to the international conventions on human rights and
freedoms and reasserts the right of political asylum.
Article 12(2): The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

proclaims its adherence to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of
Man and to its principles and objectives of the Organization of African
Unity and of the United Nations Organization.
Preamble: AFFIRMS its adherence to the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen of 1789 and to the international instruments
adopted by the Organization of the United Nations and the
Article 5: Any act of racial, ethnic, or religious Organization of African Unity, in particular the Universal Declaration of
discrimination, as well as any regionalist propaganda Human Rights of December 10, 1948, the Convention on the
which could affect the internal security of the State Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women of
or the territorial integrity of the Republic shall be December 18, 1979, the Convention on the Rights of the Child of
punished in accordance with statute. November 20, 1989 and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights of June 27, 1981;
Article 5: ...Activities of political parties aiming at

forced overthrow of constitutional system, violation
of guaranteed human or minority rights, inciting
racial, national or religious hatred, shall be
prohibited…. Article 44: ...Constitutional Court may
ban a religious community only if its activities
infringe the right to life, right to mental and physical Article 194: ...Ratified international treaties and generally accepted
health, the rights of child, right to personal and
family integrity, public safety and order, or if it incites rules of the international law shall be part of the legal system of the
Republic of Serbia. Ratified international treaties may not be in
religious, national or racial intolerance. Article 49: noncompliance with the Constitution......
Any inciting of racial, ethnic, religious or other
inequality or hatred shall be prohibited and
punishable. Article 55: ...Constitutional Court may
ban only such associations the activity of which is
aimed at violent overthrow of constitutional order,
violation of guaranteed human or minority rights, or
inciting of racial, national and religious hatred.
Article 1(2): The Slovak Republic recognizes and honors general rules
of international law, international treaties by which it is bound and its
other international obligations.
Article 8: Laws and regulations must comply with generally accepted

principles of international
Article 63: Any incitement to national, racial, law and with treaties that are binding on Slovenia. Ratified and
religious or other discrimination, and the inflaming published treaties shall be applied directly. Article 153: ...Laws must
of national, racial, religious or other hatred and be in conformity with generally accepted principles of international
intolerance are unconstitutional. Any incitement to law and with valid treaties ratified by the National Assembly, whereas
violence and war is unconstitutional. regulations and other general legal acts must also be in conformity
with other ratified treaties....
Article 19: The Somali Democratic Republic shall recognize the

Universal declaration of human rights and generally accepted rules of
international law.
Article 16: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of
expression, which includes— (a) freedom of the
press and other media; (b) freedom to receive or
impart information or ideas; (c) freedom of artistic
creativity; and (d) academic freedom and freedom of
scientific research. (2) The right in subsection (1)
does not extend to— (a) propaganda for war; (b)
incitement of imminent violence; or
(c) advocacy of hatred that is based on race,
ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes
incitement to cause harm.
Article 23: (2) In particular every citizen shall… (b)

abhor violence, promote harmony, fraternity and
tolerance among all people of the Sudan in order to
transcend religious, regional, linguistic, and sectarian
divisions,
Article 30: ... Propaganda and agitation inciting social
and racial, national, religious and language enmity
and hostility are prohibited…. Article 8: ...Creation
and functioning of social associations and political
parties propagating racism, nationalism, social and
religious enmity, or encouraging forcible overthrow
of the constitutional system and organization of
armed groups are prohibited.]
Article 9(f): that human dignity is preserved and upheld in accordance

with the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
. Article 24: The provisions of international treaties are reserved
Article 28: Citizens have the right to create political

parties and other public associations that function
within the framework of the Constitution and laws.
Prohibited is the creation and activity of political
parties or other public associations aimed at violent
alteration of the constitutional structure, permitting
violence in their activities, acting against the
constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens,
propagating war, racial, national, social, or religious
enmity, [or] encroaching on the health or morals of
the people, as well as creation of militarized
associations and political parties based on national
or religious traits.
Article 37: The establishment and activity of political

parties and public associations are prohibited if their
program goals or actions are aimed at the liquidation
of the independence of Ukraine, the change of the
constitutional order by violent means, the violation
of the sovereignty and territorial indivisibility of the
State, the undermining of its security, the unlawful
seizure of state power, the propaganda of war and of
violence, the incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or
religious enmity, and the encroachments on human
rights and freedoms and the health of the
population
Human Rights Act: An Act to give further effect to rights and freedoms
guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights; to
make provision with respect to holders of certain judicial offices who
become judges of the European Court of Human Rights; and for
connected purposes
Article 57: The formation and functioning of political

parties and public associations
aiming to do the following shall be prohibited:
changing the existing constitutional
system by force; coming out against the sovereignty,
territorial integrity and security of
the Republic, as well as the constitutional rights and
freedoms of its citizens; advocating war and social,
national, racial and religious hostility, and
encroaching on the health and morality of the
people, as well as of any armed associations and
political parties based on the national or religious
principles. All secret societies and associations shall
be banned.
Article 6: The Republic of Yemen confirms its adherence to the UN

