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National Taiwan Ocean University 3.8 Baseband Representation of Modulated

Waves and Band-Pass Filters
通訊與導航工程學系  The term “baseband” is used to designate the band of
frequencies representing the original signal as
通訊原理 delivered by a source of information.
Fundamental Communications Theory  A generic, linear modulated wave
s (t )  s I (t ) cos( 2f c t )  sQ (t ) sin( 2f c t )
Fall 2017
 where c (t )  cos( 2f c t ) be the carrier wave with
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frequency fc, and cˆ (t )  sin( 2f c t ) be the quadrature-
phase version of the carrier.
Lecture 4. Baseband Representation and FFT

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 The modulated wave in the compact form – canonical  Therefore,

representation of linear modulated waves
s (t )  s I (t )c (t )  sQ (t ) cˆ (t )
 The term sI(t) is called the in-phase component of the
modulated wave s(t), so called because it is multiplied
by the carrier c(t).
 The complex envelope of the modulated wave s(t),
~
s (t )  s I (t )  js Q (t )
 The complex carrier wave
c~ (t )  c (t )  jcˆ (t )  cos( 2f c t )  j sin( 2f c t )
 exp( j 2f c t )
s (t )  Re[ ~
s (t ) c~ (t )]  Re[ ~
s (t ) exp( j 2f c t )]
where Re[·] extracts the real part of the complex
quantity enclosed inside the square brackets.
 The practical advantage of the complex envelope
 The highest frequency component of s(t) may be as large
as fc+W, where fc is the carrier frequency and W is the
message bandwidth.
 The highest frequency component of ŝ(t) is considerably
smaller, being limited by the message bandwidth W.
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 Given an arbitrary modulated wave s(t), we may derive

the in-phase compound sI(t) and quadrature component
sQ(t) using the scheme shown in Fig. 3.25(a).
 Conversely, given the pair of in-phase component sI(t)
and quadrature component sQ(t), we may generate the
modulated wave s(t) using the complementary scheme
shown in Fig 3.25(b).

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Baseband Representation of Band-pass Filters

 Consider a linear band-pass filter whose input-output
behavior is defined by the transfer function H(f),
which is limited to frequencies within ±B of the mid-
band frequency fc; in effect, 2B defines the bandwidth
of the filter.
 Suppose a modulated wave s(t) is applied to this filter,
producing the output y(t), as shown in Fig. 3.26(a).
~
Figure 3.25 (a) Scheme for deriving the in-phase and quadrature H ( f  f c )  2 H ( f ), for f  0
components of a linearly modulated (i.e., band-pass) signal. (b)
Scheme for reconstructing the modulated signal from its in-phase
and quadrature components.
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 Determine H(f) by proceeding as follows:

 Given the transfer function H(f) of a band-pass filter,
keep the part of H(f) that corresponds to positive
frequencies;
 Shift H+(f) ～
to the left along the frequency axis by an
amount equal to fc, and scale it by the factor 2.
 Applying s(t) to H(f) as depicted in Fig. 3.26(b), we
determine the complex envelope ~y (t ) of the output
signal y(t).
Figure 3.26 Band-pass filter to complex low-pass system
transformation: (a) Real-valued band-pass configuration, and (b) y (t )  Re[ ~
y (t ) exp( j 2f t )]
c
corresponding complex-valued low-pass configuration.

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3.9 Theme Examples

 The superheterodyne receiver, or superhet as it is often
Superheterodyne Receiver referred to, is a special type of receiver that fulfills all
three functions, particularly the first two,
 In a broadcasting system,  Figure 3.27 shows the block diagram of a
 The receiver not only has the task of demodulating the superheterodyne receiver for amplitude modulation
incoming modulated signal, but also it is required to using an envelope detector for demodulation.
perform some other system functions:  The combination of mixer and local oscillator provides
 Carrier-frequency tuning, a heterodyning function,
 Filtering,
 Amplification,
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Figure 3.27 Basic elements of an AM radio receiver of the
superheterodyne type.
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 The result of the heterodyning is to produce an
intermediate-frequency carrier defined by
fIF = fRF – fLO
 Where fLO is the frequency of the local oscillator and
fRF is the carrier frequency of the incoming RF signal.
 The mixer local oscillator combination is sometimes
referred to as the first detector, in which case the
demodulator (envelope detector in Fig. 3.27) is
called the second detector.
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Television Signals
 The exact details of the modulation format used to
transmit the video signal characterizing a TV system are
influenced by two factors:
1. The video signal exhibits a large bandwidth and
significant low-frequency content,
2. The circuitry used for demodulation in the receiver
should be simple and therefore inexpensive.
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 Fig. 3.28(a) shows the idealized spectrum of a

transmitted TV signal.
 The frequency response of the VSB filter used to do the
required spectrum shaping in the receiver is shown in
Fig. 3.28(b).

Figure 3.28 (a) Idealized

amplitude spectrum of a
transmitted TV signal. (b)
Amplitude response of a VSB
shaping filter in the receiver.

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Frequency-division Multiplexing
 The technique of separating the signals in frequency is

referred to as frequency-division multiplexing (FDM),

whereas the technique of separating the signals in time
is called time-division multiplexing (TDM).
 A block diagram of an FDM system is shown in Fig.

3.29.

Figure 3.29 Block diagram of frequency-division multiplexing

(FDM) system.
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 Note that the FDM system shown in Fig. 3.29 operates I

only one direction. To provide for two-way transmission,
as in telephony for example, we have to completely
duplicate the multiplexing facilities, with the
components connected in reverse order and with the
signal waves proceeding from right to left.
Example 3.6
Modulation steps
in a 60-channel FDM system

Figure 3.30 Illustration of the modulation steps in an FDM system.

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Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform
 The fast Fourier transform algorithm is itself derived  The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the sequence
from the discrete Fourier transform, both time and gn:
frequency are represented in discrete form. The discrete
N 1
 j 2 
Gk   g n exp  kn , k  0,1, , N  1
Fourier transform provides an approximation to the n 0  N 
Fourier transform.
fs 1 1
 The sequence {G0, G1,…GN-1} is called the transform
f    sequence. The inverse discrete Fourier transform
N NT s T
(IDFT) of Gk:
where T = NTs is the total duration of the signal.
1 N 1
 j 2 
gn = g(nTs) gn 
N
G
k 0
k exp
 N
kn ,

n  0,1,  , N  1
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Interpretations of the DFT and the IDFT

 For the interpretation of the IDFT process, described in
Eq. (2.163), we may use the scheme shown in Fig
2.34(b).
 j 2   2   2 
exp kn   cos kn   j sin  kn 
 N   N   N 
  2   2 
 cos kn , sin  kn , k  0,1, , N  1
  N   N 
Figure 2.34 Interpretations of
(a) the DFT as an analyzer of the
data sequence gn, and (b) the
IDFT as a synthesizer of gn.

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Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms xn = gn + gn+N/2

N 1 ( N / 2 ) 1
Gk   g nW nk , k  0,1, , N  1 N
n 0
G2l   x (W
n 0
n
2 ln
) , l  0,1, ,
2
1

 j 2 
W  exp  
 N  yn = gn – gn+N/2

( N / 2 ) 1 N 1

g W g W
( N / 2 ) 1
Gk  nk
 nk

n 0
n
n N / 2
n G2l 1   y (W
n 0
n
2 l 1 n
)
( N / 2 ) 1 ( N / 2 ) 1
 g W
n 0
n
nk
 g
n 0
n N / 2 W k ( n  N / 2)

( N / 2 ) 1

[ y W n
n
](W 2 ) l n , l  0,1, ,
N
1
n 0 2
( N / 2 ) 1
  (g
n 0
n  g n N / 2W kN / 2
)W , nk
k  0,1, , N  1
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Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms

 The coefficient Wn multiplying yn is called a twiddle
factor.
 A signal-flow graph consists of an interconnection of
nodes and branches. The direction of signal
transmission along a branch is indicated by an arrow.
A branch multiplies the variable at a node by the
branch transmittance.
Figure 2.35 (a) Reduction of
8-point DFT into two 4-point
DFTs. (b) Reduction of 4-point
DFT into two 2-point DFTs. (c)
Trivial case of 2-point DFT.

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Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms

 Two other important features of the FFT algorithm
shown in Fig. 2.36.
 The FFT algorithm depicted in Fig. 2.36 is referred to
as a decimation-in-frequency algorithm, because the
transform (frequency) sequence Gk, is divided
successively into smaller subsequences. In another
popular FFT algorithm, called a decimation-in-time
algorithm, the data (time) sequence gn is divided
successively into smaller subsequences.

Figure 2.36 Decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm.

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Computation of the IDFT

N 1
1
gn 
N
G W
k 0
k
 kn
, n  0,1, , N  1

 j 2 
where W  exp  
 N 
N 1
1
Ng n 
N
G W
k 0

k
kn
, n  0,1, , N  1

Figure 2.37 Lumped circuit model of a transmission line.

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Theme Example: Twisted Pairs for Telephony

 The fundamental transmission medium for connecting
homes to telephone central switching offices is the
twisted pair.
 A twisted pair is an example of a transmission line.
 A transmission line so constructed is often represented
by the lumped circuit shown in Fig. 2.38.
 In Fig. 2.39, we show the typical response of a twisted Figure 2.38 Lumped circuit model of a transmission line.
pair with lengths of 2 to 8 kilometers.
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Figure 2.39 Typical frequency response of a 26-AWG

twisted-pair transmission lin of different lengths with
(600Ω ＋ 2μF) source and load impedances.