UNIT- II DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL AND SHEAR

2-MARKS
1. Write the basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses.
a. The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete zone can be
defined by means of coefficients applied to the characteristic compressive
strength and the average compressive stress and the position of the centre of
compression can be assessed.
b. The distribution of concrete strain is linear (plane sections normalto axis
remain plane after bending).
c. The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected.
d. The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches a particular
value.
2. Write the Permissible stresses in concrete as per IS 1343-1980.

Varies linearly from 0.54 to 0.37 fci for post-tensioned

At Compressive stress work and from 0.51 to 0.44 fci for pretensioned work
transfer depending on the strength of concrete
Tensile stress -
Varies linearly from 0.41 to 0.35 fck
Compressive stress
Depending upon the strength of concrete
Type 1 members: None
At
Type 1 members: Tensile stresses not exceed 3N/mm2
service
Type 1 members: Hypothetical tensile stresses vary
load Tensile stress
from 3.2 N/mm2 for M -30to a maximum of 7.3 N/mm2
for M-50 grade concrete depending upon the limiting
crack width

2
3. Write the Permissible stresses in steel as per IS 1343-1980.
At the time of initial Intial pre stress not to exceed 80% of the characteristic tensile
tensioning strength of tendons.
Immediately after pre -
stress transfer
Final stress after Not less than 40% of the characteristic tensile strength of
allowing for all losses tendons.
of prestress

4. Define Type 1 Structure / Class I / Fully Pre stressed.

 No tensile stresses are permitted under service loads and hence the structure is
crack-free at the working stage. Members are often referred to as fully
prestressed,requiring higher quantity of prestressing steel associated with
higher cost.
 Generally class –I type members are preferred for containment structures
housing atomic reactors, pressure pipes and in important structures where
cracking at service loads is not acceptable.

5. Define Type 2 Structure/ Class II / Limited Pre stressed.

 In this type limited tensile stresses of magnitude not exceeding the modulus of
rupture of concrete are permitted under working loads.
 Members are often referred to as moderately pre stressed.
 Visible cracks are not permitted in this type.

6. Define Type 3 Structure/ Class III / Partially Pre stressed.

 Tensile stresses of magnitude exceeding both the modulus of rupture of concrete
and visible cracking of limited width are permitted under service loads.
 Members are referredto as partially pre stressed.
 Un tensioned reinforcement is generally designed to control the crack widths and
to meet the load-factor requirements against the limit state of collapse.
 Class – 3 type constitute most economical of pre stressed concrete structure due to
limited pre stressing force and high-tensile steel requirements.

3
7. What are the stages of loading to be considered in design of pre stressed
concrete section for flexure? (Jun 2009,June 2012)
The analysis of pre stressed members can be different for the different stages of
loading. The stages of loading are as follows.

1) Initial : It can be subdivided into two stages.

a) During tensioning of steel
b) At transfer of pre stress to concrete.
2) Intermediate: This includes the loads during transportation of the
pre stressed members.
3) Final : It can be subdivided into two stages.
a) At service, during operation.
b) At ultimate, during extreme events.

8. Write criteria for limit state in pre-stressed concrete.(May 2014)

i. Failure of one or more critical sections in flexure, shear, torsion, or due to their
combinations.
ii. Bursting of pre stressed concrete end blocks.
iii. Bearing failure at supports, anchorages or under-concentrate; imposed loads.
iv. Bond and anchorage failure of reinforcement.
v. Failure of connections between precast and cast in situ element
vi. Failure due to elastic instability of members.

9. State the difference in load carrying mechanism in flexure under working

condition between RCC and PSC. (May 2015)
A pre stressed concrete flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a
reinforced member of same depth. However, after the onset of cracking, the flexural
behaviour of pre stressed member is similar to that of reinforced concrete member.

10. What are the limitations of pre stress in long spans?

In case of heavy girders associated with very large self – weight moments, the
maximum stress developed at transfer for the top fibre will be compressive in nature
due to the limitations of the position of pre stressing force.

4
11. Discuss on “limiting zone” for pre stressing force.(May 2015)
The limiting zone is defined by four equations obtained by the stress conditions
of pre stress
At transfer
 M 
Top fibre  f sup  g   f t ;
 Zt 
 M 
Bottom fibre  f inf  g   f ct
 Zb 

At working load
 M M 
Top fibre   f sup  g  q   f cw ;
 Zt Zt 
 M M 
Bottom fibre   f inf  g  q   f t w
 Zb Zb 

12. Pre stressed concrete beam has more shear capacity than RCC –why?
The design for shear was made on the assumption in case of RC beams. But in
PSC members, due to introduction of compressive stresses are reduced. Further if the
cables are inclined or curved, the vertical component of the tensions in the cables also
will resist shear.

13. What are the three ways of improving the shear resistance of structural
concrete members by pre stressing techniques? (June 2012)
The three ways of improving shear resistance of structural concrete members
by prestressing techniques are
1. Horizontal or axial prestressing
2. Prestressing by inclined or sloping cables; and
3. Vertical or transverse prestressing.

14. How can PSC beam be considered to carry its own weight? (Dec 2012, May
2013)
Within certain limits, a permanent dead load may be counteracted by increasing
the eccentricity of pre stressing force in a pre-stressed structural element.

5
15. Mention the types of shear cracks
i. Web shear cracks
ii. Flexural shear cracks

16. Define web shear cracks.

Web shear cracks starts from an interior point. And it occurs when principal
tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of concrete.Web shear cracks occur in thin
webs when it is highly pre stressed, when the beam is subjected to large concentrated
loads near a simple support.

17. Define flexural shear cracks

Flexural shear cracks are developed in inclined direction. It occurs when
combined shear & flexural tensile stresses produce a principal stress exceeding the
tensile strength of concrete In members without shear reinforcement, the inclined
shear cracks extend to compression face causing sudden failure, and referred to as the
diagonal tensile mode of failure.

18. How to calculate maximum and minimum principal stress?

fx  fy 1
f 
2
f max    fy  4 v 2
min 2 2 x

19. Define Shear stress.

The shear distribution in an un cracked concrete member for which the
deformation is assumed to be linear is a function of the shear force and the properties
of the cross section of the member. The shear stress at a point is expressed as
 VS 
v  
 Ib 

6
20. How Pre stressed Concrete members are classified?
The Pre stressed concrete structures are classified into the following three
groups
1. Class-I structure
2. Class –II structure
3. Class-III structure

21. What are the various types of flexural failures encountered in pre stressed
concrete members? ( Dec 2011)
i. Failure of steel in tension
ii. Failure of under –Reinforced section
iii. Failure of over- reinforced section
iv. Other modes of failure.

22. Sketch different types of tendon profile.

Straight tendon (Concentric) Straight tendon (Eccentric)

Paraboli tendon Sloping/Bent tendon

Trapezoidal tendon

7
 UNIT- II DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL AND SHEAR
SIXTEEN -MARKS

1. Write aboutPermissible stresses in concrete and steel as per IS: 1343 Code.
i. Permissible Stresses in Concrete:

The permissible compressive and tensile stress in concrete at the stage of

transfer and service loads is expressed in terms of the corresponding compressive
strength of concrete at each stage. The maximum allowable stresses as per Indian,
Standard is given in table below. As per clause 22.8.1.1. of IS 1343 -1980, the
reduction coefficient applied to compute the design maximum permissible
compressive stress in flexure varies from a value of 0.41 for M-30 grade concrete
to a value of 0.35 for M-60 grade concrete. As per clause 22.7.1 the permissible
tensile stresses at the stage of transfer and working loads are zero for Type I
structures and providesfor tensile stresses in Type 2 and Type 3 members at
serviceability limit states.

