A Syntactical Analysis of an Amuesha (Arawak) Text

Author(s): Martha Duff

Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul., 1957), pp. 171-
178
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263614
Accessed: 09-02-2018 18:25 UTC

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms

The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to International Journal of American Linguistics

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA1 (ARAWAK) TEXT
MARTHA DUFF
SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS

0. Introduction Immediate constituents are shown by means

1. Amuesha text with syntactic analysisof parentheses showing the first levels, with
2. Free translation numbered brackets showing progressively
higher levels, and with braces showing the
0. Here is presented a syntactic analysis of
highest level. The second line is the Amuesha
one version of an Amuesha folk tale. The text, and the third is a semiliteral English
translation of the text.
text was recorded on tape as told by a middle
aged Amuesha speaker, Catalina Juana, in When several English words serve to
October 1954, at Raya Quebrada, Rio translate the same Amuesha word, these
Palcazu, Peru, S. A. It was transcribed are joined by hyphens. A free translation
shortly thereafter verbatim off the tape appears at the end of the analysis, with
with the help of another informant, a young matching sentence numbers. Dots indicate
woman, Miguela Cruz. incomplete utterances, or hesitation-word or
Each word is identified by its particular hesitation-phrase utterances.
sentence function, and by its own morpho- The following word-function symbols are
logical word class2 fulfilling that function. used: Ap-appositive, At-attributive, AxV
Immediate constituents are identified by-auxiliary to the verb, C-conjunction,
means of bracketing. DA-direct address, Ij-interjection, I0-
The material is presented by numbered indirect nominal object, Ir-interrogative,
sentences in series of three lines each. The L-locative, Ng-negative, 0-direct nomi-
first line is the syntactic identification line,
nal object, P-predicate, Ps-possessor,
identifying each word by its sentence func- R-relative, S-subject, S--predicate nom-
tion and the word class to which it belongs, inative, T-temporal.
filling that function. Word boundaries are The following word class symbols are
indicated in this line by semicolons unlessused: At-attributive, D-demonstrative,
otherwise marked by the beginning or end Ij-interjection, Ir-interrogative, L-loca-
of parentheses, brackets, or braces; commas tive, N-noun, Ng-negative, Nm-number,
separate sentence function from word class. Pr-pronoun, Pt-particle, R-relative, T-
Phonemic orthography in this paper differs temporal, V-verb, V/02-verb with affixial
from Fast's in "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes", direct object pronoun, V/02102-verb with
IJAL 19: 191-94 (1953), by replacing /1/ withaffixial direct object pronoun and indirect
/cY/, by writing [h] preceding another consonant
object pronoun.
as /h/ instead of /x/, by adding the phoneme /ky/,
and by considering stress non-phonemic. As seen in this text (but further functional
Amuesha has been classified as Arawakan, and relations may be found in other texts) the
the only extant language of Panatahuan stock by respective relationships between functions
McQuown in "Indigenous Languages of Latin
and their fillers are seen in the following list.
America", American Anthropologist, Volume 57,
For example, read the first entry-Ap by
Number 3, Part 1, June 1955, p. 563. Our conserva-
tive estimate is 1,000 speakers, many of whom areD, N-as 'appositive function may be filled
monolingual. by demonstrative or noun': Ap by D, N;
2 For the use of her unpublished data on mor-At by At, D, V, Pt; AxV by Pt, V; C by
phological word classes, and various valuable
suggestions, I am indebted to my co-worker, Pt; DA by N; Ij by Ij; IO by N; Ir by D,
Mary Ruth Wise. Ir, V; L by N, L, D, V; Ng by Ng, D; 0 by
171

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
172 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII

N, Nm, Pr; P by V, V/02, V/02I02,

Mopool Pt; Ps he-beat-bad-you. 17. (Ng, Ng;
not-will
by N; R by R; S by N, D, Pr; P,TV/02)
by D,ama6T,pe?mfio.ce Not you-listen-to-
V, At, Pt. him. 18. {[T, T (AxV, Pt; T, V)] AxV, Pt;
P, sentences
In the following listing of the V/02) ca'pah6Ypa? o?6 pye-ta're-npa?
of the text, a simplified form of o6 na.ne.nepy
these func-Tomorrow will it-being-morn-
ingword
tion-filler formulas is used: the will I-be-taking-you.
"by" 19. {(AxV, Pt; P,
V/02) L,
is replaced by a comma. Since in any one N} o7? nehna?ne.nepY pehga'lepno
Will
example in the text only one filler canI-be-leaving-you
occur, at-your-mountain-name-
sake. 20.
there is no confusion with the formulas {L, D [(AxV, Pt; P, V) L, N]}
listed
above. Thus, in sentence 1 below,aloh6Yfiapa?
S, N means o?6 a.we'zepY pepa'pa'reso
subject function filled by noun. There-from-yes will go-back-you to-where-
your-father-is. 21. (At, At; P, V/02) ata'z
1. 1. {(S, N.; Ap, D) [2(AxV, e?mofie?te'nepy
Pt; P, V) Much he-being-mad-at-you.
[10, N (Ps, N; Ap, N)1]2]} enkpa? afiAt;
22. {(At, o?P, V) 0, N} ata-z pehpeh6a?
yo-ra po?sefi yo's yahtyo's Inca this-one
tahte'n ya?zo'mfiah6Ye'r Much you-cause-
already he-took his-daughter god our-god.heads) our-dead-ones. 23. (At,
cutting-off-(the
2. (At, At; P, V) ata'z acze?ma At;
Much he-
P, V/02) a-tWYa o6 Thus he-say-to-her.
angry. 3. (At, At; P, V) ata'z acze?ma Much
24. {T, D [T, V (AxV, V; P, V)]} alempo-
he-angry. 4. {S, N (P, V; 0, N)} enkpa?
fiapa? arehpe'npa? a'we'n mo'zeh6ne'na
Cohta?ta'n ya%'o'r Inca he-beat our mother.
Then-yes it-going-on-all-night it-going-on he-
5. {P, V/02 (0, N; Ap, N)} 6ena?te-fi singing. 25. (T, D; P, V) alempofiapa?
ya-6o'r pala He-being-jealous-of-her our-ote'n Then-yes he-saying. 26. (AxV, V; P, V)
mother Pala. 6. {[(O, N; Ap, N) Ap, D] a-wo? mo-zehca He-went he-sang. 27. (AxV,
P, V} ya'6o'r pala anima yo-rapa? Our- V; P, V) a'wo? ot He-went he-said. 28.
mother Pala this-one he-took. 7. {At, At{AxV, V (... Ir, D;... P, V/02)) a-wo?
(AxV, Pt; P, V/02)} ata-z o?6 cohta?tefi... eso?tcye? ... otacre?c He-went ... what-
Much will he-be-beating-her. 8. P, V oze-neht might - it - be .. he - made- fun - of - him -
Drinking-they. 9. (D;. . . P, V) arima... in-song. 29. {(AxV, V; P, V) [3(N; N)
koa-'me'neht This .. .making-merry-they. [2(N; N...) [1(P, V; 0, N) (N; N)1]2]3}
10. (L, D; P, V/02) aloh6y ko6Ye-fi There- a'wo? ot enkapo'fia ya'-o-rmye enkapo-fia
from he-following-her. 11. (T, D; P, V/02) ya . .. mye'ra?nafia ya'6o'rmYe enkapo'fia
alempo'pa? cohta?tefi Then he-beating-her. ya'6o'r He-went he-said Inca our-mother
12. P, V/02 .ohta?te-fipa? He-beating-her. Inca our ... he-love-yes our-mother Inca our-
13. P, V be?6yo-spa? She-enter-there. 14.
mother. 30. {(AxV, V; P, V/02)- S, N-
{Ng ... (Ng, Ng; P, V)} ama... ama mono [Ij, Ij (P, V/02; 0, N)]} a'wo? o6 pozo-la-r
Not... not he-went. 15. (P, V; P, V/02) alalala pyo'tacre?tahte'nen pehkafiorehsa?
ot nok6ye'r5a? He-say I-follow-her-will. 16. He-went he-said-to-her her-husband alalala
{P,V-3 [2(... S, D;Ir, D...) [S,N (Ap, N; you-making-make-fun-of-me-in-song your-
Ap, N)1]2]- (Ng, Ng; P, V/02)} ote-nfia...harlots. 31. P, V/02 e7mo.fiete-fi He-being-
aima eso?t6Ye? mopo'l korneh{a? mopo-l mad-at-her. 32. {T, T[T, V(AxV, V; P, V)]}
amaU6a? .ohta?ta-ctapY He-saying-yes... ca-pah6s pye'ta're-npa? a'wo? awa'ne'neht
this-one what-might-it-be... Mopool chief Tomorrow it-being-morning he-went going-
3 Where a dash occurs it indicates that the they. 33. {S, Pr [AxV, V (V;... P, V)]}
material preceding it is part of a discontinuousfiapa? a'wo?6 5enk... (enkapa? He go-he-
construction of which the second part occurs will he-be-last. 34. (AxV, V; P, V) a.wo?
following the succeeding dash. The sum of the
a'we'npa? he-went he-going. 35. {(AxV, V;
two parts of the discontinuous construction is in
immediate constituent relationship with the re- V/02) S, N} a.wo? ya?na?6 po6o-yo'r
P,
mainder of the phrase or sentence. He-went he-cry-for-her her-children. 36.

