INDEX

1.1..........INTRODUCTION

1.1.1...Aim

2.1..........DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

2.1.1....Materials required

2.1.2....Use of components in the circuit

2.1.3....Testing of the component

3.1.......... CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4.1...........WORKING/PROCEDURE

5.1...........OBSERVATION

6.1...........TROUBLE SHOOTING

7.1............RESULT

8.1............BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 emergency lamp

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Growing demand for the saving of electricity. It is based on the principle of providing
light when the power is cut off. This is accomplished by the use of automatic charger
which gets charged when power supply exists. In case of power failure, the LED
glows automatically with the supply provided by the battery.

This project is working on two major processes:

1. It turns on automatically when the mains power fails, so you need not search in
the dark.

2. Its battery starts charging as soon as the mains resume

This emergency light is used mostly in village because there is a lack of electricity
which is very required. In industries and a well as in household applications an
emergency lamp is employed where there is frequent non uniform voltage
distribution occurs. Many types of emergency lights from rechargeable torches to
systems like generators are available in market. All of them require a switch to
operate them when power failure occurs.

In the present one there is no need to search for the switch in the dark as it switches
on automatically.

The key disadvantages of this model is that the battery cannot stop charging when
fully charged and it cannot sense whether it is daylight or dark. As a result it glows
when there is a power failure irrespective of the outdoor lighting conditions.

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1.1.1 AIM:

To learn about its circuit diagram, connection procedure, working principle and
trouble shooting.

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED:

2.1.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED:

NAME QUANTITY CAPACITY

1)Fuse 1no 2 Amp

2)Key 1no 220V,5 Amp

3)Step down transformer 1no

220V/6 V,1 Amp

4)P-N Junction diode 4nos

IN4001/IN4007

5)Electrolytic capacitor 1no 470ufd/12V

4)Electromagnetic relay 1no 6V

DC/2NO,2NC

5)Rechargeable battery 1no 6 V,1A.H

6)Lamp with parabolic reflector 1no 6V

7)Indicator 1no 220V

8)Power cord 1 length -

9)Wire 2m -

2.1.2Uses of the components in the circuit:

 SWITCH:

To control the circuit

INDICATOR:

To check the incoming supply.

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  TRANSFORMER:

To reduce the supply from high voltage to low voltage.

Transformer is a static electrical device which is used to increase or decrease the

input AC supply without changing the supply frequency of 50 Hz. It has 2 windings-
Primary, Secondary. These windings are electrically isolated but magnetically
coupled. When supply is given to the primary coil, the produced magnetic field
influences the secondary winding/coil and induces e.m.f. It obeys the transformation
ratio

(N1/N2)=(V1/V2)=(I1/I2)=K

k>1 :STEP UP TRANSFORMER

K<1: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Where,

N1: no of turns in primary coil

N2: no of turns in secondary coil

V1: primary voltage(in volts)

V2:secondary voltage(in volts)

I1: primary current (in amp)

I2: secondary current(in amp)

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  P-N JUNCTION DIODE:

A P-N junction diode is used as a rectifier in the DC power supply. A diode has 2
terminals- Positive, Negative. The positive terminal is called P-type extrinsic
semiconductor and the negative terminal is called the N-type extrinsic
semiconductor and it starts conducting when it is forward biased. Due to this
property the diode is used to rectify the low voltage AC into unidirectional pulsating
DC.

 FILTER:

An electrolytic capacitor is used as filter in the circuit. A capacitor has 2 conducting

plates separated by an insulating medium(di-electric). It gains charge and discharge
at regular intervals. Hence it is used in the DC power supply to convert pulsating DC
into rippled DC

 RELAY:

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current

that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is
an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity
flows through it).

When supply is given to the coil it gets energised and the core gets magnetised. it
pulls the plunger towards it. In this process the 'NO' gets converted to 'NC' and vice-
versa.

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  LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two- lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic P-

N diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of PHOTONS.

 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:

A lead acid battery is used to give 6 V as output.

VOLTAGE REGULATION:

cycle use: 7.20V-7.50V

standby uses:6.75V-6.90V

Max.charging current: 0.36A

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  BRIDGE CIRCUIT:

The input AC 220V single phase supply is reduced into 6V by step down
transformer. When A side of the transformer's secondary becomes positive, the
diode D1,D3 will be in conducting mode and allows the current to flow through Rl
and complete the cycle at B(negative). When B side of the secondary is positive then
the diode D2,D4 will be in conducting mode and allows the current to flow to the
output circuit. The given AC input cycle is rectified fully resulting full wave
rectification. An electrolytic capacitor is connected across the circuit and changes
unidirectional pulsating DC into pure form of DC.

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2.1.3 Testing of components:

 The analogue multimeter is used to measure ampere, voltage and

ohms. Hence it is also called as AVO meter.
 The back lead should be connected to the common point.
 The red lead should be connected to the highest scale of ohm point.
 Short the two leads to make the pointer move to the right hand side.
 Ensure the zero at the resistance range of the dial.
 In case the pointer is not at proper zero bring it to zero by adjusting the
ohmic resistor.
 NOW THE MULTI METER IS READY FOR TESTING.

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  P-N JUNCTION DIODE:

When a P-N diode is tested with multimeter/analogue meter, if it offers low

resistance and when reversed shows high resistance- the diode is said to be a good
component.

In this case the P side is connected to the red lead and the N side to the black lead.

Fr=Rr=low =>short circuited

Fr=Rr=high =>open circuit

Fr<Rr =>working

 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:

it is short circuited dial moves from low resistance side and gradually comes to high
resistance and stops at a point-it is said to be a good component .the point is called
saturation point and is close to the high resistance side. When it doesn't deflect it is
open circuit. If it doesn't move from low resistance side- it is short circuited.

if the saturation point is in the low resistance side it is said to have leakage.

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  POWER CORD:

The leads of the multimeter is connected to the respective wires(R-R', B-B', G-G') if
the multimeter shows deflection there is no open circuit.

If there is no deflection the component is open circuited.

When the lead connected to R-B'/G', B-G' shows no deflection it is a good

component

If the pointer moves to 0 resistance( low resistance side) then the component is short
circuited.

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  ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY:

Connect red lead to 10K ohm point and connect the sensor over the 2 leads like a
resistor (with energising coil). If it shows a reading between 200-500 ohm the coil is
in good condition. If it shows null value - it is short circuited. If it shows high
resistance- it is open circuited. Then connect the leads between 3,4 and 5.
Between 3 and 4 pointer shows a resistance which is normally closed(NC). Between
3 and 5 pointer shows high resistance which is normally open(NO). IN case if both
tests show high resistance--open circuit or 0--short circuit.

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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4.1 WORKING OR PROCEDURE:

 When the supply is given, the supply( checked by the indicator) gets reduced
by the transformer reaches the rectifier.
 The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC and capacitor converts it into pure
form of DC.
 This DC current energises the coil of the relay. As a result the core gets
magnetised. This attracts the plunger. Because of this attraction NC becomes
NO and NO becomes NC.
 The rechargeable battery is connected to the NO points. After attraction
current passes through the battery and the battery gets recharged.
 When the main supply is cut-off, the core gets de magnetised and the relay
gets back to the original position
 Now the battery doesn't receive any charged (the points are opened)
 The normally open points become normally closed
 So current from the battery goes to the lamp wich makes the lamp glow

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5.1 OBSEVATIONS:

WAVEORM:

D1:resultant of diode d1 and d3

D2:resultant of diode d2 and d4

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 6.1 TROUBLE SHOOTING

NO FAULT / PROBLEM REASON / CAUSE REMEDY

1 Lamp is not glowing in 1. Defective battery Check the battery by connecting the
N O supply position lamp with it for an Hour and replace
the faulty

2. Defective relay Check the relay and try to

align the contact.

3. Defective lamp Check the continuity of the

lamp by using multimeter
or D C source.

4.Defective lamp holder Align the contact strips in position

5.Open circuit in the internal Check the connections and correct it
connections
2 Lamp is glowing at 1.Short circuit in the internal Check and remove the short circuit
supply connection area
condition
2.Misalligned relay contacts Align the contact points in position

3 Battery is not charging 1.No input supply Check the input supply with voltmeter
at all

2.Open circuit in the internal Check and replace the faulty wires
connections

3.Open circuit in the Main's check the power cord and replace it or
cord or power cord check it
with test lamp

4.Open circuit in the primary or replace it

secondary of
the transformer

5.Defective rectifier circuit check the components with

multimeter and
replace the faulty components

6.Defective relay check the relay coil and contacts and

try to correct it or replace it

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NO FAULT / PROBLEM REASON / CAUSE
4 Battery is not charged 1.Continuous low voltage
fully
2.Lose connection
3.Defective diodes
4.Defective capacitor
5 Lamp doesn't glow well 1.Low efficient battery
2.lose connections
3.Low input supply
6 Lamp flickers (gives 1.Misalligned relay contacts
intermittent light)
2.Defective lamp holder
3.Defectivee lamp
4.Lose connections
7 Lamp glows and fuses 1.Defective battery
off at once
2.short circuit in the internal
connection
3.Defective lamp holder
REMEDY
check the voltage with voltmeter
check the connections and tighten
them
Check the diodes with multimeter. If it
shows
low resistance in both the directions
replace
the diode
Check the capacitor with multimeter .
If it
does not reach its saturation point
replace it
check the AH of battery by connecting
a proper
rated lamp with it for an hour and
replace it if
found faulty
check the entire wiring and tighten
the connections
Check the input signal in primary and
secondary of the transformer and try
to correct it or replace it
Check the relay and arrange the
contact positions.
Check the holder and align the metal
strips in
Position.
check the lamp with DC source and
replace it
check the connection and tighten it
Check and replace the battery
Remove the short circuit
Replace the lamp holder
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7.1 RESULT:

A detailed analysis about the circuit diagram, working principle about emergency
light is studied.

8.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. NCERT TEXTBOOK

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