Varies linearly from 0.54 to 0.37 fci for post-tensioned

work and from 0.51 to 0.44 fci for pre tensioned work
At Compressive stress
depending on the strength of concrete
transfer

Tensile stress -
Varies linearly from 0.41 to 0.35 fck
Compressive stress Depending upon the strength of concrete

At Type 1 members: None

service Type 2 members: Tensile stresses not exceed 3N/mm2

load Type 3 members: Hypothetical tensile stresses vary

Tensile stress
from 3.2 N/mm2 for M -30to a maximum of 7.3
N/mm2 for M-50 grade concrete depending upon the
limiting crack width

8
ii. Permissible Stresses in steel:

Tensile stresses in steel at the time of tensioning behind the anchorages and
after allowing for all possible losses are taken as not to exceed 80 percent of the
ultimate tensile strength or proof stress as per IS 1343-1980. The recommendations
of the various national codes vary marginally with regard to the allowable stresses
in prestressed members at different stages.

At the time of initial Initial pre stress not to exceed 80% of the characteristic tensile
tensioning strength of tendons.
Immediately after pre -
stress transfer
Final stress after Not less than 40% of the characteristic tensile strength of
allowing for all losses tendons.
of prestress

2. How Pre stressed concrete structures are classified? Explain

The Prestressed concrete structures are classified into the following three
groups
a. Class-I structure (Type 1 / Fully Pre stressed)
b. Class –II structure (Type 2 / Limited Pre stressed)
c. Class-III structure (Type 3 / Partially Pre stressed)

a. Class – I Structure / Type 1 / Fully Pre stresses:

 No tensile stresses are permitted under service loads and hence the structure is
crack-free at the working stage. Members are often referred to as
fullyprestressed,requiring higher quantity of prestressing steel associated with
higher cost.
 Generally class –I type members are preferred for containment structures
housing atomic reactors, pressure pipes and in important structures where
cracking at service loads is not acceptable.

9
b. Class – II Structure/ Type 2 / Limited Pre stressed:
 In this type limited tensile stresses of magnitude not exceeding the modulus of
rupture of concrete are permitted under working loads.
 Members are often referred to as moderately pre stressed.
 Visible cracks are not permitted in this type.

c. Class – II Structure/ Type 3 / Partially Prestressed:

 Tensile stresses of magnitude exceeding both the modulus of rupture of
concrete and visible cracking of limited width are permitted under service
loads.
 Members are referredto as partially pre stressed.
 Un tensioned reinforcement is generally designed to control the crack widths
and to meet the load-factor requirements against the limit state of collapse.
 Class – 3 type constitute most economical of pre stressed concrete structure due
to limited pre stressing force and high-tensile steel requirements.

3. Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in pre stressed concrete
section.
When prestressed concrete members are subjected to bending loads, different
types of flexural failures are possible at critical sections depending upon the principal
controlling parameters such as
1. Percentage of reinforcement in the section
2. Degree of bond between tendon and concrete
3. Compressive strength of concrete and ultimate tensile strength of the
tendon.
The various types of flexural failures encountered in prestressed concrete members
are:
i. Failure of steel in tension
ii. Failure of under –Reinforced section
iii. Failure of over- reinforced section
iv. Other modes of failure.

10
 i. Fracture of steel in tension:

 The sudden failure of prestressed member without any warning is generally due
to the fracture of steel in tension zone.
 This type of failure will occur when the % of steel provided in the section is
very low.
 When the concrete in the tension zone cracks, the steel is not in a position to
bear up the additional tensile stress transferred to it by the cracked concrete.
 To avoid this type of failure IS 1343:1980 prescribes a minimum longitudinal
reinforcement of 0.2% of cross sectional area.

ii.Failure of under reinforced sections:

(Amount of reinforcement is less than the reinforcement required for balanced

section)

 This type of failure is caused by when bending loads are increased by excessive
elongation of steel will take place.
 The member approaches failure by gradual reduction of compression zone.
 Large deflections and wide cracks are developed and this gives warning before
failure.

iii.Failure of over reinforced sections:

(Amount of reinforcement is more than the reinforcement required for balanced

section)

 The compressive and tensile strength of steel exceeds a certain range of values,
the section is said to be over-reinforced.
 Over-reinforced members fail by sudden crushing of concrete.
 Small deflections and narrow cracks were developed.
 Sudden failure without warning hence not preferred.

11
 Flexural Failure Modes of Pre stressed Beams

iv.Other modes of failure:

 Prestressed concrete members subjected to transverse loads may fail in shear

before their full flexural strength is attained, if they are not adequately designed
for shear.
 Web shear cracks may develop if the principal stresses are excessive, and if
thin webs are used, the failure may occur due to web crushing.
 In the case of pre tensioned members, the failure of the bond between the steel
and the surrounding concrete is likely due to inadequate transmission lengths at
the ends of members.
 In post –tensioned members, anchorage failures may take place if the end block
is not properly designed to resist the transverse tensile forces.

12
Design of Pre-tensioned Beam
4. Design a pre-tension symmetrical I section to suit the given data:
Effective span 5m,
Applied load =4kN/m,
Load factors for dead load & live load =1.5,
Concrete cube strength fcu =50N/mm2
Cube strength at transfer fci =35N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete ft =1.7N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec =35 kN/mm2
Loss ratio =η=0.8
Permissible stresses:
At transfer: Compressive stress fct =14N/mm2
Tensile stress ftt =-1N/mm2.
At working: Compressive stress fcw=16N/mm2.
Tensile stress ftw =0,
5mm High tensile steel wires having an characteristic tensile strength
fp=1600N/mm2 is used.

Given Data:
L = 5m
Applied load =4kN/m,
Load factors for dead load & live load =1.5,
Concrete cube strength fcu =50N/mm2
Cube strength at transfer fci =35N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete ft =1.7N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec =35 kN/mm2
Loss ratio =η=0.8
Permissible stresses:
At transfer: Compressive stress fct =14N/mm2; Tensile stress ftt =-1N/mm2.
At working: Compressive stress fcw=16N/mm2; Tensile stress ftw =0,
5mm High tensile steel wires having an characteristic tensile strength fp=1600N/mm2
is used.

13
Solution:
Step 1: Ultimate Moment & shears:

 L
KDc g   L
i.
wmin
  h
2
wud d 
f cu  
h 

d
K = 7.5 for small span, = 0.85
h

DC = 24 kN/m3, β = 0.125 for simply supported beam

L
g = 9.81 m/s2, =25 for simply supported beam
h

Wmin 7.5  2400  9.81  0.125  25  5

=
Wud 50  106  0.852

= 0.076

1.5  4  f1 g
w = =
ii. ud
1  1.5  0.076  1   f  wmin wud 
2

= 6.77kN/m

wmin = 0.076×6.77 =0.514 kN/m

52
iii. M g  M min  wmin  l8  0.514   1.60628kN  m
2

l2 52
iv. M u  wud  6.77   21.15kN  m
8 8

Step 2: Cross sectional dimensions

For flanged section M u  0.10 fcubd 2

Assuming b= 0.5d

21.15 106  0.10  50  0.5d  d 2

14
d = 203.76mm

say d=210mm

d
 0.85
h

210
h  247 mm say 260mm
0.85

h
i. Width of flange =  130mm  b
2

ii. Thickness of flange = 0.2d =0.2×210 =42mm

Since sloping flanges are used, increase the thickness by 20%

0.85Vu
iii. Web thickness (approximate) =  bw
ft h

0.85  16.92  103

bw   32.5mm
1.7  260

But minimum 40-60mm web thickness to be used. Hence adopt bw  50 mm

The symmetrical I section is shown here

Section properties

Area = 2(130×60) + (140×50)

= 22600 mm2

yt  yb  130mm

130  603 50  1403

I + 130  60  130  30  + + 50 140  130  130 
2 2

12   12  

130  603 
+ 130  60  130  230 
2
+
12  

= 2.34  106 + 78 106 + 11.43 106 + 0 + 2.34  106 + 78 106

15
= 172.11106 mm4

I 172.11106
Zt  Zb    1.323  106 mm3
yt 130

Actual self-weight = Area × Unit weight of concrete

= 22600 106  24

= 0.542 kN / m

As assumed self-weight of 0.542kN / m is less than the actual self-weight

0.542kN / m , the section size is revised as under.