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 173

{(AxV, V; P, V/02) S, NI a-wo? ya?na?6 63. (Ng, Ng.; P, V/02) ama en6epa? Not he-
po6o-yo-r He-went he-cry-for-her her-children. see-her. 64. (P, V; 0, N) to-rampsnoma-n o-k
37. {(AxV, V; P, V) [Ij, Ij (Ng, Ng; P, He-open-all-up-and-left-whiteman. 65. (P, V;
V/02)] (D;... 0, N) I a-wo? ot alalala ama'
JO, N) P, V/02 otnoma-n po&e-me-reh'a?
pehya?na?ta-c6e aiima... pya,oor He-went peyo-ttampe'r6a? He-said-and-left his-chil-
he-said alalala not-will you-cry-for-her this
dren you-close-it-all-up-will. 66. S, Pr [(AxV,
... your-mother. 38. (P, V; T, T) we-za' Pt; P, V/02) 0, N] napa? o?6 ne?n-ra?
ca-pahcY She-come-back-will tomorrow. 39. Pya-6o-r I will I-go-look-for-her your-mother.
IT, D (P, V; 0, Nm)I alempofiapa? a-wo? 67. P, V a-wo?6o? He-went. 68. {(AxV, V;
amna-rmat Then-yes he-went five-days. 40. P, V) 0, NJ a,wo? e?ne-za-na? po6Yahpo-r
(P, V; 0, N) a-wo? amna-rmat He-went He-went he-went-to-look-for-again his-wife.
five-days. 41. (Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama6 69. P, V/02 e?ne-ra? He-go-to-look-for-her.
sehya?na?na?ta-cC'e Not-will you-cry-for-her. 70. (P, V; L, L) a-wo? topo He-went down-
42. S, N poma?pamtafi Its-three-days-re-river. 71. (Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama ente-re
mote. 43. S, N ma?pamtafi Three-days-remote. Not he-see-her. 72. (P, V; 0, N) perka-n ofi
44. (T, T; P, V/02) ma-6ayohe6Yo? yerpa?He-pile-up water. 73. {[P, V (At, D; 0, N)]
mye-fia Suddenly he-remembering-in-the-morn-L, NJ perko sa n afl mahpYe? ofio He-pile-up
ing-her. 45. (AxV, V; P, V/02) a-wo? yerpa? this rock in-the-water. 74. {L, D (P, V; L, L)J
mye fiapa2 He-went he-remembering-inthe-alohZ'y a?tap eno There-from he-climb-up
morning-her. 46. (AxV, V; P, V) a-wo? othigh. 75. {(AxV, V; P, V) 8, NJ a-wo?
He-went he-said. 47. {P, V [2i), Ij [1T, T wa- a?ta ah'aan He-went it-arrived sour-gnat.
(AxV, Pt; P, V/02)1]2]} ot alalala 6Yye?pa? 76. {(AxV, V; P, V) S, NJ a-wo? waWa2ta
o?Ci nehpenkla?te.nas He-said alalala now ahica-n It-went it-arrived sour-gnat. 77. { (AxV,
will I-be-playing-the-flute-for-you. 48. { S, N V;P,V)[ Jr,D ... [1jr, Ir... (Ir,Jr;P,V)1]2] j
(AxV, Pt; P, V)} sa-6o-r o?6 we,na Your- a-wo? oto-s eso?t... ezawac'... ezawa6
mother will she-come. 49. (AxV, V; P, V)sehta He-went he-said-there what ... where-
a-wo?C'o? penkla?ta?mYe.n He-went he-play-will where-will you-go?? 78. { (AxV, V; P, V)
ing-the-flute-in-the-morning. 50. { (Ng, Ng;(AxV, Pt; P, V)} a-wo? ot o?i' a-wey He-
P, V) 0, NI afio? a?pohiSa-no po?penkoll went he-said will go-we. 79. { (AxV, Pt;
Not he-play-well his-fluate. 51. (AxV, V.P, V) L, LI o?c' yermo?teuna? tonane6'
P, V) a-wo? ya-wa He-went he-cried. 52. Will we-go-visiting upriver. 80. { Jj, Jj (Jr, D;
{Jj, Ij [T, T (P, V; 0, N)]J alalala EYe?fiapa?P, V) I alalala ezawa sehpo-sa2te-n Alalala
cenkye-za sa%6o?r Alalala now-yes she-lost-where you-getting-drunk? 81. (L, L; P, V)
again your-mother. 53. (Ng, Ng; P, VY02)a?yo yehpo-sa?te.n Far we-getting-drunk.
ama6 yente-re Not-will we-see-her. 54. IT, D82. {P, V/02I02 [(Ps, N; Ap, N) 0, N]}
(AxV, V; P, V)I alempofiapa? a-wo?Co? yehco?ta?te-fia-fi ya-o&r pala pogoTna-t
penkla?t Then-yes he-went he-played-the- We-licking-it-for-her our-mother Pala her-
flute. 55. (Ax, V; P, V) a-wo? ot He-wentstrainer. 83. {Ij, Jj (L, V; P, V/02)J alalala
he-said. 56. (Ax, V; P, V) awwo?Wo? ya-wapa?a zo?ce-niva segahte zen Alalala here-she-
He-went he-cried. 57. P, V penkla?tpa? being-finally you-show-me. 84. (AxV, V;
He-played-the-flute. 58. (AxV, V; S, D) P, V/02) a'wo?'?o? ane,reht He-went took-
a.wo?'o? afima He-went this-one. 59. (AxV, him-they. 85. {P, V/02 (L, V; 8, N)I ane reht
V; P, V) a-wo? e?ne-za-na? He-went he- alo?ce-no? po6yahpo-r Took-him-they there-
went-to-look. 60. {S, D (P, V; 0, N)I afimabeing-already his-wife. 86. {T, D (P, V;
tohre?tampsa-n o-k This-one he-open-all-upP, V) J alempofiapa? a-wo? a wo?pa? Then-
whiteman. 61. (P, V; S, N) alo?ce.ne'Ye? yes he-went he-went. 87. IS, N (Ng, D; 82, N)I
po?'Yahpo-r There-being-might his-wife. 62.enkpa? afio? ma-cze?mfio Inca not very-
Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama en'e Not he-see-her. angry-person. 88. (T, D; P, V) alempofiapa?