Charter, the International Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of
the Arab League, and Principles of international Law which are
generally recognized.
Country Conscientious Objection
Afghanistan
Article 166 (2):A citizen who, for reasons of

conscience, refuses to serve with weapons in the
Albania armed forces is obliged to perform alternative
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda service, as provided by law.
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Article 9a(4):Whoever refuses to fulfill his defense
obligation on the grounds of reasons of conscience
Austria and is exempted from it, is to render alternate
service (Ersatzdienst). Details will be determined by
laws.
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolvia
Botsawana
Article 143(1): The Armed Forces shall have the
power, as provided by law, to assign alternative
service in peacetime to those who, after enlistment,
allege that they are conscientious objectors,
understood as having objections based on religious
beliefs and philosophical or political convictions for
Brazil exemption from activities of an essentially military
character. Article 5(8): no one shall be deprived of
any rights because of religious beliefs or
philosophical or political convictions, unless invoked
in order to be exempted from a legal obligation
imposed upon all by one refusing to perform an
alternative service established by law;
Brunei Daraussalam
Article 58(2): Obligations established by the

Bulgaria Constitution and the law shall not be defaulted
upon on grounds of religious or other convictions.
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Article 48(8):The right to conscientious objection

Cape Verde shall be guaranteed, as provided by law.
Article 54: No one may avail oneself of his religious

beliefs, nor his philosophical opinions to excuse
Chad oneself from a duty dictated by the national
interest.
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d' Ivoire
Article 47: Military service and the defense of the

Republic of Croatia are the duty of every citizen.
Conscientious objection is allowed to those who,
because of their religious or moral convictions, are
Croatia not willing to participate in the service of a military
character in the armed forces. Such persons are
obligated to perform the other service specified by
law.
Cuba
Cyprus
CFRBF, Article 15(3): No one may be compelled to

perform military service if such is contrary to his
Czech Republic conscience or religious conviction. Detailed
provisions shall be laid down in a law.
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Domincan Republic
East Timor Article 45(3): The right to be a conscientious

objector is guaranteed in accordance with the law

individuals… (12) The right to conscientious
objection, which cannot infringe on other rights, nor
Ecuador cause harm to people or nature. All people have the
right to deny themselves of violence and to
participate in military service.
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Section 124: ...A person who refuses to serve in the

Armed Forces for religious or moral reasons has a
duty to perform alternative service pursuant to
procedure prescribed by law. Persons in the armed
Estonia forces and alternative service have all constitutional
rights, freedoms and duties, unless otherwise
prescribed by law due to the special interests of the
service....
Ethiopia
Fiji
Section 127: Every Finnish citizen is obligated to

participate or assist in national defence, as provided
by an Act.
Finland Provisions on the right to exemption, on grounds of
conscience, from participation in military national
defence
are laid down by an Act.
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Article 4(3): No one may be compelled against his
conscience to render military service involving the
Germany use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal
law.
Ghana
Article 13(4): No person shall be exempt from
discharging his obligations to the State or may
Greece
refuse to comply with the laws by reason of his
religious convictions.
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Article 70/H(2): During a state of emergency, or if

Parliament has so decided in a state of preventive
defense emergency by a majority of two-thirds of
the votes of the Members of Parliament present, all
men of legal age and of Hungarian citizenship who
reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary
Hungary may be conscripted according to the provisions of
law. Any person[40 ]
HeinOnline -- English text of the Constitution of
1949 as amended to Law No. LXIV/2009 [40] 1949
who seeks exemption from military service on
religious grounds shall be enlisted to perform civil
service.
Article 64: No one may lose any of his civil or

national rights on account of his religion, nor may
Iceland anyone refuse to perform any generally applicable
civil duty on religious grounds.
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgystan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Article 39: The enjoyment of civil and political rights
shall not be dependent on religious belief nor may
Liechtenstein the latter constitute a ground for any dereliction of
civil obligations.
Article 27: A human being’s convictions, practiced
Lithuania religion or belief may not serve as justification for a
crime or for failure to execute laws
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Article 48: Everyone shall have the right to objection

of conscience. No one shall be obliged, contrary to
Montenegro own religion or conviction, to fulfill a military or
other duty involving the use of arms.
Morrocco
Article 54(5): The right to conscientious objection

Mozambique
shall be guaranteed in terms of the law.
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Article 34(2c):...in the case of persons who have
conscientious objections to service in the armed
Nigeria forces of the Federation, any labour required
instead of such service….
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paupa New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Phillippines
Article 85(3): Any citizen whose religious convictions
or moral principles do not allow him to perform
Poland military service may be obliged to perform
substitute service in accordance with principles
specified by statute.