Revised section properties:

Area = 2(130×50) + (160×40)

=19400mm2

yt  yb  130mm

130  503 40  1603

I + 130  50  130  25 +
  + 160  40  130  130  
2 2

12   12  

130  503 
+ 130  50  130  235 
2
+
12  

= 1.35  106 + 71.66  106 +13.65 106 + 1.35  106 + 71.66  106

= 159.67 106 mm4

I
= Zt  Zb   1.228 106 mm3
yt

Actual self-weight = 19400  106  24

 0.4646kN / m

16
Step 3: Minimum section modulus

Range of stress f br   f ct - ft w

= 0.8×14-0

=11.2N/mm2

f tr  f cw  f tt

= 16 – [0.8 x (-1)] = 16.8 N/mm2

M q  1    M g
Minimum section modulus Z b 
fbr

12.5 106  1  0.81.6062 1.6062 106

Zb 
11.2

1.22 106  1.144 106 mm3

 The selection I section satisfies the requirements

Step 4: Pre stressing force and eccentricity

A  finf Z b  fsup Z t 
P
Zt  Zb

ftw Mq  M g
finf  
  Zb

12.5 106  1.6062  106

 0
0.8 1.22 106

 14.45 N / mm 2

Mg
fsup  ftt 
Zt

1.6062  106
  1 
1.22  106

 2.313 N / mm 2

17
P

19400 14.45 1.22 106  2.311.22 106 
2 1.22 106

 117758N  120kN
The number of 5mm wires initially stressed to 1200N/mm2 is given by

120000
  5.10
19.6 1200 
Since high tensile wires of 5mm are required


Z t Z b finf  fsup 
A  fsup Z t  finf Z b 
Eccentricity,e=

e
1.22 106  14.45  2.31  86.82mm

19400 14.45 1.22 10  2.311.22 10
6 6

Say, e=85mm.

Step 5: Check for ultimate flexural strength:

Ap f p
Effective reinforcement ratio =
bdfcu

 52
Ap  6   117.8mm2 , f cu  50 N / mm2
4

f p  1600 N / mm2 , b  130mm, d  210mm

Ap f p
 0.138
bdfcu

Referring to table 11 of IS1342:1980

Ap f p xu
bdfcu d
0.15 0.326
0.10 0.217
xu
For 0.138,Byinterpolating we can get  0.299
d

xu  0.299  210  62.96mm

18
xu ˃ D f , the neutral axis lies in web
Ap  Apw  Apf
Apw = Area of pre stressing steel in web
Apf = Area of pre stressing steel in flange
D f = Depth of flange
Df
Apf  0.45 f cu  b  bw 
fp
 50 
 0.45  50 130  40   
 1600 
 63.28mm 2
Apw  Ap  Apf  117.8  63.28  54.52mm 2

New effectivereinforced ratio = Apw f p

bwdfcu
Apw f p 54.52 1600
  0.207
bwdfcu 40  210  50

Referring to table 11 of IS1342:1980

Ap f p xu
bdfcu d
0.20 0.435
0.25 0.542
xu
For 0.207,Byinterpolating we can get  0.449
d

xu  0.499  210  94.29mm

f pu  0.87 x 1600 = 1392 N/mm2

M u  f pu Apw  d  0.42 xu   0.45 f cu  b  bw  D f  d  0.5 D f 

Mu = 1392 x 54.52 [210- (0.42 x 94.29)] + [0.45 x 50 (130-40)x 50 [210-(0.5 x 50)]
= 31.66 kN.m
Mud = 21.15 kN.m , Mu > Mud
Separateun tensioned reinforcement is not required
Step 6: Check for Ultimate Shear strength:

a. Section at support (Uncracked in flexure)

19
 Ultimate shear Vu = 16.92 kN
Effective pre stress at centroid = f cp

P 0.8x120 x103
i. f cp  =  4.94N / mm 2
A 19400
1
ii. Vcw  0.67 bw h  ft 2  0.8 f cp ft  2
1
Vcw  0.67 x 40 x 260 1.7   0.8 x 4.94 x1.7  
2 2

= 21.599 kN
Vcw> Vu It is safe against shear failure.
b. Section cracked in flexure with maximum shear:

 P Pe 
i. f pe    
A Z 
120x103 120x103 x85 
f pe  0.8  
 19400 1.22x106 

fpe 11.63N/ mm2

0.8xf pe I 0.8x11.63x159.67 x106

ii. Mo  
yb 130
= 11.42 x 106 N-mm = 11.42 kN-m
M o 11.42
iii.   0.98
M max 11.63
Mo x
From chart, for  0.98,  0.5
M max L
x
 0.5 x  2.5m from left sup port
5
For the section at x= 2.5m from left , the
Wud
Moment M u  x x l  x 
2
6.77
= x  5  2.5  = 21.15 kN-m
2

20
   x 
V  Vmax 1  2   
  L 
  2.5  
V  16.92 1  2  
  5 
  x 
V  Vmax 1  2   
  L 
V 0

fpe  0.8x1200  960 N / mm2

100A ps 100 x117.8

 1.40%
bw d 40x210
From table 6 of IS 1343: 1980
100 A ps c
bwd
1.25 0.74
1.50 0.79
By interpolating, for 1.40  c = 0.77 N/mm2
 f   V 
Vcf  1  0.55 pe  c b w d  M o   
 f pu   M  

 960   = 4014.62 N = 4.014 kN

Vcf  1  0.55  0.77 x 40 x210 
 1392  

Vcf< Vu Shear reinforcement is not necessary.

Step 7: Check for limit state of deflection:

i. The deflection due to pre stressing force

PeL2
120x103 x85x  5000 
2

= 8E c I  = 5.87 mm (upwards)
8x34x103 x159.67x106

ii. The deflection due to self-weight

 5gL4 

 384EI 
 

21
 5x0.4656x50004

384x34x103 x159.68x106
 0.69mm(downward)
iii. The deflection due to live load
 5qL4 

 384EI 
 

5x4x50004

384x34x103 x159.68x106
 5.99mm(downward)
iv. Long term modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ec
Ece 
1 
Ec  Ece 1    = 2.6 E ce

Ec
  2.6
E ce

 x deflection due to DL   deflection due to LL

Resultant deflection =
  loss ratio x deflection due to prestress 

= (2.6 x 0.69) + 5.99 – (0.8 x 5.87) = 2.99 mm

Span
The limiting deflection =  20mm
250
 Section is safe.

22
Design of Post-tensioned Beam
5. Design a post tensioned roof girder to suit the following data
Effective span = 35m
Live load = 10 kN/m
Dead load (excluding self-weight) = 2kN/m
Load factors
For dead load = 1.4
For live load = 1.6
Cube strength of concrete fcu = 50 N/mm2
Cube strength at transfer, fci = 35 N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete, ft = 1.7 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete ,Ec = 34 kN/mm2
Loss ratio η= 0.85;
8 mm diameter high tensile wires having a characteristic tensile
strength fpu = 2100 N/mm2 are available for use. The modulus of elasticity of
hightensile wires is 200 kN/mm2. Design the beam as a class 1 structure
according to IS code provisions.

