Professional Documents
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com
Bernard Tschumi Geoffrey von Oeyen The Journal of the American
Snow Kreilich Healthcare Products Institute of Architects
Eileen Gray’s E-1027
Kennedy
& Violich
Tozzer Anthropology Building
Harvard University
8:23 A.M.
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Contents
16 16 Capitalism in the Casa. 18 A Playful Water Treatment Plant. 20 Not Ready for Its Closeup.
22 Pier as Icon. 24 A Selfie Paradise in London. 26 The Dark Continent in a New Light.
28 28 Best Practices: When Architects Are Also Caregivers. 32 Detail: St. Edward Catholic Church.
34 Next Progressives: Geoffrey von Oeyen Design. 40 Products: Healthcare Highlights.
42 Professional Development: Five Emerging Building Types to Master.
57 57 AIA Voices: Suspicious of Big Ideas. 59 AIA Now: What Are the Client/Owner Trends Now?
61 AIA Practice: Change Orders. 62 AIA Feature: The New Client Landscape.
65 AIA Knowledge: Sustainability Becoming Quality. 66 AIA Perspective: Take Note.
119 Residential
Blackbird House
Aspen, Colo.
Will Bruder Architects
Volume 104, number 8. August 2015. On the cover: Tozzer Anthropology Building by Kennedy & Violich Architecture; photo by John Horner
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Are new codes holding you prisoner to vertical-blade louvers?
The Moroccan city of Casablanca is using an old decommissioned and demolished airport, southwest of the city center, as the site
of its new special economic zone to entice global firms, to be called Casablanca Finance City. To anchor the new business district,
the city selected Morphosis Architects to design the Casablanca Finance City Tower. Its two tapers, one at the apex and another
at the base, will, the firm says, “serve as a symbol of the city’s development and as a social node that nurtures an active streetlife.”
Construction, already underway, is expected to be finished in 2017.
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18
For this year’s MoMA PS1’s Young Architects Program in Long Island City, N.Y., Andrés Jaque designed Cosmo, a movable fixture
made of irrigation pipes. The tubes filter and recycle 3,000 gallons of water over the course of a four-day cycle—becoming purer
with every rotation. The 44-year-old designer, who directs the Office for Political Innovation and teaches at Columbia University,
wants Cosmo not only to build awareness of water scarcity but to be used as an example of infrastructure that can be reproduced
to give more people access to safe drinking water. —chelsea blahut
> See our video of the opening of Cosmo at PS1, with Andrés Jaque explaining his design, at bit.ly/CosmoVid.
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Contemporary architecture in China (the granite cladding of Zaha Hadid Architects’ 2010 Guangzhou Opera House can be seen
above), presents a fascinating study in the relationship between conceptual aspirations and material execution for two primary
reasons: First, Western architects and designers are inundated with images of provocative buildings in that country, but they are not
easily able to visit them. Second, it is rare to find such an extreme range of quality—from construction that completely misses the
aspirational mark to material execution that transcends a building’s preliminary concepts. —blaine brownell, aia
> Read Blaine Brownell’s full two-part report from his three-week trip to China at bit.ly/BrownellChina1 and bit.ly/BrownellChina2.
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Pier as Icon
Replacing a historic pier in St. Petersburg, Fla., with its iconic 1973 inverted-pyramid building designed by local architect William B.
Harvard Sr., turned into an opportunity for the team of Rogers Partners Architects + Urban Designers, ASD Interiors Architecture
Graphics, and Ken Smith Landscape Architect. Their design was chosen in April by the city’s Pier Selection Committee, and the city
council approved the new 1,380-foot-long park in July. Final design, construction documents, and permitting are scheduled to be
finished by the end of 2016, with construction due to be finished by the end of 2018.
> See more images of the new pier and stay current with the status of the project at newstpetepier.com.
PA S S I O N • I N S P I R A T I O N • I N N O VA T I O N • P E R F O R M A N C E • D E D I C A T I O N
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24
An annual tradition since 2000, the summer pavilion at the Serpentine Galleries in London’s Kensington Gardens opened this year on
June 25. This time around, the pavilion is designed by José Selgas and Lucía Cano of Madrid-based SelgasCano, and it is by far the
most colorful of the summertime installations yet. The 1,927-square-foot structure made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) will be
open through Oct. 18. According to The Guardian’s Oliver Wainwright, this curvy rainbow structure is an “Instagrammer’s paradise.”
Judging by the influx of ’grams with the hashtags #serpentine and #serpentinepavilion, we’d say he was right. —sara johnson
> See 46 of the best Instagrams of this year’s Serpentine Pavilion that we could find at bit.ly/Serpentine2015Instagram.
IMAGINE WHAT’S
POSSIBLE.
The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art outside of Copenhagen is hosting “Africa: Architecture, Culture and Identity.” The exhibition,
on view until Oct. 25, explores the diversity and cultural complexity of architecture and design from Sub-Saharan Africa. The
iwan baan
installation features models, video, photography, and more, focusing on seven themed areas: belonging, co-existence, expanding
cities, making space, rebuilding, new communities, and building features. One exhibit focuses on NLÉ’s Makoko Floating School
(shown) which was built atop Lagos, Nigeria’s lagoon as an experiment in response to rapid urbanization and climate change.
Best Practices:
When Architects Are Also Caregivers
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Visit www.academyart.edu to learn more about total costs, median student loan debt, potential occupations and other information. Accredited member WASC, NASAD,
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32
Detail:
St. Edward Catholic Church
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Next Progressives:
Geoffrey von Oeyen Design
Le Corbusier once wrote, “In every illuminated as the sun passes across
field of industry, new problems have the sky.
presented themselves and new Von Oeyen has explored the interplay
tools have been created capable of between sailing and architecture at
resolving them.” He believed he had to great length in both practice and theory.
