HELICAL TURBINE TYPE

DOMESTIC WIND MILL

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES

NOMENCLATURE

1 Introduction

2 Literature review

3 Description of equipments

3.1 Battery

3.2 Gear

3.3 Shaft
3.4 Blade

4 Design and drawing

5 Working principle

6 Merits and demerits

7 Applications

8 List of materials

9 Cost Estimation

10 Conclusion

Bibliography

photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Number Title

1 Overall Diagram
 SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

Helical – axis (Horizontal Turbine) rotors can be either drag-or lift-based.

The cup anemometer is an example of a drag-based, vertical axis wind device. The
drag on a cup is greater when its concave side faces the wind which causes the
device to rotate.
 Lift also plays a small part: the cups crossing the wind experience a small
lift because their convex surfaces deflect the wind and causes a pressure reduction.
The main virtue of the cup anemometer is that it tends to rotate within a narrow
range of TSRS under all conditions, so its rotational speed is closely proportional
to wind speed.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
 However, it can not carry a load with any efficiency; it has never been
constructed on a large scale for use as a wind turbine. The Savonius rotor works
on a principle similar to that of the cup anemometer but is adopted to produce shaft
power. It also takes advantage of the lift generated as the curved outer surfaces of
its scoops cross the air flow.

There are also a variety of so-called Panamones; there are pure drag devices,
in which one side of the rotor carries blades or sails square to the wind, while other
side produces reducing drag by shielding or furling the blades. Because drag
devices tend to run at TSR below unity (since their tips can not readily travel faster
than the wind), they are inevitably less efficient than lift-dependent devices. In
addition, their high solidity makes them more material-intensive in relation to the
wind area ‘seen’ by the rotor.
Hence following are the three distinct advantages of vertical axis wind
turbines over horizontal axis ones:

(1) They will react to wind from any direction and therefore do not need yawing
equipment to turn the rotor into the wind.
(2) They can require less structural support because heavy components (like
gear box and generator) can be located at ground level. This configuration
also eases installation and maintenance.
(3) Since the blades do not turn end over end, the rotor is not subjected to
continuous cyclic gravity loads. (Fatigue induced by such action is a major
consideration in the design of large horizontal axis machines).
 Properly the single biggest disadvantage with vertical axis machines is that
far less is known about them than horizontal axis ones. This handicap is rapidly
being removed.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Wind energy

Map of available wind power for the United States. Color codes indicate

wind power density class.

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Total wind

energy flowing through an imaginary area A during the timed is:

Where ρ is the density of air; v is the wind speed; Avt is the volume of air passing

through A (which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind); Avtρ is

therefore the mass m passing per unit time. Note that ½ ρv2 is the kinetic energy of

the moving air per unit volume.

Power is energy per unit time, so the wind power incident on A (e.g. equal to the

rotor area of a wind turbine) is:

Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third power of the

wind speed; the available power increases eightfold when the wind speed doubles.

Wind turbines for grid electricity therefore need to be especially efficient at greater

wind speeds.

Wind is the movement of air across the surface of the Earth, affected by areas of

high pressure and of low pressure. The surface of the Earth is heated unevenly by

the Sun, depending on factors such as the angle of incidence of the sun's rays at the

surface (which differs with latitude and time of day) and whether the land is open

or covered with vegetation. Also, large bodies of water, such as the oceans, heat up

and cool down slower than the land. The heat energy absorbed at the Earth's

surface is transferred to the air directly above it and, as warmer air is less dense

than cooler air, it rises above the cool air to form areas of high pressure and thus

pressure differentials. The rotation of the Earth drags the atmosphere around with it

causing turbulence. These effects combine to cause a constantly varying pattern of

winds across the surface of the Earth.

The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is

considerably more than present human power use from all sources. Axel Kleidon

of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, carried out a "top down" calculation on

how much wind energy there is, starting with the incoming solar radiation that

drives the winds by creating temperature differences in the atmosphere. He

concluded that somewhere between 18 TW and 68 TW could be extracted. Cristina

Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson presented a "bottom-up" estimate, which unlike

Kleidon's are based on actual measurements of wind speeds, and found that there is

1700 TW of wind power at an altitude of 100 metres over land and sea. Of this,

"between 72 and 170 TW could be extracted in a practical and cost-competitive

manner".

Distribution of wind speed

 Distribution of wind speed (red) and energy (blue) for all of 2002 at the

Lee Ranch facility in Colorado. The histogram shows measured data, while the

curve is the Rayleigh model distribution for the same average wind speed.

