Thermofluid Final Revision

1. Thermodynamic Law
1st Law
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed
 Energy can change form
 Energy can transfer from 1 place to another
 Energy is conserved
 Amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in internal energy of the system and the
external work done.
ΔU = Q - W (ΔU = change in internal energy; Q = Heat added to system; W = Work done by system)

2nd Law
 In energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state always less than
the initial state
 Known as entropy
 Heat engine never converted the heat energy to 100% mechanical energy
 Some energy losses to environment

3rd Law
 If all thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed, a state called absolute zero would occur
 Absolute zero results in a temperature of 0 kelvins

Zeroth Law
 If two bodies are independently in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with
each other.

2. Work done by engine

A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07m3 of nitrogen gas at 130kPa and 120 celcius. The nitrogen gas is now
expanded to a pressure of 100kPa polytropically with a polytropic exponent whose value is equal to the specific heat
ratio (called isentropic expansion). Determine the final temperature and the boundary work during this process. (Gas
constant = 0.2968kJ/kg.K, specific heat ratio = 1.4)

Formula :
PV = mRT
P1V1^k = P2V2^k
Wb = (P2V2 - P1V1 ) / (1 - k)

P1 = 130kPa
V1 = 0.07m3
R = 0.2968kJ/kg.k
T1 = 120 celcius = 393K

P2 = 100kPa
V2 = ?
T2 = ?
k = 1.4

Mass of nitrogen, m = P1V1 / RT1 = (130k)(0.07) / (0.2968k)(393) = 0.07802kg

P1V1^k = P2V2^k
(130k)(0.07^1.4) = (100k)(V2^1.4)
Volume of nitrogen after expansion, V2 = 0.084m3

Temperature after expansion T2 = P2V2/mR (From formula PV = mRT)

T2 = (100k)(0.084)/(0.07802)(0.2968k) = 362.8K

The boundary work, Wb = (P2V2 - P1V1 ) / (1 - k)

Wb = [(100k)(0.084)-(130k)(0.07)] / (1-1.4)
Wb = -1.75kJ

3. Fluid Flow
a) Viscous Flow
 Fluid layers move relative to each other
 Friction force develops between layers
 The internal resistance to flow is called viscosity
 Viscosity is caused by cohesive forces between molecules in liquids

b) Inviscid flow
 Viscosity is zero
 Region not close to solid surface where viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure
forces.

c) Compressible Flow
 Density of the fluid changes

d) Incompressible Flow
 Constant density
 Compress less than 5%
 Velocity less than 30% speed of sound

e) Laminar Flow
 Flow is smooth and orderly
 Smooth streamline
 High viscous flow at low velocity

f) Turbulent flow
 Chaotic flow
 Disorderly flow at high velocity
 Low viscous fluid at high velocity

g) Steady Flow
 No change at point of time
 Constant velocity

h) Unsteady flow
 Changes at point of time
 Changes velocity
4. Bernouli equation
 Steady flow
 Inviscid (Friction is ignored)
 Incompressible
 Streamline
 No heat addition
 Negligible change in height
 P + ρgh + ρ(V^2)/ 2 = Constant

A fluid of constant density 900kg/m3 is flowing steadily through the tube. the diameter of the first section d1 =
100mm and second section d2 = 50mm. The pressure of first section is 200k N/m2 and velocity is 5m/s. Calculate the
pressure at section 2.

m1 = m2 (Continuity equation)
=>ρA1V1 = ρA2V2
=>(π(d1/2)^2)V1 = (π(d1/2)^2)V2
=>[(0.1/2)^2] x 5 = [(0.08/2)^2] x V2
=>V2 = 7.8m/s

P1 + ρgh + ρ(V1^2)/ 2 = P2 + ρgh + ρ(V2^2)/ 2

=>(200k) + (900)(5^2)/2 = P2 + 900(7.8^2)/2

=>P2 = 183.8k N/m2

5. Same as Assignment 2.