V9 (1) :international Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

Volume 9 Issue 1 THE ROLE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN
(2018) CONSTRUCTING THE CONTINUITY OF

ISSN 2228-9860 ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY IN ERBIL CITY
eISSN 1906-9642
THE CREATIVE ROLE OF GREEN ROOF IN
http://TuEngr.com
INFORMAL AREA: A PROACTIVE AND
REACTIVE TOOL FOR PROMOTING,
MEASURING, AND GUIDING GREEN ROOF
DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND

AMMONIA ON CORAL HEALTH STATUS: A
CASE STUDY OF DISC CORAL (Turbinaria
peltata)
CHLORIDE INFILTRATION EFFECTS BY

REPLACING NATURAL SAND IN CONCRETE
MIXTURE WITH RICE HULL ASH, DARK
HUSK ASH, AND CRUSHED DUST
PRELIMINARY VISUALIZATION OF
SURFACE WATER QUALITY BY 5D WORLD
MAP SYSTEM FOR BANGKOK
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHADING

PERFORMANCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL
AND NEO-MINIMALIST STYLE APARTMENT
IN MALAYSIA
Cover photo is Portable Skid Resistance Tester (British Pendulum Tester (BPT) of
a trial batch demonstration specimen from the mix of natural rubber latex soil
cement, in a paper published in this issue, entitled THE CREATIVE ROLE OF
GREEN ROOF IN INFORMAL AREA: A PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TOOL FOR
PROMOTING, MEASURING, AND GUIDING GREEN ROOF DESIGNS AND
IMPLEMENTATIONS, by Reham Ibrahim Momtaz.
2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,

Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
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International Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief Executive Editor
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, PhD BoonsapWitchayangkoon, PhD
Professor Associate Professor
UniversitiSains Malaysia, Thammasat University, THAILAND
MALAYSIA
Editorial Board:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gadi (University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM)
Professor Dr.Hitoshi YAMADA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr. Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN )
Emeritus Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN)
Emeritus Professor Dr.Mike Jenks (Oxford Brookes University, UNITED KINGDOM )
Professor Dr.INyomanPujawan (SepuluhNopember Institute of Technology,
INDONESIA)
Professor Dr.Toshio YOSHII (EHIME University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.NevenDuić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA)
Professor Dr.Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman (University Malaysia Pahang MALAYSIA)
Professor Dr.Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN)
Scientificand Technical Committee & Editorial Review Board
on Engineering, Technologies and Applied Sciences:
Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL)
Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA )
Associate Prof. Dr. Truong Vu Bang Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi,
VIETNAM )
Associate Prof. Dr. Fatemeh Khozaei (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, IRAN)
Associate Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE )
Associate Prof.Dr.Junji SHIKATA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Assistant Prof.Dr.Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE)
Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA )
Dr. Mazran bin Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA )
Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper (Salahaddin University - Hawler, IRAQ )
Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA)
Dr.Azusa FUKUSHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University, JAPAN)
Yasser Arab (Ittihad Private University, SYRIA)
© 2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
:: International Transaction Journal of

Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies
Volume 9 Issue 1 (2018) ISSN 2228-9860

http://TuEngr.com eISSN 1906-9642
FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

THE ROLE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN CONSTRUCTING
THE CONTINUITY OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY IN 1
ERBIL CITY
THE CREATIVE ROLE OF GREEN ROOF IN INFORMAL
AREA: A PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TOOL FOR 13
PROMOTING, MEASURING, AND GUIDING GREEN ROOF
DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIA ON CORAL
HEALTH STATUS: A CASE STUDY OF DISC CORAL 31
(Turbinaria peltata)
CHLORIDE INFILTRATION EFFECTS BY REPLACING

NATURAL SAND IN CONCRETE MIXTURE WITH RICE 43
HULL ASH, DARK HUSK ASH, AND CRUSHED DUST
PRELIMINARY VISUALIZATION OF SURFACE WATER
QUALITY BY 5D WORLD MAP SYSTEM FOR BANGKOK 49
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHADING PERFORMANCE

BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NEO-MINIMALIST STYLE 59
APARTMENT IN MALAYSIA
Contacts & Offices:

Professor Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building
and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel:
+60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my Editor@TuEngr.com
Associate Professor Dr. Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Faculty of
Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND.
Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022 DrBoonsap@gmail.com
Postal Paid in MALAYSIA/THAILAND. i
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

http://TuEngr.com
THE ROLE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN CONSTRUCTING

THE CONTINUITY OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY IN
ERBIL CITY
a*
Salahaddin Yasin Baper
a
Department of Architecture, Engineering College, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Kirkuk road, Erbil City
Kurdistan Region, IRAQ
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This paper is an empirical study for the concept of continuity in
Received 20 November 2017
Received in revised form 04 architectural identity. The aim of this paper is to measure the degree of
January 2018 continuity in commercial buildings design, in term of architectural
Accepted 10 January 2018 identity. Furthermore the study will illustrate the influence of heritage
Available online
14 January 2018
buildings' in constructing the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil
Keywords: city. The construction of the theoretical framework will rely on a
Empirical study; procedure of two directions, the first direction will establish a
Continuity concept in comprehensive theoretical framework (multi-dimensional model) for the
architectural identity; concept of continuity in architecture, while the second part will analysis
Influence of heritage the role of heritage buildings in constructing architectural identity in
building; Morphological commercial buildings in Erbil City. The finding of the study indicates
analysis; Identity that the heritage buildings visual elements and its architectural cues
Achievement playing a tangible role in constructing architectural identity in buffer
Mechanism. zones of the city but this effect is gradually decrease in other sectors due
to adopting the hybrid approach by melting modern technology within
architectural features of the city.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
Academic researchers in the field of architectural design classify transformation in architectural
identity into two directions, preservation and destruction. The first refers to stabilization forces
(continuity) whereas the second (discontinuity) is related to changing forces Researchers (Atalan,
2016; Ginting, & Julaihi, 2015; Philokyprou, 2015; Uddin Khan, 2015; Kim, 2015; Ujang, 2012)
shed the light on the issues of continuity and change as two contrast poles in the architectural
identity phenomenon. They explain that the architectural identity in Erbil city passed through
different eras which produced different stylistics features in the appearance of its building façades.
In this context, Baper (2011) explains that the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil city
*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. 1
http://TUENGR.COM/V09/001.pdf. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.1
depends on stabilization forces which reflect, in most cases, the tradition and heritage of the city,
whereas Salama (1999) clarifies that the architects and urban designers in developing countries
trying to reassess the issue of architectural identity to create a meaningful environments through
two different scenarios either by emphasize a locality or reflect an international trend.
2. Heritage Buildings as a Physical Reference

In Erbil City, as a result of the free economy, rapid changes in commercial street buildings
become a visible phenomenon which merges between the desire toward traditions (the spirit of
heritage) and the aspiration of new technology. This has led to a state of chaos of architectural
appearance of commercial buildings and created various challenges in the architectural expression.
It is interesting to note that in last decades, architecture in Erbil city (See Figure 1), passed through
rapid transformations due to the conflict tension between the desire towards globalization and
conserving approaches of the historical heritages (Baper 2011). In this regards, Salama (2014)
stated that a productive land opportunities and an operating environment will liberate for new
challenges in architectural forms due to plurality of schools of thoughts.
Figure 1: (Left) Modern construction (Source: Wikimedia, 2014);

(Right) Heritage values (Source: Phoenix, 2011).
In the other hand, scholars in the field of architectural design (Kermani & Alalhesabi, ,2016 ;
Mansouri & Torabi,2015; Derya & Alkan,2015; Kiera,2011; Mansoori& Jahanbakhsh,2014; ) focus
on physical aspects of heritage buildings as evidence of past civilizations which have a significant
architectural and historical value . In general, heritage is a term that is used to illustrate a set of
values, and principles, of the past. It is a slippery term that includes a vast range of paradoxical
meanings which is in fact a very difficult concept to define (Figure 2). It is basically traditions that
get carried down generation to generation by sustaining the continuity of the social and cultural
values. It is what creates a sense of identity and assures rootedness and continuity.
Heritage and historical buildings are the sources and physical references of past cultures and
settlements. The Oxford English Dictionary identifies heritage as ‘valued things such as historic
buildings that have been passed down from previous generations’.
2 Salahaddin Y. Baper
Figure 2: Erbil city heritage citadel (Courtesy of Getty Images, 2014).
3. Process of Continuity
The socio-cultural and socio-economic structures of different societies urge scholars in the field
of architecture to study factors that have direct impact in constructing and expressing architectural
identity. In this regards (Baper, 2012) studies the most crucial factors that affecting architectural
continuity, the study proved statically that (mass and articulation, openings, architectural detail,
materials) factors have a crucial impact on the continuity of architectural identity. The study results
revealed that the “Mass & Articulation” factor and “Architectural details” factor are the most
influential in interpreting the continuity of architectural Identity.
In parallel Torabi and Brahman (2013) investigate factors shaping the architecture identity in
three sections: terminology of identity, architecture identity and comparative study of contemporary
works of architecture. The study results show that seven factors of spatial organization, time
organization, semantic organization, general design principles, building shape and form, building
materials and relationship with context are considered as effective factors in creating architecture
identity.
In this regards, KIM (2015) explains that the study of continuity in architecture can be done
through two different strategies: firstly, it is the study of physical materials in terms of the
articulated forms, the study of the physical settings which formed by materials that confine spaces,
while the second is the study on the archaeological remain formed by the contexts of times. The
study clarifies that the continuity of form is a significant design method to create the meaningful
form for the spatial existence in the course of time. In this sense, Nooraddin (2012) clarifies that
each nation has different approaches to produce its own architectural identity. These approaches
can be classified in three directions which are: an architectural movement, a particular local culture
and way of life. The study explains that the issue of identity is a living process which mixing
between desires towards new styles within the local identity traditions whereas Kim (2000) argue
that the theoretical model of identity concentrate on five dimensions of identity of place which are:
continuity, uniqueness, significance, compatibility, and cohesiveness.
Hence, Identity is a product of continuity. It can be achieved through common memories,

traditions, and mutual feelings. For Welz (2005) identity is the sense of continuity; it is self-
constancy in the route of life-changes. Hence, Atalan (2016) explains that the continuity of
architectural elements preserves the identity of the city. This process will guide toward sustainable
conservation as the traditional features of heritage buildings are tangible cultural components that
emphasize the continuity of its architectural identity.
Based on the above, Identity can be defined as a process of continuity as Hall (1996) explains
that identity is a production which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted
within representation. Accordingly, Castells (2004) argues that cultural identity is the process by
which social actors build their own meaning according to cultural attributes. Meanwhile
Philokyprou (2016) clarifies that vernacular architecture is generally characterized by a continuous
process over time.
Consequently, continuity in architecture is related to the conservation approach. This approach

concretizes the need to certify continuity by preserving existing signs. In this sequence formation of
identity relies on the idea of locality. It aims to bind the culture, the climate and the lifestyles
together and use these as a basis for urban form.
4. Morphological Analysis
The term “morphology” (from the Greek means form) is used in a number of scientific
disciplines to refer to the study of the structural relationships between different parts or aspects of
the object of study. In this context, Kropf (2014) defines morphology as a study of the shapes and
patterns of the built environment of human settlements in order to clarify the diversity and
complexity of architectural forms. The study of the architectural morphology investigates the
geometric structures and configuration of units through time. It seeks to understand the underlying
structure of an object, by examining the patterns of the elements that compose it, as part of the
process of their development.
In this study the morphological analysis focused on following aspects (the study of shape, size,
texture, source of design, connectivity with architectural identity of the city, design strategies ,
types of change with the main source, process of continuity, identity achievement mechanism and
connectivity with heritage buildings).
Figure 3: Commercial buildings in Erbil City.
5. Methodology
For the purpose of the study, the multi-dimensional model based on the theoretical framework
(Table 1) establishes a sense of structure for a particular research problem. It provides the
background that supports the concept of continuity in constructing the architectural identity. It
includes the variables (source of design, connectivity with architectural identity of the city, design
Strategy , process of Continuity , identity achievement mechanisms and connectivity with heritage
buildings) that intend to measure the continuity of architectural identity. The theoretical framework
is developed through a review of previously architectural knowledge as well as the literature review
of the variables involved. The multi-dimensional model presents a conceptual framework to realize
the role of heritage buildings in constructing architectural identity in commercial buildings in Erbil
city. For the purpose of the study, 10 identified commercial streets on main axes in Erbil city have
been selected. In each street, 12 cases samples were selected accordingly the total selected sample
number is 120 cases (see Figure 4). The objectives of this paper intend to emphasize on the concept
of continuity by studying the role of heritage buildings in constructing the architectural identity in
Erbil city. It investigates the stylistic features of commercial buildings visual elements .The
analytical methodology used in this paper relies on visual properties of a building facades. It
discusses the building visual elements in terms of the continuity of architectural identity.
The study emphases on two types of analyses, the first is related to the Morphology analysis
(the study of shape, size, texture and source of design, Connectivity with architectural identity of
the city) while the second is syntax analyses (the study of design strategies, process of continuity,
identity achievement mechanism and connectivity with heritage buildings).
Table 1: Multi-dimensional model/theoretical framework for the concept of continuity in
architecture
Variables Possible values
Historical values from Heritage buildings

Classical Architecture Approach
Modern Style Approach
Source of design Imitation of contemporary buildings
Dynamic environmental approach
Mixed styles
Unknown style(non defined style)
Others
No connectivity Using modern approach
Using extraordinary materials
Different building Forms
Different building texture
Partial Reshaping an object within the context
connectivity Changing pattern of element relationships
Imitation through Visual Shifts of elements
Connectivity with architectural identity of the
Adaptation of cultural structure
city
Entire Copying of an existing feature from heritage
connectivity Using similar facade materials
Using similar vernacular architectural details
Juxtaposition of building masses
Human scale and unity of elements
Connectivity through roof shape of masses
Similarity of building Heights(skyline)
Others
Preserving local existing signs conservation approach
Environmental approach
Design Strategy Binding the culture with lifestyle
Search for roots to link the past with the present.
Mixing different approaches
Power of expression (Modernity approach)
No change(Copy and paste)
Type of change with the main Source Imitation(Partial change)
Total change (No connectivity)
Continuity by Contiguity of units
Continuity by elements regularity
Continuity by mass heights
Process of Continuity Continuity by Facade finishing materials
Continuity by repetition of elements
Continuity by Size of openings
Non-Continuity
Reservation of Personal Boundaries
Preserving existing signs
Preserving existing architectural details
Policy /Identity achievement mechanisms Preserving existing element relationships
Separation between inside and outside
Diversity of experiences
Self-expression/Cultural value
Using similar facade elements
Facade elements relationships
Unity and human scale
Connectivity with heritage through Juxtaposition of building masses
Similarity of building Heights(skylight)
Continuity of Roof shapes
Using similar facade materials
Using vernacular Architectural details
6. Findings
The second objective of this study is to examine the influence of heritage buildings' in creating
the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil city through following parameters (factors):
Enkawa
Gulan
Shorish
40m
Sultan
Koy
60 m
Peshawa
/
Peshawa
/A
Rasti
Figure 4: Commercial streets in Erbil city (Erbil Municipality, 2017)
6.1 Source of Design:

Results in Table 2 illustrate that heritage building with historical values is the source of design
in 21.67% of the cases, while 35% of cases have modern style approach, only one case out of 120
have classical architectural style, 26.6% of cases are mixed styles, Moreover, there are no
indications for dynamic environmental approach or classical architectural approach and only
8.33% of the cases have imitation of contemporary buildings whereas only two of the cases is listed
under unknown style (non defined style).
Table 2: Sources of design.
Parameter Values No. of cases Percentage
Historical values from Heritage buildings 26 21.67%
Modern Style Approach 42 35 %
Sources of Mixed styles 39 32.5 %
Design Imitation of contemporary buildings 10 8.33%
classical architectural style 1 0.83%
Unknown style(non defined style) 2 1.67 %
Total 120 100%
6.2 Connectivity with architectural identity of the city
Quantitative results show that most of cases (as an average of 81.4%) in erbil city commercial
buildings have partial connectivity with architectural identity of the city. In general the overall
results are as follow:
6.2.1 No connectivity
Results indicate that 25 of cases (as an average of 20.83%) are out of any connectivity with
architectural identity of Erbil city. The non-connectivity of these case is related to following sub
variables:19 cases are using modern approach without any attention to the architectural values of
the city, 5 cases using different building forms within the context of the city streets, and only two
cases have no connectivity by using different building textures. It is interesting to note, that the
main reason behind this factor (no connectivity) is the problem of tightness of time during
implementation process, where cases used readymade solutions based on advanced technological
solutions
6.2.2 Partial Connectivity

Results indicate that 85 (as an average of 70.83%) of cases are merging between modernity and
identity through one of the following approaches: reshaping an object within the context ,changing
pattern of element relationships, Imitation through visual shifts of elements or adaptation of cultural
structure. At this point, it is significant to designate that most of the commercial buildings within
erbil city main streets adopted the hybrid approach by melting modern technology within
architectural features of the city. The contribution of new technology is effected positively to
enhance the rapid growth of commercial buildings within the body of traditions.
6.2.3 Entire Connectivity

Results indicate that only 10 cases (as an average of 8.33%) have entire connectivity through
one of the following measures: copying of an existing feature from heritage building directly, using
similar vernacular architectural details, Juxtaposition of building masses, human scale and unity of
elements, connectivity through roof shape of masses or similarity of building heights(skyline).The
results from this sub variable is matching with Atlan (2016) perspectives, that each region represent
a particular culture through its components .The entire connectivity will create a symbolic feature to
make continuity in architecture due to the role of heritage buildings in constructing architectural
identity in commercial buildings in Erbil city.
6.3 Design Strategy

The third parameter of the study is studied through six values which are :preserving local
existing signs conservation approach, environmental approach, binding the culture with lifestyle,
search for roots to link the past with the present, mixing different approaches, Power of expression
(Modernity approach). The quantitative results indicate that the most popular design strategy is
related to mixing different approaches as a rate of 62.50%) meanwhile only 10% of the cases are
searching for roots to link the past with the present.
6.4 Type of Change with the Main Source
The fourth parameter of the study is designed to measure the type of change with the main
source, for the purpose of the study the main sources is clarified through the analysis of first
parameter. Scholars in the field of architectural design studies classified three type of changes
namely: no change(Copy and paste), imitation(Partial change) and total change (No connectivity)
.Qualitative results illustrate that partial change is the most common strategy for designer (as an
average of 79.16%) of cases. rarely the strategy of copy and paste where noticed.
6.5 Process of Continuity

The fifth parameter assess the continuity of buildings within selected streets .this parameter
includes following values: continuity by contiguity of units, continuity by elements regularity,
continuity by mass heights, continuity by facade finishing materials, continuity by repetition of
elements, continuity by size of openings, and finally non-continuity. Quantitative results in Table 3
show that the (continuity by contiguity of units) is the most popular values in measuring this
parameter. The study recorded 33 cases as an average of 27.5 %.
Table 3: Process of Continuity

Parameter Values No. of cases percentage
Continuity by contiguity of units 33 27.5%
Continuity by elements regularity 11 9.16 %
Continuity by mass heights 21 17.5 %
Process of
Continuity by facade finishing materials 10 8.33%
continuity
Continuity by repetition of elements 8 6.67%
Continuity by size of openings 12 10%
Non-continuity 25 20.8 %
Total 120 100%
6.6 Identity Achievement Mechanisms

The sixth parameter of the study is intended to study identity achievements mechanism through
following values: reservation of personal boundaries, preserving existing signs, preserving existing
architectural details, preserving existing element relationships, separation between inside and
outside, diversity of experiences, and self-expression/cultural value.
For the purpose of the study only cases which have entire connectivity or partial connectivity
with architectural identity of the city is deliberated. Hence non connectivity results from item (1-a)
are extracted from analysis and recorded as non connectivity cases. Quantitative results (Table 4)
show that (preserving existing architectural details) is the well-liked value in assessing this
parameter as an average of 19%.

Table 4: Identity achievement mechanisms
Parameter Values No. of cases Percentage
Reservation of Personal Boundaries 8 6.6 %
Preserving existing signs 12 10 %
Preserving existing architectural details 23 19.1 %
Identity Preserving existing element relationships 17 14.1 %
achievement
Separation between inside and outside 12 10 %
mechanisms
Diversity of experiences 10 8.3 %
Self-expression/Cultural value 13 10.8%
Non connectivity 25 20.8 %
Total 120 100%
6.7 Connectivity with Heritage

The results specify that connectivity with heritage buildings (heritage building with historical
values) in 26 cases. These cases where connected with heritage building through following values:
using similar facade elements, facade elements relationships, unity and human scale, Juxtaposition
of building masses, similarity of building heights(skylight), continuity of roof shapes, using similar
facade materials, using vernacular architectural details. Figure 7, the study find out that the most
popular value for this parameter is using similar facade elements due to special regulation of buffer
zone regulations from Erbil city municipality.
Figure 7: (Left) Sultan M. Street; (Right) Rasti district
Table 5: Connectivity with Heritage.

Parameter Values No. of cases
Using similar facade elements 2
Facade elements relationships 11
Unity and human scale 1
Connectivity Juxtaposition of building masses 3
with heritage Similarity of building Heights(skylight) 1
Continuity of roof shapes 3
Using similar facade materials 5
Using vernacular Architectural details 0
Total 26
7. Conclusions
Despite theoretical claims that heritage is the one of the most important sources of architectural
identity which connects man to his origins through the process of continuity, the research findings
discovered that only one fifth of commercial buildings in erbil city is connected to the heritage
buildings (as source of design). In other words, modernity as globalization force made several
architectural forms within commercial streets in Erbil City. The generation of these forms is related
to lack of special regulations for commercial building in Erbil city municipality. This dialectic
relationships and contradictions between the desire toward modernity and belonging to local
traditions lead to a state of chaos of architectural forms. The study indicates that the heritage
buildings visual elements and its architectural cues playing a tangible role in constructing
architectural identity in buffer zone of the Erbil city. The municipality building regulations within
these zones affected positively the overall feature of commercial buildings in term of continuity of
architectural identity. Hence it is strongly recommended to apply these regulations in other sectors
of the city.
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Ujang, N. (2012). Place attachment and continuity of urban place identity, Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences 49, 156 - 167.
Welz, F. (2005). Rethinking Identity: Concepts of Identity and ‘the Other’ in Sociological
Perspective. The Society. An International Journal of Social Sciences, Varanasi, U.P., India,
(1), 1- 25.
Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper is a lecturer in the Department of Architecture at University of Salahaddin-Erbil,
Kirkuk road, Erbil City Kurdistan Region, IRAQ. He obtained his BS in Architecture from University of
Technology, Baghdad Iraq with Honors. He continued his M.Sc. in architectural technology at University of
Technology, Iraq. He earned his PhD in theory of architecture in School of Housing, Building and Planning-USM
Malaysia. He works as a Consultant Architect and designed several important projects in Erbil city like
supplementary buildings in Erbil International Airport and Sami Abdurrahman Park.

http://TuEngr.com
THE CREATIVE ROLE OF GREEN ROOF IN INFORMAL

AREA: A PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TOOL FOR
PROMOTING, MEASURING, AND GUIDING GREEN
ROOF DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
a*
Reham Ibrahim Momtaz
a
Department of Architecture Engineering, Modern Academy, EGYPT
Article history: The urban growth of Cairo over the last few decades has resulted in a
Received 20 October 2017
Received in revised form 08 deteriorated urban fabric. So, many comprehensive environmental
January 2018 problems have occurred. The utilization of green roofs in informal areas
Accepted 12 January 2018 reduces pollutants in the atmosphere and also compensates the lack of
Available online
15 January 2018 green areas at the urban level. The paper aims to provide a tool that can
Keywords: be applied on any form of green roof design especially on the buildings
Design Guidelines; exciting in the informal areas. In addition, landscape designers can use it
Deteriorated Urban as a guiding and monitoring tool during the design process to achieve the
Fabric; Monitoring Tool; maximum social, environmental and economic benefits. The paper
Environment; concluded that an expected shift of interest regarding the ecological and
Modular tray systems. social human dimensions have been noticed and also, improving the
environmental aspects. Therefore, the design of green roofs is a
multidimensional process that includes environmental, aesthetic, social
and economic aspects.
1. Introduction
Cairo has experienced a tremendous urbanization in the form of informal settlements in the past
five decades. This has resulted in a deteriorated urban fabric and many comprehensive
environmental problems. Therefore, green roofs are considered a solution in informal areas to
promote and contribute social and environmental aspects.
The utilization of environmentally friendly green roofs is becoming a popular alternative to

conventional roofing systems, which were identified lately as one of the most promising fields for
promoting social-environmental solution; however, there are few studies have been conduct on
green roofs in informal areas.
*Corresponding author (R.Momtaz). Tel: +201115005605 E-mail: reham.momtaz@yahoo.com.

Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/013.pdf. 13
https://doi.org/10.14456/itjemast.2018.2
2. Green Roofs – Definitions
Green roofs, also known as vegetated green roofs or eco-roofs, are nascent, somewhat isolated,
anthropogenic patches consisting of membranes, engineered substrate, and assemblages of plants
placed atop buildings or other structures (Cutlip, 2009). Green roofs have appeared due to
advanced building materials, evolving design techniques and emerging ideas about how to make our
built environment more sustainable and humane(Getter & Rowe, 2006; Weiler & Scholz, 2009).
Places where green roofs have been promoted include cities with pressing environmental
problems and/or compelling visions about creating more resilient and beautiful infrastructure
(Richard, 2015).
2.1 Benefits of Green Roofs

There are many potential benefits of green roofs. These may be considered to fall into three
main categories, social, economic and environmental benefits, which improve the surrounding
climate change, biodiversity and increase green spaces in urban areas.
2.1.1 Environmental benefits

Green roofs present the opportunity to expand the presence of green areas by covering concrete
roofs of buildings. Hence, improve climactic conditions, reduce urban heat island temperatures and
retain the rainwater.
Thermal Reduction & Energy Saving

Green roof can reduce the heat flow through the roof by 70% to 90% in summer and 10% to
30% in winter, which reduces the consumption of the energy demanded in the building up to 75%
(Liu and Bass, 2005). Not only does the green roof positively affect the conditions within the
building, but also it reduces electricity costs, improves climactic conditions and reduces Heat Island
Effect (Santamouris, M. 2014).
Water Management
Green roofs decrease the rate of runoff from the roof (Frazer et al.2008), Based on studies 75%
of rainwater could be retain, through releasing it back gradually into the atmosphere via
condensation and transpiration, while retaining pollutants in their soil (Hathaway, et al., 2008).
Eco- Friendly
There are limited green areas in high density urban settings which, face shortages of natural
habitat such as some species of plants, insects, and animals. It has been found that green roofs can
attract beneficial insects, bees, birds, and butterflies through integrating the natural environment on
the roof and providing habitats for these species (Townshend, D. 2006).
Reduce Urban Heat Island effect

Urban heat Island effect (UHI) is described as the difference in temperature between densely
populated cities and the surrounding countryside. Cities are generally hotter than the countryside
14 Reham I. Momtaz
because of the lack of vegetated areas. Moreover, the large number buildings with heat production
properties and the insufficient natural cooling, result in blocking the wind (Townshend, 2006).
Vegetation –whether on ground or roof- can have a cooling effect by decreasing some of the city's
heat through the process of evaporation and transpiration, plant materials absorb heat and produce
oxygen, resulting in lower ambient temperatures (Oberlander, 2002).
2.1.2 Community and Social Benefits

Based on scientific studies, living in green environment reduces symptoms stress and provides
a positive effect on social cohesion. Simply having a view of greenery provides a spiritual
connection to nature that missing in the current city (Ulrich,1984).
Aesthetics & New Amenity / Recreational Space

Dense urban environment has limited regions of green areas so the utilization of green roofs in
these areas provides several benefits , for instance by providing a suitable green eco-friendly area
this will offer opportunities for social interaction between neighbors, resulting in a better healthy
living. The sights, scents and sounds of a green roof add infinitely to the richness of experiences ,
quality of life , satisfactory and wellbeing (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001).
Visual Aesthetic Value

An obvious and significant benefit of a green roof is the attractive view offered to overlooking
buildings. This is of great importance in densely urban areas, where the views of roofs are often
associated with grey concrete slabs and mechanical equipments (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001, Sullivan, et
al., 2004)
Improved Health and Horticultural Therapy

The accessibility of outdoor space and views of natural settings has proven to have a positive
impact on human health. Psychological Studies have found that even visual access to a natural
environment results in reduction of stress, sickness and ailments. Furthermore, it has improved
overall health, job satisfaction, productivity, and reduced violence (Ulrich, 1984). The interaction
of individuals with a natural environment has been shown to increase pride of place and encourage
social and physical activity (Fettig, 2006).
2.1.3 Economic Benefits

A green roof is a big investment, and the return on that investment may not seem obvious at
first. But in fact, the economic benefits of a green roof are quite substantial. Some types of green
roofs affect the owner's financial position as well as it has a positive impact on the local economy.
(Krajčovičová & Šprochová, 2007; Santamouris, et al., 2007):
• Prolonged membrane durability and longevity - protecting the roof
• Local job creation
• Energy saving
• Reduce community resistance to new developments.