look outside of the discipline—to the At the University of Southern California
engineered designs of ocean liners, (USC) School of Architecture, where he
airplanes, and automobiles—to create teaches, von Oeyen designed and built
architecture that captured the zeitgeist pavilions with students where he used
of the 20th century. sailing techniques, ropes, and tension
For Los Angeles–based Geoffrey members in addition to fiberglass resin
von Oeyen, these modernist ideals to make stretched skin surfaces. Last
remain applicable today, yet it is high- November, he organized an exhibition at
performance sailboats that represent Geoffrey von Oeyen the school, “Performative Composites:
the zeitgeist of the present. Trained in Sailing Architecture,” which included
architecture at Stanford, Cambridge, and Parish School, GVOD created an other designer/sailors like Greg Lynn
Harvard universities, von Oeyen cites interactive, educational environment in and Bill Kreysler, to explore how new
Modernism and the work of Le Corbusier a new technology lab and middle school materials and techniques in sailing
and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as critical classroom using sailcloth and rigging allow designers to reconsider spatial,
forces shaping his own work. “I always to compose a retractable shade canopy formal, and environmental forces in
wrestle with [Modernism] in my practice; covering an outdoor teaching space. architecture. The exhibition opened
and make sure the work that I’m doing When students operate the canopy, up the conversation about sailing to
advances the discipline in some way.” “they see the forces, how everything is the architectural discipline and was
After a six-year stint at Gehry designed, and how it all comes together,” later turned into a USC graduate studio
Partners—where he combined his work von Oeyen says. in which students worked in teams
with his love for sailing by racing Frank The firm also has two recent projects to design future housing solutions at
Gehry, faia’s fiberglass-hulled Beneteau in Malibu. One reworks an existing ranch different scales using precedents in the
44.7, Foggy—von Oeyen established his house from the 1960s. Aptly named the sailing industry such as sails, rigging,
own firm in 2012. The small West Los Horizon House, GVOD frames views hulls, and composite materials.
Angeles practice focuses on a range of the horizon between cantilevered By looking at the way naval design
of project types. Using technology and canopies above and the pool below, leverages environmental forces like
materials from the sailing industry as which work together to diffuse light on wind and water to deal with external
well as modernist principles, Geoffrey the ceiling surface. forces—human occupation, space,
von Oeyen Design (GVOD) creates The other, the Case Room, is a work and mechanical systems—while also
interactive spaces that leverage existing room addition to a Malibu residence creating elegant structures that are
environmental forces. for two attorneys in which GVOD uses smarter, lighter, and stronger, von Oeyen
For a recent project in the Pacific north-facing roof monitors and a zinc is able to create innovative designs that
Palisades, the Project and Idea roof to bounce and diffuse light so that have the potential to steer architecture
Realization Lab (PIRL) at St. Matthew’s different portions of the ceiling are through uncharted waters.
Next Progressives:
2
Geoffrey von Oeyen Design
1 3
5 6
39
Products:
Healthcare Highlights
Professional Development:
Five Emerging Building Types to Master
For architects looking to expand their servers, he says. “That has implications are the wave of the future, says Jason
portfolios, vying for the longstanding on the facility’s cooling systems.” Chmura, aia, an associate at Princeton,
building types—libraries, theaters, office N.J.–based KSS Architects. “The
towers—against a litany of established Net-Zero Energy Buildings efficiency in their design is the small
firms can seem futile. But, to take All roads in sustainable design are footprint,” he says. The lack of available
the road less traveled, here are five leading to net-zero energy buildings: land in cities means that vertical farms
increasingly important typologies with Title 24 of the California building are often also adaptive reuse projects,
room for more design experts. code mandates that new commercial which adds complexity to their technical
buildings be net-zero energy by 2030, design and permitting process.
Bioclimatic Buildings the price of solar panels has plunged,
By maintaining a connection to the and concern for the environment is Resilient Buildings
outdoors and climate zone, bioclimatic up, says Brad Jacobson, aia, a senior In the face of extreme weather, resilient
buildings enhance occupant comfort associate and sustainability leader at buildings are designed to maintain
with little need for energy-intensive EHDD. Successful architects need to functionality or bounce back quickly in
HVAC systems. They are often oriented work in partnership with the owner from the aftermath. Strategies range from
to leverage daylight and wind patterns, pre-construction to post-occupancy. elevating crucial building systems
utilize local or site-sourced materials, Verifying building performance requires to avoid floodwaters, to specifying
and incorporate ancient, low-impact an exceptional level of diligence because materials that allow ground floors to
construction techniques adapted for tools for obtaining post-occupancy data flood, dry out, and return to service,
modern use, says Andrew Lee, a senior remain “fairly archaic,” he says. says Robin Guenther, faia, a principal
consultant with Seattle-based Paladino of Perkins+Will. Designing for events
and Co. But the big challenge, he says, Vertical Farms that may never happen and that vary
is “connecting bioclimatic design to At the juncture of architecture and by region add to this project type’s
something financially beneficial, such as agriculture, vertical farms, in which complexity, she adds. “We need to
attracting better talent.” produce grows in multistory racks take the science seriously and lead our
using hydroponic or aeroponic systems, clients, even when they are skeptical.”
Data Centers
The desire for ever more computing
power drives the demand for these
specialized facilities. Getting a foot in
the door can be daunting. “The clients
tend to be quite savvy, so they do value
a track record of experience,” says Garr jeremy bittermann
Di Salvo, a New York–based associate
principal at Arup. Architects must also
anticipate a client’s future needs—
retrofits are tricky in buildings that
operate 24/7—as well as “densification,” The net-zero energy David and Lucile Packard Foundation Headquarters in Los Altos, Calif., by EHDD
or the evolution of more powerful
> To learn more about how these five project types can deepen your firm’s portfolio, visit bit.ly/5bldgtypes.
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CONTINUING EDUCATION
SECURITY FEATURES
Presented by:
IN REVOLVING DOORS
MOVING BEYOND EGRESS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article, you will be able to:
1. Understand the benefits of revolving doors.
2. Review revolving door components and
configurations.
3. Examine the safety features available for
revolving doors.
4. Describe how security revolving door systems
operate and their various applications.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
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BENEFITS OF REVOLVING DOORS consuming steps. Imagine a time that you’ve who was granted a U.S. patent on August
entered a federal building and had to go 7, 1888 for what he called a “storm-door
Revolving doors not only provide a means of
through security. First you enter off the structure.” The patent drawings show a
egress and entry, but can also increase the
street and are directed with crowd control three-partition revolving door that is described
aesthetics, energy efficiency and security of a
stanchions to a guard station where you may as having three radiating and equidistant
building. Revolving doors enable unique design
show identification, run personal belongings wings and weather strips that ensure a snug
options for the architect and building owner.
through an X-ray security scanner, and then fit. As Kannel described them, the advantages
Because they act as “always open” to pedes-
walk through a metal detector or possibly even of this type of door over a hinged door were
trians and “always closed” to the elements,
a full body scanner. This type of system is slow, the prevention of wind, snow, rain or dust.