The strength of wind varies, and an average value for a given location does

not alone indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there. To

assess the frequency of wind speeds at a particular location, a probability

distribution function is often fit to the observed data. Different locations will

have different wind speed distributions. The Weibull model closely mirrors the

actual distribution of hourly wind speeds at many locations. The Weibull factor is

often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less

accurate, but simpler model.

High altitude winds

Power generation from winds usually comes from winds very close to the surface

of the earth. Winds at higher altitudes are stronger and more consistent. Recent

years have seen significant advances in technologies meant to generate electricity

from high altitude winds.

Wind farms
 Two of the wind turbines at the Black Law Wind Farm in Scotland

Main article: Wind farm

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production

of electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind

turbines, and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles, but the land

between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm

may also be located offshore.

Almost all large wind turbines have the same design — a horizontal axis wind

turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades, attached to a nacelle on top of a

tall tubular tower. In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected with a

medium voltage (often 34.5 kV), power collection system and communications

network. At a substation, this medium-voltage electric current is increased in

voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power

transmission system.

Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in the US.

As of 2012, the Alta Wind Energy Center is the largest onshore wind farm in the

world at 1020 MW, followed by the Shepherds Flat Wind Farm (845 MW), and

the Roscoe Wind Farm (781.5 MW). As of November 2010, the Thanet Wind
Farm in the UK is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW,

followed by Horns Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.

There are many large wind farms under construction including; The

London Array (offshore) (1000 MW), BARD Offshore 1 (400 MW), Sheringham

Shoal Offshore Wind Farm (317 MW), Lincs Wind Farm (offshore), Clyde Wind

Farm (548 MW), Greater Gabbard wind farm (500 MW), Macarthur Wind

Farm (420 MW), Shepherds Flat Wind Farm (845 MW),Lower Snake River Wind

Project (343 MW) and Walney Wind Farm (367 MW).

Feeding into grid

Induction generators, often used for wind power, require reactive

power for excitation so substations used in wind-power collection systems include

substantial capacitor banks for power. Different types of wind turbine generators

behave differently during transmission grid disturbances, so extensive modeling of

the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by

transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behavior during system

faults (see: Low voltage ride through). In particular, induction generators cannot

support the system voltage during faults, unlike steam or hydro turbine-driven

synchronous generators. Doubly fed machines generally have more desirable

properties for grid interconnection. Transmission systems operators will supply a

wind farm developer with a grid code to specify the requirements for

interconnection to the transmission grid. This will include power factor, constancy

of frequency and dynamic behavior of the wind farm turbines during a system

fault.

Offshore wind power

Aerial view of Lillgrund Wind Farm, Sweden

Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of

water to generate electricity. These installations can utilise the more frequent and

powerful winds that are available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact

on the landscape than land based projects. However, the construction and the

maintenance costs are considerably higher. As of 2011, offshore wind farms were

at least 3 times more expensive than onshore wind farms of the same nominal

power but these costs are expected to fall as the industry matures.

Siemens and Vestas are the leading turbine suppliers for offshore wind

power. DONG Energy, Vattenfall and E.ON are the leading offshore operators. As

of October 2010, 3.16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was operational,

mainly in Northern Europe. According to BTM Consult, more than 16 GW of

additional capacity will be installed before the end of 2014 and the UK and
Germany will become the two leading markets. Offshore wind power capacity is

expected to reach a total of 75 GW worldwide by 2020, with significant

contributions from China and the US.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as

sunlight wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable (naturally

replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from

renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning.

Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by

solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as

geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided

some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing

government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives

and commercialization. European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle

in March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations' energy should be produced from

renewable fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide,

blamed in part for global warming. Investment capital flowing into renewable

energy climbed from $80 billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006.

Benefits of natural energy

  It is cheap

 Readily available in abundance

 Pollution free

 Less maintenance

 Doesn’t cause global warming

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar electricity is generated directly from sunlight using solar or photo-

voltaic cells.the word photo voltaic refers to an electric voltage caused by light.

The solar cell is made up of semiconductor, in that most solar cells are made of

form of silicon semiconductor materials, in that most solar cells are made of a form

of silicon semiconductor.

This is a hard material that is either dark blue or red in appearance .the blue

cells are made as thin discs or squares, which are quite fragile. the red type of

silicon is coated on a glass as a thin film, as sunlight shines on the surface of the

silicon, electricity is generated by a process known as the photo –voltaic effect, as

in physics.

Each silicon solar cell produces about 0.5V,so just several batteries are

needed to built the voltage up, solar cells are connected together to produce a

higher voltage that is more useful. Connected in this way, they are often called
solar panels but the name used by the suppliers is solar cell modules. Photo-voltaic

modules or just PV modules.