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
174 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII

a.wo?pa? Then-yes he-went. 89. {his P, wife.

V 112. {(AxV, V; P, V) L, LI a-wo?
[(... S, D; Ir, D...) L, N]} Iahp... afima Eahp yo.mta?n He-went he-arrived on-the-
eso?t6ye? ... sa?po He-arrive ... this-oneather-side. 113. (AxV, V; P, V) awwo?7o?
what-might-it-be... at-lake. 90. [(At, V;wahpa She-went she-came. 114. 1(AxV, V;
5, N) At, VI afie-kmye-n sa?p afie-kmye-n P, V) 5, NJ awwo??o? o-nf1a po6Yahpo-r
It-being-large lake it-being-large. 91. 1(P, V;
She-went she-came-yes his-wife. 115. 1[(AxV,
5, N) L, LI eza.kmafie-n sa?p a?yo It- V; P, V) L, D] [(... S, D; Ir, D...) (DA,
stretching-all-out lake far. 92. IT, D [(AxV, N; P, V)]I awwo?'o? ot ala... afima
V; P, V) (Ir, V; P, V)]I alempofiapa? a'wo? eso?t6Ye? ... enka pewahpa She-went she-
oto-s ezoh6Ye-nwa6 nep6ahta6ye? Then-yes said there... this-one what-might-it-be...
he-went he-said-there how-ever-being will I- Inca you-come. 116. 1(AxV, Pt; P, V)
cross? 93. IS, N [(P, V; P, V) L, L]} ahCaa- (Ij, Jj; L, V)j o? newahpa alalala a-zo?ce--
nfiapa? ahno.ma.Fa?ta 6Yo.mCa?twe.zeht nepywa Already I-come alalala here-being-
yo-mta?n Sour-gnat-yes flew-left stood-arrived- you-finally. 117. (L, V; DA, N) a-zo?ce-nen
back-they on-the-other-side. 94. 1 (AxV, V; enka Here-being-I Inca. 118. (T, T; P, V)
P, V) 0, NJ a-wo? enta-n arankom He-went 6ye?nia pe cotapesya Now you-just-be-humble.
he-saw spider. 95. IL, D (AxV, Pt; P, V)I 119. IS, N [2(.... S D; Ir, D ...) [1L, N
a-I o? 6ete-na There already he-sticking. (L, D; P, V)1]2]2 apapa? .. afima eso?tWYe?
96. I(AxV, V; P, V/02) [P, V/02 (Ij, I]; ... pa?paklo ad1 parcohte-n Father.... this-
P, V/0b2)] a-wo? o6 pYa?pe.6an alalala one what-might-it-be .., in-his-house there he-
pYa?pe.6an He-went he-said-to-him you-cross- being-making-powerful. 120. P, V pehkon-
me alalala you-cross-me. 97. (AxV, V; P, V) korpo-sa You-kneel-there. 121. IL, D [P,
a-wo? ot He-went he-said. 98. 1 (AxV, V; V/02-- S, N- (At, D- P, V- 0, N)]I
P, V) (P, V/02; DA, N)} awwo?Co? mo?- aloh6Yfiapa? pertnapapY6a? apa alpo-n peh-
zeh6a? neh66apY6a? enkaya He-went he-sang peh6a?tah6e?6Y ya?zo'mfiah6Ye.r There-from-
I-carry-you-will Inca. 99. I (P, Pt; L, D) yes he-forgive-you-will father as-many-as you-
5, N I are?t adlo koskoya Isn't there Cuzco? used-to-cause-to-cut-off our-dead-ones. 122.
100. (P, V; 5, N) ya-we-na enkaya He-crying (R, R; P, V) awteWY6a? pehca?to.sa Thus-
Inca. 101. (AxV, V; P, V) awwo?lo? oh- will you-pay-there. 123. IC, Pt [2S, N [I
ma6me?tahtnoma He-went he-made-jump. (At, Pt; At, At) P, V1]21} pe'6e? apapa?
102. {(At, Pt; P, V) (L, D; L, N)I e2nie e?fie ma-mega? acze?mye.napa? But father
?,ahpaca ala.me?tec to-pfiahso Completely completely a-little he-being-mad. 124. (AxV,
he-arrive near to-shore. 103. (AxV, V; P, V) Pt- L, D- P, V/02) o?6 a-la pertne'zepY
a.wo?7o? ohma6a He-went he-jumped. 104. Will there he-forgive-again-you. 125. (P, V;
I(AxV, V; P, V) 0, NI a'wo? e6le6wamnoii0, N) pena'myez pertneni-ec You-ask-again
pota-6Yo1ehga? He-went he-broke-on-him his- forgiveness. 126. (AxV, Pt- L, D- P, V/02)
little-hands. 105. (AxV, V- L, D- P, V) o?6 a-1 pertne'zep Will there he-forgive-you-
a.wo?3o? adla ma?nahta He-went there again. 127. (Ng, Ng- At, V- P, V) ama6
he-was-lost-out-of-sight. 106. P, V/02 ma? ezoh6ye-na pe?fio-ra-cto Not-will it-by-any-
nahta?6e.pa? Let-him-be-lost-out-of-sight. means-being you-talk-bad. 128. 1 (AxV, V;
107. IT, D [(AxV, V; P, V) L, D]} alem- P, V)- S, N- [3Ij, Jj [2[1(R, R; P, V) 5, N1]
pofiapa? a.wo? Cahp a-I Then-yes he-went (C, Pt; 5, Pr)2] 3) a-wo? ot enka alalala
he-arrived there. 108. (P, V; L, D) Cahp a'te6y wafia pepa-pa-r fnehza? na He-went he-
alapa? He-arrive there. 109. Jr, D eso?t6Ye? said Inca alalala thus ends your-father like I.
What-now? 110. I(AxV, V; P, V) (P, V; 129. I(AxV, V; P, V) (Ng, Ng- Da, N;
P, V)} a-wo?Fo? a-wo? a-wo? a.wo?Mye? R, R- P, V) I a-wo? ot ama6 enka a'te6Ya?
He-went he-went he-went he-went-now. 111. pYo-ta-cto She-went she-said not-will Inca
(P, V; 0, N) enta-nfia po6yahpo-r He-see-yesthus-will you-talk-bad. 130. 1 [At, Pt; At, At)