they greatly reduce air infiltration in and out
cumbersome, and allows for human error. It was noiseless and couldn’t be blown open
of the building, which results in measurable
by wind. There was no possibility of collision;
energy savings in addition to eliminating drafts, Controlled access security revolving doors are a
people could pass in and out at the same
creating a more comfortable environment, more secure system that removes the security
time; and it eliminated noise from the street.
reducing dirt and debris, and providing security. personnel component of the equation, provides
In 2007 Theophilus Van Kannel was inducted
several layers of security, as well as energy
Security is of utmost concern to many types into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for this
savings and effective high traffic management
of facilities such as state and U.S. government invention. Kannel’s innovative invention almost
to boot.
buildings, R&D laboratories, pharmaceutical 130 years ago is now commonplace in buildings
companies, hospitals, financial institutions, HISTORY OF REVOLVING DOORS throughout the world, but has been continually
office buildings and educational facilities. improved with far greater sensor and security
Typical building security measures usually For a brief history of the revolving door, let’s technology in place today.
require a security detail and several time look to Theophilus Van Kannel, a Philadelphian
A two-wing, round drum, automatic revolving door can handle A three-wing, segmented drum, automatic revolving door system A four-wing, round drum, easy flow manual revolving door system
heavy pedestrian traffic up to 80 people per minute. It is ideal for provides spacious compartments for an elegant, energy efficient is an excellent choice for energy efficiency and architectural appeal.
healthcare, corporate headquarters, airports and retail applications. entrance. With diameters up to 16 feet, this system is ideal for Mechanical speed control and book-fold hardware for emergency
Photo courtesy of Horton Automatics managing high traffic volumes including wheelchairs, walkers and egress are standard. Photo courtesy of Horton Automatics
stretchers. Photo courtesy of Horton Automatics
QUIZ
2. Which of the revolving door configurations offers the largest compartment size?
a. Two-wing b. Three-wing
c. Four-wing
3. True or False: Three-wing revolving doors are often used in hotels, retail stores and restaurants.
4. True or False: Round drums have easier installation and lower costs than segmented drums and allow for
immediate glass replacement when needed.
5. True or False: Revolving door wings should bookfold against themselves in emergency situations for easy egress.
6. True or False: Per ANSI/BHMA A156.27, each revolving door wing shall be capable of breakout when a force 130
pounds (570 newtons) is applied at a point 3 inches (75 mm) from the outer edge of the outer wing stile and 40
inches (1020 mm) above the floor.
7. True or False: Light curtains and object detection prevent an object from being swept into the secure restricted area.
8. True or False: A two-way security revolving door turns one compartment at a time, allowing only one authorized
person to enter from the secure area.
ANSI/BHMA A156.27 establishes requirements for power operated
revolving type doors, which rotate automatically when approached by 9. Which of the following is ideal for transporting pedestrians from secure to non-secure areas in applications
pedestrians and/or small vehicular traffic, and manual revolving type such as airports?
doors for pedestrians. Photo courtesy of Horton Automatics a. One-way revolving door b. Two-way revolving door
when approached by pedestrians and/or small
10. Which of the following is the unauthorized entry attempt via separate compartment while an authorized person
vehicular traffic, and manual revolving type is entering or exiting?
doors for pedestrians. Included are definitions,
a. Tailgating b. Piggybacking
general information, performance standards
and provisions to reduce the chance of user
injury and entrapment. This standard does not
cover revolving doors for industrial or trained
traffic nor does it attempt to assess any factors the sign. Consult the standard for additional SPONSOR INFORMATION
that exist with respect to custom installations. signage requirements.
The following are partial descriptions of Starting Force
requirements. Please see the complete
In the initial 1.5 seconds, the force required to
standard for detailed requirements, methods
prevent a stopped revolving door from rotating
and exceptions.
shall not exceed 50 pound-force (222 newtons)
Egress Component Force Requirements applied 1 inch (25 millimeters) from the outer
edge of the outer wing stile. The force to
Each revolving door wing shall be capable Horton Automatics, based in Corpus Christi, Texas, is a
prevent the door from revolving after the leading manufacturer of automatic entrances including
of breakout when a force 130 pounds (570
1.5 second initial startup shall not exceed 40 sliding, swing and revolving doors as well as platform
newtons) is applied at a point 3 inches (75
pound-force (178 newtons). screen doors, industrial doors and service windows. The
millimeters) from the outer edge of the outer company serves the healthcare, commercial, transporta-
wing stile and 40 inches (1020 millimeters) tion and security industries. Horton Automatics has been
above the floor. Exception: Two-wing doors with designing, manufacturing and selling automatic doors
automatic center panels per 7.3 are excluded.
Automatic Door Signs
ª Visit http://go.hw.net/AR815Course2
to read more and complete the quiz
for credit.
since 1960, when they developed the first automatic
sliding door in America.
Presented by:
POST-FRAME CONSTRUCTION
IN LOW-RISE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Describe the methods of construction employed in
post-frame construction.
2. Review the importance of material and finish choice
for post-frame construction.
3. Discuss the attributes of post-frame construction in
terms of durability and energy efficiency and review
applications in low-rise commercial buildings.
4. Describe how post-frame construction is code-
accepted and code-compliant with applicable
building regulations.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 LU
COURSE NUMBER: ARaug2015.1
Use the learning objectives to focus your
study as you read this article. To earn credit
and obtain a certificate of completion, visit
http://go.hw.net/AR815Course1 and complete
the quiz for free as you read this article. If you
are new to Hanley Wood University, create a free
learner account; returning users log in as usual.
Post-frame buildings can be constructed any Laminated Columns and anchor bolts, using one of two techniques.
time of year, as weather-related construction A column on a formed wall with trenched
Nail laminated columns are the posts of choice.
delays are rare. Once the construction process footing below utilizes ready-mix concrete with
Typically 3-ply laminated lower columns that
begins the amount of time it takes to get “under reinforcement. Column sockets are anchored
are hydraulically compressed during lamination
roof” for a post-frame building is approximately with plated concrete anchor bolts and the
and provide a stronger column than solid posts
half of what is normally expected from other laminated column is bolted in the column
of the same dimension are chosen. Lower
construction techniques. This allows building socket. A column can also be mounted on a
columns should be pressure preservative treated
professionals to design buildings year-round monolithic slab, which is a good solution in
in accordance to AWPA treatment standards to
without feeling the pressure of a season change. rocky, difficult-to-dig soils and works well with
prevent fungal decay and insect infestation.
These attributes come as no surprise to those a poured concrete floor. As with the previous
who engineer and build post-frame structures Laminated columns provide superior treatment technique, column sockets are anchored to
because when built correctly, their unique design since this will allow 100% penetration of the plated concrete anchor bolts and the laminated
and construction performs exceptionally well sapwood, which cannot be obtained with column is bolted in the column socket. A
under tremendous weather extremes. square posts because they are treated with thickened edge meets heavy load requirements.
preservative on the outside edges only. It is
POST-FRAME FOUNDATION In-ground column foundations
preferred to treat only the lower portion of a
The structure of a post frame building is what column because a full length treated column Another economical foundation option that
sets it apart from others, so it is important to would make it harder to get a straight wall, can be utilized where conditions permit is a
explain how they are constructed from the as treated lumber has a tendency to warp and system with pre-cast concrete columns buried
ground up. twist as it dries out. Lamination also provides in the ground. Providing superior strength with
the ability to add column stiffeners and/or specially designed components and materials
Based on the specific climate, ground conditions increase the dimensional size of lumber for compared to laminated wood columns, the
and building use of a project, there are several high demand situations, like high wind areas, hybrid foundation can be used for a variety of
types of footings/foundations to choose from. earthquakes and buildings taller than 16 feet. building uses. The system consists of several
A manufacturer’s foundation and warranties components: a concrete column, an internal
must guarantee durability no matter what style is There are several foundation options and
threaded adjustment bracket, stainless splash-
chosen. The foundation system of a post-frame different ways to achieve a solid foundation in
board bracket, internal column connector and
building consists of columns that are buried in post-frame construction. All begin with these
a wood upper column. Because the foundation
the ground, embedded in concrete, or anchored three or four member laminated columns.
system utilizes concrete in the ground, there is
to a concrete foundation. Vertical loads from the no need for treatment, providing an eco-friendly
roof are transferred to the column, and from the foundation option for the building.
column to a concrete footing or foundation, and
then to the soil. Buried or embedded posts can
resist lateral loads.
Posts surface mounted on concrete foundations
need to be designed utilizing roof diaphragms
and shear resisting wall elements similar to
traditional wood construction. Most metal
roofing and siding manufacturers have design
values for their products that can be used. Column on Trenched Footing
Plywood and OSB substrates may also be used.
Concrete
Field placed concrete or ready mix provide the
best footings. This allows the concrete to con-
form to the column and fill the hole completely.
Utilizing specialized digging equipment provides
deeper holes for the footings and columns,
creating a uniform cylindrical shaft. Digging a
hole with shovels can result in shallower, funnel
shaped holes that will be uneven. Pre-formed
options, if used, shift and settle, creating an
uneven surface for the column even if the Column on Monolithic
hole was originally level. Industry standards
and design specifications typically require the Columns Mounted to Foundation
columns to be embedded in the ground a Columns can be mounted directly to the
minimum of 4 feet. concrete foundation with a steel column socket
Steel Bracket the affordability, design flexibility and energy leaks. A fully ventilated attic allows for air flow
efficiency of post-frame construction and is and adequate room for blown-in insulation.
Finally, pre-cast concrete foundation columns
a great option for a variety of building
are attached to the concrete columns with a Finally, as part of the insulation system a vapor
applications. These buildings feature pre-en-
steel bracket, which is welded to re-bars in retarder should be secured over the insulation
gineered steel trusses with an open-webbed
the concrete column that extend to the base to keep it dry and reduce infiltration and heat
design set on wood framing. The steel trusses
of the column. 10,000 PSI super high strength loss. This creates a seal between the elements
allow for a wider building, while wood framing
concrete is usually specified, as well as galva- and the inside of the building. Nailers are then
provides superior insulating properties and
nized steel uplift anchors. placed over the vapor barrier which allows
building strength. This hybrid technology also
interior walls to be attached. HVAC, electricity
makes buildings possible that have greater door
and plumbing can be run inside this barrier
clearance, giving the ability to use bigger doors
without compromising the seal.
with shorter walls, and allowing for a lower
profile building. Post-frame buildings feature an exceptionally
large built-in wall cavity that is nearly 9 inches
thick, six of which are insulation. Extra deep
truss heels also allow for extra insulation and
insulation descends below the top of the
concrete floor. All of these factors lower heating
and cooling costs throughout the year.
It’s important to compare how insulating
methods differ for steel buildings as opposed
Trusses
to post-frame and why post-frame can obtain
Trusses are another structural member that a better R-value. Steel buildings offer several
provide post-frame buildings’ superior strength methods of installing insulation. In typical steel
and longevity. Specially engineered trusses are buildings, the insulation is draped over the roof
densely webbed and attached to the support ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND INSULATION purlins so that fiberglass blanket insulation is
columns; while the trusses can be mounted on rolled out over and perpendicular to the outside
While metal is a conductor of hot and cold,
the outside column member, to the side of the of the structural frame. Then the metal covering
wood is an insulator. At its very core, the wood
column or in a support header, the best method sheets are fastened to the frame, holding the
frame in post-frame construction creates a
is when they are centered in a column, positioned insulation in place, but this method compresses
controllable environment. The design of a
between column laminates. Extra deep truss the insulation when the roofing is applied. This
post-frame building should allow maximum
heels eliminate the need for knee braces, leaving compression can result in a loss of nearly half
insulation, air circulation and condensation
more usable space inside the building. Trusses of the thickness of the insulation, reducing
control. Be sure to specify insulation choices
should be made from premium-grade, such the insulation’s R-value, which is the standard
that save on heating and cooling costs for the
as MSR lumber which has been evaluated by measure of thermal resistance.
life of the building.
mechanical stress-rating equipment for stiffness,
Insulation can also be installed between purlins.
which then determines the lumber’s strength. Where newer energy codes require higher
This allows for thicker insulation without com-
levels of insulation, post-frame is a particularly
Trusses which sit in a saddle and are bolted pression at the structural members by applying
good option because its walls and roof are
and nailed provide double strength against it between purlins rather than perpendicular
relatively easy to insulate and wide blankets of
wind shear. Finally, a predrilled, factory-cut to them, resulting in better thermal efficiency.
insulation can be used. Wide column spacing
continuous purlin system can add strength, However, the problem of thermal bridging
allows for continuous insulation between
rigidity and uniformity. There is the option of through the structural members in direct con-
structural elements, fewer interruptions in
straight- or raised-chord trussing, the latter of tact with the metal covering sheets still applies.
insulation material, and less chance of thermal
which provides greater interior clearance and While many steel-framed buildings feature 3
leakage. In fact, insulation breaks occur only
allows for the installation of taller end doors. inch fiberglass ceiling insulation, which provides
at the wood columns, which are spaced
Clear-span structures are available in a variety an R-9.5 rating, some post-frame insulation
further apart than other structures. Where the
of widths. Some manufacturers offer custom systems can obtain R-38 insulation on ceilings.
insulation is interrupted, wooden structural
clear-span widths up to 100 feet as well as
members have natural insulating properties MATERIAL AND FINISH CHOICES
double- and triple-wide trusses.
and conduct less heat than most structural
Steel Trusses steel or masonry components. Post-frame is an energy-efficient building
method and its primary material, wood, is a
Another option in post-frame construction is Air deflectors should be installed to move air renewable resource that is widely available and
a hybrid structure that allows for clear span up through the attic of the building and out sustainably harvested throughout North America.
buildings up to 150 feet when steel trusses are through the peak to promote good ventilation Wood is strong and innovations in engineered
used. Hybrid technology combines the strength throughout the building, protecting the insula- wood products allow it to be used for longer
and spanning capabilities of steel along with tion from condensation and the building from spans and taller structures than ever before.
EXTERIOR MATERIALS 3. True or False: 3-ply laminated lower columns that are hydraulically compressed during lamination provide a stronger
column than solid posts of the same dimension.
While the structural members of post-frame
buildings are made of wood, the roofing and 4. Which is the best foundation option to use in rocky, difficult-to-dig soils?
exterior siding can be clad in a variety of materi- a. True b. False
als from asphalt, cedar shake, slate or tile roofs
to stucco, brick, stone, fiber cement, wood or 5. True or False: 70% Fluoropolymer painted panels cannot chalk more than 5 Delta E’s over a 10 year period.
vinyl siding. As in other building types, materials a. Column on trenched footing b. Column on monolithic slab
can be combined to create architectural details c. Column anchored to buried monolithic concrete
for ci?
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59
AIA PRACTICE AUGUST 2015 AIA Architect
AIAPractice
Change Orders
When clients ask for vanilla, can we
give them strawberry instead?
AIAFeature
Ben Ikenson
62
AIA FEATURE AUGUST 2015 AIA Architect
“Some [were] concerned about losing represent the most effective approach to losing a potential client.
the office in downtown Mountain View,” says reducing both the causes and the impacts of “Architects are constantly selling
Jonas Kellner, senior associate at MKThink. uncertainty. themselves short when they talk about what
“Part of the desire for the client was to “A client-focused design and delivery they do,” she says. “They point to buildings,
make the staff be part of the design process process requires the architectural design landscapes, and exhibition models. They
and engage them in that before we started team to thoroughly understand and address point to renderings and reports. But these
construction. By the time the design was done, the client’s ‘risk’ factors as they relate to the are simply the tangible outcomes of their
staff members felt ownership in the design.” project at hand,” says Dale R. Dekker, AIA, work. They rarely claim the highly valuable
The user-engagement strategy grew out of a principal at Albuquerque, N.M.–based intangible benefits of working through the
Mozilla’s past work with MKThink, which has Dekker/Perrich/Sabatini. design process with an architect.”
helped design seven facilities for the Silicon “Budget risk, schedule risk, and design “For example, architects perform highly
Valley company in the last three years. risk are all front and center in a client’s mind complex kinds of thinking to elicit ideas,
It also represents a promising approach to when selecting an architect,” Dekker says. vision, purpose, business goals, and personal
doing business in a field where client trends “A design approach that documents and aspirations from within their clients’ heads,”
are notoriously difficult to gauge, and where clearly articulates the cost and benefits of says Leathers. “They analyze organizational
variability, from conception to completion, the myriad project decisions made during structure and influence organizational
is a constant. the programming, design, and construction development. They recognize and work with
of a project resonates well with clients. This political agendas within organizations; help
approach has served our firm well over the clients obtain financing, funding, and tax
Ownership’s Nuances years, as it establishes a confidence level with credits. They assess how to get buy-in, and
the client that he or she has made the right then guide processes to gain approvals. The
According to a 2014 McGraw-Hill ‘choice,’ and it usually results in repeat work intangible skills and services that architects
Construction SmartMarket Report, for years to come. It amazes me how many provide contribute just as much as the
commissioned by the AIA’s Large Firm architects refer to a project as ‘theirs,’ which tangible outcomes to an owner’s success, such
Round Table, only 7 percent of owners in my opinion totally negates the role of the as more heads-in-beds for hoteliers, fewer
believe perfect construction documents are client, who has the most at risk, usually money re-admissions for hospitals, better ambiance
possible, as design errors and omissions are and reputation.” for restaurants, and more memorable sporting
still considered highly impactful sources In fact, research suggests that clients events for fans. Architects would do well to
of uncertainty. The report, “Managing have become distanced from architects claim the value they bring as competitive
Uncertainty and Expectations in Building thanks to the emergence of third-party owner positioning against owners’ representatives
Design and Construction,” ranked owner- representatives and architecture firms’ and contractors.”
related issues such as accelerated schedule, increasing reliance on contractors. Michele Russo, senior research director
unclear project requirements, lack of Jean Leathers, president of Practice for the AIA, encourages design professionals
direction and involvement, and program or Clarity, a national consulting firm that to capitalize on their abilities. “The time is
design changes among the leading drivers helps architects build their businesses, really ripe for architects to realize their skill
of uncertainty on building projects. It also finds that architects leave a lot out of initial sets are not limited, to explore how to develop
concluded that better communication and conversations about the value they bring that meaningful and productive relationships with
integration among project team members may be hard to describe, but could mean clients, and to understand all the potential
63
AIA Architect AUGUST 2015 AIA FEATURE
AIAFeature
CONTINUED
possibilities that clients may themselves not everything about its operation,” Dufresne
even know exist,” she says. says. “Maybe part of that stems from the
A co-principal at Chicago-based Space oversharing that occurs via social media, or
Architects + Planners and a member of AIA’s the ease at which things are custom-made
Small Firm Round Table, Jean Dufresne, AIA, for this generation, or how things are curated
agrees. Like MKThink, his firm has utilized a for them [such as] custom phone cases,
similar method, on a smaller scale, to engage custom t-shirts, one-of-a-kind bikes. They
clients and offer a sense of ownership for expect the same from the environment they
clients in the design process. live and work in. You can customize the data
“It’s important to understand our client stream hitting your phone and social media
and make sure that the process of designing platforms—why not your office space?”
is pleasant and painless—and this applies Fortunately, social media is not exclusive
to both commercial and residential work,” to any demographic and represents a valuable
says Dufresne, who points out that the term tool for savvy architects to maintain and grow
“client” sometimes extends to the actual their client base. Kevin Toukoumidis, AIA,
client’s kids, especially with flexible work principal of another Chicago-based firm,
environments where children are occasionally dSPACE Studio, which focuses on residential
on-site. and small commercial projects, has benefited
“Depending on the ages of the kids, they from social media, having seen his eight-year-
sometimes get dragged to meetings, [and] we old company grow steadily, even during the
have started offering to the parents to meet economic downturn.
with their kids,” he says. “We take an hour “I think a lot of that has to do with how we
or two and set up a meeting with the kids, market ourselves to an increasingly tech-savvy
one-on-one. It may sound silly, but then the population,” Toukoumidis says. “As architects,
kids feel like they had a say in the project; we must be open to new ways of reaching
they have a sense of ownership and a greater clients. With my firm, we have attracted a
respect for the property once it’s all done.” lot of great tech-savvy clients who found us
“The best of all of this,” Dufresne adds, online, not through our company website but
“is that when the kid grows up, they will through other sites like Pinterest and Houzz.”
have dealt with an architect before, will have There’s always a strange balance
told their friends, and we have cultivated a firms must strike, though—related to their
potential future client.” marketing efforts—between the “design
“A client-focused design ethos” of informed and engaged prospective
clients and their own desires as professionals.
and delivery process Numbers Rule “All generations have required their
own design ethos, and millennials are no
requires the architectural As for future clients (and future architects), different,” explains Dekker Perrich Sabatini’s
the one evolving demographic that will Dekker. “[They are] open, transparent, social,
design team to thoroughly influence the AEC industry sooner rather than plugged in, and determined not to do things
later is how small Generation X is, in terms the way the prior generation did. These are
understand and address of sheer numbers of members, compared all design clues that work into all forms of
to the generations that came before and the built environment—such as walkable
the client’s ‘risk’ factors after. According to the 2012 McGraw-Hill neighborhoods, responsible design, mass
Construction Industry Workforce Shortages transit, and mixed-use and social gathering
as they relate to the SmartMarket Report, millennials—and their places.”
outlook—will soon dominate the workforce. Describing a new era in which a distinct
project at hand.” To better understand this demographic, sense of place is paramount, Urban Land
the AIA partnered with McGraw-Hill Institute senior resident fellow Ed McMahon
—Dale R. Dekker, AIA Construction to conduct two studies that cites Richard Florida’s research in pointing
assessed the gaps between current thinking in out how the societal values of an era manifest
the industry and that of the next generation spatially in the U.S., from the agrarian early
on critical issues such as the use of technology nation to the industrial and consumer society.
and the importance of sustainability. “The postindustrial era is about connecting
According to Dufresne, these gaps are closing people and ideas,” said McMahon. “In today’s
since, as clients, millennials are already world, capital is footloose and people can
playing a major—if sometimes challenging— locate a business anywhere. So quality of
role in the design process. place is becoming a deciding factor in where
“They really want to be involved in people decide to live, invest, vacation, or
company decisions and are looking to know retire.” AIA
64
AIA KNOWLEDGE AUGUST 2015 AIA Architect
AIAKnowledge
ILLUSTRATION: VIKTOR KOEN
AIAKnowledge AIAPerspective
CONTINUED
A Future of Incorporation
DELTA®-VENT SA DELTA®-FASSADE S
Vapor permeable self-adhered water-resistive barrier & air barrier. UV-resistant water-resistive barrier for open joint claddings.
Architecture has its legends, and the one based in move in physical space. Gray created built-in cabinets
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin along the Côte d’Azur is and drawers for summer clothes, guest rooms and
a pretty good one: brilliant but unassuming female nooks that allowed retreat and privacy, little windows
designer from Paris builds an elegant minimalist villa positioned to afford spectacular views, deck-chair
on the shores of the Mediterranean, and boorish male style chaise lounges, and reading stands, dining tables,
architect takes it over. Le Corbusier towers in history, and tea and gramophone trolleys that extended and
and Eileen Gray fades away. unfurled like something later featured in the Jetsons.
The restoration of Gray’s Villa E-1027, which The exterior, a rectangular box wedged into the hillside
opened to the public in late June after decades of and supported by pillars, was punctuated by a simple
neglect, is part of a larger effort to put these two figures cube with horizontal strips of dark shuttered windows.
on more equal footing—and perhaps set the record E-1027—the name is based on where Gray and
straight. The new cultural heritage campus dubbed Badovici’s initials fall in the alphabet (“E” standing
Cap Moderne, on a steep hillside between Monaco for Eileen, “10” for the J in Jean, and so on)—was
and the Italian border, which includes both Gray’s completed in 1929, when Gray was 51 years old. She
villa and Le Corbusier’s own seaside retreat, aspires to schlepped building materials by wheelbarrow, building
be a living museum that will direct a new lens on the the place herself with help from a crew of local workers.
creative energy that fueled 20th century Modernism. It was an astonishing accomplishment. But the villa
The bisexual daughter of Irish aristocracy, Gray seemed doomed from the start. It was never the
shunned marriage and forged her own way in Paris, romantic destination the couple had first envisioned.
designing furniture and objets d’art in the Roaring She wanted to cozy up; he wanted to party. They split
Twenties. Her lover, the architecture critic and up, and Gray ended up building another house for
bon-vivant Jean Badovici, asked her to find a spot herself in nearby Menton.
in the South of France for a summer getaway. Coco
Chanel would soon establish her own digs nearby An Act of Vandalism
at the luxurious La Pausa estate, but Gray hacked The real trouble started a few years later, when Badovici
her way through lemon trees and banana palms to invited his friend Charles-Édouard Jeanneret to stay at
a site inaccessible by car. There, on the hillside just E-1027 with his wife, Yvonne. Le Corbusier, as Jeanneret
southeast of the Roquebrune-Cap-Martin train station, had rebranded himself, had just earned international
she conjured an all-white pastoral retreat bathed in fame with the Villa Savoye, and he decompressed from
sunlight, freshened by breezes, and outfitted with sleek work by lounging around E-1027 in various states of
yet practical furnishings of leisure. undress. Eventually he decided the white walls needed
Indeed, the design of E-1027 seemed to take shape improvement, and he painted eight racy murals of
around the furniture and the way its occupants would Picasso-like female figures, some intertwined in sexy
repose. Photographs captured the architect, naked in
the Riveria heat, with the offending paintbrush in hand.
Gray called it an act of vandalism. Badovici,
put in a difficult spot, chastened Le Corbusier and
told him he had worn out his welcome. The tension
underlying the affair was electric. Here was a modernist
summer home so superb Le Corbusier himself could
have created it—but built by someone untrained in
architecture, and a woman, no less. Gray had also
angered Le Corbusier—not hard to do—by quibbling
with his dictum that a home was a “machine for living
in.” A home, she argued, was actually a living organism.
As with Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses, the
debate never actually took place in person. In letters,
Le Corbusier innocently explained he was just livening
things up. Gray, who never sought publicity for
herself, mostly just moved on. When Word War II
intervened, E-1027 was briefly occupied by wine-
Le Corbusier painting one of his murals at E-1027 drinking Italian soldiers, who used the murals for
target practice. Badovici, who owned the site, died
Every day, we waste
over 18 trillion lumens.
Follow us @AmerluxLighting.
72
“Entrez Lentement”
It is the cabanon that was celebrated and
preserved. It could be toured—with some effort,
by appointment—as part of a pilgrimage of Le
Corbusier’s works.But now visitors to Roquebrune-
Cap-Martin can finally appreciate E-1027. In the
vestibule of the villa, Gray stenciled the words
grass porous paving Entrez lentement—enter slowly—an instruction to
leave your troubles behind and start to relax. To
the left is a compact kitchen, and to the right is the
main living area that includes a replica of Gray’s
Bibendum chair—enveloping tubes named after the
gravel porous paving Michelin Man—and the cushioned twin deck chairs,
positioned to gaze out the accordion glass doors to
the abundant flora and the sea. In one corner is the
foldout dining table, easily moved outside to the
deck; in the other a reading nook that doubles as
an extra guest bedroom.
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manuel bougot
rosé, sauté some sea urchins, and move in, just like
Le Corbusier did.
Some restoration work remains, including on
the spiral staircase and storage areas. But the place is
Living room alcove at E-1027, with restored bookcase and book tray in remarkably good shape, especially given that the
Project: The Frick Art & Historical Center, Orientation Center, Pittsburgh, PA Architect: Schwartz/Silver Architects, Inc.
75
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project itself was a somewhat tortured process, taking succession of architects worked on the restoration. But
twists and turns over some 16 years. The Conservatoire the French bureaucracy governing historic monuments,
du Littoral, a coastal conservancy agency that acquired as well as hand-wringing over things like authentic light
the cabanon in 1975 from the Fondation Le Corbusier, switches and skylight parts, made for sluggish progress.
took control of E-1027 in 1999, in coordination with Enter Michael Likierman, a British businessman
the town. The mayor of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin and a who came to France in 1972 to launch the U.K.-based
Habitat furniture company chain,
and who had already embarked on
another restoration project: the house
and gardens of Serre de La Madone,
in neighboring Menton. Likierman
became friends with Robert Rebutato,
the son of the owner of L’Etoile de Mer,
who fondly remembers Le Corbusier
as a kindly uncle. Together, Likierman
and Rebutato looked to establish a
coherent campus linking all the notable
buildings together—Gray’s masterpiece,
L’Etoile de Mer (essentially preserved
as it was in the 1950s), the five camping
cubes, and Le Corbusier’s cabanon.
The project got an unexpected
boost thanks to “The Price of Desire,”
a drama based on the sordid tale of
E-1027 that debuted earlier this year at
the Dublin Film Festival. Supported by
Julian Lennon, who took photographs
of the production, and featuring Alanis
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVUSVNVU[V^^^IPSJVJVS[JVT
77
camping huts, and only then do they explore Le back into context.
Corbusier’s cabanon. Which could lead to some Up on the switchbacks on the Monaco side, the white
scandalous thinking: How much was he actually box of E-1027 is plainly visible, while L’Étoile de Mer
inspired by Eileen Gray? The simple dining table, the and the cabanon are much harder to pick out. For those
compact kitchen, the acutely positioned fenestration— who once asked, who built that—and wrongly assumed it
suddenly the cabanon looks more derivative and less was Le Corbusier—they now can discover the answer.
like a unique creation. Nearly a century
later, this is Eileen Gray’s revenge.
That is probably taking things
too far. Le Corbusier had developed
most of his comprehensive theories
years before he ever laid eyes on
E-1027—although he only first codified TM
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An Unexpected Note (2009); the acrobatic Aquatics Center for the London
“Zaha Hadid at the State Hermitage” is a show of Olympics (2011); the bread-loaf office towers of Galaxy
seminal works and an accelerating sequence of Soho Beijing (2012); the voluminous, magisterial
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Polytechnic University (2014), which
lists like a sailboat.
The one segment of the exhibit
that seems out of character is a
zone of about 50 skyscraper models,
H
grouped together like a gridded
UG
city of point towers. Whereas all of
O
Hadid’s previous projects, even her
very recent designs, are typified by
asymmetry, distortion, incompletion,
porosity, and dynamism, the towers
display the botanical symmetries of
flowers, which have recently become
the office’s morphological touchstone
and inspiration. It is hard to reconcile
the ideology behind the towers, which
clearly express structure, rationality,
and even efficiency, with Hadid’s
more poetic work that embraces the
inexplicable. Even the architect’s
current low-rise and mid-rise
institutional and corporate projects
seem more in line with her older work,
extending those early concepts into the
digital landscape. Perhaps the demand
for skyscrapers to be hyper-efficient
inevitably means reducing their
designs to a series of multiplication
tables, which encourage the extruded
stacking and serial repetition that
Hadid had always avoided as a matter
of creative principle.