 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
3.1BATTERY:

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power. The

battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most

inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for commercial

purposes. A lead acid cell when ready for use contains two plates immersed in a

dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) of specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate

(anode) is of Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the

negative plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action

that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water being

formed in the electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been withdrawn

from the cell,both plates are Transformed into the same material and the specific

gravity of the electrolyte (H2so4) is lowerd.the cell is then said to be

discharged.there are several methods to ascertain whether the cell is discharged or

not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the reverse

direction to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the chemical

process and again forms a lead peroxide (PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb)

negative plate. At the same time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water,restoring

the electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition. The chemical changes that Occur

during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell

6 Volt Lead–acid batteries 2

Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the
oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight
ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high currents means
that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features,
along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide
the high current required by automobile starter motors.

Lead–acid batteries (under 5 kg) account for 1.5% of all portable secondary battery
sales in Japan by number of units sold (25% by price). Sealed lead–acid batteries
accounted for 10% by weight of all portable battery sales in the EU in 2000
Electricity generation

In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that

converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric
charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical.
The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine,
a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed, or any other source of mechanical
energy. Generators supply almost all of the power for the electric power
grids which provide most of the world's electric power.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by

an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors
can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable
generators.

3.2 SPUR GEARS

Spur gears have their teeth parallel to the axis and are used for

transmitting power between two parallel shafts. They are simple in construction,

easy to manufacture and cost less. They have highest efficiency and excellent

precision rating. They are used in high speed and high load application in all types

of trains and a wide range of velocity ratios. Hence, they find wide applications
right from clocks, household gadgets, motor cycles, automobiles, and railways to

aircraft

3.3 SHAFT
TYPES OF SHAFTS
The following two types of shafts are important from the subject point of
view :
1. Transmission shafts. These shafts transmit power between the source and the
machines absorbing power. The counter shafts, line shafts, over head shafts
and all factory shafts are transmission shafts. Since these shafts carry
machine parts such as pulleys, gears etc.,

therefore they are subjected to bending in addition to twisting.

2. Machine shafts. These shafts form an integral part of the machine itself. The
crank shaft is an example of machine shaft

Design of Shafts
The shafts may be designed on the basis of
1. Strength,
2. Rigidity and stiffness.

In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases may be

considered:
(a) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only,
(b) Shafts subjected to bending moment only,
(c) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments, and
 (d) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsional and
bending loads

3.4 WIND BLADE :

INTRODUCTION :

Blade design and engineering is one of the more complicated and important
aspects of current wind turbine technology. Engineers strive to design blades that
extract as much energy from the wind as possible in a variety of wind speeds,
while remaining durable, quiet and affordable. This engineering process requires a
great deal of scientific experimentation, modeling, and testing. With some simple
materials and a bit of creativity, you can experiment with advanced concepts in
wind turbine blade design, including airfoil shapes and twisted-pitch blades. You
may want to try building three dimensional blades that will outperform the
standard flat turbine blades used on most Kid Wind turbine kits. This guide will
help you understand the science and aerodynamics behind real wind turbine blades
and how they are designed.

Why Do Wind Turbine Blades Move in the Wind?

There are two important reasons why wind turbine blades are able to spin in
the wind: Newton’s Third Law and the Bernoulli Effect. 1. Newton’s Third Law
states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of a
wind turbine blade, the action of the wind pushing air against the blade causes the
reaction of the blade being deflected, or pushed. If the blade has no pitch (or
angle), the blade will simply be pushed backwards (downwind). But since wind
turbine blades are set at an angle, the wind is deflected at an opposite angle,
pushing the blades away from the deflected wind. This phenomenon can be viewed
on a simple, flat blade set at an angle. If you push the blade with your finger from
the direction of the oncoming wind, the blade will deflect away from your finger.
2. The Bernoulli Effect tells us that faster moving air has lower pressure. Wind
turbine blades are shaped so that the air molecules moving around the blade travel
faster on the downwind side of the blade than those moving across the upwind side
of the blade. This shape, known as an airfoil, is like an uneven teardrop. The
downwind side of the blade has a large curve, while the upwind side is relatively
flat. Since the air is moving faster on the curved, downwind side of the blade, there
is less pressure on this side of the blade. This difference in pressure on the opposite
sides of the blade causes the blade to be “lifted” towards the curve of the airfoil.
You can do a small, simple experiment to demonstrate the Bernoulli Effect. Take
two small pieces of paper and fold them slightly in the middle. Hold the two pieces
of paper in your hands so that the outside creases of the folds are facing each other.
Then blow air in between the two pieces of paper. When you blow air between the
papers, would you expect them to push apart or pull together? Were you surprised?
When you blow air between the papers, the speed of the air is higher between the
two pieces of paper than outside the papers. Bernoulli’s Principle tells us that this
higher velocity will lead to a lower pressure between the papers. That is why the
papers are sucked in towards each other

Understanding Wind

Wind turbine blades must be optimized to efficiently convert oncoming

winds into mechanical energy to rotate the main driveshaft. But when designing
turbine blades, the real wind is only one part of a larger equation—good blades
must also account for the apparent wind that is experienced as the blade passes
through the air.