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 175

P, VI At, At} e?fie6 ko-we-n pefio-s ko-we'n IT, D (P, V; S, N) } alempo tanta pa?go?
Completely good you-talk-there good. 131. Then he-get-up his-father-in-law. 152. P, V/02
IT, At (AxV, Pt; P, V/O?) ma-mega?pa? We?Ca.me?6 He-talk-a-little-loudly-to-him.
o?6 pertnapapy In-a-little-while will he-for- 153. IT, T (P, V L, D)} I ye?pa? pewahpa
give-when-come-you. 132. {S, N [2[1(At, Pt; a-z Now you-come here. 154. { (L, D; P, V)
At, At) P, V 1] At, At 211 apapa? e?nie cofie?- (At, D- P, V- 0, N) I a-z6a? pehea?to.sa
Wy6a? acze?mye.na cofie?&Y Father completely alpo-n pekeskone?6y na?zo.mfifah6'Ye.r Here-
a-little-will he-being-mad-a-little. 133. {T, D will you-pay-here as-many-as you-used-to-
(AxY, Pt; P, V) } alempofiapa? o?i' ma-'a?- shed-blood-on-me my-dead-ones. 155. IT, T
nom Then-yes will he-get-over-it. 134. {S, Pr (L, D; P, V/02)1 }Ye?pa? a-z6a? pen6 Now
(AxV, V; P, V/02)} fiafiapa? a-wo?'o? here-will you-see-it. 156. { P, V [(R, R; At, D)
wa.po.re?Z He-yes he-went he-threw-out-it.P, V] } pyo-zampso-s ieMiyE alpo-n pehpeh6a?-
135. (P, V; P, V) wahpa6Ye? wahpa6ye? He-tahte?6Y You-grab-all-out which as-many-as
come-now he-come-now. 136. P, V ko6yo-s He you-used-to-cause-to-cut-off. 157. IT, T (Da,
follow-there. 137. {[11j, Ij (R, R; P, V)1] N; P, V) I 6ye? enka pewahpa Now Inca you-
[31j, Ij [2(Ng, Ng; P, V) S, N 21311 alalala
come. 158. (Ng, Ng- 0, N- P, V) ama
at&vyawa pyo-te-n alalala aflo? mayo-roh6e-nopya?&e.fie.r pehpeh6a?tahte?6Ye Not your-
pepawpa'r Alalala thus you-saying alalala not
people you-cause-to-cut-off. 159. (Ng, Ng;
he-very-powerful-being your-father. 138. { (P,8, N) ama po?6flohWe Not from-their-sin.
Pt; R, R) (C, Pt; S, P)I are-pa?t a-t&'e 160. {T, T (L, D; P, V)} C'Ye?pa? a-zca?
fiehza?m na Shouldn't-he-be thus like I? 139. pehca?to-sa Now here-will you-pay-here. 161.
(Ng, Ng- Da, N; AxV, Pt- P, V) ama6 (Ng, Ng; P, V) amaO petante'zo Not-will
enka Ca pYo-t-Cto Not-will Inca be you-talk-you-get-up-again. 162. (Ng, Ng; T, D) ama?t
bad. 140. { (At, At; P, V) 0, NI ko-we.n6a?ezpo-nafia Is-it-not forever? 163. (Ng, Ng;
pema?yoh6o-sya apa Good-will you-just- T, T) ama?t awah6ya Is-it-not from-past?