Design calculations:

Step 1: Ultimate movements and shear:

L
K Dcg   L
 Wmin   h   5  2400  9.81 0.125  25  35  0.35
i.  
 Wud  d
2
50 106  0.852
fcu  
h
ii. Ultimate load, excluding the factored self-weight,
1.4  2  1.6 10  18.8kN / m
 f1q 18.8
iii. Wud    36.86kN / m
W  1  1.4  0.85
1   f 2  min 
 Wud 
iv. Wmin  0.35  36.86  12.90 kN/ m

23
 Wl2 36.86  352
v. Ultimate moment, Mu    5644kN.m
8 8
Wl 36.86  35
vi. Ultimate shear, Vu    645kN
2 2
Step 2: Cross-sectional dimensions:

From the preliminary chart (Bate and Bennet) for ratio hf/d = 0.23 and bw/b = 0.25
and assuming b = 0.5d,

a. Depth of the section:

Mu  0.10fcu bd 2

1/3
 5644 x106 
d  13111300 mm
 0.10 x 50 x 0.5 
d 1300 mm

d
Assuming ratio as 0.85
h

 d  1300 
h  1529 mm
 0.85   0.85 
d 1500 mm

b. Breadth of the section:

b  0.5d  0.5x1300
b  650mm

c. Height of flange:

hf
 0.23
d
hf  0.23x1300  299 mm  300 mm
hf  270 mm

24
d. Thickness of web:

 0.6Vh 
Thickness of web bw   
 ft h 
 0.6 x645 x103 
bw   151.76  200 mm
 1.7 x1500 
 
bw  200 mm  for cables to pass through 

Since cables of diameter 50 mm have to pass through the web, the minimum thickness
of web from practical consideration ( with a clear cover of 50mm) = (50x 2x 50) =
150 mm. The bottom flange dimensions are assumed as 350 mm wide and 400 mm
deep to accommodate the cables, anchorage and cover requirements. The cross section
of the beam is as under:

Cross section of Post tensioned Beam

Step 3: Properties of section:
a. Area of the section (A):
A   350 x 400    200 x 750    650 x350 
 517500mm2
b. Centroidal distance from bottom:

yb 
350x 400x 200   200x750x 575  650x 350x1325
517500

yb  803mm; y t  D  y b 1500  803  697 mm

25
 c. Second moment of area (I)

 b d3   b 2d 32   b3d33 
I xx =  1 1  +(A1 (y t - y1 )) 2 + 
2
 +(A 2 (y t - y 2 )) +   +(A 3 (y t - y3 ))
2
 12 
   12   12 
 350x4003  2  200x750 
3
2
=  +350 x 400(803-200) +   +200 x 750(803-575)
Ixx  12 12
   
 650x3503 
+  +650x350(803-1325)2
 12 
 
I xx = 131.8x 109 mm 4

d. Section Modulus

 Ixx   131.8 x 109  6 3

Zt =   =   = 189.09 x 10 mm
 yt   697 

 I   131.8 x 109  6 3
Zb =  xx  =   = 164.13 x 10 mm

 yb   803 
Step 4: Design moments and Shear force:
a. Actual self-weight of the girder =0.5175 x 24 = 12.42 kN/m
 wl2   12.42 x 352 
=   1901 kN.m
 8  
b. Minimum moment , Mmin
   8 
c. Design working load = (2+12.42+10) = 24.24 kN/m
d. Design working moment
 wl2   24.42 x 352 
Md      3739kN.m
 8   8
   
Step 5: Permissible stresses and range of stress:
For fcu = 50 N/mm2 and fci = 35 N/mm2, according to BS: 8110 recommendations
fct = 0.5 fci = 17.5 N/mm2

For class 1 structure, ftt = ftw = 0

fbr =(ηfct – ftw) = (0.85 x 17.5) = 15N/mm2 and
fcw= 0.33 fcu= (0.33 x 50) = 16.5 N/mm2

f = (fcw – ηftt)= 16.5 N/mm2

tr

26
Step 6: Check for minimum section modulus:
  M   M min  
Zb   d 
 f br 

 3739x106  0.85x1901x106
Zb  
 
 15 
 
Zb 141.53x106 mm3

Since f tr  f br , the section modulus, Z t , will be less than the above value. The section
modulus of the designed unsymmetrical section the minimum value.

Step 7: Check for Eccentricity and pre stressing force:

 M   1900x106 
a. fsup  f tt  min   0  6    10.4 N / mm
2
 Zt   189.09x10 

 f tw Md   3739x106 
b. finf      0    26.80 N / mm
2
   Zb   0.85x164.13x10 
6

c. Eccentricity (e):


 Z t Zb finf  fsup
e 
 

 A finf Zb  fsup Z t
  
189.09 x164.13x106  26.80   10.4  
e
  
517500 26.8x164.13x106  10.4 x189.09 x106 
e = 917.27 mm

The theoretical value of the eccentricity determined as above is impracticable since it

falls at the bottom edge of the section. Hence by providing suitable cover provisions
for cable, the maximum possible eccentricity,

e= (1500-697-150) = 653 mm.

27
The pre stressing force corresponding to this eccentricity is obtained from,

 
 A finf Zb   517500 x 26.80 x164.13x106 
P =   4534 kN
 Zb  Ae 
  
164.13x106   517500x653 


Using Freyssinet cables, 12-8mm diameter and stressed to 1500 N/mm2

   x82  
12 x   x1500 
  4  
Force in each cable     900 kN
1000
 
 
 

 Number of cables =  4534   5.03  5Nos

 900 

The cables are arranged at the central span section as detailed in the following figure.

28
Step 8: Permissible Tendon Zone:
The permissible tendon zone at the centre of the span and the support is calculated
using the following equations.

Z f Z M 
e   b ct  b  min 
 P A P 

164.13x106 x17.5 164.13x106 1900x106 

e   
 4534 x103 517500 4534x103 

e  681mm

Z f Z M 
eb   b tw  b  d 
 P A P 
 164.13x106 3739x106 
e  0  
 517500 0.8x4534x103 
e  653mm
Similarly at the support section,
262  e  262mm

The pre stressing force should lie within the above prescribed limits. The
cables are curved following a parabolic shape towards the support section. The profile
of the resultant pre stressing force along the span is shown below.

29
 Arrangement of Anchorage forces and Equivalent prisms

Limiting Zone and Pre stressing force

Centroidal distance from bottom

yb 
 2x150   1x550   1x950   1x1350  630mm
5
e2  yb  centroidaldis tan ce
e2  803  630 173mm

30
Step 9: Check for Ultimate flexural Strength:
At the centre span section,
Aps = 3000mm2; d = 1500 – 150 = 1350mm ;fcu = 50 N/mm2 ; bw = 200mm ; fpu =
2100 N/mm2 ; b = 650mm; hf = 350mm.
Design ultimate moment Mud = 5644 kNm
According to BS 8110-1985
Aps = (Apw + Apf)
a. Area of Pre stressing steel in flange (Apf)
h 
A pf  0.45f cu  b  b w   f 
 f pu

 
 350 
A pf  0.45 x150  650  200   
 2100 
A pf 1200 mm 2

b. Area of Pre stressing steel in webe (Apw)


A pw  A p  A pf 
A pf  1300  1687 
A pf 1313mm 2

c. Effective reinforcement ratio:

 f pu A pw   2100x1313 
    0.20
 cu w 
f b d  50x200x1350

d. Ultimate tensile stress and depth of neutral axis:

 f pe   f pb 
From table assuming   = 0.5, we get   = 0.9
 f pu   0.87 f pu 
   

f pb  0.87x2100x0.9 1644 N / mm 2 and

x
 0.39;
d
x  0.39 x1350
x  562.5mm  527 mm

31
 e. Ultimate Moment:
M ud  fpb A pw  d  0.45x   0.45f cu  b  b w  h f  d  0.5h f 
 1644x1313 1350  0.45x527   0.45x50  650  200  x350 1350  0.5x350 
 6566.06x106 kNm  5644kNm

The moment capacity is adequate. Hence supplementary reinforcement is not

necessary. However longitudinal reinforcement of not less than 0.2 percent of the
cross sectional area is to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage cracking. 16 mm
diameter mild steel or deformed bars provided as shown in figure.