Imagine riding your bike on a day with a fresh breeze at your side. As you
begin to ride and pick up speed, you feel this wind from the side, but also wind
pushing back at you from the direction you are moving. When you stop riding,
there is just the wind from the side again. This wind that is “created” as you are
moving is known as headwind. The headwind, combined with the real wind, is
known as apparent wind. A wind turbine blade experiences apparent wind as it
passes through the air. This apparent wind is from a different direction than the
“real” wind that has caused the blade to begin moving. Since the tips of large
turbine blades may be moving through the air at speeds up to 322 km/h (200 mph),
this apparent wind can be very significant!

Drag, Lift, and Torque

The efficiency of a wind turbine blade depends on the drag, lift, and torque
produced by the blade. These factors are affected by the size and shape of the
blades, the number of blades, and the blade pitch.

What is Drag?

Drag, or air resistance, is a force that is working against the blades, causing
them to slow down. Drag is always important when an object moves rapidly
through the air or water. Airplanes, race cars, rockets, submarines, and wind
turbine blades are all designed to have as little drag as possible.

Imagine riding your bike down a big hill. To go faster, you might tuck your
body to expose as little of it to the apparent wind as possible. This is a trick to
reduce drag. Now imagine you have a big parachute strapped to your back when
you ride down the hill. The parachute increases the drag significantly and this drag
force slows you down. But you would sure be happy to have all that extra drag if
you were jumping out of a plane!

Drag increases with the area facing the wind—a large truck has a lot more
drag than a motorcyclist moving at the same speed. Wind turbine blades have to be
streamlined so they can efficiently pass through the air. Changing the angle of the
blades will change the area facing the apparent wind. This is why blade pitch
angles of 10-20 degrees tend to have much less drag than greater angles.

Drag also increases with wind speed. The faster an object moves through the
air, the more drag force it experiences. This is especially important for wind
turbine blades, since the blade tips are moving through the air much faster than the
base of the blade. The shape and angle of wind turbine blades changes along the
length of the blade to reduce drag at the blade tips.

What is Lift?

Lift is the aerodynamic force that allows airplanes and helicopters to fly. The
same force applies to the blades of wind turbines as they rotate through the air. Lift
opposes the force of drag, helping a turbine blade pass efficiently through air
molecules. The main goal of a well-designed wind turbine blade is to generate as
much lift as possible while minimizing drag. The amount of lift a blade or wing
can generate is determined by several factors—the shape of the blade, the speed of
the air passing around the blade, and the angle of the blade relative to the apparent
wind.
Shape

The airfoil shape of the blade helps to generate lift by taking advantage of
the Bernoulli Effect described above. Wind turbine blade designers have
experimented with many different airfoil shapes over the years in an effort to find
the perfect shape that will perform well in a range of wind speeds. Even minor
changes in this blade shape can dramatically affect the power output and noise
produced by a wind turbine. To get some ideas of different airfoils used in airplane
wings and wind turbine blades, research the United States National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). This group was responsible for designing a
wide range of airfoils in the 1940’s.

The airfoil profile (shape) of a turbine blade will actually change down the
length of the blade, generally getting flatter and narrower toward the tips of the
blades. This is to optimize the lift and minimize drag.

Speed

Remember that the speed of the air passing around the blade is a
combination of the real wind and the headwind as the blade moves. The faster the
blade is moving, the more drag/headwind it experiences, but the lift force will also
increase as the blades move faster

The tips of wind turbine blades travel much further with each rotation of the
blades, and therefore move through the air much faster than the roots of the blades.
Since they are traveling the furthest distance with each rotation (distance/time =
speed), the tips of turbine blades experience more headwind. The roots, or base, of
the blades do not experience as much headwind since they are passing through the
air much more slowly. The faster the air molecules are passing over a blade or
wing, the more lift can be generated. So the tips of real turbine blades generate
much more lift than the roots. Some large wind turbines have blade tip speeds over
322 km/h (200 mph)!