pray-there father. 141. IT, D [(AxV, V; P, V) 164. (Ng, Ng; P, V) ama6 pehca?to.sa Not-
L, D I }alempofiapa? a-wo?6o? lahp ala-me?-will you-pay-here. 165. (Ng, Ng; P, V) ama6
tecpa? Then-yes, he-went he-arrived near. petante-zo Not-will you-get-up-again. 166.
142. (AxV, V; P, V/02) awwo?Fo? otapy He-IT, T (P, V/02; L, D)} IYe?pa? nehnap3 a- z
went he-said-to-him-when-he-came. 143. Now I-leave-you here. 167. { (AxV, V; P, V)-
{(AxV, V; P, V/02) 0, N} a-wo? wom6a?-
8, N- (Ij, Ij; P, V) I a-wo? otfia enk alalala
nehca?twa6pa? He-went he-said Inca alalala
tapy pa?go? He-went he-greeted-him-when-he-
came his-father-in-law. 144. {P, V/02I-pay-all-will.
[0, N 168. (P, V- S, N- T, D)
(N; ... Ap, N)] I ahpapY xeredo-nafi xere ...
tantezOa enk ezpo-nafiapa? He-get-up-again-
xerespe-z He - give - to - him - when - he -will
come Inca forever. 169. (P, V; 8, N) tante-za6
chief's-seat . . . chief's-seat. 145. (L, D;enk
P, V)He-get-up-again-will Inca. 170. (Ng, Ng;
a.16a? pyano-zo-s There-will you-sit-there. T, 146.
D) ama?t ezpo'nafiapa? Is-it-not forever?
(AxV,V; P,V) a'wo? wapo re?tofiHe-went 171.
he- {(Ng, Ng; P, V) 8, NI ama6 tante zo
threw-out-for-him. 147. { (AxV, V; P, V) enk Not-will he-get-up-again Inca. 172.
(AxV,
V; P, V)}Ia-wo? ohma? a a.wo? ohmar6a (P,He-
V/02; 0, N) pYo.zapre?to.sen nehpa-cefi
went he-jumped he-went he-jumped. 148.You-grab-there-me
(At, my-earth. 173. IL, D [3(L,
Pt;P, V) Co?l a?torpe?6we.pa? Truly-will D; let-
P, V) [2R, R [,P, V (At, D; 0, N)1]2]3]I
it-be-broken-down. 149. (P, Pt- AxV, Pt- P,
alohi'Yfiapa? a-16a? pyowzapre- fiefiEY peh-
V) are.pa?t o?6 a?torpe?6e Shouldn't-it-bepeh6a?tahte?6Y
will alpo-n a6e-fi There-from-yes
it-be-broken-down? 150. IL, D [2[1(AxV, Pt; P,
there-will you-grab-roots which you-used-to-
cause-to-be-cut-off as-many people. 174.
V) 0, N1] L, N211 o? cetacto-sa pokye?na-.r&e?
xerespe-zo There already he-bumped-bad-
(R, R; P, V/02) 8, N} a-te6y o6fia yahtyo-s
there his-buttocks on-the-chief's-seat. 151.he-say-to-him-yes our-god. 175. (T, D;
Thus

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
176 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII

3. He
P, V) alempofiapa? a?mce.6eht6ye? was very angry. 4. Inca beat our
Then-yes
he-was-stopped-from-talking. 176. mother. 5. He was jealous of our mother,
P, V a'wo?-
eye? He-went-now. 177. (P, V; S,Pala.
N) 6.awye'-
Our mother, Pala, this one he took.
7. He is going
s6Ye? pye'rec They-went-out-all-ways-now to beat her very much. 8. They
his-
roots. 178. {(L, L; P, V) [(P, V; C,drink.
Pt) S,9. N]}
They make merry. 10. Then he
a?yo ere'ca?tye's otta iehaza?zaye7
followscahc
her. 11. Then he beats her. 12. He
Far he-root-in-all-directions it-do like tree. beats her. 13. She goes inside. 14. He doesn't
179. {T, D (Ng, Ng; P, V)} alempofiapa? like it. 15. He said, "I'm going to follow her."
ama tante'zo Then-yes not he-get-up-again.16. Chief Mopool said, "He's not going to
180. P, V ce?pta re?6 He-punish-him. 181. beat you. 17. Don't you listen to him. 18.
{S, N (P, V; P, V)} enkfiapa? ya-wa ya-wa Tomorrow morning I'm going to take you.
Inca-yes he-cry he-cry. 182. {T, T (Ir, V;19. I'm going to leave you at your mountain
P, V)} Iye? ezoh6ye'nowa6ye? yetante'za namesake. 20. From there you will go to
Now how-being-ever-might we-get-up-again? where your father is. 21. He is very mad at
183. {[AxV, Pt; P, V) L, N] S, N} o?7 op you. 22. Very much you cause the heads to
yekye?na'roh6Y ye're' Already it-grow from- be cut off of our dead ones." 23. Thus he
said to her. 24. Then all night they kept
our-buttocks our-root. 184. (T, D; L, D) alem-
pofiapa?co? a'laCo?fia Then-yes there-yes. going on singing. 25. Then they were saying.
185. {P, V [20, N [1Ap, N (At, D; Ap, N)1]2]}26. They sang. 27. They said. 28. They made
nofieht6Ye? paryakonc mYo'z afima we'rawes fun of him in song. 29. They said, (Song)
They-put-on-him-now whirlwind wind this "Inca, our mother, Inca, our..., he loves,
strong-wind. 186. {L, D [(Ng, Ng; P, V)our mother, Inca, our mother." 30. Her hus-
S, N]} aloh6fiapa? ama6 copYe zo cahEpa? band said to her, "Alalala, you are making
There-from not-will it-grow-again tree. 187. your harlots make fun of me in song." 31.
(Ng, Ng- L, D- P, V) ama6 alohcy He was mad at her. 32. The next morning
tante'zo Not-will there-irom he-get-up-again.they left. 33. They will go and be lost out of
188. { [T, V (P, V/02; O, N] (At, D- P,sight. V- 34. They kept on going. 35. Her chil-
O, N)} ezpo'nafiohwe'n6a? pyo'zapre?ten
dren cried for her. 36. Her children cried for
nehpa'cef alpo-n pekesconaye?67 ya?zo'-
her. 37. He said, "Alalala, don't cry for your
mother. 38. She will come back tomorrow."
mfiah6Ye'r Forever-it-being-will you-grab-me
39. Then they went five days. 40. They went
my-earth as-many-as you-used-to-shed-blood-
on-us our-dead-ones. 189. (T, Pt; P, V)
five days. 41. "Don't cry for her." 42. Three
days passed. 43. Three days passed. 44.
ehpaye? pya?cezpyone?cY Day-after-day you-
used-to-hurt-on-me. 190. {(O, Pr; Ap,SuddenlyN) in the morning he remembered
P, V} fiamya nehsef pehcohta?to-ne?7Y Her-her. 45. In the morning he remembered her.
too my-daughter you-used-to-beat-on-me. 46.191.He said. 47. He said, "Alalala, now I
P, V pehcna?tye'so'ne?7Y You-used-to-be will play the flute for you. 48. Your mother
jealous-on-me-in-various-ways. 192. {T, willT come." 49. He played the flute in the
(L, D; P, V)} 6Ye?pa? a-16a? pehca?twe-namorning. 50. He didn't play his flute well.
Now there-will you-pay-all. 193. (Ng, 51. Ng; He cried. 52. "Alalala, now your mother
T, D) ama?t ezpo'nafia Is-it-not-forever? is lost again. 53. We won't see her." 54. Then
194.
(Ng, Ng; P, V) amac petante'zo Not-will he played the flute. 55. He said. 56. Then he
you-get-up-again. 195. Ir, D es6ye?m What-cried. 57. He played the flute. 58. This one
now? 196. P, V na?pye?m I-finish. 197.
went. 59. He went to look for her. 60. He
wafio?m It-end. opened all up the place where the whitemen
were. 61. His wife might be there. 62. He
didn't
2. 1. Inca, this one, had taken god's see her. 63. He didn't see her. 64 He
opened all up the place of the whitemen and
daughter, our god. 2. He was very angry.