Step 10: Check for Shear Strength:

a. Section at support (Un cracked in Flexure)

Required ultimate shear, Vu = 645 kN

i. f cp    
  3 
 P   0.85x4534x10  
 7.4N / mm 2
 A   517500 
 
 4e   4x480 
ii.Slopeof cable       0.0548
 L   35x1000 


  
1/2
iii.Vcw  0.67 bh ft 2  0.8f cpft   Psin  
 

  
1/2
 1.7 2  0.8 x 7.4 x1.7 
Vcw  0.67 x200x1500   0.85x4534x0.0548  
1000
 
 
Vcw 1580.65kN

This is greater than Vu, hence the support section is safe against shear failure.

32
b. Span Section cracked in Flexure
 P    Pe1  
i. f ep      
 A   Zb  
 0.85x4534x103 0.85 x 4534 x103 x653 
  
 517500 164.13x106 
 22.77 N / mm 2

ii. M o  0.8 x f ep x Zb
 164.13x106 
 0.8 x22.77 x  
 1000
 
 2987.79 kNm

From Fig (Bate and Bennet)

x
 0.26;
L
X = 0.26 x 35 = 9.1 m
At this section,
iii. M  0.5 x 35 x 9.1 35  9.1
 4124 kNm

  9.1  
iv. V  645 1  2x    310kN
  35 


v. fpe  0.85x1500 1275N / mm2  0.6f pu  1260 N / mm2 
100 A ps  100x3000 
    1.11%
 b w d   200x1350

From Table 6:IS 1343 -1980, the ultimate average shear resistance of concrete,

 c  0.706 N / mm2

 0.55f pe   V 
Vcf  1   c b w d  M o   
 f pu   M  

 0.55 x1260  1350  310  

  1   0.706x200x  2987.79  
 2100  1000  4124  
Vcf  352 kN

33
Since the actual shear (310kN) is less than the shear resistance of the section, only
minimum reinforcements are provided in the web is given by,
Asv 0.4 b w  0.4 x 200 
    0.353 N / mm 2
Sv 0.87 f yv  0.87 x 260 

The maximum spacing of the stirrup is limited to 0.75dt or 4bw.

Allowing for 30mm cover, dt = 1470mm.
 Spacing must not exceed (0.75x1470) = 1102 mm or (4x200) = 800mm
Using 10mm 2- legged stirrups (Asv = 158mm2)
158
 Sv =  447 mm  450mm
0.353

Step 11: Check for deflection at serviceability limit:

Eccentricity of pre stressing force at centre of span e1= 653 mm; e2 = 173 mm.
i. Deflection due to prestress :
PL2
p  (5e1  e2 )
48E c I
 4354x103 x352 x106 
9 
 3
5x653  173
 48x34x10 x131.8x10 
  82.51mm (upwards)

34
ii. Deflection due to self-weight:

 5gL4   5x14.42x  35x1000 4 

g    
 384EI   384x34x103 x131.81x109 
   
g  62.87mm(downwards)

iii. Deflection due to live load:

 5qL4   5x10x  35x1000 

4 
q     
 384EI   384x34x103 x131.81x109 
   
q  43.60mm(downwards)

If creep co-efficient, ϕ = 1.6

Long term modulus of elasticity of concrete

 E   E  E 
Ece   c    c    c 
1    1  1.6   2.6 

Therefore Resultant maximum long term deflection

  2.6x62.87  43.6   0.85x82.51  137mm

Total deflection = 137 mm,

35000
which is less than the code limit  140mm
250
Step 12: Anchorage Zone reinforcement:
The equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be
effective are in Fig. Arrangement of anchorage forces and equivalent prisms.
For cables 1 & 2
2ypo 150mmand2yo 175mm

ypo 75
  0.85
yo 87.5
For cables 3,4&5
2ypo  200mmand2yo  400mm

ypo 100
  0.5
yo 200

35
Initial jacking force in each cable = 900 kN
Considering cable forces 1 and 2 together, from Fig.Design Bursting Tension in End
Blocks(BS: 8110-1985)
Bursting tension Fbst = (0.11x 2x900) = 217kN
For each of cables 3,4& 5
Bursting tension Fbst = (0.17x900) = 153kN
Using mild steel links and considering the larger bursting tension,
 217x103 
Ast     960mm
2

 0.87x260 
A possible arrangement of reinforcement using 12mm diameter links in the vertical
and horizontal direction is shown below.

Arrangement of reinforcement in Anchorage Blocks

36
Check for limit state design
6. A pre-tensioned pre stressed concrete beam having a rectangular section, 150
mm wide and 350 mm deep, has an effective cover of 50 mm. If fck = 40 N/mm2, fp
= 1600 N/mm2, and the area of pre stressing steel Ap = 461 mm2, calculate the
ultimate flexural strength of the section using IS:1343 code provisions.

Given Data:
Wide (b) = 150 mm
Deep (D) = 350 mm
Effective cover = 50 mm
Effective depth (d) = 300 mm
Area of prestressing steel (Ap) = 461mm2
fck = 40 N/mm2
fp = 1600 N/mm2
To calculate:
(i) To calculate the ultimate flexural strength of the section using IS:1343 code
provisions.

Solution:
Ultimate flexural strength Mu for rectangular section = f pu A p (d - 0.42 x u )

Step 1: Effective reinforcementratio :

 A pf p   461x1600 
 =  = 0.40
 bdf ck   150 x 300x40 

Step 2: Depth of Neutral axis:

Reffering to table No:11 of IS 1343-1980,(For Pre tensioned member)

 A pf p   xu 
   
 bdf ck   d 

0.40 0.783
 xu 
   0.783;
 d 
x u = (0.783 x 300) = 234.9 mm
x u  234.9 mm

37
Step 3: Tensile stress developed in tendons:

 A pf p   f pu 
   
 bdf ck   0.87 f p 

0.40 0.90

 f pu 
   0.90
 0.87 f p 
fpu = (0.9 x 0.87 x 1600) = 1253 N/mm2

Step4: Ultimate flexural strength of the Rectangular section:

M u = f pu A p (d - 0.42 x u )
= 1253 x 461(300 - 0.42 x 234.9)
= 116.30 x 106 N mm = 116.30 kN m

Result:

The ultimate flexural strength of the Rectangular section = 116.30 kN m

7. A pre-tensioned Tee section has a flange 1200mm wide and 150 mm thick. The
width and depth of rib are 300mm and 1500 mm respectively. The high tensile
steel has an area 4700mm2 and is located at an effective depth of 1600mm.If the
characteristic cube strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel are
40 N/mm2and 1600 N/mm2 respectively. Calculate the flexural strength of the Tee
section using IS:1343 code provisions.(May 2013, Dec 2013)

Given Data:
Flange size = 1200mm x 150 mm
Web size = 300mm x150 mm
Effective depth (d) = 1600 mm
Area of prestressing steel (Ap) = 4700mm2
fck = 40 N/mm2
fp = 1600 N/mm2

38
To calculate:
Ultimate flexural strength of the Tee section using IS:1343 code provisions.

Solution:
Mu = fpu Ap (d - 0.42 x u ) if Xu  Df
Mu  f pu Apw (d  0.42x u )  0.45fck  b  bw  Df (d  0.5Df ) if Xu  Df

Step 1: Effective reinforcement ratio:

 A pf p   4700 x 1600 
 =  = 0.097
 bdf ck   1200 x 1600 x 40 

Step 2: Depth of Neutral axis:

Referring to table No:11 of IS 1343-1980,(For Pre tensioned member)

 A pf p   xu 
   
 bdf ck   d 

0.05 0.109

0.10 0.217

By interpolating,
 xu 
   0.196;
 d 
x u = (0.196 x 1600) = 313.6 mm
x u  313.6 mm
Here Df = 150 mm (Xu>Df)
Therefore New effective reinforcement ratio is calculated considering Apwand bw

Step 3: Area of pre stressing steel in flange and web portion:

a. Area of pre stressing steel in flange portion:

D 
A pf  0.45fck  b  b w   f 
 fp 
 
 150 
 0.45x40 1200  300   
 1600 
= 1518.75mm2

39
 b. Area of pre stressing steel in web portion:
Apw  Ap  Apf
= 4700 – 1518.75
= 3181.75mm2.
Step 4: New effective reinforcement ratio:
 A pw f p   3181.25 x 1600 
 =  = 0.265
 w ck 
b df  300 x 1600 x 40 
Step 5: Depth of Neutral axis (xu) & Tensile stress developed in tendons (fpu) :

Referring to table No:11 of IS 1343-1980,(For Pre tensioned member)

 fp Ap   xu   f pu 
     
 bdf ck   d   0.87 f p 

0.25 0.542 1

0.30 0.655 1

By interpolating
 xu   f pu 
   0.575 ;   =1
 d   0.87 f p 
a. Depth of neutral axis:

 xu 
   0.575
 d 
x u  0.575 x1600
x u  920 mm

b. Tensile stress developed in tendon:

 f pu 
  1
 0.87 f p 

f pu = (1 x 0.87x 1600) = 1392 N/mm2

40
Step 6: Ultimate flexural strength of the Rectangular section: (Xu>Df)

M u  f pu A pw (d  0.42x u )  0.45f ck  b  b w  Df (d  0.5Df ) if X u  Df

1392x 3181.25(1600  0.42x920)  0.45 x40 1200  300 150(1600  0.5x150)

 9079 kNm

Result:

The ultimate flexural strength of the Tee section = 9079 kN m

8. The cross section of a symmetrical I section prestressed beam is 300mm x

750mm (overall) with flanges And web 100mm thick. The beam is post tensioned
by cables containing 48 wires of 5mm diameter HT wires at an eccentricity of 250
mm. The 28 day cube strength is 40N/mm2 and tensile strength of wires is 1700
N/mm2. Assuming that the grouting of tendons is 100% effective. Find the
ultimate strength of section.
Given Data:
I beam size = 300mm x 750mm (overall)
Breadth of flange b = 300mm
Breadth of Web bw = 100mm
Depth of flange Df = 100mm
Eccentricity e = 250 mm
fck = 40 N/mm2
fp = 1700 N/mm2
Post tensioned cables 48 wires of 5mm diameter HT wires are used.

To calculate:
Ultimate flexural strength of the I section using IS:1343 code provisions.

Solution:
Mu = fpu Ap (d - 0.42 x u ) if Xu  Df
Mu  f pu Apw (d  0.42x u )  0.45fck  b  bw  Df (d  0.5Df ) if Xu  Df

41
Step 1: Effective depth (d):

D
d=  Eccentricity
2
750
=  250  625mm
2
Step 2: Area of pre stressing steel (Ap):

  d2 
Ap  
 4 
xNumber of wires
 
  x52 
Ap   x48  942.47 mm2
 4 
 

Step 3: Effective reinforcement ratio:

 A p f p   942.47 x 1700 
 =  = 0.22
 bdf ck   300 x 625 x 40 

Step 4: Depth of Neutral axis:

Referring to table No:11 of IS 1343-1980,(For Post tensioned member with effective

bond)
 A pf p   xu 
   
 bdf ck   d 

0.20 0.414

0.25 0.488

By interpolating,
 xu 
   0.44;
 d 
x u = (0.44 x 625) = 275 mm
x u  275 mm
Here Df = 100 mm (Xu>Df)

Therefore New effective reinforcement ratio is calculated considering Apwand bw

42
Step 5: Area of pre stressing steel in flange and web portion:
a. Area of pre stressing steel in flange portion:

D 
A pf  0.45fck  b  b w   f 
 fp 
 
 100 
 0.45x40  300  100   
 1700 
= 211.76 mm2
b. Area of pre stressing steel in web portion:
Apw  Ap  Apf
= 942.47 – 211.76
= 730.70mm2.
Step 6: New effective reinforcement ratio:
 A pw f p   730.70 x 1700 
 =  = 0.49  0.40
 w ck 
b df  100 x 625 x 40 

Step 7: Depth of Neutral axis (xu) & Tensile stress developed in tendons (fpu) :

Referring to table No:11 of IS 1343-1980,(For Pre tensioned member)

 A pw f p   xu   f pu 
     
 b w df ck   d   0.87 f p 

0.40 0.653 0.75

By interpolating
 xu   f pu 
   0.653;   = 0.75
 d   0.87 f p 

a. Depth of neutral axis:

 xu 
   0.653
 d 
x u  0.653x 625
x u  408.125mm

43
 b. Tensile stress developed in tendon:
 f pu 
   0.75
 0.87 f p 
fpu = (0.75 x 0.87x 1700) = 1109.25 N/mm2

Step8: Ultimate flexural strength of the Rectangular section: (Xu>Df)

M u  f pu A pw (d  0.42x u )  0.45f ck  b  b w  Df (d  0.5Df ) if X u  Df

1109.25 x 730.70(625  0.42x408.125)  0.45 x40 300  100 100(625  0.5x100)

 574.56 kNm

Result:

The ultimate flexural strength of the Tee section = 574.56 kN m

9. A post-tensioned bridge girder with unbonded tendons is of box section of

overall dimensions 1200 mm wide by 1800 mm deep, with wall thickness of 150
mm. The high tensile steel has an area of 4000 mm2 and is located an effective
depth of 1600 mm. The effective prestress in steel after all losses is 1000 N/mm2
and the effective span of the girder is 24 m. If fck = 40 N/mm2,andfp = 1600
N/mm2, Estimate the flexural strength of the section.

Given Data:
Effective depth (d) = 1600 mm
Area of prestressing steel (Ap) = 4000mm2
fck = 40 N/mm2
fp = 1600 N/mm2
fpe = 1000 N/mm2
Type of tendon: Unbonded Tendon

44
To calculate:
Ultimate flexural strength of the section using IS:1343 code provisions.

Solution:
Mu = fpu Ap (d - 0.42 x u ) if Xu  Df
Mu  f pu Apw (d  0.42x u )  0.45fck  b  bw  Df (d  0.5Df ) if Xu  Df

Note: For post tensioned beam with unbonded tendon the value of Xu and fpu are
influenced by effective reinforcement ratio and L/d ratio

Step 1: Effective reinforcement ratio:

 A pf pe   4000 x 1000 
 =  = 0.05
 bdf ck   300 x 1600 x 40 

Step 2: Span to depth ratio:

L 16000
  20
d 800

Step 4: Depth of Neutral axis and Tensile stresses in tendon:

Referring to table No:12 of IS 1343-1980,(For Post tensioned member with unbonded

tendon)
 A pf p   f pu   xu 
     
 bdf ck   f pe   d 

L/d L/d

20 10 20 10

0.05 1.32 1.45 0.16 0.15

By interpolating,
 xu 
   0.155;
 d 
x u = (0.155 x 1600) = 248 mm
x u  248 mm
Here Df = 150 mm (Xu>Df)
Therefore New effective reinforcement ratio is calculated considering Apwand bw
45
Step 5: Area of pre stressing steel in flange and web portion:
c. Area of pre stressing steel in flange portion:

D 
A pf  0.45fck  b  b w   f 
 fp 
 
 150 
 0.45x40 1200  300   
 1700 
= 1518 mm2
d. Area of pre stressing steel in web portion:
Apw  Ap  Apf
= 4000 – 1518
= 2482 mm2.
Step 4: New effective reinforcement ratio:
 A pw f p   2482 x 1000 
 =  = 0.129  0.40
 w ck 
b df  300 x 1600 x 40 
Step 5: Depth of Neutral axis (xu) & Tensile stress developed in tendons (fpu) :

Referring to table No:12 of IS 1343-1980,(For Post tensioned member with unbonded

tendon)
 A pf p   f pu   xu 
     
 bdf ck   f pe   d 

L/d L/d

20 10 20 10

0.10 1.26 1.45 0.32 0.36

0.15 1.20 1.36 0.46 0.52

Af 
By interpolating (for L/d 15 and  p p  = 0.129
 bdf ck 
 xu   f pu 
   0.427;   =1.311
 d   f p e 

46
 a. Depth of neutral axis:

 xu 
   0.427
 d 
x u  0.427 x1600
x u  683.20 mm

b. Tensile stress developed in tendon:

 f pu 
  1.311
 f pe 
fpu = (1.311x 1000) = 1311 N/mm2

Step 6: Ultimate flexural strength of the Rectangular section: (Xu>Df)

M u  f pu A pw (d  0.42x u )  0.45f ck  b  b w  Df (d  0.5Df ) if X u  Df

1311x 2482(1600  0.42x683.20)  0.45 x40 1200  300 150(1600  0.5x150)

 7978.3 kNm

47
10. Discuss about Limiting Zone for the prestressing force.
Limiting Zone for the pre stressing force:

The eccentricity of the pre stressing force is varied along the length of the beam
to adjust the pre stress. This is commonly done by using curved cables in post
tensioned beams. For pretension beams the tendons are deflected before casting by
using deviating devices fixed to the mould. Once the magnitude of pre stressing force
at the critical section is found it is easy to fix up the limiting zone for the pre stressing
force with the upper and lower limits. These limits are expressed as a function of
maximum and minimum moments, Pre stressing force, properties of the section and
the permissible stresses in concrete at transfer and service loads.

The limiting zone is defined by the equations given below obtained by

combining the stress conditions.

At transfer
 M 
Top fibre  f sup  g   f t ;
 Zt 

 M 
Bottom fibre  f inf  g   f ct
 Zb 
At working load
 M M 
Top fibre   f sup  g  q   f cw ;
 Zt Zt 

 M M 
Bottom fibre   f inf  g  q   f t w
 Zb Zb 
The equations of pre stress for the top and bottom fibres are given by

 P Pe 
f sup    
 A Zt 

 P Pe 
f inf    
 A Zb 

48
By combining all the above equations and taking Mg = Mmin we get the following
equations

 Zt f tt Zt M min
e    1
P A P

Zb f ct Zb M min
e     2
P A P

 Zt f cw Zt M d
e    3
P A P

Zb f tw Zb M d
e     4
P A P

The curves generated by two of these four equations are shown Figure.Positive
eccentricities are represented below the centroid of the section.

Limiting Zone for Pre stressing Force

The permissible tendon zone is controlled by only two of the above four
equations as can be noted from the figure.For prismatic members with constant
prestressing force the permissible tendon zone is governed by second and fourth
equations given above.

49
Location of wires (Limiting Zone)
11. A post- tensioned beam of span 15 m and overall depth 900mm has uniform
symmetrical cross section of area 2x105 mm2 and the second moment of area
212 x 108 mm4 units. The pre stress is provided by a cable tensioned to a force
of 1450kN at transfer. If the beam is to support a uniformly distributed live
load of 21kN/m and the minimum load is that due to the self-weight of the
beam, calculate the vertical limits within which the cable must lie along the
beam length. The permissible compressive stresses at transfer and working
load are 14 and 16.8 N/mm2 respectively. The tensile stresses at transfer and
working load are zero and 3.5 N/mm2 respectively. Dc = 24kN/m3. Loss of
prestress = 20%
Given Data:
Span L = 15 m
Overall depth D = 900mm
Ac = 2x105mm2
I= 212x108mm4
P = 1450 kN
L.L = 21 kN/m
fct = 14 N/mm2
fcw = 16.8 N/mm2
ftt =0
ftw = 1.75 N/mm2
Dc = 24kN/m
 = 0.8

Solution:
At the centre of the span

Z f Z M  Z f Z M 
ea   b ct  b  min  ;eb   b tw  b  d 
 P A P   P A P 

50
Step 1: Section Modulus:
I 212 x108
Zb    47.11x106 mm4
yb 450

Step 2: Bending Moment due to Dead load: (M min )

gl2
M min  ;
8
where g  0.2 x 24  4.8kN / m

4.8 x152
M min  135 kNm
8

Step 3: Vertical limits:

At mid-section:

Z f Z M 
i. ea   b ct  b  min 
 P A P 

 47.11x106 47.11x106 135x106 

ea    
 1450 x10 3
2x10 5
1450x103 

ea  312.40mm

Z f Z M 
ii. eb   b tw  b  d 
 P A P 

 47.11x106 (3.5) 47.11x106 135  591 x106 

eb   3
 5
 3 
 0.8x1450 x10 2x10 0.8x1450x10 

eb  248.16mm

51
At the support section:

Z f Z 
i. ea   b ct  b 
 P A 

 47.11x106 47.11x106 
ea   
 1450 x10 3
2x105 

ea  219.30mm

Z f Z 
eb   b tw  b 
 P A 

 47.11x106 (3.5) 47.11x106 

eb   
2x105 
ii. 3
 0.8x1450 x10

eb   377.69 mm

52
Design for shear based on IS 1343 code
12. The support section of pre stressed concrete beam, 100mm wide and 250 mm
deep is required to support an ultimate shear force of 60kN. The compressive
pre stress at the centroidal axis is 5N/mm2. The characteristic cube strength of
concrete is 40 N/mm2. The cover to the tension reinforcement is 50mm. If the
characteristic tensile strength of steel in stirrups is 250 N/mm2, design suitable
reinforcement at the section using the Indian standard code IS: 1343
recommendations.

Given Data:
bw = 100 mm
h = 250 mm
d = 200 mm
fcp = 5 N/mm2
fck = 40 N/mm2
fy = 250 N/mm2
V = 60 kN

Solution:

Step 1: Web shear crack:

For the support section un cracked in flexure,

Vc  Vcw  0.67 b w h f t 2  0.8f cp f t

wheref t  0.24 fck  0.24 40 1.517 N / mm2

Vc  0.67 x100x250 1.517 2   0.8x 5x1.517 

= 48457 N = 48.4kN

Step 2: Balance shear:

Balance shear = (V-Vc)
= ( 60 – 48.4) = 11.6 kN

53
Step 3: Spacing SV:
Using 6mm diameter two- legged stirrups, the spacing is obtained as
 Asv 0.87f y d 
SV   
  V  Vc  
 2x28.2 x0.87x 250 x 200 
 
 11600
 211.5mm
Maximum permissible spacing = 0.75 d = (0.75 x 200) = 150mm
Adopt 6mm diameter two-legged stirrups at 150mm centres.

13. The cross section of a bridge girder is made up of a T- section with the
following details:
I = 17698.23 x 106 mm4
Centroidal distance from the top = 345 mm
Top flange width and thickness = 500mm and 200mm
Thickness of web = 120 mm
Area of cross section = 196000mm2
The girder is used over an effective span of 25m. The tendons with a cross
section of 2300mm2 are parabolic with an eccentricity of 650mm at the centre
of the span and 285 mm at the support section. The effective prestress in the
tendons is 900 N/mm2 after all losses. If the tensile strength of concrete is 1.5
N/mm2. Estimate the ultimate shear resistance of the support section and the
maximum permissible uniformly distributed working load on the beam using
an overall load factor of 2.
Given Data:
I = 17698.23 x 106 mm4
yt = 345 mm
Top flange width and thickness = 500mm and 200mm
Thickness of web = 120 mm
Area of cross section = 196000mm2
L = 25m
Eccentricity e = 650 mm at centre and 235 mm at support section

54
 Effective pre stress in tendons = 900 N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete = 1.5 N/mm2

Solution:
I
Vcw  b w f t 2  f cp  f t   PSin
S

Step 1: Ultimate Shear resistance:

The ultimate shear resistance of the section at support due to web shear cracking mode
I
is Vcw  b w f t 2  f cp  f t   PSin
S
I = 17698.23 x 106 mm4
S = A y ; where A = Shear area
S = (500x 200) (100 +145)+ (145 x 120)(145/2)
= 25761500mm3
I 17698.23x106
  687 mm
S 25761500
I
value ranges from 0.67 h to 0.85h Safe
S

Effective prestressxArea of tendon

f cp 
Ac
2300 x900
 10.56 N / mm 2
196000
 P 2300x900  207 x104 N

4e
For parabolic cable, the slope θ =
L
4  650  285 
θ =  0.0585
25 x103

 P  207x104 x0.0585 122x103 N

Vcw 150 x687x 1.52  10.56 1.5   122 x103

= 472.6 kN

55
Maximum shear force at working load = 472.6 /2 = 236.3 kN

Step 2: Maximum permissible uniformly distributed load:

If „w‟ is the uniformly distributed load over a span of 25m, then
wl
 236.3kN
2
w 18.9kN / m

56
 Important Two marks Questions
1. Write the basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses.
2. Write the Permissible stresses in concrete as per IS 1343-1980.
3. Write the Permissible stresses in steel as per IS 1343-1980.
4. Define Type 1 Structure / Class I / Fully Pre stressed.
5. Define Type 2 Structure/ Class II / Limited Pre stressed.
6. What are the stages of loading to be considered in design of pre stressed concrete
section for flexure? (Jun 2009, June 2012)
7. Write criteria for limit state in pre-stressed concrete. (May 2014)
8. State the difference in load carrying mechanism in flexure under working
condition between RCC and PSC. (May 2015)
9. What are the limitations of pre stress in long spans?
10. Discuss on “limiting zone” for pre stressing force.(May 2015)
11. Pre stressed concrete beam has more shear capacity than RCC –why?
12. What are the three ways of improving the shear resistance of structural concrete
members by pre stressing techniques? (June 2012)
13. How can PSC beam be considered to carry its own weight? (Dec 2012, May 2013)
14. Mention the types of shear cracks
15. Define web shear cracks.
16. 1Define flexural shear cracks
17. Define Shear stress.
18. How Pre stressed Concrete members are classified?
19. What are the various types of flexural failures encountered in pre stressed concrete
members? ( Dec 2011)
20. Sketch different types of tendon profile.

57
 Important Sixteen marks Questions
1. Write about Permissible stresses in concrete and steel as per IS: 1343 Code.
2. How Pre stressed concrete structures are classified? Explain
3. Design a pre-tension symmetrical I section to suit the given data:
Effective span 5m,
Applied load =4kN/m,
Load factors for dead load & live load =1.5,
Concrete cube strength fcu =50N/mm2
Cube strength at transfer fci =35N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete ft =1.7N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec =35 kN/mm2
Loss ratio =η=0.8
Permissible stresses:
At transfer: Compressive stress fct =14N/mm2
Tensile stress ftt =-1N/mm2.
At working: Compressive stress fcw=16N/mm2.
Tensile stress ftw =0,
5mm High tensile steel wires having an characteristic tensile strength
fp=1600N/mm2 is used.

4. Design a post tensioned roof girder to suit the following data

Effective span = 35m
Live load = 10 kN/m
Dead load (excluding self-weight) = 2kN/m
Load factors
For dead load = 1.4
For live load = 1.6
Cube strength of concrete fcu = 50 N/mm2
Cube strength at transfer, fci = 35 N/mm2
Tensile strength of concrete, ft = 1.7 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete ,Ec = 34 kN/mm2
Loss ratio η= 0.85;

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 8 mm diameter high tensile wires having a characteristic tensile
strength fpu = 2100 N/mm2 are available for use. The modulus of elasticity of
hightensile wires is 200 kN/ mm2. Design the beam as a class 1 structure
according to IS code provisions.

5. A pre-tensioned pre stressed concrete beam having a rectangular section, 150 mm

wide and 350 mm deep, has an effective cover of 50 mm. If fck = 40 N/mm2, fp =
1600 N/mm2, and the area of pre stressing steel Ap = 461 mm2, calculate the ultimate
flexural strength of the section using IS: 1343 code provisions.

6. A pre-tensioned Tee section has a flange 1200mm wide and 150 mm thick. The
width and depth of rib are 300mm and 1500 mm respectively. The high tensile steel
has an area 4700 mm2 and is located at an effective depth of 1600mm. If the
characteristic cube strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel are 40
N/mm2 and 1600 N/mm2 respectively. Calculate the flexural strength of the Tee
section using IS: 1343 code provisions.(May 2013, Dec 2013)

7. The cross section of a symmetrical I section prestressed beam is 300mm x 750mm

(overall) with flanges And web 100mm thick. The beam is post tensioned by cables
containing 48 wires of 5mm diameter HT wires at an eccentricity of 250 mm. The 28
day cube strength is 40N/mm2 and tensile strength of wires is 1700 N/mm2. Assuming
that the grouting of tendons is 100% effective. Find the ultimate strength of section.
8. A post-tensioned bridge girder with unbonded tendons is of box section of overall
dimensions 1200 mm wide by 1800 mm deep, with wall thickness of 150 mm. The
high tensile steel has an area of 4000 mm2 and is located an effective depth of 1600
mm. The effective pre stress in steel after all losses is 1000 N/mm2 and the effective
span of the girder is 24 m. If fck = 40 N/mm2,andfp = 1600 N/mm2, Estimate the
flexural strength of the section.

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9. Discuss about Limiting Zone for the pre stressing force.
10. A post- tensioned beam of span 15 m and overall depth 900mm has uniform
symmetrical cross section of area 2x105 mm2 and the second moment of area 212
x 108 mm4 units. The pre stress is provided by a cable tensioned to a force of
1450kN at transfer. If the beam is to support a uniformly distributed live load of
21kN/m and the minimum load is that due to the self-weight of the beam,
calculate the vertical limits within which the cable must lie along the beam length.
The permissible compressive stresses at transfer and working load are 14 and 16.8
N/mm2 respectively. The tensile stresses at transfer and working load are zero and
3.5 N/mm2 respectively. Dc = 24kN/m3. Loss of pre stress = 20%

10. The support section of pre stressed concrete beam, 100mm wide and 250 mm
deep is required to support an ultimate shear force of 60kN. The compressive pre
stress at the centroidal axis is 5N/mm2. The characteristic cube strength of
concrete is 40 N/mm2. The cover to the tension reinforcement is 50mm. If the
characteristic tensile strength of steel in stirrups is 250 N/mm2, design suitable
reinforcement at the section using the Indian standard code IS: 1343
recommendations.

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