CHAPTER-4
 DESIGN AND DRAWING

CHAPTER-4

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

MULTI-
BLADE MAIN GEAR BOX GENERATOR
(LEAF) SHAFT

LIGHTING BATTERY
LOAD INVERTER
(OR) GRID
 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The experimental setup consists of helical blades mounted on the shaft. The
shaft along with the blades is mounted on the frame and a set of spur gears are
provided at the end of the shaft. The larger gear drives the smaller gear. A DC
generator is mounted on the smaller spur gear such that the generator rotates along
with the spur gear. The spur gears are used to speed up the rotation of the shaft.
Helical blades are used instead of conventional wind mill blades since this can be
mounted on low altitudes and also the wind from any direction can hit the blades of
the turbine and rotates the wind mill.
As the wind hits the blades of the wind mill, the wind mill rotates and tends
to rotate the shaft of the wind mill. This makes the gears to rotate and sufficient
speed ratio is attained in the smaller spur gear. As the gear is connected with the
generator, power generation is done. The generated power is stored up in the
battery. While using it, it must be inverted. Hence a suitable inverter circuit is
provided and then connected with a load, usually a bulb or a fan.
 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

CHAPTER-6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS
1. The major advantage of this design is that the rotor blades can accept the wind
from any compass.
2. Another added advantage is that the machine can be mounted on the ground
eliminating tower structures and lifting of huge weight of machine assembly,
i.e. it can be operated close to the ground level.
3. Since this machine has vertical axis symmetry, it eliminates yaw control
requirement for is rotor to capture wind energy. A dual purpose and relatively
simple shaft axis support is anticipated as well as ground level power output
delivery due to presence of vertical shaft. This may in turn, allow easier access
and serviceability.
4. Airfoil rotor fabrication costs are expected to be reduced over conventional
rotor blade costs.
5. The absence of pitch control requirements are synchronous operation may
yield additional cost savings.
6. The tip speed ratio and power coefficient are considerably better than those of
the S-rotor but are still below the values for a modern horizontal-axis, two-
bladed propeller rotor.

DEMERITS
(1) Although a Darrieus machine has much directional symmetry for wind
energy capture, it requires external mechanical aid for start up. Tests indicate that,
with small machines, the problem can be solved by attaching S-rotors at the top and
bottom of the vertical (rotational) axis. This approach does not appear to be feasible
with larger machines, but if the wind power system connected to a utility grid, the
generator can serve as a motor to start the turbine.
The (alternating-current) load can also provide a means for controlling the
speed of the rotor regardless of the wind speed, so that variable-pitch blades are not
required. At very high speeds, stalling occurs and the rotation stops automatically.

(2) Rotor power output efficiency of a Darrieus wind energy conversion system
is also somewhat lower than that of a conventional horizontal rotor.
 (3) Finally since a Darrieus rotor cannot be yawed out of the wind or its blades
feathered, special high torque braking system must be incorporated.
 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS

1. High ways

2.
 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

 The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed

below.

1. PROPERTIES:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied Can be

weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack

from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively

affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity,

electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance,

impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity,

hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties. The various properties

concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability
  Weld ability

 Bribability

 Forge ability

 Merchantability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may

demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by

welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVILABILITY OF MATERIAL:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not be

a perfect substitute for the material designed.the delivery of materials and the

delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.
 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION

CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:
  Lathe

 Drilling

 Welding,

 Grinding,

 Power hacksaw,

 Gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION
 Looking at the data we have come to the conclusion that wind energy is

far more superior than solar energy for numerous reasons. Wind turbines emit a

significantly lower amount of carbon dioxide for each kilowatt hour produced

than solar panels. Solar energy has a energybalance of 3.2 years, wind turbines

only have an energy balance of 6.6 months. Wind Energy also has a higher

energy return on investment. For the above reasons we that wind energy is far

more efficient than solar energy. Necessary to look at the energy return on

investment to ensure that you are using the most efficient source of alternative

energy.Wind turbine had the highest return on investment because it had the

capacity to produce more electricity more effectively than a single solar panel.

Bibliography
1.Hau.E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, 2nd ed.;

Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006.

[2] Hull.D.G; Fundamentals of Airplane Flight Mechanics; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2007.

[3] AtifShahzad, TaimoorAsim, Rakesh Mishra, Achilleos Paris (2013), ‘Performance of a

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine under Accelerating and Decelerating Flows’.

[4] Gorban.A.N, Gorlov.A.M, Silantyev.V.M; Limits of the turbine efficiency for free fluid

flow. J. Energy Resour. Technol. Trans. ASME 2001, 123, 311–317.

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