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 177

then left. 65. He said to his children as he give you there. 125. You ask for forgiveness.
left, "You close it all up. 66. I will go to look 126. He will forgive you there. 127. Don't by
for your mother." 67. He went. 68. He went any means talk bad." 128. Inca said, "Ala-
to look for his wife. 69. He went to look for lala, your father comes to an end just as I
her. 70. He went down-river. 71. He didn't do." 129. She said, "Don't talk so, Inca.
see her. 72. He piled up water. 73. He piled130. Talk all the way good. 131. When you
up this rock in the water. 74. Then he come, in a little while he will forgive you.
climbed up high. 75. The sour gnats arrived.132. Father is just a little mad, just a little.
76. The sour gnats arrived. 77. He said, 133. Then he will get over it." 134. He
"Where are you going?" 78. They said, "We(father-in-law) threw it out (the chief's seat).
are going to leave. 79. We are going to go 135. He comes now, he comes. 136. He fol-
visiting upriver." 80. "Alalala, where you lows there. 137. "Alalala, so you're saying,
get drunk?" 81. "Far over there we getalalala, your father is very powerful. 138.
drunk. 82. We are licking our mother Pala'sShouldn't he be just as I am?" 139. "Don't,
strainer for her." 83. "Alalala, you show me Inca, be talking so. 140. You just pray right
where she finally is." 84. They took him. 85. there to father." 141. Then he came up near.
They took him to where his wife was. 86. 142. He (Inca) said to him (father-in-law)
Then he went and went. 87. Inca was a very, when he came. 143. He (Inca) greeted him
very angry person. 88. Then he went. 89. He when he came. 144. He (father-in-law) gave
arrived at this lake. 90. It was a large lake,him when he came the chief's seat. 145. "You
very large. 91. The lake stretched out far.will sit there." 146. He threw it out for him.
92. Then he said there, "How will I ever 147. He (Inca) jumped and jumped on it.
cross?" 93. Then the sour gnats left flying 148. Let it be all broken down. 149. Should-
and arrived and stood over on the other side. n't it be all broken? 150. He bumped hard
94. He saw a spider. 95. It was sticking there. his buttocks on the chief's seat. 151. Then
96. He said to it, "You take me across, his father-in-law got up. 152. He talked a
little loudly to him (Inca). 153. "Now you
alalala, you take me across." 97. It said. 98.
It sang, (Song) "I will carry you, Inca. 99.come here. 154. Here you will pay for the
Isn't it Cuzco over there? 100. Inca is cry-number of my dead ones whose blood you
ing." 101. Then it jumped him across. 102.used to shed. 155. Now here you will see it.
He arrived all the way near to the shore. 156. You will grab all out as many times as
103. He jumped off. 104. He broke all theyou used to cut off heads. 157. Now you
come, Inca. 158. They weren't your people
spiders little hands. 105. It went then out of
sight. 106. Let it be lost out of sight. 107.whose heads you caused to be cut off. 159.
Then he arrived there. 108. He arrived there. It wasn't from their own sins. 160. Now here
109. What now? 110. He went and went and you will pay. 161. You will not get up again.
went. 111. He saw his wife. 112. He arrived 162. Even forever. 163. Even from the past.
on the other side. 113. She came then. 114. 164. You will not pay back. 165. You will
His wife came. 115. She said there, "Inca, not get up again. 166. Now I leave you here."
you've come." 116. "I have come, alalala, 167. Inca said, "Alalala, I will pay all. 168.
here where you finally are." 117. "Here I am, Inca will get up again forever, 169. Inca will
Inca. 118. Now you just be humble. 119. get up again. 170. Even forever." 171. "Inca
Father in his house there is very powerful. will not get up again. 172. You will be grab-
120. You kneel there. 121. From there father bing out on my earth. 173. From there your
will forgive you for as many heads as you roots will grab out as many times as you
used to cause to be cut off of our dead ones. used to cause the heads to be cut off of peo-
122. Thus you will pay there. 123. But fatherple." 174. Thus our god said to him. 175.
is just a little mad at you. 124. He will for-Then he was stopped from talking. 176. He

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
178 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII

went now. 177. His roots went out in all

get up then. 188. "Forever you will be grab-
directions. 178. He rooted far out in all di-
bing on my earth as many times as you used
rections like trees do. 179. Then he did not
to shed the blood of our dead ones. 189. Day
get up again. 180. He punished him. 181.
after day you used to hurt them. 190. Her,
Inca cried and cried. 182. "Now how will I too, my daughter you used to beat. 191.
You used to be jealous in various ways. 192.
ever get up again? 183. Already roots grow
Now here you will pay for it all. 193. Even
from our buttocks." 184. Then truly, it was
forever. 194. You will not get up again."
that way. 185. They put on him a whirl-
wind, a strong wind. 186. From there the 195. What now? 196. I've finished. 197. It's
ended.
tree will not grow again. 187. He will not

This content downloaded from 34.192.2.131 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 18:25:25 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms