Journal of Applied Science and Engineering

Experimental Study of Concrete Handling through the

Setting Time of the Placement of Concrete Delay

Journal: Journal of Applied Science and Engineering

Manuscript ID JASE-2019-0012

Manuscript Type: Technology Note

Date Submitted by the

07-Jan-2019
Author:

Complete List of Authors: rahman, tamrin; Universitas Mulawarman, Faculity of Civil Engineer
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Keywords: Plastocrete RT6 Plus, , Add Material, Compressive Strength
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4 Experimental Study of Concrete Handling through the Setting Time of
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6 the Placement of Concrete Delay
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10 Tamrin1, a*, Mardewi Djamal1, and Adhyat Teza Pangayu2
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12 1 Department Of Civil Engineer Mulawarman University’, Samarinda, Indonesia
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2 Junior Engineer Of Inovasi Consultant, Samarinda, Indonesia
15 E-mail: afts_tamrin@yahoo.com (Corresponding author),
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18 Abstract. The concrete of placement done by using a ready mix might reduce the working time
19 and might maintain the consistency of concrete quality, but if there is an obstacle when sending
20 concrete because of the distance of delivery or the presence of obstacles resulting in late
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concrete arrived at the location, it will make the concrete pass the setting time. This has the
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potential to reduce the quality of concrete, so that the use of added materials is needed to
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24 maintain the condition of the concrete according to the plan. This study uses added material
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25 Plastocrete RT6 Plus from SIKA on 30 Mpa concrete qualities with a delay time of 120
26 minutes. This study was conducted by testing each concrete constituent up to the concrete mix
27 design in accordance with the SK.sni method.T-15-1990-03, in this test 5 (five) variations were
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used to add the Plastocrete RT6 Plus with concrete of placement delays up to 120 minutes were
29 0%, 0.4%, 0.5% 0.6%, 0.8%, and a normal concrete without the addition of the Plastocrete
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RT6 Plus with the direct concrete of placement. Based on the results of this study, it was found
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32 that if the concrete had passed the sitting time without additional retaider, its strength
33 decreased to a value of 24.03 MPa, whereas if the addition was not provortional at 4% and
34 0.8%, then the value would be 28.51 Mpa and 27 , 21 Mpa, while the ideal addition was at
35 0.5% and 0.6%, where in this condition the strength of the concrete can exceed the strength of
36 the plan, reaching 32.15 Mpa and 33.12 Mpa respectively. This shows the material if there is a
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delayed the placement of concrete due to shipping constraints, then the addition of the
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39 Plastoctrete RT6 Plus could be recommended as one of the solutions with the addition of 0.5%
40 to 0.6%.
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43 Keywords: Plastocrete RT6 Plus, Add Material, Compressive Strength
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3 1. Introduction
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6 Along with the increasing population of the world, many facilities are needed to support human
7 needs, such as housing, highways, recreation areas and so on. Almost all of the needs related to
8 construction tend to use concrete structures because new concrete is formed according to the
9 planner's framework, therefore the structural work based on concrete utilization must get a
10 serious attention because of maintaining the concrete quality.
11 In construction terms, the concrete is a mixture of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates with
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cement, which is mixed with water in a certain comparison. In general, the materials used are
14 sand, gravel, cement, and water. One of the procedures that must be done in making concrete is
15 stirring the concrete mixture, where the mixing time of the concrete mixture will affect its
16 strength. If the mixture is too short, the ingredients are less evenly distributed, so that the binding
17 between the concrete materials will decrease, on the contrary, if it takes too long it will cause
18 some things, such as; rising concrete temperature, wear on the aggregate, so that the aggregate
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breaks, water loss is needed the value of slump changes, and the strength of the concrete
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21 decreases, the one thing that must be considered is stirring during the process of concrete
22 conveying to the location. In some cases sometimes the distance of the placement of concrete
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23 location is too far, however, the long distance concrete shipments must take into account the time
24 of concrete setting, given the delay in the concrete to the location due to the location of the sink,
25 traffic jam or damage to the quality of the concrete. Therefore, in the shipping process, it must be
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guaranteed that whatever obstacles occur during the delivery of concrete, the quality of the
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concrete must be maintained. However, special handling is needed to ensure the quality of
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29 concrete as planned in the event late of the placement of concrete. Some researchers have
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30 conducted research on this subject, according to BH Ahmadi (2000) in [1] argues that the setting
31 of concrete time in hot areas will faster than the area that is not hot, this will affect the results of
32 concrete of placement, including excessive dehydration that occurs in concrete; Saeed Farzin at
33 all, (2017) in [2] uses Silica and Zeolite for repair of mortar, because it is believed that these two
34 substances can delay cement bond aggregately; RRC Piyasena, at.all [2013] analyzes the setting
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time of concrete for various conditions.
37 One of the ingredients that can delay the setting time of concrete is the Plastocrete RT6 plus, by
38 using laboratory media, the effect of adding the Plastocrete RT6 plus on normal concrete will be
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39 tested before the setting time takes about 40 minutes and the addition is done again at 80 minutes
40 with each addition of 50% of the volume addition plan, and then the concrete of placement is
41 conducted in the 120th minute.
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45 2. The Theoretical Concept
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47 Concrete is a mixture of a combination of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water,
48 and additional materials that will form a solid mass as stated in SNI-03-2847-2002 in [3] [4], the
49 nature and characteristics of concrete depend on the forming material, the way it works and the
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surrounding conditions when the concrete is worked on. Another thing that can affect is the
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52 length of stirring, the amount of stirred material, the type and aggregate granules, and the
53 workability of the mixture (Catalin Badea, at.all) [6]. Where the time of stirs concrete must be
54 adjusted to its volume, according to (LJ.Murdock, 1979) in [7] the volume of concrete ≤ 2 m3
55 then it is done 1½ minutes, for 2½ m3 it is done 2 minutes, for 3 m3 stir it 2½ minutes, and 5 m3
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3 stirring 3 minutes. Meanwhile, according to ACI and ASTM C.14 - 78a in [28] explained that the
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stirring time with a volume of 0.8 m3 was 1 minute, for 1.5 m3 of stirring 1¼ minute, 2.3 m3 of
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6 stirring time was 1½ minutes, 3.1 m3 of stirring 1 ¾ minute, for 3.8 m3 of stirring 2 minutes, to
7 4.6 m3 of mixing is 2¼ minutes, and for 7.6 m3 of stirring 3¼ minutes, this is the same as the
8 rules in PBI 71-6.2.3 [30]
9 Some parameters that most influence the strength of concrete, such as the quality of cement,
10 the proportion of cement to the mixture, the strength and cleanliness of the aggregate, the
11 interaction or adhesion between cement paste with aggregate, adequate mixing of concrete-
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forming materials, correct placement, concrete finishing and compaction, and concrete
14 maintenance, with the following explanations, that concrete has many advantages including:
15 a. Can be easily formed according to construction needs.
16 b. Able to carry heavy loads.
17 c. Resistant to high temperatures.
18 d. Small maintenance costs.
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21 Apart from having advantages, they also have disadvantages
22 a. The weight of the concrete itself is 2400 kg / m3
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23 b. The tensile strength is low, even though the compressive strength is large.
24 c. Concrete tends to crack, because the cement is hydraulic. Reinforced steel can rust even if it
25 is not exposed as heavy as steel structures.
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d. The quality is very dependent on the way it is implemented in the field

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e. The concrete structure is difficult to move, reuse or recycle is difficult and not economical, in
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29 this case, the steel structure is superior.
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30 f. Concrete is difficult to water resistant, perfectly, so water can always be entered and water
31 carrying salt can damage concrete.
32 g. Concrete can expand and shrink if there is a change in temperature, so it needs to be dilated
33 to prevent cracking due to changes in temperature.
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To support the concrete has quality, there are several physical requirements that must be met, as
37 the following:
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39 Table 1 Physical requirements for the Portland cement composites.

40 No Description Value
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1 Wear and tear
43 Air Permeability Test m2 / kg with tools
44 Imeter, min 160
45 Blaine, mm 180
46 2 Eternity
47 Expansion with outo clave 0.8
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3 Press strength
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50 Length of time, 1 day, minimum -
51 Length of time, 3 days kg / cm2 minimum 120
52 Length of time, 7 days kg / cm2 minimum 190
53 Length of time, 28 days kg / cm2 minimum 200
54 4 Engagement Time (Alternative method)
55 With tools/Equipment
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3 Gilmor 60
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First Minimum Minute 600
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6 Last Maximum Minute
7 Vicat
8 First Minimum Minute 45
9 Last Maximum Minute 375
10 5 Quality binding, Maximum Final Penetration 50
11 Air mortar content, % volume, maximum 12
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16 3. Experimental
17 The material used in this study was Portland cement (type I), fine aggregate of Mahakam sand,
18 coarse aggregate of coral Palu, fresh water, and B-type material (water-reducing and retarding
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admixture), namely the Plastocrete RT6 Plus.
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21 Before doing Job Mix design, all materials used were examined based on the standards set in
22 the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) [31] and Indonesian Concrete Regulations 1971 (PBI,
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23 1971) in [30], this was conducted in order to ensure that the material to be used convenes the
24 applicable standards, test method each part of the material might be presented as follows:
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Table, Material Testing
29 Agregate Testing Standard
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Filter Analysis SNI-03-1968
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33 Specific gravity SNI-03-1969
34 SNI-03-1970
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35 Water content SNI-03-1971

36 Volume weight SNI-03-4804
37 Agregate justice SNI-03-2417
38 Sludge levels PBI-1971
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Organic content PBI 1971
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43 To simulate the addition of the Plastoctrete RT6 Plus, a concrete of placement of simulation was
44 performed with a 120 minute delay scheme, such as the image flow below.
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20 Fic 1. Simulation of concrete handling if there are obstacles up to 120 minutes
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22 This study was conducted in a laboratory with 5 variations with the same delay of 120 minutes,
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23 each variation was conducted by adding a retaider with a different amount of mixture, namely:
24 0% 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.8%. And, one variation, which did not make by adding retaider with on
25 time of the concrete of placement. From the four variations made for the addition of retaider, the
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increments were gradually done, each of it was accomplished in the 40th minute with an
28 additional 50% of the plan, and the next 50% addition was accomplished at the 80th minute and
29 the concrete of placement was conducted in the 120th minute.
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31 3.1. Result and Analysis of Fine Aggregate Sieves Testing
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33 The fine aggregate used is natural sand from Palu (Central of Sulawesi Province), which is
34 included in zone II and British Standard, where the gradation tended to be rough as seen in the
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35 following graph.
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56 Fic 2. Graph of Results Fine Aggregate Sieves Testing
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6 3.2. Results and Analysis of Rough Aggregate Testing
7 The aggregate used is an aggregate Palu, with gradations as presented in the graph below:
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28 .Fic 3. Graph of Results Rough Aggregate Testing
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30 The aggregate composition examined is feasible, where it included in the British Standard, where
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from the results of the test, it was found that the mean of MHB average aggregate value was 6.5.
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33 This value met the standard, where generally coarse aggregates have MHB approximately 5.0 -
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36 3.3. Mixed Planning Concrete
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38 The steps for calculating the concrete mix design by using the SK’s method. SNIT-15-1990-03
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39 in [31] namely selected concrete compressive strength, which was implied at the age of 28 days
40 (f'c) = 30 Mpa, Standard deviation (S) = (not specified), Added value (m) = 12 Mpa, Average
41 compressive strength target concrete level (f'cr) 42 Mpa, the type of cement is Tonasa Cement
42 (type I), the type of coarse aggregate is gravel/broken stone from Palu, fine aggregate used
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natural sand from Palu and Cement Water factor (FAS) = 0.48.
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46 And the results of the design are presented below:
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Pic 3. Graph of Planning Concrete
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25 From the results of the concrete mixing design used the weight ratio of Water: Cement:
26 Sand: Coral were 0.45: 1: 1.37: 2.43 and the addition of the Plastoctrete RT6 Plus with a
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27 composition of 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6 %, 0.8% were multiplied by the weight of cement and 0% of
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the normal concrete, and the normal concrete, whose the concrete of placement was late.
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31 3.4 Research Implementation
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54 The implementation procedures for testing might be conducted with rarities as follows:
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3 a. The test material was taken from a day treatment site before the test and then cleaned with a
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damp cloth, from the stick dirts.
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6 b. Before the test was weighed to determine the weight and size of the test object.
7 c. The specimen is placed on a press machine centrically.
8 d. Run a press machine with the ranging from 6 to 4 kg / cm2 per second.
9 e. The loading of the test object is carried out until the test object is destroyed and the pointer is
10 no longer moving upward and when the object has been destroyed then the read value is
11 recorded.
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f. Processes (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) are in accordance with the number of specimens that are
14 determined by their characteristic compressive strength.
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16 To obtain the compressive strength in the concrete might use a formula in the following
17 equation;
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27 Fc = Compressive strength of each specimen at the length of 28 days. (Mpa²)

28 P = Crushed compressive strength of the tool (N)
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SD = Deviation Standard
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N = Number of specimens
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32 Fcm = Average compressive strength at the length of 28 days (Kg / cm)
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34 4. The results of discussion
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35 The comparison results of the concrete quality testing with the various compositions might be
36 seen in the following table.
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Table 2. Laboratory Observation Results
40 Plastocrete Time
Slump Age Compressive
41 RT6 Plus Mold Observati Dial
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Observatio (Day Strength 28
Variation Code on KN Kg
43 n (cm) ) Day (Mpa)
(%) (minute)
44 BTND 0 10 28 530 54026.50 30.01
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BTNE 0 10 28 530 54026.50 30.01
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47 BTNF 0 10 28 540 55045.87 30.57
48 30.20
49 BTNA 120 2 28 490 49949.03 27.74
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BTNB 120 2 28 570 58103.98 32.27
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52 BTNC 120 2 28 330 33639.14 18.68
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55 BTA1 120 7 28 530 54026.50 30.01
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BTA3 120 7 28 490 49949.03 27.74
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5 28.87
6 BTB4 120 8 28 610 62181.45 34.54
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0.5 BTB5 120 8 28 590 60142.71 33.40
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9 BTB6 120 8 28 600 61162.08 33.97
10 33.97
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12 BTC7 120 5 28 560 57084.61 31.71
13 BTC8 120 5 28 620 63200.82 35.10
14 0.6
15 BTC9 120 5 28 600 61162.08 33.97
16 33.59
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BTC7 120 5 28 560 57084.61 31.71
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19 BTC8 120 5 28 620 63200.82 35.10
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BTC9 120 5 28 600 61162.08 33.97
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22 33.59
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Coral were 0.45: 1: 1.37: 2.43 and the addition of the Plastoctrete RT6 Plus with a composition
28 of 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6 %, 0.8% were multiplied by the weight of the cement and 0% for the
29 normal concrete, and normal concrete whose the concrete of placement was late.
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51 Fic 6. Chart of results of testing compressive strength several variations of Plastocrete Plus
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54 From the results of the 28-day test, it was found that placement of concrete without adding
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retaiders after the 40th minute of the concrete setting time was lower than the concrete quality of
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3 the plan, this was seen in the chart with 0% addition, while the addition of 5% the Plastocrete
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RT6 Plus and 6% gives better results. The amount of addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus on
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6 concrete must be adjusted, because the addition of non- proportional might cause the quality of
7 concrete to decrease, it might be seen in the graph above, where the addition of the Plastocrete
8 RT6 Plus is 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.8% after 28 days each has a concrete compressive strength of
9 28.51 MPa, 32.14 MPa, 33.12 MPa. 27.06 MPa, but the addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus was
10 0.4%, and 0.8% did not have a significant impact to improve the quality of concrete. Likewise,
11 the addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus 0.5% to 0.6% might be used as a solution to overcome
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the delay in concrete shipments to the location.
14 To find out the effective time for adding the Plastocrete RT6 Plus, the following results were
15 compared to testing the quality of concrete with the composition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus
16 0.5% and 0.6% added 100% at the beginning of concrete mixing and added gradually at 40t h
17 minutes and 80th minutes respectively 50%.
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40 Fic7. Chart of time variation of added plastocrete RT6 Plus
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43 From the above chart, it might be seen that the adding time of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus should be
44 done gradually in the 40th minute and 80th minute, when the concrete got the setting time, where
45 the value of concrete compressive strength was higher compared to the addition of the
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Plastocrete RT6 Plus 100% at the beginning of concrete making.
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49 5. Conclusion
50 1. From the test results, if there is no addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus, the concrete of
51 placement’s delay due to constraints has an adverse effect on the normal concrete, where the
52 concrete quality might be reduced continuously, and the delay until 120 minutes without
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additives reduces the concrete compressive strength only reaching 24.03 Mpa, while in the
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same conditions, the addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus 0.5% to 0.6% might maintain the
56 planned concrete mutation of 32.14 Mpa and 33.12 Mpa. While the additions that were not
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3 more ornate, both less than 0.5% and more than 0.6% could not improve the quality of
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concrete.
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6 2. The addition of the Plastocrete RT6 Plus, is better done before the initial of the concrete
7 setting time, because the additions at the beginning of making the concrete mixture turns out
8 to be more lacey than the addition before the concrete setting time.
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References
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15 [1] B.H. Ahmadi “Initial and final setting time of concrete in hot weather” Materials and
16 Structures/Matériaux et Constructions, Vol 33, October 2000, pp 511-514
17 [2] Ase Saeed Farzin, Gholamali Shafabakhsh, Ehsan Teymouri, Mohammad Reza Aeine
18 Heydari, and Mana Motamedi “Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Micro-Silica
19
and Zeolite on Repair Mortar of Concrete Pavements” Engineering Journal, Vol 21 Issue 2
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21 , Mart 2017
22 [3] R R C Piyasena, P A T S Premerathne, B T D Perera, S M A Nanayakkara “ Evaluation of
Initial Setting Time of Fresh Concrete”, National Engineering Conference, ERU
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24 Symposium, Faculty of Engineering, University Of Moratuwa, Srilangka, 2013
25 [4] Thomas N.L. & Brichal J.D. (1983). The retarding action of sugar on cement hydration
26 Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.13, No.6, pp. 830 – 842.
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[5] Rachmad Purwono,Tavio, Iswandi Imran,I Gusti Putu Raka “ Procedure for calculating
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29 structure for buildings, Surabaya Institute of Technology (SIT) Press, Surabaya, 2019
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30 [6] Lect. PhD. Eng. Catalin BADEA, Assist. Prof. PhD. Eng. Liana IURES “Concrete”
31 Politehnica, University of Timisoara, 2017
32 [7] L.J. Murdock dan K.M. Brook. Concrete materials and practice. Erlangga, Jakarta, 1979
33 [8] M. Nili and V. Afroughsabet, “Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact
34 resistance and mechanical properties of concrete,” Int. J. Impact Eng, vol. 37, no. 8, p. 879–
On

35
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886, 2010.
37 [9] General Affairs Department and Electrical Power “ The regulation on Indonesia Recurring
38 Concrete” Directorate of Investigation of Building Problems,
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39 [10] K. Kuder and S. Shah, “Processing of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement based

40 composites,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 24, no. 2, p. 181–186, 2010.
41 [11] A. Ezeldin and P. Balaguru, “Bond behaviour of normal and high strength fiber reinforced
42
concrete,” ACI Mater. J., vol. 86, no. 5, p. 515–524, 1989.
43
44 [12] Lim and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Influence of silica fume on stress–strain behavior of FRP-
45 confined HSC,” Constr. Build. Mater, vol. 63, p. 11–24, 2014.
46 [13] P. Zhang and Q.-F. Li, “Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite
47 containing fly ash and silica fume,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 45, no. 1, p.
48 1587–1594, 2013.
49 [14] N. Banthia and R. Gupta, “Influence of polypropylene fiber geometry on plastic shrinkage
50
cracking in concrete,” Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 36, no. 7, p. 1263–1267, 2006.
51
52 [15] M. Keyhani, “Investigation of the effect of polypropylene fibers on the properties of fresh
53 and hardened concrete,” in Fifth Annual National Conference of Concrete, Tehran, Iran,
54 2013.
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3 [16] A. Basheerudeen and S. Anandan, “Simplified mix design procedures for steel fibre
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reinforced self compacting concrete,” Engineering Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 21–36, 2015.
5
6 [17] Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in.
7 or [50-mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM C 109 – 07.
8 [18] Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars, ASTM C 348 –
9 02.
10 [19] Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,
11 ASTM C 496 – 04.
12
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[20] K. Kuder and S. Shah, “Processing of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement based
14 composites,” Constr. Build. Mater, vol. 24, no. 2, p. 181–186, 2010.
15 [21] [A. Ezeldin and P. Balaguru, “Bond behaviour of normal and high strength fiber reinforced
16 concrete,” ACI Mater. J., vol. 86, no. 5, p. 515–524, 1989.
17 [22] Lim and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Influence of silica fume on stress–strain behavior of FRP-
18 confined HSC,” Constr. Build. Mater, vol. 63, p. 11–24, 2014.
19
[23] P. Zhang and Q.-F. Li, “Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite
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