2.2 Green Roof Types
There are three main types for green roofs: extensive green roof , intensive green roof and semi
intensive green roof . It has been discovered that there are many differences between these types,
which contain a broad range of private and public considerations , that must be investigated at
beginning of the design process , such as the maximum load , maintenance, plant selection, and the
expense budget , which are corresponding to the desired green roof type.
2.2.1 Extensive Green Roof

Extensive green roof considers as a good choice for large areas with maximum benefits such
as, lower maintenance requirement, lower nutrient levels and little irrigation requirement (Zinco,
2014). Moreover, Extensive green roofs include: modular tray systems (rolls of growing medium
vegetation) and loose laid systems (varying depths of growing medium in basic layers of green
roof) which, require a substrate depth of 60 - 200 mm and can placed on existing roofs of either a
sloped or flat roof . Sedums , grasses and some wildflower species are the best choices of plants that
can be utilized in Extensive green roof (Tolderlund , 2010).
2.2.2 Semi-Intensive Green Roof (Hybrid Green Roofs)

As the name implies, hybrid roofs are a combination of extensive and intensive roofs which
requires a substrate depth of 120-200 mm which are considered as the best of both green roof types
due to versatility for different roof styles and can be utilized variety of plants (Grass, Herbs and
Shrubs) with less maintenance and cost compared with intensive roof. Nutrient levels, irrigation
and maintenance requirements are periodically needed in this type (Annika, 2010).
Table 1: The comparison between different types of green roofs.

Variables Extensive Green Roof Hybrid Green Roofs Intensive Green Roof
Irrigation Rarely Periodically Regularly
Maintenance Low Periodically High
Plant communities Moss-Sedum-Herbs Grass-Herbs and Perennials, Shrubs and
and Grasses Shrubs Trees
System build-up 60-200 mm 120-250 mm 250-400mm on
height underground garage >
1000 mm
Weight 60 - 150 kg/m2 120 - 200 kg/m2 180 - 500 kg/m2
Costs Low Middle High
Use Ecological protection Designed Green Roof Park like garden
layer
2.2.3 Intensive Green Roof / Roof Garden

Intensive green roofs are containing grasses, ground covers, flowers, shrubs and even trees that
providing a biodiversity, recreational and amenity spaces on the roof, which requires a substrate
depth above 250mm. Hence, fertilization, irrigation and maintenance requirements are permanently
required in this type (Townshend, 2006; Quesnel, 2011). Moreover, they often include paths and
walkways allowing movement between different architectural features. Benches, tables, planter
boxes, greenhouses, ponds and fountains offer people places to relax, dine or work in a garden-like
settings (Sidonie, 2011). Table 1, the criteria can be used to characterize three different types of
green roofs.
16 Reham I. Momtaz
2.3 Design and Implementation Considerations of a Green Roof
The design and implementation of a green roof project is relatively straight forward, when the
following standards are considered which promote climate change, biodiversity , health and well-
being for humane as well as it will increase green space in urban areas.
All green roofs require some degree of accessibility. Some green roofs might only be accessible
for maintenance and other green roof gardens are designed specifically for daily use, which are
implemented with accessibility of disabled and high volumes of visitors and users.
2.3.1 Soil used for agriculture (agricultural environment)

The selection of soil used for agriculture is crucial to ensure the success of all types of green
roofs in short and long terms. So, it should be lightweight substrate with a high ratio of inorganic
and organic material. The factors to be considered are: load of garden, climatic conditions of the
building site, drainage works, and plant species (Quesnel, 2011).
2.3.2 Vegetation
Architect and agronomist should together decide which plant species suitable to be used, this
decision will be taken according to several considerations such as, client budget, investment
allocated for maintenance, available resources, aesthetic features, functional purpose of the roof,
climate for the construction site, construction loads, green roof type, plant growth rates and
consumption rate, agricultural fertilizers, supplies and availability of materials (Carpenter, 2008).
2.3.3 Green Roof Maintenance

All traditional and green roofs need maintenance. One of the main reasons for the failure of the
green roofs is the lack of adequate maintenance for the first five years. Maintenance is critical of the
green roof design requirements and functional purpose for which it is built (Annika, 2010). Owners
and users should know the value of maintaining the roof garden and know its short and long term
results .The following should be considered during design development to ensure ease of
maintenance for green roofs during and after installation (Tolderlund , 2010):
• Access for equipment and inspections following construction.
• -Irrigation system, growing media and plant selection
• -long-term maintenance requirements and survival of the green roof vegetation.
2.3.4 Structural Standards

Understanding structural load are one of the most important factors affecting the design of a
roof garden .structural integrity of the building must be verified prior to consideration of retrofitting
the building with a green roof. For both existing and new construction, it is essential that a multi-
disciplinary team of structural engineers, and landscape architects be involved early in the process
to ensure that the buildings structural characteristics and site conditions are appropriate for green
roof installation(Tolderlund , 2010).
During construction the temporary placement of heavy components such as trees, growing
media, concrete cast-in-place planters, walls and furniture need to be carefully planned and
calculated. Structural load bearing capacity analysis should include the following(Tolderlund ,
2010):
• Waterproofing membrane (Green roof retrofit will also more than likely need a new
membrane)
• Plant weight at maturity
• Fully saturated growing medium and drainage layers
• Weight of all components including dead and live weights for all phases of the green
roof.
• Function and type of green roof
• Plant selection.
3. Review of Experience the green roofs internationally and locally

The paper aims to study the integration of green roof with buildings according to international
strategies as an approach to energy saving, reduction of heat island effect and other environmental
benefits. On the other side a local experience has been studied which, known as "productive gardens
on the roofs of Egyptian housing".
3.1 Urban Greening, Shanghai

Urbanization has created serious environmental problems in Shanghai, including its climatic
and ecological effects and environmental pollution. Urban areas have higher air temperature, more
hot days, and lower relative humidity. the large scale construction of urban green system “urban
greening” launched by Shanghai government has to mitigate the heat island as shown in figure(1)
(Linli &Jun,2012), where green roofs help Shanghai city breathe, cleaning environmental pollution
while at the same time offering a place of peace and relaxation for residents. By 2020, Shanghai is
planning to plant two million square meters of extensive green roofs will be added to the roofs top
and walls of Shanghai’s buildings.
Figure 1: Urban greening concepts. (Source: University of Greenwich, UK)
3.2 Ahmadabad slums , India

Mahila Housing Trust team (MHT) roof projects in Ahmedabad and Bhopal have demonstrated
that modular roofs can reduce temperature by 5-6° Celsius. The roofs were painted white which
reduce temperature 2° Celsius and utilizing climbing plants on the walls and adding a green roof
above kitchen to cool homes too as shown in Figure 2, all these solutions led to reduce the energy
consumption and electricity costs (Mahila Housing Sewa Trust).
18 Reham I. Momtaz
Figure 2: Implement cooling roof solutions
3.3 Al-Zawya Al-Hamra, Cairo

There are many different methods to plant the roofs. In Egypt, extensive green roof is used on
the roofs of the buildings known as “container gardening” which considered to be less formal and
cheaper than other methods. In container gardening, few modifications are made on existing roof
structures. The planters are using Containers which made from plastic or recycled-wood, and filling
it with soil and plants as shown in Figure 3. This system is producing leafy crops such as parsley,
radish, and carrots (Attia and Mahmoud, 2009).
Figure 3: Al-Zawya Al-Hamra green roof farms

(Source: Central Laboratory for agricultural climate, 2006)
4. Towards to Design Guidelines for Green Roofs

The paper managed, through conducting a profound theoretical review, to define Design
Guidelines for Green Roofs which play an important role in the development of informal areas in a
suitable way for the Egyptian society as shown in Table 2.
4.1 Case Study

Like most informal settlements, Tora has began its land transformation by substandard
commercial subdivision with small dimensional plots, building on the overall area without leaving
minimum construction setbacks. The urban fabric is very compact as shown in Figure 4. The small
surface areas result in a tight living spaces that usually contradict with the number of inhabitants
per family.

Table 2: Proposed Design Guidelines for Green Roofs
Design Standards Construction Standards
Easy access on to building's roof Waterproofing membrane
Availability of lighting elements Saturated weight of the green roof components
Accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof Imposed loads such as access by people
Access of used materials to building's roof Remove excess water through a closed cycle to
recycle
Stable surfaces that are slip resistant Use of recycled water in irrigation
Soil quality is proportional to local Effect of pergolas on loads
climate conditions Plant weight at maturity
Plant life is commensurate with climatic conditions
Water elements
Type of roof garden
Different types of plants
Environmental Standards Economical Standards
Plants grow at normal rate Availability of material for maintenance in relation
to financial budget
Climate factors, evaporation rate and drought Prices of seeds, seedlings and fertilizers suitable for
impact budget
Temperature Regulation – Reduction of Heat Island Suitable budget for green roof type to be designed
Effect
The environmental purpose to be achieved from the Reduce and ease routine maintenance.
green roof
Social Standards Aesthetic Elements
Public Health Availability of Shades
Community Integration Visual Aesthetic Value
Increase correlation to place. Other aesthetic elements (sculptures, carving,
stones)
Encourage social activity
Encourage physical activity .
Having a sense of place
Figure 4: Location Study (Left photo: courtesy of Google Map)
4.1.1 Land Uses Analysis

Figures 5 and 6, the residential and commercial residences represent 74% of areas, craftsman
residences represent 16%, while entertaining, religious, and educational places represent 1% each.
Open spaces in Tora are limited to streets with minimum pedestrian walkways as well as the
markets (Souq) which are usually created in the collective nodes found in main streets that the daily
pedestrians routes in and out of Tora.
20 Reham I. Momtaz
1% 1% 4% 1% 0%
1%
3%
16%
73%
Figure 6: the percentage

Figure 5: Land use of Tora of land uses
4.1.2 Building condition of Tora

Although Tora is considered as an unplanned area, as shown in figure (7,8) ,the analysis
concluded that 9% of the buildings are in good condition, while 48% are in moderate condition, and
43% are in bad condition. In addition, 67% of the constructed buildings in Tora are concrete
structures, This construction consists of light weight reinforced concrete frame and local red bricks
for the construction of walls, older houses represent30% which using the walls bearing system.
9%
43%
48%
Figure 8: The percentage

of building condition
Figure 7: Building condition of Tora
4.2 Questionnaire Analysis

The questionnaires were designed by editing a set of questions which investigate and determine
the significance of Proposed Design Guidelines for Green Roofs. One hundred questionnaires'
copies were distributed equally to civil engineers, architects and Tora's residents. The researcher
had to explain and clarify the questionnaire type every time, but without clarifying the purpose of
the questionnaire to avoid directing the answers to a certain direction. All questionnaires were
manually tabulated, and information was processed on the computer using the statistical research
program "SPSS" in preparation for performing the following statistical process:

Descriptive analysis was used to determine the central tendency of the sample, where a variable
are collected in the scales. It was used to calculate the values of the different variables of the
questionnaire. Standard deviation: It shows the degree of dispersion and distribution of the values of
the variables, i.e. the extent of dispersion of these values with respect to a variable, i.e. the degree of
proximity or distance among them as well as the frequency through which it shows the number of
experts who chose the relative weight of the question between (1-5) as (1) is the lowest relative
weight, and (5) is the highest relative weight and (0) is inappropriate.
Component Analysis (Factor Analysis)Analysis of the residents , architects and experts’

opinions on the bases of Proposed Design Guidelines of garden roofs in Tora (variables) to
determine the weight and significance of each variable and to be able to reduce the variables to less
ones. If the number is greater than 0.5, the variable is strong, and if it is less than 0.5., the variable is
weak.
4.2.1 Analysis of experts and architects' questionnaires

From Table 3, the highest percentage was Construction standards (27.35%) which indicated
that structural integrity of the building must be verified prior to consideration of retrofitting the
building with a green roof. the design standards were the second rank and the environmental
standards were at the third.
Table 3: Descriptive analysis of the importance the main standards in design guidelines
The main standards in Mean Std. Frequency
design guidelines % Deviation %
Design standards 21.92 4.073 21.417
Construction standards 27.35 8.660 21.25
Economic standards 10.76 6.188 57.46
Environmental standards 15.96 8.747 54.7
Social standards 13.65 5.783 42.35
Aesthetic Elements 10.36 0.453 22.41
Illustrated by Figure 9, through the analysis of design standards of informal areas, the strong
and weighty mean were Availability of lighting elements, extensive green garden (modular tray
systems), stable surfaces that are slip resistant, and soil quality is proportional to local. On the other
side, the buildings were not equipped for Accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof.
According to analysis of construction standards, the weakness points are represented in remove
excess water through a closed cycle to recycle and use of recycled water in irrigation.
In Figure 10, through the Descriptive analysis of economic, environmental and social
standards of informal areas, the most variables were significant and important except encouraging
physical activity, according to aesthetic elements analysis, the roof design could always be guided
to integrate types of plants planted with other softscape features that could provide an aesthetically
pleasant view of the roof.
22 Reham I. Momtaz
Table 4: Descriptive and Component Analysis of the Design Guidelines for green roofs in informal
areas
Descriptive Component
Design Guidelines for Green Roofs analysis Analysis
Mean Variance 1 2
Easy access to building's roof 4.017 337.1 .597 .369
Availability of lighting elements 4.465 1.389 0.583 0.565
Accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof 2.522 2.769 0.249 0.075
Access of used materials to building's roof 2.600 1.217 .483 -.096-
Stable surfaces that are slip resistant 4.225 1.594 .839 -.070-
Design Standards
Soil quality is proportional to local 5.300 1.472 .851 .392

climate conditions 5.620 1.927 .886 .031
Plant is commensurate with local climatic conditions 3.956 1.282 .519 -.112-
Water elements 2.771 1.378 .213 .711
Type of roof garden:
Extensive green roof (modular tray systems) 5.050 1.851 .834 -.153-
Intensive green roof 1.462 1.632 .177 .375
Semi- intensive green roof 2.442 1.934 .397 .782
Different types of plants 5.563 1.356 .753 .365
waterproofing membrane 7.134 1.662 .677 -.009-
Construction Standards
Remove excess water through a closed cycle to 6.154 1.773 .432 .663
recycle
saturated weight of the green roof components 8.002 2.657 .835 -.272-
Imposed loads such as access by people 7.806 1.563 .519 -.112-
Effect of shades on loads 5.852 2.367 .566 .412
structural integrity of the building 8.026 0.764 .432 .676
Plant weight at maturity 7.806 2.137 .850 .096
Availability of material for maintenance in relation to 13.65 1.219 .726 .065
financial budget
Economic
Standards
Prices of seeds, seedlings and fertilizers suitable for 14.75 1.449 .761 -.217-
budget
Suitable budget for green roof type to be designed 9.05 0.607 .574 .665
Reduce and ease routine maintenance. 12.55 1.446 .741 -.045-
Plants grow at normal rate 13.1 1.315 .755 .063
Aesthetic Social Standard Environmental
standards
Climate factors, evaporation rate 14.25 1.823 .787 .073

Reduction of Heat Island Effect 9.13 3.255 .634 .396
the environmental purpose to be achieved from the 13.52 1.456 .730 .275
green roof
Public Health 9.727 1.325 .843 .086
Community Integration 8.619 1.132 .832 .282
Increase correlation to place . 9.228 1.387 .856 .104
encourage social activity 8.859 1.227 .848 -.117-
Encourage physical activity . 4.848 1.477 .519 -.110-
Having a sense of place 8.719 1.494 .835 -.306-
Availability of Shades 16.63 1.283 .419 -.115-
elements
Visual Aesthetic Value 20.61 1.505 .721 -.029-

Other aesthetic elements 12.76 2.915 .489 -.238-

10
15
20
25
0
5
24
10
0
2
4
6
8
Availability of material
Easy access
Prices of seeds and fertilizers
Lighting elements
Suitable budget for green roof
standards
Accessibility of the disabled
Economic
t Reduce and ease
routine maintenance Access of used material
Reham I. Momtaz
Plants grow at normal rate Stable surface
Soil quality
Climate factors
climate conditions
standards
Reduction of Heat island effect
Plant life
Design standards
Environmental
The environmental purpose
Water elements
Public Health Extensive green roof
Community Integration Semi-Intensive green roof
4.2.2 Analysis of Tora Residents' Questionnaires

Intensive green roof
guide architects during design and implementation process.

Aesthetic Elements
Increase correlation to place
Social
Different types of plants
standards
Encourage social activity
Waterproofing membrane
Encourage physical activity
Structural integrity
Having a sense of place Imposed loads
Availability of shades Effect of pergolas on loads
Visual aesthetic Use of recycled water
Elements
Aesthetic
Construction standards
Saturated weight
Other aesthetic
Figure 9: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Design and Construction Standards
Plant weight at maturity
Figure 10: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Economic ,Environmental ,Social standards and
might be considered the importance standards for residents and could be contributed positively to
Tora residents' questionnaires contained social, economic, and aesthetic standards, which
Table 5: Descriptive and Component Analysis of Tora residents opinion for green roofs
Descriptive Descriptive
Design Guidelines for Green Roofs. analysis analysis
Mean Variance 1 2
Economic criteria
Availability of material for maintenance in relation to
10.67 1.325 .68 -.271-
financial budget
Prices of seeds, seedlings and fertilizers suitable for
10.12 .9568 .612 -.407-
budget
Suitable budget for green roof type to be designed 10.33 1.6793 .618 .562
Reduce and ease routine maintenance. 18.88 1.9648 .888 .028
Social criteria
Public Health 10.89 .9564 .860 -.250-
Community Integration 6.58 1.2378 .774 .238
Increase correlation to place . 7.22 1.0251 .786 .168
encourage social activity 10.31 1.5780 .885 .028
encourage physical activity . 5.72 1.4489 .618 .562
Having a sense of place 9.275 1.2160 .872 .186
Aesthetic Elements
Availability of Shades 14.71 1.3290 .878 .047
Visual Aesthetic Value 18.70 1.1749 .890 .083
Other aesthetic elements (sculptures, carving, stones) 16.58 1.8594 .883 .268
20
15
10
0
Availability of
Shades
Community
Having a sense of
place
Public Health
Other aesthetic
elements
Reduce and ease
Prices of seeds,
activity
encourage social
Integration
Increase
correlation to place
Availability of material
Visual Aesthetic
for maintenance
Suitable budget
for green roof type
routine maintenance
activity
encourage physical
Economic Social Aesthetic

standards standards Elements
Figure 11: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Economic ,Social standards and Aesthetic
Elements
Illustrated by Figure 11, Through the Descriptive analysis of Economic ,Environmental ,social
standards and Aesthetic Elements of informal areas, according to Tora's residents' opinions , the
most variables were significant and important except encouraging physical activity and The
residents expected fulfill the aesthetic objective of green roofs.
5. Finding and Recommendation

The paper managed, through conducting a profound theoretical and practical analysis, to define
design guidelines of roof garden especially in informal areas and to provide a tool that can be
applied on any form of green roof design in existing buildings which was shown in two stages:
The first stage composes of theoretical review of green roofs' Types, benefits of green roof, and
review of international and local experiments for utilizing green roofs. the main aim of this stage is
to determine Proposed design guidelines for green roofs as shown in Table 2.
The second stage composed of detailed analysis of informal area (Tora), which had covered the
land uses, building condition, and investigating quality and quantity of open/green space.
Figure 10: Illustrate the difference between current situation and proposed design
Also, the case study depended on descriptive and component Analysis of the Proposed design
guidelines of green roofs, as shown in table (3).The proposed vision for “ green roofs in Tora ”
focused on buildings with good condition to provide extensive green roofs(modular tray systems),
some shade areas and visual aesthetic value for residents. Utilizing extensive green roofs in Tora are
suitable for roofs with little load bearing capacity and sites, which requires low maintenance,
suitable for the financial position of residents, easily adapt to different designs and also can
contribute to environmental, social and economic return for residents living in areas that lack
adequate open spaces. Furthermore, residents' amenity had to be taken into consideration during the
green roof design processing, through provided shades and shelter from wind and sun, to promote
comfortable use, see Figure 10.
The defined variables, utilized and conducted from analytical study, that aim to provide a tool
that can be applied on any form of green roof design in existing buildings especially informal areas,
as presented in Figure 11, among the findings of this study are the following:
26 Reham I. Momtaz
Social-economic Standards
Social standards represent 13.65% of design guidelines, due to improve the function of rooftops
which, mainly used for storing old and unused stuff and promote social returns through Improving
public health (2.87%), having a sense of place (2.35 %), community integration(1.9%) and
encouraging physical activity (1.5%). On the other side, Economic standards represent 10.76% of
design guidelines that achieve through availability of material for maintenance, suitable prices of
seeds, seedlings and fertilizers and possibility of reduces routine maintenance.
Construction Standards
Construction standards represent 27.35% of design guidelines that include dead loads and live
loads which are the most significant indicators for retrofitting the building with a green roof. For
existing buildings, the architects must verify the structural integrity of the building(4.6%),
investigate the imposed loads( 4.5%), saturate the weight of the green roof components ( 4.3%), and
the effect of shades on loads (3.9%).
Aesthetic Elements
Aesthetic elements represent 10.36% of design guidelines, that can be achieved through
availability of shades (3.44%), visual Aesthetic value (4.27%) and other aesthetic elements such as
sculptures, carving, stones, etc. (2.4%).
Figure 11: Guiding and Monitoring Tool for Green Roof
Environmental standards
Environmental standards represent 15.96% of design guidelines. Extensive green roof

(especially modular tray systems) is considered as the best utilizing green roof type in informal
areas. Even though, modular tray systems may have lower effect on reduce urban heat island effect
comparing to the other green roof types. Climatic factors, evaporation rate and drought impact
(4.5%), plants grow at normal rate (4.1%), surrounding environment and temperature regulation are
essential determinants of the success of a green roof. Moreover, the environmental purpose to be
achieved from the green roof represent 4.3% of environmental standards.
Design standards
Design standards represent 21.92% of design guidelines, that can be achieved through
achieving easy access to building's roof (1.76%), availability of lighting elements (1.96%),
accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof (1.11%), accessibility of used materials to
building's roof (1.14%), soil quality is proportional to local climate conditions(2.32%), plant life is
commensurate with local climatic conditions(2.46%), water elements (1.37%), select the suitable
green roof type according to the building condition(3.93%) and utilize Different types of
plants(2.44%).
6. References
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Washington.
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Conference Proceeding on Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, June, Atlanta ,USA .
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Carpenter, S. (2008). Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens. The Pratt Foundation/ISS Institute Overseas
Fellowship, November. retrieved from: http://issinstitute.org.au/wp-content/media/2011/05/ISS-FEL-
REPORT-S-CARPENTER-Low-Res.pdf
Cutlip, J. (2009). Green Roofs: A Sustainable Technology, Sustainability and the Built Environment UC Davis
Extension.
Earth Pledge (2005). Green Roofs : Ecological Design and Construction. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing.
Fettig, T. (2006). The Green Machine (Video), Retrieved from:
http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/103_the_green_machine_trailer.html.
Frazer-Williams R., Avery L., Winward G., Jeffrey P., Shirley-Smith C., Liu S., Memon F.A., Jefferson B.
(2008). Constructed wetlands for urban grey water recycling. International Journal of Environment and
Pollution. 33:93-109.
Getter K. L. & D.B. Rowe. (2006). The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development
.HortScience. 41:1276–1285.
Hathaway A.M., Jennings G.D., Hunt W.F.(2008). A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality
performance. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 51:37-44
Kuo, F.E. & Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city - Does vegetation reduce crime?.
Environment and Behavior, 33 (3), 343-367.
28 Reham I. Momtaz
Krajčovičová D., Šprochová K. (2007). Extensive roof garden as a thermal insulator, Folia Oecologica, Institute
of Forest Ecology, Zvolen; Slovakia. pp. 24-29.
Linli C. ,Jun S.,(2012). Urbanization and its environmental effects in Shanghai, China, Urban Climate,
ELSEVIER , Volume 2, p 1-15.
Liu, K.; Bass, B. (2005). Performance of green roof systems. National Research Council Canada, p.7.
Mahila Housing Trust team's (MHT). Retrieved from: http://mahilahousingtrust.org
Oberlander, C. & Matsuzaki, E. (2002). Introductory Manual For Greening Roofs For Public Works And
Government Services In Canada . Public Works and Government Services Canada December. Retrieved
from: http://www.bluestem.ca/pdf/PWGSC_GreeningRoofs_wLink_3.pdf
Quesnel, A. (2011). “ Solutions from Above: Using Rooftop Agriculture to Move Cities Towards Sustainability
“ School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden 2011.
Richard K. Sutton.R. (2015).Green Roof Ecosystems .Springer International Publishing Switzerland, R. Sutton
(ed.) Ecological Studies 223, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14983-7_1
Santamouris, M. (2014). Cooling the cities –A review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to
fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar Energy, 103(Supplement C), 682–
703.
Santamouris M., Pavlou C., Doukas P., Mihalakakou G., Synnefa A., Hatzibiros A., Patargias P. (2007).
Investigating and analyzing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof
system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece, Energy (Oxford), Elsevier, Oxford; UK.
1781-1788.
Sidonie, C. (2011), President Green Roofs Australia, Design & Installation of Green Roofs, September.
Spolek, G. (2008). Performance monitoring of three eco-roofs in Portland, Oregon. Urban Ecosystems. 11:349-
359
Sullivan W.C., Kuo F.E., DePooter S.f. (2004).The fruit of urban nature: Vital neighborhood spaces.
Environment and Behavior 36(5):678-700.
Townshend, D. (2006). “Study on Green Roof Application in Hong Kong- Final Report” URBIS limited,
Architectural services department , December, Retrieved from:
http://www.archsd.gov.hk/media/11630/green_roof_study_final_report.pdf
Tolderlund, L.(2010). Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi-Arid and Arid
West, Environmental Protection Agency Region 8,Urban Drainage and Flood Control District ,Colorado
State University,6-7.
Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science. 224:420–421.
Weiler, S.K. & K. Scholz, Barth. (2009). Green Roof Systems: A Guide to the Planning, Design & Construction
of Building Over Structure. Wiley.
Zinco, (2014). System Solutions for Thriving Green Roofs: Planning Guide. Zinco , GmbH. Nuertingen ,
Germany.
Associate Professor. Dr. Reham Ibrahim Momtaz is currently an Associate Professor in the Architecture
Engineering Department of Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. She obtained
Bachelor and Master of Architecture from Cairo University, Egypt. She was awarded a PhD degree from Cairo
University, Egypt. She has embarked on a few researches in the areas of sustainable and green architectures.

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EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND AMMONIA ON CORAL

HEALTH STATUS: A CASE STUDY OF DISC CORAL
(Turbinaria peltata)
a a* b
Bussapakorn Udomsap , Petchporn Chawakitchareon , Sompop Rungsupa
a
Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
b
Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
Article history: This research focused on the effects of temperature and ammonia on
Received 30 January 2018
Received in revised form 15 the coral health status of disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by using acute
March 2018 toxicity testing (50% Lethal Concentration: LC50). The acute effects of
Accepted 19 March 2018 temperature and ammonia on disc coral were monitored at 24 and 48 hrs.
Available online
20 March 2018 The experiments were carried out in triplicate at temperatures of 30ºC and
Keywords: 33ºC. The concentrations of ammonia were varied at 0, 0.05, 0.07 and
Seawater temperature; 0.1 mgN/L, respectively. The active polyp percentages of disc coral was
Ammonia concentration; analyzed with comparison to the health status percentages. According to
Coral health status; the findings at 30ºC and at 24 and 48 hrs, and at 33ºC and 24 hrs, the
Active polyps; Lethal acute toxicity of coral bleaching (LC50) could not be investigated. This is
concentration. because the coral health status was insufficiently low due to decline, or
the mortality percentages were not below 50 percent. On the other hand,
at 33ºC and 48 hrs, the acute toxicity of coral bleaching (LC50) could be
evaluated. The experimental results strongly indicate that the mortality
percentages exceeded 50 percent. These findings were confirmed by
Zooxanthellae density in seawater equaling 109.4 cell/ml. Therefore, the
LC50 at 48 hrs in this study was equal 0.075 mg N/L.
1. Introduction
Corals are marine invertebrates. Classified in the phylum Cnidaria, the structural sequence of
limestone results in shapes such as tabulate, massive and branching. Corals acquire food through
suspension and autotrophic feeding by Zooxanthellae algea with which the corals share what is
called a mutualistic symbiosis. Algae accelerate the formation process of limestone and coral
colors. In the other ways, corals provide a residence for algae. Corals grow well at water
temperatures between 25-30˚C (Chankong, 2014). When the marine environment changes or
conditions become unsuitable, such as when seawater temperatures rise (above 30˚C) or salinity has
*Corresponding author (P.Chawakitchareon). Tel: +66-2-2186674 E-mail: petchporn.c@chula.ac.th.
https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.6
dropped (Rungsupa et al., 2016 and 2018), algae will produce substances that are toxic to coral
tissues. Corals become stressed and drive algae out from the coral tissues. This will result in a loss
of coral pigment volume (Fitt et al., 2000). Apart from the effects of temperature and salinity
changes on coral, other factors contribute to coral health degradation. Ammonia is one of the factors
potentially affecting stress and causing toxicity for corals (Hansuebsai et al., 2018). Current
increases in seawater temperature are the most important factors involved in coral health
degradation. Moreover, is has been reported that the coral areas in Sichang Island, Chonburi
Province, Thailand, have been affected by high ammonia concentrations exceeding set standards
(more than 0.07 mgN/L) because the marine ecosystems of Sichang Island have been contaminated
by wastewater from municipal activities, cargo ships, human activities, and etc. that increase
ammonia concentrations in the area (Regional Environment Office, 2016 and Coverdale et al.,
2013).
In addition, current information about the safety effects of ammonia for invertebrates remains
limited. Therefore, careful application of the same criteria as that used for fish is currently
recommended (Lawson, 1995). Thus, the present study is focused on the effects of temperature and
ammonia on the health status of disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by coral health evaluation with the
coral health chart that is a standardized, inexpensive, flexible color reference card anyone can use
for rapid, broad area assessment of changing coral conditions (Siebeck et al., 2006). The acute
toxicity of ammonia concentrations resulting in bleached coral at more than 50% (50% Lethal
Concentration: LC50) was calculated by Probit analysis and photographic assessment was used for
analysis of the active polyp percentages of Turbinaria peltata compared with health status
percentages.
2. Methodology
2.1 Acute Effects of Temperature and Ammonia

The experiments were conducted at Sichang Island, Thailand. Acclimated disc coral
(Turbinaria peltata) was kept in a filtered seawater pond with continuous water flowing for 7 days
before starting the experiments which were carried out in triplicate. The selected coral sizes were
between 3-4 cm. Coral health was compared with the coral health chart at Levels 5-6; no bleaching
was found on the pieces of coral (Figure 1.). The corals were placed in glass cases with filtered
seawater that was aerated with temperatures set at 30˚C and 33˚C with a glass heating rod (Figure
2.). Salinity and pH were controlled to remain constant (30 ppt, pH 8). Ammonia concentrations
were varied at 0, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 mgN/L, respectively.
32 Bussapakorn Udomsap, Petchporn Chawakitchareon, and Sompop Rungsupa

Zooxanthellae density (Lenore et al., 2012), salinity, pH, temperature and coral health status
were measured and recorded at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hrs before changing to regular seawater without
adding ammonia. Coral health status was recorded at 24 and 48 hrs with the aim of monitoring coral
health recovery which was lower than Level 3 or corals with bleaching on both pieces and parts.
Figure 1: Turbinaria peltata
Figure 2: Experiment kit example
2.2 Coral Health Status Evaluation

Coral health status was evaluated by the using the coral health chart (Figure 3.). The colors
determination was divided into 4 groups and classified into 6 levels (Siebeck et al., 2006) In which
Level 6 is representative of coral in good health (best health) and Level 1 is representative of
declining coral health (worst health). After evaluating the coral health status based on colors, the
status was then calculated into percentages as shown in Table 1.
Figure 3: Coral health chart (Siebeck et al., 2006)

2.3 Data Analysis
Pictures and amounts of coral with colors lower than Level 3 were recorded. Next, the recorded
data was converted into health status categories and mortality percentages in order to calculate the
acute toxicity test (LC50) at 48 hrs by using Probit analysis (Finney, 1952). Finally, the correlations
between health status percentages and Zooxanthellae density in seawater were determined.
Table 1: Health status and mortality percentages from the coral health chart.
Health status Mortality
Level Remark
percentages percentages
1 Worst health 16.67 83.33
2 Poor health 33.33 66.67
3 Declining health 50.00 50.00
4 Fair health 66.67 33.33
5 Good health 83.33 16.67
6 Best health 100.00 0.00
2.4 Active Polyp Percentages

The authors found that it was difficult to observe any stress in Turbinaria peltata. Therefore,
active polyps were recorded by camera, converting true color into 256 gray scales. Fragment areas
were selected and counted for active polyps (extend polyps), white spots and non-active polyps and
red spots from 256 gray-scale picture (Rungsupa et al., 2018).
Active polyp percentages by calculated = 100*active polyp number/(total polyp counted) (1)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Effects of Temperature and Ammonia

In testing at temperatures of 30˚C and 33˚C, the health status and mortality percentages of
corals at ammonia concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 mgN/L are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The
results indicate that coral health statuses ranged from fair to good at 30˚C and 24 and 48 hrs.
(Colors higher than Level 3) and can be calculated at percentages of 74.1-83.3% and 68.5-79.6%,
respectively.
At 33˚C and 24 hrs, coral health statuses ranged from poor to good and could be calculated at
54.2-76.7%. Mortality percentages less than 50% would prevent the calculation of ammonia
concentrations and their effects on coral bleaching or LC50. At 48 hrs, the coral health statuses
ranged from poor to good and could be calculated at 36.7-75.0%.
At 33˚C and 48 hrs with ammonia concentrations of 0.07 and 0.1 mgN/L, the coral health’s
sensitivity increased the mortality percentages by more than 50% which can be calculated as LC50.
The ammonia concentration at 0.1 mgN/L had the highest mortality percentages at 63.3%. When
the mortality percentages of the corals exceeded 50% LC50 could be calculated by using Probit
analysis (Figure 4.). At 33˚C, ammonia concentrations had the effect of coral bleaching or 50-
percent coral mortality at 48 hrs which was equal to 0.075 mgN/L. This was related to the Typical
Surface Ocean guideline at less than 0.1 mgN/L (Kallqvist and Svenson, 2013) and LC50, which is
close to Marine Water Quality Standards for coral reef conservation that are determined not to
exceed 0.07 mgN/L. Moreover, the above findings are related to the Nozawa, (2012) study which
found temperatures exceeding 30˚C to have the effects of decreasing the Zooxanthellae density in
the coral tissue and increasing seawater temperatures by approximately 1-2˚C, which will result in
coral bleaching (Nozawa, 2012 and Buchheim, 2016). In 2010, Thailand reported that the seawater
temperature surrounding Phuket Island rise from normal temperatures from 29˚C to 33.5˚C for
thirty consecutive days. Consequently, bleaching was observed in all of the corals in the area
(Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2013).
Table 2: Health status and mortality percentages at 30˚C.

30˚C Healthy Status (%) Mortality (%)
Ammonia
0 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr. 48 hr.
(mgN/L)
0 100.00 85.19 79.63 79.63 20.37
0.05 100.00 85.42 83.33 77.08 22.92
0.07 100.00 81.48 79.63 75.93 24.07
0.1 100.00 83.33 74.07 68.52 31.48
Table 3: Health status and mortality percentages at 33˚C.

33˚C Healthy Status (%) Mortality (%)
Ammonia
0 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr. 48 hr.
(mgN/L)
0 100.00 80.00 66.67 63.33 36.67
0.05 100.00 91.67 76.67 75.00 25.00
0.07 100.00 83.33 54.17 47.62 52.38
0.1 100.00 80.00 60.00 36.67 63.33
y = 3.3583x + 8.772
R2 = 0.9287
Figure 4: Calculating LC50 using Probit analysis at 33˚C.
3.2 Effects of Temperature and Ammonia

According to the measurement of the Zooxanthellae density in seawater at 30˚C and 24 hrs
with ammonia concentrations of 0, 0.05 and 0.07 mgN/L, the Zooxanthellae density was between
12.7-15.0 cells/ml, and the ammonia concentration was 0.1 mgN/L. The Zooxanthellae density was
equal to 26.6 cells/ml. At 33˚C, the Zooxanthellae density at all ammonia concentrations was higher
than the Zooxanthellae density at 30˚C. At the ammonia concentration of 0.1 mgN/L, the highest
Zooxanthellae density was equal to 45 cells/ml. When compared with the ammonia concentrations
at 24 hrs, the temperature was 30˚C at 48 hrs and the Zooxanthellae density increased, except when
the ammonia concentration was 0 mgN/L whereby the Zooxanthellae density would decrease. With
the passing of time, corals can adjust to new conditions and stop processing mucus secretions. At
33˚C and an ammonia concentration of 0.1 mgN/L, the Zooxanthellae density was equal to 109.4
cells/ml which was correlated with a decline in coral health status (Figure 5.).
Figure 5: Graph shows the correlations between health status (%) and Zooxanthellae density at
a) 30˚C_24 hrs. b) 30˚C_48 hrs. c) 33˚C_24 hrs. d) 30˚C_24 hrs.
According to the observations, corals under stressful conditions would active a defense
mechanism caused by unstable conditions by using mucus secretions (Kellog, 2004). If the
temperature and ammonia concentrations rise, the corals would accelerate the mucus secretion
process (Figure 6. a)), which makes the colors of corals fade as a result of the mucus secretions that
make coral tissues slip-out. The result is a decreasing the amount of Zooxanthellae in coral tissues
(Kerswell and Jones, 2003) (Figure 6. b)). Thus, there is a correlation with Zooxanthellae density

measurement in experimental seawater. At 33˚C and 48 hrs with an ammonia concentration of 0.1
mgN/L, coral health status declines. The Zooxanthellae density is measured, the value of density is
109.4 cell/ml, which indicates that corals have the greatest Zooxanthellae slip-out process.
Therefore, ammonia is another factor causes coral bleaching or coral health decline, which is a find
that concurs with the findings of Baohua et al. (2004), in a study showing that, at a temperature of
32˚C, corals have the highest slip-out rate after 18 hrs and ammonia results in more coral bleaching
than nitrate (Baohua et al., 2004). Moreover, whether coral bleaching can recover in full or in part
depends on the cause of the bleaching, including the severity of stress causing damage inside corals
(Arthur et al., 2006). In this experiment, however, the corals were unable to recover from bleaching.
Figure 6: a) Mucus secretion process b) Coral tissue slip-out (at 33˚C and 48 hrs with an ammonia
concentration of 0.1 mgN/L)
3.3 Active Polyp Percentages

For Turbinaria peltata, a disc coral, the other photographic assessment can be used for analysis
of stress values (Winter et al., 2009). In this study, active polyp percentages (Table 4) (Figure 6)
were compared to health status percentages (Table 5). Determining the active polyp percentages
involved counting the polyps which was not exceeding the extend number or fixed area.
Table 4: Active polyp percentages for Turbinaria peltata.

33˚C Active polyps Non active polyps Active polyp percentages
Ammonia
12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr.
(mgN/L)
0 57 23 16 1 35 56 98.94 39.70 21.52
0.05 60 11 7 7 55 65 90.11 17.65 8.83
0.07 11 7 1 30 30 40 26.67 16.29 1.45
0.1 12 4 0 48 56 60 21.36 5.97 0.51
Figure 6: Active polyp percentages for Turbinaria peltata.

Table 5: Comparison of health status and active polyp percentages
33˚C 12 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr.
Ammonia Health status Active Health Active Health Active
(mgN/L) (%) polyps (%) status (%) polyps (%) status (%) polyps (%)
0 59.26 49.61 48.89 43.06 48.15 38.33
0.05 87.03 47.08 79.63 39.83 31.48 35.07
0.07 59.26 20.95 53.70 1.88 27.78 1.88
0.1 83.33 8.28 51.85 1.75 25.93 1.75
33˚C and 12 hrs.

100.00 98.94 91.67
80.00 90.11 83.33 80.00
80.00
60.00
40.00 Health status (%)
26.67
20.00 21.36 Active polyps (%)
0.00
0 0.05 0.07 0.1
Ammonia concentrations (mgN/L)
33˚C and 24 hrs.

100.00
76.67
80.00 66.67
60.00
60.00 54.17
40.00 39.70 Health status (%)
20.00 Active polyps (%)

17.65 16.29
5.97
0.00
0 0.05 0.07 0.1
33˚C and 48 hrs.

100.00
80.00 75.00
63.33
60.00 47.62
36.67
40.00 Health status (%)
20.00 Active polyps (%)
0.00
0 0.05 0.07 0.1
Figure 7: The correlation between health status and active polyp percentages
at 33˚C and 12 hrs, 24 hrs, and 48 hrs for Turbinaria peltata.

According to Table 5 and Figure 7, health status percentages is correlated with the active polyp
percentages. If health statuses are low, the active polyps will be high (Figure 7.). Otherwise, the
active polyps will be low when corals have their defense mechanism triggered by unstable
conditions (high ammonia concentration). Therefore, these results are correlated with Rungsupa et
al. (2018) other studies finding that corals in low salinity with have active polyp percentages at less
than or equal to 0.
4. Conclusion
In this study, the results of the temperature and ammonia effects on the coral health status of
disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by acute toxicity testing calculated (50% Lethal Concentration:
LC50) with Probit analysis at temperatures of 30˚C and 33˚C and time durations of 24 hrs and 48 hrs
together with ammonia concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.1 mgN/L indicated temperatures of
30˚C and 33˚C with ammonia concentrations can increase the bleaching or decline of coral health
status and the severity will be determined by follow-up on ammonia concentrations. Moreover, at
33˚C and 48 hrs with an ammonia concentration of 0.1 mgN/L, the highest mortality percentages of
coral will occur at 63.3%, which is related to the Zooxanthellae density in seawater equal to 109.4
cell/ml. Thus, it is indicated that corals have to secret mucus to drive algae out from coral tissues
and LC50 at 48 hrs can be calculated at 33˚C, because corals have to bleach or decline in coral
health by more than 50%. After calculations, LC50 at 48 hrs was equal to 0.075 mgN/L, but
bleaching exceeding 50% could not be found on corals under other conditions in which LC50 could
not be calculated.
Measuring active polyp percentages is a useful method for monitoring the health status of coral
under any stressful conditions. High temperatures, high ammonia concentrations, low salinity and
community waste are highly threatening stress factors for shallow water coral. This study reported a
correlation between health condition percentages and active polyp percentages. Turbinaria peltata,
a disc coral, was successfully analyzed for stress value by using active polyp percentages.
5. Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University,
Rachadapisek Sompote Fund academic year 2017. The authors would like to thank the staff of
Sichang Marine Science Research Station, Chonburi, Thailand, for their assistance and support in
the experiments. The authors also would like to express their appreciation for the equipments
support from Global Environmental System Leaders Program, Keio University, Japan.
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Winters, G., Holzman, R., Blekman, A., Beer, S., and Loya, Y. (2009). Photographic assessment of
coral chlorophyll contents: Implications for ecophysiological studies and coral monitoring.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology: 25-35.
Bussapakorn Udomsap is a graduate student in Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn

University, Thailand. She earned her bachelor degree in Environmental Science from Mahidol University,
Thailand. Her research encompassed coral health related to environmental changes.
Dr.Petchporn Chawakitchareon is an Associate Professor in Department of Environmental Engineering at

Chulalongkorn University. She received her B.Sc. (Med.Tech) and M.Sc.(Biochemistry) from Mahidol
University. She obtained her PhD in Environmental Engineering from ENTPE-LyonI, France. Dr.Petchporn
current interests involve utilization of industrial waste for environmental engineering applications and
environmental data mining applications.
Dr.Sompop Rungsupa is a researcher at Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University,

Bangkok, Thailand. He got his B.Sc. (Marine Science), M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Environmental Science) from
Chulalongkorn University. His current research is related to bio-aquatic plants and animals. Dr.Sompop also
focuses on the impact of water quality related to circulation system in Thai Abalone (Haliotis asinina).

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CHLORIDE INFILTRATION EFFECTS BY REPLACING

NATURAL SAND IN CONCRETE MIXTURE WITH RICE
HULL ASH, DARK HUSK ASH, AND CRUSHED DUST
a* b b
Phongphoom Sornchomkaew , Boonsap Witchayangkoon , and Sayan Sirimontree
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin Wang Klai Kang
Won Campus, Prachaup Kiri Kan 77110, THAILAND
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumtani 12120, THAILAND
Article history: This research studied the infiltration effects of chloride in concrete
Received in revised form 04 mixed with rice hull ash, dark husk ash and crushed dust to replace sand.
March 2018 The experiment carried out by making cylindrical concrete specimens
Accepted 16 March 2018 with mixture of rice hull and dark husk ash instead of cement at the
Available online
20 March 2018 consequent percentages of 0, 10, 20, and 30 by weight and also the use of
Keywords: crushed dust instead of sand at the consequent percentages of 0, 10, 20,
Pozzolanic reaction ; and 30 by weight. These concrete specimens have been soaked in marine
Colorimetric technique; environment at Cha-Am Beach, Petchburi province of Thailand for 90
Scanning Electron days, tested for chloride infiltration in the concrete specimens by
Microscope (SEM); Colorimetric technique. The finding stated that chloride infiltration in all
chloride infiltration concrete samples was at 50% compared with the standard concrete. The
depth. best resistance of chloride infiltration was the one sand 10% replacement
of crushed dust. According to the study, it showed that concrete
specimen with rice hull ash and dark husk ash mixture caused Pozzolanic
reaction effecting for more density, durability and thus decreasing of
chloride infiltration in long term.
1. Introduction
Rice hull ash and dark husk ash remained from burning of rice hulls biomass at temperatures
800–900 degrees Celsius for electricity production which made good quality ash, but the real use of
this ash was still less because of sizes and Pozzolanic quality. This ash was applied in this study by
using it as mixture in concrete, together with cement, fine aggregate or sand, coarse aggregate or
gravel, water and other mixture. One main mixture in concrete was sand which has similar physical
quality to crushed dust. Many research studies in the past showed good results in using crushed
dust to replace sand in mixing concrete that made porous in finished concrete. It was assumed that
*Corresponding author (P. Sornchomkaew) Mobile: +66-86-330-3806. E-mail:

phongphoom.sor@rmutr.ac.th. ©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 43
eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/043.pdf.
the concrete with mixture of crushed dust might cause grater chloride infiltration than concrete
mixture with sand even crushed dust could resist better in compression. So this study tested this
quality by mixing crushed dust into concrete as well as rice hull ash and dark husk ash then
evaluated according to ASTM standard test.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Rice hull ash and dark husk ash from burning of rice hulls biomass from electricity production
plant in Phanom Sarakham district, Chachoengsao province, and crashed dust from crushing plant
in Saraburi province.
2.2 Materials testing

The conclusion of materials testing was as following
1) Testing of materials’ specifications; appearances of rice hull ash and dark husk ash by
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and chemical compositions.
2) Testing for grain size distribution of the ash by sieve analysis (Sieve Analysis) to compare
sizes of crushed dust which used instead of sand, then classify for consistency coefficient and
curvature coefficient. [1]
3) Testing of cement specification; test of specific gravity of Portland cement type 1 and test of
specific gravity of rice hull ash and dark husk ash according to ASTM C188 standard. [2]
4) Testing of standard slump test and test of concrete mixed with rice hull ash, dark hull ash
and crushed dust instead of sand according to Department of Public Works and Town & Country
Planning’s standard.
5) Testing of unit weight and voids in the aggregate by ASTM C29 Standard. [3]
2.3 Concrete mix design

The design for proportion of rice hull ash and dark hull ash mixture to replace cement in
concrete mixture in the ratio percentage of 0, 10, 20, and 30 were coded in R00, R10, R20, and R30
alternatively. The mixture of crushed dust to replace sand in the ratio percentage of 0, 10, 20, and
30 were coded in D00, D01, D02 and D03 consequently comparing to standard concrete coded PC.
Figure 1: Concrete specimens in marine environment.
2.4 Specimens soaked under marine environment

The area used for testing of samples in marine environment was at fishing pier in Cha Am
44 Phongphoom Sornchomkaew, Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Sayan Sirimontree

District, Petchburi Province which caused natural sea tide as in Figure 1. The specimens were left
in this environment for 90 days then tested for Chloride infiltration in samples by cut the concrete
specimen in half, in order to identify the depth of Chloride infiltration.
2.5 Testing for the depth of Chloride Infiltration by Colorimetric Technique

The concrete specimens were cut in half vertically and sprayed by Silver Nitrate with the
intensity of 0.1 N. thorough the inside surface which changed into purple color. Then the Chloride
infiltration was observed and measured for depth, length and conditions of infiltration [4] as in
Figure 2.
Figure 2: Concrete specimens soaked for 90 days under marine environment.
3.1 Scanning electron microscope

From Figure 3, the study of rice hull ash and dark hull ash appearance were showed by
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) from Electron Microscope and Analysis Microscope
laboratory conducted at the National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC). The
enlarged photos of 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 expansions demonstrated rice hull ash and dark
hull ash appearance as tough edged angle particles with different sizes and uncertain forms.
Figure 3: Rice hull ash and dark hull ash appearances at 10,000 expanded enlarged photos;
3.2 Chemical compositions

The chemical compositions of rice hull ash and dark hull ash shown in table 2 demonstrated the
total SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with highest at 75.75% had the SO3 less than 4% with the quantity
of LOI (Loss on ignition) at 10.90%. It was assumed that the higher LOI quantity caused by the
lower temperature in burning which might cause incomplete combustion and this affected to water

molecule in rice hull ash and dark hull ash volatile at 550 degree Celsius and affected to higher LOI
[5] as in Equation (1):
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 550℃

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂)2 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂(Gas) (1)
According to the chemical compositions of rice hull ash and dark hull ash toward ASTM C618
Standard, it could be classified as Pozzolan Class N.
Table 2: Chemical compositions of rice hull ash and dark hull ash.
Oxide % by Weight Oxide % by Weight
Na2O 0.19 MnO 0.35
MgO 0.81 Fe2 O3 4.48
Al2 O3 2.19 Cuo 0.02
SiO2 69.08 ZnO 0.04
P2O5 0.89 Br < 0.01
SO3 0.66 Rb2O 0.01
Cl 0.69 SrO 0.03
K2O 2.97 ZrO2 0.03
CaO 6.40 PbO 0.01
TiO2 0.19 LOI. At 1025°C 10.90
Cr2O3 0.02
3.3 Testing for grain size distribution of fine aggregate

Comparing grain sizes of crushed dust used to replace sand in this study in the percentage
proportion of 0, 10, 20, and 30 consequently were coded in S100D00, S90D10, S80D20, and
S70D30 respectively. It was found similar sizes of these two materials in the beginning. During the
sieving process, the crushed dust showed bigger size than sand which left on the sieve as more as
the quantity of crushed dust. Finally, the two materials had similar left mass on the sieve in all
proportions as showed in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Grain size distribution of fine aggregate of crushed dust to replace sand;
3.4 Results of compared depth in chloride infiltration

This research was designed to mix rice hull ash and dark hull ash to replace cement in concrete
mixture in the percentage proportion of 0, 10, 20, and 30 by weight which coded ranges for
P100R00, P90R10, P80R20 and P70R30 and also the use of crushed dust to replace sand in
concrete mixture in the percentage proportion of 0, 10, 20, and 30 by weight which coded ranges for
D00, D10, D20, and D30. The designed mixture in this study was compared to the standard
concrete mixture in order to investigate the chloride infiltration in concrete by the implication of
Colorimetric Technique.
Figure 5: The depth of chloride infiltration into concrete mixed with rice hull ash, dark hull ash and
crushed dust to replace sand.
The depth of chloride infiltration into sample concrete specimens which mixed with rice hull
ash, dark hull ash and crushed dust to replace sand and placed in the marine environment for 90
days was less than in standard concrete. From Figure 5, the depth of chloride infiltration in
standard concrete was 2.11 cm. only 0.73 to 1.00 cm. in the samples. The results significantly
identified less of chloride infiltration in sample concrete specimens, than the standard concrete.
4. Conclusion
From the experiment, the following can be concluded
1) Testing of the grain size distribution in mixed materials which used crushed dust to replace
sand in all proportion showed fine purified mixture with very less organic substances and the
quantity of silt was less than 5% by the regulation of Engineering Institute of Thailand.
2) The study of particles appearance in rice hull ash and dark hull ash by Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) in Electron Microscope and Analysis Microscope laboratory at National Metal
and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) at the enlarge of 10,000 times demonstrated the
appearances of rice hull ash which were tough edged angle particles with different sizes and
uncertain forms.
3) The Chloride Infiltration in concrete specimens mixed with rice hull ash, dark hull ash and
crushed dust to replace sand showed the least infiltration at 0.73 cm. in depth in the sample coded
P100R00D20 which was the concrete specimen mixed with 0% of rice hull ash and dark hull ash by
weight and mixed with 20% of crushed dust by weight.
4) The percentage of chloride infiltration in concrete specimen mixed with rice hull ash, dark
hull ash and crushed dust was slightly decreased more than 50%. The least infiltration was at 0.73
cm. in depth or 65.4% compared to the chloride infiltration in standard concrete.

5. Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported in Research Support Project by Rajamangala
University of Technology Rattanakosin.
6. References
[1] ASTM, C. (2006). C136, Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates, Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
[2] ASTM, C. (2003). C618, Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan
for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete, Philadelphia, PA: American
Society for Testing and Materials.
[3] ASTM, C. (1997). C29,Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in
Aggregate. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
[4] Ninrat, P., & Chalee, W.) 2015). Evaluation of long term chloride penetration in concrete under
marine environment by Bulk diffusion test method. Burapha Science Journal, 20(1), 42-57.
[5] Jaturapitakkul, C., & Cheerarot, R. (2003). Development of bottom ash as pozzolanic
material. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 15(1), 48-53.
Phongphoom Sornchomkaew is a lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and

Architecture, Rajamagala University of Technology Rattanakosin Wang Klai Kang Won Campus, Prachaup Kiri
Kan, Thailand. He holds a Master of Engineering degree from Thammasat University. His research focuses on
technology applications to facilitate and foster civil engineering study.
Dr. Boonsap Witchayangkoon is an Associate Professor of Department of Civil Engineering at Thammasat

University. He received his B.Eng. from King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi with Honors. He
earned his PhD from University of Maine, USA in Spatial Information Science & Engineering. Dr.
Witchayangkoon current interests involve applications of emerging technologies to engineering.
Dr. Sayan Sirimontree earned his bachelor degree from Khonkaen University Thailand, master degree in
Structural Engineering from Chulalongkorn University Thailand and PhD in Structural Engineering from
Khonkaen University Thailand. He is an Associate Professor at Thammasat University Thailand. He is interested
in durability of concrete, repair and strengthening of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.


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PRELIMINARY VISUALIZATION OF SURFACE WATER

QUALITY FOR BANGKOK BY 5D WORLD MAP SYSTEM
a a*
Khoumkham Ladsavong , Petchporn Chawakitchareon ,
b b
Yasushi Kiyoki , and Shiori Sasaki
a
Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
b
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio
University, Shonan Fijisawa Campus, Kanagawa, JAPAN
Article history: This paper presents a preliminary visualization of surface water
Received in revised form 15 quality by 5D World Map (5DWM) system of three canals i.e. Bang Sue
March 2018 Canal, SamSen Canal, and Bang Krabue Canal in Bangkok Capital,
Accepted 19 March 2018 Thailand. Seven sampling sites were selected and 13 parameters were
Available online
20 March 2018 analyzed i.e. temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, H2S, SS, TKN, NH3-N,
Keywords: NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Salinity. The previous data selected from 2007
5DWM System; water to April 2017. Those parameters were analyzed and visualized by 5DWM
quality conditions; system. The results indicated the 5DWM system visualized those
surface water quality; parameters of each water sampling site in term of different colors and
visualization graphs that they indicated the water quality conditions change from past
to present due to the system can show the water quality states in time
series.
1. Introduction
The availability and quality of water either surface or ground, have been deteriorated due to
some important factors, such as increasing population, urbanization, etc. (Effendi, 2016). Urban
development without a proper plan often results in environmental issues or causes human pollution
and activities to increase and surrounding environment to be polluted (Lee et al., 2017). For this
reason, the natural resources requirement for the production or manufacturing in the industrial is
increased too. Therefore, the environment issues have absolutely followed us, such as water quality
pollution, air pollution, namely. For the river water quality can be contaminated by human
activities in two way as point source and non-point source (Gyawali et al., 2013). Point source
pollutants are involved pollution from a single concentrated source that can be identified, such as an

©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & 49
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/049.pdf.
outfall pipe from a factory or refinery (Ngwira and Lakudzala, 2018). Non-point source pollutants
are washed from the earth’s surface by storm runoff and enter water bodies of their own accord
(Zampella et al., 2007). Thailand also faces those environment issues because in the big city has
crowded area as Bangkok Capital. This city is a capital city of Thailand thus it is a crowded area
and has the factories that restricts the concentration levels of chemicals and metal pollutants in
wastewater being dumped into the environment. Form these few activities made the water quality
pollution in Bangkok, such as the physical and chemical of water quality characteristic of canals is
changed.
Therefore, the water quality characteristics of canals must usually measure and monitor. The
Department of Drainage and Sewerage is responsible to observe, measure, monitor, and analyze the
water quality of the canals in Bangkok Area. It is a department of Bangkok Metropolitan
Administration (BMA), Thailand. The BMA is usually collected and analyzed the water quality in
terms of physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics of each sampling point monthly from
the past up to present. Therefore, in this research, we would like to gather and visualize the data of
water quality that BMA collected and analyzed. In this case, the researchers selected 7 sampling
points in 3 canals i.e. Samsen, Bang Sue, and Bang Krabue Canal that they are very close to Chao
Phraya River. The physical and chemical characteristic of surface water quality and 13 parameters
(temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, H2S, SS, TKN, NH3-N, NO2, NO3, TP, and Salinity) are
selected and visualized by 5DWM system.
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1 5D World Map System

5DWM system is a tool for visualizing the data information to the map which can display and
encourage the similitude of multidimensional data. It has introduced the architecture of a
multi-visualized and dynamic knowledge representation system (Kiyoki et al., 2016; Kiyoki et al.,
2012; Sasaki et al., 2010). Besides that, 5DWM has SPA function that SPA is a fundamental
concept for realizing environmental system with three basic functions “Sensing, Processing, and
Analytical Actuation” to design a global environmental system with Physical-Cyber integration.
Application of 5DWM system for visualization of water quality educated as a case study in
Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR (Ladsavong et al., 2017) and Sichang Island, Chonburi Province,
Thailand (Chawakitchareon et al., 2018). For the 5DWM system is indicated in figure 1.
2.2 Data Collection

The data in this research collected from three canals i.e. Samsen, Bang Sue, and Bang Krabue
Canal, Bangkok Capital, Thailand. The previous data of the water quality was selected from 2007 to
2017 or 11 years. Thirteen parameters are selected, including temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD,
H2S, SS, TKN, NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Salinity. From these parameters, 889 records
were selected.
50 Khoumkham Ladsavong, Petchporn Chawakitchareon, Yasushi Kiyoki, and Shiori Sasaki

Figure 1: 5D World Map System
2.3 Data Preparation and Uploading

The collected data is prepared in CSV file by manual method. The prepared files must be in the
5DWM system required format. In this case, we prepared 98 files of 7 sampling sites for uploading
to 5DWM system. If the files are correctly prepared, they can absolutely upload to the system. After
the uploading completed, the data will display as shown in Figure 2, the system can visualize the
surface water quality data, and can analyze the surface water quality of the canals from the past to
present.
Figure 2: Data Completed uploading in 5DWM system
3. Proposed Method
In the water filed as environmental have many parameters in term of physical, chemical, and
biochemical characteristic of monitoring and analysis. So, in this step, we aimed to visualization
surface water quality at Bangkok Capital, Thailand with existing data and creating the
multi-dimensional semantic space for multi-parameter of water quality. The sampling sites location
is indicated in Figure 3 and Table 1.
Figure 3: Location of sampling sites
Table 1: Location of sampling points with latitude and longitude

Site Canal Latitude Longitude
1 Samsen 13.78444 100.50830
2 Samsen 13.78300 100.51100
3 Samsen 13.75700 100.55000
4 Bangsue 13.79613 100.57430
5 Bangsue 13.79604 100.55040
6 Bangsue 13.80004 100.52120
7 Bangkrabue 13.79189 100.51600
In this research, water quality parameters i.e. temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, H2S, SS,
TKN, NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Salinity were visualized and displayed by 5DWM system in
term of single parameter and multi-parameter.

The parameters of water quality characteristic are in terms of physical and chemical were
visualized and displayed by 5DWM system in different color as shown in figure 4. For overview of
parameters that the system displayed in yellow and green color that they indicated the parameters
values of each sampling site are different. The visualizing of each parameter is indicated in figure 5.
Figure 4: Overview of visualization of multi-parameter

Temperature pH DO H2S
BOD COD SS TKN
NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N TP
Salinity
Figure 5: Single parameter visualization with 5D World Map system

From Figure 5, the temperature indicated that seven sampling points displayed in green color.
Thus, 7 spots have the similar temperature values. For pH values of 7 spots were similar because
the 5DWM system visualized in the same color (Green).
The DO values of 7 sampling points were different because the system displayed in orange and
red. In this case, the red color means the DO values were nearly zero or zero and the orange spots
mean the DO had the values of 5 to 6 mg/L. On the other hand, a big red spot means the DO was
higher than another spot.
The 5DWM system visualized the H2S in term of red and orange color. The small red spots
mean the H2S values were nearly zero or zero, the orange spots shown that the H2S values were
low, and the big red spot indicated the H2S value was higher than another spot.

The BOD was displayed in term of light green and yellow. In this case, the big green circles
had the highest values than another circle, the yellow circles had the higher values than the small
green circle, but they were less than the big green circles. For this reason, the BOD values of each
sampling site were different. The COD values of each sampling point were similar because the
system visualized in term of same color (Green) and the size of circles are also nearly the same.
The SS values of those sampling points were so different because the 5DWM system displayed
the SS values in term of different color and size of the circles. The big yellow circle had the highest
value than another circle. The small circles had the less values than another spot. For green circles
were between the big and small circle.
The TKN values of the sampling points were different because the system visualized the
sampling points in different color. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value than another
circle and the small yellow circle had the less value than another spot. For orange circle was
between the big red and small yellow circle.
The NH3-N values of each sampling point were very different because the system displayed
them in term of difference color. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value and the small
red circles had the less values than another circle. For orange circles were between the big and small
red circle.
The NO2-N values of each sampling point were different because they had different color. In
this case, 7 sampling sites had very less values because the circles size are very small. The red color
circles had the NO2-N values between 0 to 0.49 (mg/L as N) and the orange circles had the NO2-N
values between 0.5 to 1 (mg/L as N). The NO3-N values of each sampling site were different
because they were different color. The yellow color circles had the highest values than the orange
circles. The TP values of each sampling point were very low because the circles sizes were very
small. The orange circles had the highest values than the red circles.
Finally, the Salinity values of each sampling point were different because they had different
circles colors and sizes. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value and the small red circle
had the less value than another circle. In case of single parameter visualization, the NH3-N is
selected to display from 2007 to 2017 for finding the water quality conditions changing. The results
indicated in Figure 6.
From Figure 6, the b NH3-N changed from 2007 to 2017 that indicated in the sampling sites
colors and sizes of circles because the big circles had high values and small circles have less value.
The NH3-N in 2008 was different from another year and it had less values due to the sizes of circles
were small. The red circles had higher values than orange circles. From displaying of 5DWM
system, the ammonia concentration is found in the canals.

2007 2008 2009 2010
2011 2012 2013 2014
2015 2016 2017

Figure 6: Visualization of NH3-N from 2007 to 2017.
In addition, the 5DWM system can visualize the multi-parameter together and displayed in
term of graphical (Sasaki and Kiyoki, 2018). The results indicated in figure 7, this figure indicated
that 13 parameters were different when we looked at the graphs, but the temperature and pH values
were quite similar in 7 sampling sites. The 5DWM system visualized and displayed 13 parameters
in term of graphs that easier for data analysis or water quality analysis from the past to present
because this system can display in the time series which made the users can analyze and compare
the surface water quality of each sampling point directly. Therefore, this system is good for the
visualization and interpretation of surface water quality in this research.
For clearly visualization to know the water quality changing from 2007 to 2017, the sampling
site 6 is selected to display in the time series, the results indicated in Figure 8.

Sampling Site 1 Sampling Site 2 Sampling Site 3 Sampling Site 4
Sampling Site 5 Sampling Site 6 Sampling Site 7

Figure 7: Multi-parameter Visualization with 5D World Map system along 7 sampling sites
2007 2008 2009 2010
2011 2012 2013 2014
2015 2016 2017

Figure 8: Multi-parameter visualization with 5D World Map system in sampling site 6.
Figure 8 indicated that temperature and pH were quite similar from 2007 to 2017. The NH3-N
concentration had higher values in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. For other parameters were
also changed from 2007 to 2017. Therefore, the water quality of the canals was absolutely changed
from the past to present.
5. Conclusion
The 5DWM system is a good system for surface water quality analysis and monitoring because
it gathered the data in the past up to present for visualizing and displaying that facilitate the users
for direct analysis and explain about the water quality conditions due to this system can visualize
multi-parameter of the water quality characteristic together. Moreover, this system can monitor the
water quality in the real time because it has sensing. Therefore, the 5DWM system can apply to
environmental analysis and monitoring. For the next step, we will educate the temporal-data
mining of surface water quality for applying the world-wide rivers or canals.
6. Acknowledgement
This work is supported by AUN/Seed-net Collaborative research scholarship and Collaborative
research between Chulalongkorn University and Keio University. This research is also in part support
by GESL program, Keio University, Japan and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA,
Thailand) for providing data information.
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Pahang, Malaysia. Ecological Modelling, 353, pp. 167-173.
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206, pp. 1-18.
Zampella, R. A., Procopio, N. A., Lathrop, R. G., and Dow, C. L. (2007). Relationship of Land‐
Use/Land‐Cover Patterns and Surface‐Water Quality in The Mullica River Basin. JAWRA
Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(3), pp. 594-604.
Khoumkham Ladsavong is a graduate student in Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn

University, Thailand. He earned his bachelor degree in Environmental Engineering from Laos University, Laos.
His research encompassed surface water quality monitoring and visualization.
Dr.Petchporn Chawakitchareon is an Associate Professor in Department of Environmental Engineering at

Chulalongkorn University. She received her B.Sc. (Med.Tech) and M.Sc.(Biochemistry) from Mahidol
University. She obtained her PhD in Environmental Engineering from ENTPE-LyonI, France. Dr.Petchporn
current interests involve utilization of industrial waste for environmental engineering applications and
environmental data mining applications.
Professor Dr. Yasushi Kiyoki has been with Department of Environment and Information Studies at Keio
University and from 1998 and he is currently a professor. Since 2011, he is a chair and coordinator of “Global
Environmental System Leader Program (GESL)” in KEIO University. His research addresses semantic computing,
environmental engineering, data mining, multimedia database systems, and knowledge base systems. He serves as
the editor-in-chief on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases (IOS Press). He was a keynote speaker in 7th
IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, Sept. 2013, as the title of “A “Kansei: Multimedia
Computing System for Environmental Analysis and Cross-Cultural Communication.”
Dr. Shiori Sasaki received her M.A. degree in Law & Politics and Ph. D. degree in Media and Governance from
Keio University. She is a Project Assistant Professor of Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio
University from 2004. Her research interests are in the field of Information Modelling, Knowledge Database,
Multimedia Retrieval and Analysis and Information Visualization. With research experiences in the field of
International Relations and Information Technology, she has engaged in several interdisciplinary research projects
which propose multimedia data analysis methods for the field of humanities and social science. She is a Program
Co-Chair of an annual joint-conference between Indonesian and Japanese young researchers on Knowledge
Creation and Intelligent Computing (KCIC) from 2012.


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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHADING PERFORMANCE

BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NEO-MINIMALIST STYLE
APARTMENT IN MALAYSIA
a, b* a b
Yasser Arab , Ahmad Sanusi Hassan , and Bushra Qanaa
a
School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
b
Faculty of Architecture, Ittihad Private University, SYRIA
Article history: This study compares shading performance on the front façade of two
Received 09 September 2017
Received in revised form 14 different architectural style apartments in a tropical region. The front
March 2018 façades of two high-rise apartment buildings in Putrajaya and Penang,
Accepted 19 March 2018 Malaysia are selected in this study. The first case study is a sixteen stories
Available online
21 March 2018 apartment building with traditional architectural style located at Precinct
Keywords: KE P16 in Putrajaya. Putrajaya is the administrative city for the federal
Apartment façade; government, and it is considered the latest new city in Malaysia which
Traditional Architecture; showcases postmodern design which exhibits a range of complex
Neo-minimalist geometric elements blending with colonial, modern and traditional
Architecture; architectural style. The second case study is Bayswater condominium
Sunlight Shading; Sun with neo-minimalist style, a twenty six stories apartment located at the
path diagram. east cost of Penang Island, Malaysia. The research concludes that the
shading elements and the façade design such as having recessed wall with
the balcony and roof overhang make traditional architectural style is very
sufficient and effective to provide good shading system during all the
simulation hours except for the first and the last hour of the day due to the
sun position angel.
1. INTRODUCTION
This research discusses the sunlight shading performance and comparisons of the results
between traditional and neo-minimalist architectural style apartment façade. This study tries to
propose a guideline for architects to overcome the problems of brightness and overheating due to
the insufficient façade design in term of shading performance (Bakhlah & Hassan, 2012; Arab &
Hassan, 2015). This research focuses on the traditional and neo-minimalist apartment architectural
style and examines the shading performance of the façade design as they are very common styles in
Malaysia. One of the recent studies was by Ismail and Idris (2002) , and Lim, Ahmad and Ossen
(2013) issues on heat gains due to exposure of modern and contemporary high rise building facades
to direct sunlight. The other study was by Abdul Rahman (1995) and Omer (2008) on housing
*Corresponding author (Yasser Arab).. E-mail: yasserarab2005@yahoo.com. ©2018 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 9 59
No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/059.pdf.
design related to thermal comfort with integration of passive design solution to tackle solar
radiation. The study will be based on computer software to do the simulation in order to get the
sunlight shading, this study will be limited to two architectural style apartments in Malaysia the
Traditional and Neo-Minimalist style which are presently the most popular styles in this region.
2. CASE STUDIES
Two high-rise apartment buildings were selected as the case studies for the simulation on
shading performance in this study. The first case study is a traditional architectural style apartment
in Putrajaya the administrative city for the federal government, the city of Putrajaya as mention
earlier is new city with Post-Modern design style which shows varieties of architectural style such
as Colonial, Modern and Traditional Architectural styles (Hassan, 2005 & 1999). The selected
building is a traditional style apartment consists of sixteen stories and located in Precinct KE P16 in
Putrajaya (Figures 1 and 2)
Figure 1: First case study Traditional 1 apartment.
Figure 2: First case study Traditional 1 apartment

(Left: section AA, Right façade) (Arab & Hassan, Malaysia, 2015)
60 Yasser Arab, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Bushra Qanaa

On the other hand the second case is Waterbay condominium a Neo-Minimalist style, the
twenty six stories apartment is located at the east cost of Penang Island, Malaysia. Penang (latitude
5° 25' 0" N, longitude 100° 19' 0" E) is the considered to be the second important state in Malaysia,
which witnessed great developing progress during the last decade Figure 3 (Arab & Hassan, 2015).
The study is limited to the door section of the living room of each case study as the residents spend
most of the day time in this room.
Figure 3: Waterbay condominium of Minimalist style (Left: Photo, Right: Section)
3. METHODOLOGY
The extent sunlight penetration results will be calculated using SunTool computer simulation
software, the goal of this study is to get the extent of sunlight penetration and façade shading area
when the buildings expose to the maximum level of direct sunlight in the day time, the simulation
will be done when the sunlight rays are perpendicular to the building’s façades (the east façade
during the morning hours and the west façade in the afternoon and evening hours), then the survey
will be able to discuss the efficiency of facade’s shading design (Mazloomi, Hassan, Bagherpour, &
Ismail, 2010). The study will be limited to the changing of the sun path to get the perpendicular of
the sunlight to the east (90°) and west (270°) Table 1 and Figure (4) in order to get the results at the
maximum exposure level, and also the other limitation is that there are at certain times and dates
that the sun path’s azimuth is not possible to have perfectly at 90° (Hassan & Arab, 2013; Arab &
Hassan, 2012). In these cases, the closest azimuths nearest to 90° will be used when the simulation
is made from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, which are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Time, date and azimuth of the sun when the sunlight extent penetration of façade was
calculated for cases in Malaysia. (Hassan & Arab, 2014)
Orientation Time Date Azimuth Orientation Time Date Azimuth
7 am 23 March 90° 1 pm 16 September 90.5°
8 am 25 March 90° 2 pm 29 March 89.8°
9 am 27 March 89.8° 3 pm 18 September 89.8°
East 90° West 270°
10 am 28 March 90.1° 4 pm 26 March 89.9°
11 am 29 March 90° 5 pm 24 March 89.9°
12 pm 29 March 92.2° 6 pm 22 March 89.9°

Figure 4: Sun path diagram shows the position of the sun perpendicular to the house facade from
7am to 12pm at orientation of 90° (left) and from 1pm to 6pm at orientation of 270° (right). Source:
SunTool Software. (Hassan & Arab, 2014)
In order to get the correct building orientation and positions, all locations, times, dates and
orientations data will be keyed in the SunTool software to do calculate the percentage of the façade
shading area (Figures 5 and 6), and then the facade’s dimensions such as depth of exterior shading
device, height, wall’s width and sill height will be keyed in the SunTool software. The software will
be able to do the simulations after drawing the façade section and enter all required data.
Figure 5: SunTool software (window section) (Arab & Hassan, 2015)
4. SUNLIGHT SHADING
The main areas of the facade are opaque and glazing areas made from reinforce concrete
columns and beams cladded with bricks and glasses windows. The amount of shading area of
opaque and glazing areas will be calculated by 'SunTool' program (Figure 6) the amount of shading
and exposed area will be calculated based on the following formula:

SGA = SGH x GW (1),
where: SGA = Shaded glazing area, SGH = Shading Glazing Height, GW = Glazing Width,
SOA = SH x L - SGA (2),

where: SOA = Shaded opaque area, SH = Shading Height, L = Length of façade,
EOA = TOA - SOA (3),

where: EOA = Exposed opaque area, TOA = Total Opaque Area
TOA = FH x L - TGA (4),

where: FH = Floor Height, TGA = Total Glazing Area
TGA = GH x GW (5),
where: GH = Glazing Height
EGA = TGA - SGA (6),

where: EGA = Exposed glazing area, TGA = Total Glazing Area.
Figure 6: Formulas’ abbreviation on facade and section in the calculation of the amount of shading
area (Arab & Hassan, 2015)
5. RESULTS ANALYSIS
This study analysis compares the façade sunlight shading performance of two different
architectural style apartment, the first is with traditional style in Putrajaya, while the other case
study has neo-minimalist façade design located in Penang, Malaysia. The comparison will be
between the living room door sections in both case studies. Table (2) and Figures 7 show the results
of the shading area both case studies.

Table 2: Shading Area percentage in both case studies.
Time Traditional Style Neo-Minimalist Style
8:00 AM 8% 6%
9:00 AM 25% 22%
10:00 AM 48% 42%
11:00 AM 82% 72%
12:00 PM 100% 100%
1:00 PM 100% 100%
2:00 PM 100% 100%
3:00 PM 100% 100%
4:00 PM 79% 67%
5:00 PM 46% 38%
6:00 PM 23% 23%
7:00 PM 7% 7%
Table 2 and Figure 7 show the simulation results of the sunlight shading of both of traditional
and neo-minimalist case studies. The results show that the traditional style has slightly better
performance during the early morning hours, starts with 8% total shading area at the first simulation
hour and then increases to 25%, 48% and 82% shading area at 9:00, 10:00 and 11:00 am
respectively. On the other hand the neo-minimalist style apartment starts the day with 8% shading
area and goes up from 9:00 to 1:00 am with 22%, 42% and 72% total shading area in order. The
noon hours show an excellent façade shading performance in both of traditional and neo-minimalist
architectural style with 100% façade shading from 12:00 to 3:00 pm.
Figure 7: Sunlight Shading Performance in Traditional and Neo-Minimalist architectural style.
6. FINDING
From the analysis, this study compiles with the finding as follows:
• The simulations show that both case studies have similar shading behaviour during
afternoon and late evening hour.
• The sunlight shading area is in minimum amount during the early morning and late evening
hours, while the maximum during the noon hours.
• Both of the case studies façade have an excellent shading performance mostly from 12:00
until 3:00 pm with 100% façade shading area.
• The minimum shading area in the early morning and late evening hours is due to the small
sunlight angle.

• The results show that the façade of the Traditional style apartment has slightly better
shading performance than Neo-Minimalist style apartment during the first three simulation
hours.
• The findings show that the Traditional and Neo-Minimalist façade design have same
simulation results in the afternoon and late evening hours.
7. CONCLUSION
The study concludes that the traditional architectural style building has better shading design
than the new-minimalist building style, the early morning and late evening hours show the
minimum level of façade shading area in both of traditional and neo-minimalist building because of
the very small angle of the sun rays and the sun position in the sky at these hours (Landry & Breton,
2009; Arab & Hassan, 2015), the results show that both case studies have similar façade shading
area behavior in most of the simulation hours. However, the simulations find that the Traditional
architectural style has better shading performance during most of the day time. The recessed wall
with balcony and other shading elements are very effective in the Traditional style façade design to
prevent the extent of sunlight penetration from getting inside the house deeply except for the first
and last hour of simulation because of the angle of sun position and provide good shading areas on
the east and west facades of the building. This study will provide a good example and guideline for
the architects and designer for better façade shading design.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express appreciation for the financial support under Research
University Grant by Universiti Sains Malaysia.
9. REFERENCES
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2012). Daylighting analysis of pedentive dome’s mosque design during
summer solstice with case studies in Istanbul, Turkey. International Transaction Journal of
Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 167-183.
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2015). The Extent Sunlight Penetration Performance in Neo-Minimalist
Style Apartments in Penang, Malaysia. International Conference on Biological, Civil and
Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2015) (pp. 1-3). Bali, Indonesia: International Institute
of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering.
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2015). The Sunlight Shading Performance in Traditional Style
Apartment, Case Study of Putrajaya, Malaysia. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences, 119-128.
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2015). The Sunlight Shading Performance in Traditional Style
Apartment: Case Study of Putrajaya, Malaysia. American Transactions on, 4(2), P 119-128.
Bakhlah, M. S., & Hassan, A. S. (2012). The study of air temperature when the sun path direction to
ka’abah: with a case study of Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Malaysia. International Transaction
Journal of Engineering, Management & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 185-202.
Hassan, A. S. (1999). Putra Jaya: The Direction of Malaysian New Town. Proceedings of the 5th
International Congress of Asian Planning Schools Association (APSA) (pp. 165-175).
Seoul, South Korea: Seoul National University.
Hassan, A. S. (2005). Konsep Rekabentuk Bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur dan
Bandar-Bandar di Sekitarnya. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia Press.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2014). The Extent of Sunlight Penetration Performance on Traditional
Style’s Apartment Façade in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Modern Applied Science, 8(5), 132.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2013). The essence of design with light: Single pedentive dome mosque
in Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina during winter solstice. In S. Omer, & A. S. Hassan,
From Anatolia to Bosnia: Perspectives on Pedentive Dome Mosque Architecture. Penang:
Universiti Sains Malaysia Press.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2014). The Extent of Sunlight Penetration Performance on Traditional
Style’s. Modern Applied Science, 8(5), 132-142.
Ismail, A. M., & Idris, M. F. (2002). Issues in tropical architecture: High-rise buildings and wind
driven. Proceeding of The 2nd Civil Engineering National Seminar. Penang: Universiti
Sains Malaysia.
Landry, M., & Breton, P. (2009). Daylight simulation in Autodesk 3ds Max Design 2009-advanced
concepts. Autodesk Inc.
Mazloomi, M., Hassan, A. S., Bagherpour, P. N., & Ismail, M. R. (2010). Influence of Geometry
and Orientation on Flank Insolation of Streets in an Arid Climate City. American Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, Pages 540-544.
Omer, A. M. (12.9 (2008)). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and
sustainable energy reviews, 2265-2300.
Rahman, A. M. (1995). Housing design in relation to environmental comfort: A comparison of the
traditional Malay house and modern housing including work in the tripartite programme
between Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Welsh School of Architecture and the UK building
research. Building research and information, 23(1), 49-54.
Professor Dr. Ahmad Sanusi bin Hassan teaches in Architecture Programme at the School of Housing, Building
and Planning, University Sains Malaysia (USM). He obtained Bachelor and Master of Architecture from the
University of Houston, Texas, USA. He was awarded a PhD degree from the University of Nottingham, United
Kingdom. He was promoted to Associate Professor and later Full Professor. His research focuses on computer
simulation on daylighting and thermal comforts, architectural history and theory, and housing in urban design. He is
one of the nine regional writers involved in the preparation of Guideline: Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in
Developing Countries: A Discussion Document, which was launched at The Earth/World Summit, Johannesburg in
September 2002. At the university, he lectures in architecture courses related to urban design, studio, history,
Computer Aided Design (CAD), and computer movie animation. He has integrated all these specialisations into his
research, teaching, consultation and publications. He had designed several architectural projects such as mosque,
USM guest house and a proposal for low-cost houses for fishermen community.
Yasser Arab is a research assistant and currently pursuing his PhD in sustainable architecture on Resident’s
Satisfaction and Sun Shading Model of Apartment Façade in Penang at school of Housing, Building and Planning,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, he is teaching Studio For first year student and involved in
supervising student of Master of architecture. He obtained his Master degree in Sustainable Architecture from
Universiti Sains Malaysia, his research was related to natural lighting in Turkish Mosques. He got his bachelor of
architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo, Syria. He is registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union.
Bushra Qanaa is an architect; she obtained her bachelor of architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo,
Syria. She is a registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union. She worked for two and half years with Midmac
company in Aleppo, Syria.
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mentioned in this article are the property of their respective owners, using for identification
purposes only. Use of them does not imply any endorsement or affiliation.
Note: The original work of this article was reviewed, accepted, and orally presented at the 3rd
International Conference-Workshop on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design
(ICWSAUD 2017), a joint conference with the 3rd International Conference on Engineering,
Innovation and Technology (ICEIT 2017), held at Royale Ballroom at the Royale Chulan
Penang Hotel, Malaysia, during 13-15th November 2017.
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Volume 9 Issue 1 THE ROLE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN

(2018) CONSTRUCTING THE CONTINUITY OF

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND

CHLORIDE INFILTRATION EFFECTS BY

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHADING

International Transaction Journal of Engineering,

International Editorial Board

:: International Transaction Journal of

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2018) ISSN 2228-9860

FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

CHLORIDE INFILTRATION EFFECTS BY REPLACING

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHADING PERFORMANCE

Contacts & Offices:

International Transaction Journal of Engineering,

THE ROLE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN CONSTRUCTING

2. Heritage Buildings as a Physical Reference

Figure 1: (Left) Modern construction (Source: Wikimedia, 2014);

Hence, Identity is a product of continuity. It can be achieved through common memories,

Consequently, continuity in architecture is related to the conservation approach. This approach

Historical values from Heritage buildings

Figure 4: Commercial streets in Erbil city (Erbil Municipality, 2017)

6.1 Source of Design:

6.2.2 Partial Connectivity

6.2.3 Entire Connectivity

6.3 Design Strategy

6.5 Process of Continuity

Table 3: Process of Continuity

6.6 Identity Achievement Mechanisms

*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.

6.7 Connectivity with Heritage

Figure 7: (Left) Sultan M. Street; (Right) Rasti district

Table 5: Connectivity with Heritage.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering,

THE CREATIVE ROLE OF GREEN ROOF IN INFORMAL

The utilization of environmentally friendly green roofs is becoming a popular alternative to

*Corresponding author (R.Momtaz). Tel: +201115005605 E-mail: reham.momtaz@yahoo.com.

2.1 Benefits of Green Roofs

2.1.1 Environmental benefits

Thermal Reduction & Energy Saving

Reduce Urban Heat Island effect

2.1.2 Community and Social Benefits

Aesthetics & New Amenity / Recreational Space

Visual Aesthetic Value

Improved Health and Horticultural Therapy

2.1.3 Economic Benefits

*Corresponding author (R.Momtaz). Tel: +201115005605 E-mail: reham.momtaz@yahoo.com.

2.2.1 Extensive Green Roof

2.2.2 Semi-Intensive Green Roof (Hybrid Green Roofs)

Table 1: The comparison between different types of green roofs.

2.2.3 Intensive Green Roof / Roof Garden

2.3.1 Soil used for agriculture (agricultural environment)

2.3.3 Green Roof Maintenance

2.3.4 Structural Standards

3. Review of Experience the green roofs internationally and locally

3.1 Urban Greening, Shanghai

Figure 1: Urban greening concepts. (Source: University of Greenwich, UK)

3.2 Ahmadabad slums , India

3.3 Al-Zawya Al-Hamra, Cairo

Figure 3: Al-Zawya Al-Hamra green roof farms

4. Towards to Design Guidelines for Green Roofs

4.1 Case Study

*Corresponding author (R.Momtaz). Tel: +201115005605 E-mail: reham.momtaz@yahoo.com.

Figure 4: Location Study (Left photo: courtesy of Google Map)