Portugal objector, as laid down by law, shall be guaranteed.
Qatar
Article 42(2): The following do not constitute forced

labor: (a) activities in the military service or
activities which, in accordance with the law, are
Romania carried out in lieu thereof due to religious or
conscience-related reasons;
Article 59(3): In the event that their convictions or

religious beliefs run counter to military service and
Russia in other cases established by federal law, citizens of
the Russian Federation shall have the right to
replace it with alternative civilian service.
Rwanda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
Western Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Article 45: No person shall be obliged to perform

military or any other service involving the use of
weapons if this opposes his religion or beliefs. Any
person pleading conscientious objection may be
Serbia called upon to fulfill military duty without the
obligation to carry weapons, in accordance with the
law.
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Article 25(2): No one may be forced to perform

Slovakia military service if it is against his/her conscience or
religious creed. Details shall be laid down by law.
Article 123: Participation in the national defence is

compulsory for citizens within the limits and in the
manner provided by law.
Citizens who for their religious, philosophical or
Slovenia humanitarian convictions are not willing to perform
military duties, must be given the opportunity to
participate in the
national defence in some other manner.
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tibet
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Section 23(7): Nothing in or done under a law shall

be considered to be inconsistent with this section to
the extent that the law makes reasonable provision
—
(a) requiring a person who proves that he has a
conscientious objection to performing some
reasonable and normal traditional, communal or
Tuvalu civic obligation, or to performing it at a particular
time or in a particular way, to perform instead, some
reasonably equivalent service of benefit to the
community; or (b) for the exclusion of such a person
and his household from any benefit arising out of
the performance of those obligations by others until
the equivalent service has been performed.
Uganda
Article 35: ...No one shall be relieved of his or her

duties before the State or refuse to perform the
laws for reasons of religious beliefs. In the event
Ukraine that the performance of military duty is contrary to
the religious beliefs of a citizen, the performance of
this duty shall be replaced by alternative (non-
military) service.

United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Article 61: ….Conscientious objection cannot be
invoked to evade compliance with the law or to
Venezuela impede compliance of others with it or [impede] the
exercise of their rights
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Computerized Records and Privacy of Religious
Right to Asylum Affiliation
Article 12: The Republic of Belarus may grant the

right of asylum to persons persecuted in other states
for political or religious beliefs or their ethnic
affiliation.
Article 44(2): Utilization of computer records
Article 37: The extradition of stateless or foreign and individual data regarding political,
persons is not allowed (a) for political or religious philosophical, or ideological convictions,
reasons or for opinions. religious faith, party or union affiliation, and
private life shall be prohibited.
Article 33: Subject to national security, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo grants asylum on
its territory to foreign nationals pursued or
prosecuted in particular for their opinion, their belief,
their racial, tribal, ethnic, linguistic affiliation or their
action in favor of democracy and the defense of
human and peoples’ rights, in accordance with the
laws and regulations in force.
Article 12: No Ivorian can be forced into exile. Any

person persecuted for reason of his political,
religious, [or] philosophical convictions, or of his
ethnic identity can benefit from the right of asylum
in the territory of the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire,
under the condition of conforming to the laws of the
Republic.
Article 38(3): The processing of personal data

on private life, political and philosophical
convictions, religious faith, party or trade union
membership and ethnical origin, without the
consent of the interested person, is prohibited.
Article 11: Whoever is persecuted by reason of his
political, philosophical or religious opinions, his race,
his ethnicity, his intellectual, scientific or cultural
activities, in the defense of liberty has the right of
asylum on the territory of the Republic.
Article 65(1): In accordance with the conditions
established by law, the Republic of Hungary shall, if
neither their country of origin nor another country
provides protection, extend the right of asylum to
foreign citizens who, in their native country or the
country of their usual place of residence, are subject
to persecution on the basis of race or nationality,
their alliance with a specific social group, religious or
political conviction, or whose fear of being subject to
persecution is well founded.
Article 12: No one can be forced into exile.
Any person persecuted by reason of his political or
religious convictions, his ethnic connection, may
benefit from the right of asylum in the Republic of
Mali.
Article 44: A foreign national reasonably fearing from

persecution on the grounds of his/her race,
language, religion or association with a nation or a
group or due to own political beliefs may request
asylum in Montenegro.
Article 71(1): The use of computerised means

for recording and processing individually
identifiable
data in respect of political, philosophical or
ideological beliefs, of religious faith, party or
trade union affiliation or private lives, shall be
prohibited.
Article 97: The State shall, where it is reasonable to

do so, grant asylum to persons who reasonably fear
persecution on the ground of their political beliefs,
race, religion or membership of a particular social
group.
Article 37: Extradition is not to be approved if it is
determined that it is sought for the purpose of
persecuting or punishing a person for reasons of
religion, nationality, opinion, or race….
Article 35(3): Computers shall not be used to

treat data concerning philosophical or political
convictions, party or trade union affiliations,
religious beliefs, private life or ethnic origins,
save with the express consent of the
datasubject, with authorisation provided for by
law and with guarantees of non-discrimination,
or for the purpose of processing
statistical data that cannot be individually
identified.
Article 39: ...Entry and stay of foreign nationals in the
Republic of Serbia shall be regulated by the law. A
foreign national may be expelled only under decision
of the competent body, in a procedure stipulated by
the law and if time to appeal has been provided for
him and only when there is no threat of persecution
based on his race, sex, religion, national origin,
citizenship, association with a social group, political
opinions, or when there is no threat of serious
violation of rights guaranteed by this Constitution.
Article 8: ...Turkmenistan grants the right of asylum
to foreign citizens persecuted in their countries for
political, national, or religious convictions.
Trade Unions Independent from Religion
Article 63: (5) Trade unions and professional
associations shall be independent of
management, of the State, of political parties,
the church or religious organizations. (6) The
law shall regulate the creation, coalition,
federation, and disbanding of trade unions and
professional associations, and shall guarantee
independence and autonomy relative to the
State, management, political parties, and
associations, the church, and religious
organizations.
Article 7: ...The existence of armed political,
religious, or union groups is prohibited.
Article 45(3): Trade unions are independent of

the State, of patronage, of religious
denominations, parties and other political
associations.
Article 86(3): Professional associations and
trade unions shall be independent from
employers, from the State, from political parties
and from churches or religious denominations.
Article 55: Trade unions shall be independent
of employers, the state, religious
denominations, and parties and other political
associations, and the law shall lay down such
guarantees as may be appropriate to that
independence, which is fundamental to the
unity of the working classes.
Article 35: Environmental protection is the
collective responsibility of the state and the
community at large. Each individual shall have a
religious and national duty to protect the
environment.

Country Invocation of God

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Country Invocation of God

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Country Invocation of God

Preamble: In the name of Allah, the

Preamble: WHEREAS the People of

Preamble: WHEREAS the people of

Preamble: ...We the Inheritors of and

Sub-Title: In the name of Allah, the

Preamble: WHEREAS the people of

Preamble: Fulfilling the mandate of

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Preamble: ...promulgate, under the

Invocation: In the name of ALLAH,

Schedule B, Constitutional Act 1982,

Central African Republic

Preamble: In the exercise of their

Preamble: Conscious of our

Cote d' Ivoire

Preamble: We, the representatives of

Preamble: Interpreting the profound

Preamble: invoking the name of God

Preamble: We, the tepresentatives of

Preamble: We, the people of

Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE

Preamble: Whereas the people of

Preamble: We, the representatives

Preamble: ...By the grace of God

Preamble: In the name of God, the

Preamble: In the name of Allah, the

Preamble: We, John II, by the Grace

Preamble: WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE

Preamble: Trusting in the

Preamble: WHEREAS we the people

Preamble: The Nicaraguan people, all

Preamble: TO LIVE in unity and

Preamble: In the Name of Allah, the

Preamble: ...We venture into the

Preamble: ...WE, THE PEOPLE, do

Preamble: The Democratic

Preamble: We, the sovereign Filipino

Preamble: WHEREAS the People of

Preamble: WHEREAS the Peoples of

Sao Tome and Principe

Preamble: We, the People of

Preeamble: We the people of

Preamble: We the people of the

Preamble: Whereas We the People

Switzerland Preamble: In the name of Almighty

Preamble: We the people of Togo,

Preamble: Whereas the People of

Preamble: ...aware of our

Preamble: ...HEREBY proclaim the

SECOND SCHEDULE: OATHS (Oath or affirmation of allegiance) I, . . . . . . . . . . do swear (or solemnly

Section 40: Everyone has freedom of conscience, religion and thought.

Article 1: ….It shall respect all beliefs….

Article 3 Section 5: No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

Article 6: The State shall respect the following religious rights:—

Article 13: The people shall have freedom of religious belief.

Article 45: Freedom of conscience and belief shall be

Article 11(4): Nothing contained in or done under the

Article 22(5): Nothing contained in or done under the

Article 16: Relations between the State and religious

Article 7: The freedom to believe or not to believe,

Article 43: ...Freedom of belief and religious worship shall