This is Hadid’s second visit at
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Harvard has a brick problem. in modeling,” explains Kennedy, “but a lot of our
As early as 1890, when the celebrated firm of colleagues and clients encouraged us to get into
McKim, Mead & White was commissioned to design fabrication.” The firm is currently producing a line of
the Johnston Gate on the western perimeter of Harvard custom furniture for the Boston offices of a German
Yard, university administrators stipulated that the consulting firm, hewing plain plywood slabs into
designers use a particular ruddy shade of brick to carefully contoured and textured tables and chairs. In
match the 18th-century buildings beyond. The material their work for other institutional clients—as with their
shortly assumed the name “Harvard brick,” and it has 2012 University of Pennsylvania law school building
been the official façade treatment of America’s oldest in Philadelphia, and the upcoming Wegmans Hall for
institution of higher learning ever since. the University of Rochester in upstate New York—KVA
For designers, this condition can be a bit limiting, has confronted the problems of brick-bound buildings
to say the least. “It would be nice to do something not head on, and Tozzer shows what they can do with even
in brick,” says Frano Violich, FAIA, who, together with the most modest of means.
wife Sheila Kennedy, FAIA, heads up Boston-based Before considering the envelope, the designers
Kennedy & Violich Architecture (KVA). Last fall, the took care to fashion an interior that would finally give
duo completed work on the latest addition to the Harvard’s anthropologists a space of which they could
sprawling Cambridge, Mass., campus. The new Tozzer be proud. “They’ve been an important department
Anthropology Building on Divinity Avenue is a classic going back 100 years,” Violich says, “but they’d never
academic pavilion, but it attempts to tinker with really had a home before.” Anthropology’s three sub-
the well-worn formula while remaining within the departments had been scattered in various annexes
confines of a tight $16 million budget—and, of course, around the Peabody, the Vanserg building, and in
a very familiar wrapping. an imposing Minoru Yamasaki tower nearby. With
The pitfalls of Harvard’s brick-o-mania are borne the digitization of libraries advancing at a brisk
out by the history of the Tozzer site, enfolded on three pace, the university saw the opportunity to put fewer
sides by (and connected via a slender passageway to) books and more people into the new Tozzer, placing
the massive Peabody and Harvard Museum complex. the social anthropology department in the new
KVA’s new project incorporates the steel floor plates facility, and thus giving it a closer connection to the
and fire stairs of the now-dismantled Tozzer Library, archaeology department in the Peabody next door.
built in 1974 by local office Johnson Hotvedt and The lowermost floors still house reading rooms and
Associates. This predecessor building, also clad in archival storage, including a sophisticated mechanical
brick, was a reasonably accomplished exercise in Late stack system in the basement, but the majority of the
Modernism—“I kind of liked it,” Kennedy admits—that building is now given over to offices and workspaces
unfortunately suffered from a couple key defects: It for faculty and graduate students.
incorporated a menacingly dark and dingy underpass Most significantly, the core of the building now
on its southern side, and it developed an internal boasts a light-filled social space topped by a ceiling
mold problem that finally rendered it hazardous to system that shows KVA’s technical finesse in full
occupants. “The insulation space between the brick swing: Beneath a broad glass skylight, a sloped and
and the interior wall was this thick,” Violich says, jagged wall is decked in irregular wooden panels—
pinching thumb and forefinger to an insufficient interrupted at intervals by lighting fixtures and
sandwich-width. It’s hard to believe that a school with acoustical panels made from a novel cement-and-wood
Harvard’s resources would ever have sanctioned such matrix—that impart a warm, glowing atmosphere to
a building; and yet Cambridge abounds with similar the gallery that rings the void on the fourth floor and
mediocrities, suggesting that the university has been the lounge in the center of the atrium on the floor
prepared to tolerate almost any transgression of taste below. During last winter’s record-breaking blizzards,
or quality, provided that it’s red. the thick snow pack atop the atrium glass infused the
Making hay with baked clay isn’t easy—but space with an eerie blue radiance. One faculty member
fortunately for Harvard, KVA came to the commission said it was like living in an igloo.
with a ready-made background in material innovation. But for the exterior, the architects couldn’t really
Inside their studio at a former bottling plant in the hope for any such evocative accidents, and instead
still-industrial Roxbury neighborhood, machines tried to put a subtle spin on the Harvard learning-box
buzz and whirr as associates fabricate mock-ups typology. The skin of the new anthropology building
and finished products for MATx, the firm’s spin-off isn’t just a clipped-on veneer; it was mortared into
research lab. “Originally we were only interested place the old-fashioned way by the construction team.
93
8 8
11
10 12
9
8 8
6
2 3
A A¹ 7
1
5 8
0 20 40
Section A–A1
1. West entrance
2. High-density mobile shelving
3. Study room
4. East entrance
5. Lobby
6. Library
7. Circulation desk
8. Office
9. Classroom
10. Lounge
11. Gallery Previous Spread: Copper-and-brick-
12. Atrium clad east façade 0 10 20
94
95
4
3
0 0.5 1
0 0.5 1
Project Credits
Project: Tozzer Anthropology Building, Structural Engineer: LeMessurier
Cambridge, Mass. Consultants
Client: Harvard University Civil Engineer: Green International Affiliates
Architect: Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Construction Manager: Bond Brothers
Boston . Frano Violich, faia (managing General Contractor: Consigli Construction
principal); Sheila Kennedy, faia (principal Landscape Architect: Richard Burck
consulting on design); Gregory Burchard, Associates
aia (project architect); J. Seth Hoffman Lighting Designer: Tillotson Design
(project manager); Justin Hui, Jungmin Nam, Associates
Charles Garcia, aia, Daniel Sullivan, Alda Code Consultant: Jensen Hughes
Black, Alex Shelly (project team) Acoustic Consultant: Cavanaugh Tocci
M/E Engineer and Envelope Consultant: Associates
BuroHappold Consulting Engineers Size: 35,000 square feet
Cost: $16 million
100
CHS Field
St. Paul, Minn.
Snow Kreilich Architects with AECOM and Ryan Companies
101
When the real estate analysis firm RealtyTrac ranked Section A–A1
the Lowertown neighborhood of St. Paul, Minn.,
as the “hippest zip code in America,” it surprised
everyone but those living there, who have watched the
former warehouse district become a flourishing arts
community—a transformation capped by the recent
completion of CHS Field, home to the minor league
St. Paul Saints. Designed by Minneapolis-based
Snow Kreilich Architects, with AECOM as the sports
architect and Ryan Cos. as the architect-of-record and
contractor, the 7,000-seat, 13-acre ballpark has become
an irreverent baseball-watching venue. (The Saints,
partly owned by actor Bill Murray, set a world record
during a recent game with a 6,261-person pillow fight.)
The new park provides a perfect place for such
hijinks. “We nestled the ballpark into the site,” says
design principal Matthew Kreilich, AIA, “and opened
it up to the city,” with the main concourse visually
connected to the street. Low, flat-roofed structures
clad in dark masonry contain ticketing and concession
areas with a steel-framed, wood-ceilinged, clubhouse-
and-suites level that appears to float above. “The
western red cedar ceiling glows at night and turns
the surrounding heavy timber warehouses inside out,” Service-Level Plan
Kreilich adds. “Rather than mimic those buildings,
we made them part of the experience.”
That experience recalls baseball’s 19th century
origins as an urban game played in open fields and 5
public parks. “We wanted to transform Lowertown,” 10
says Ryan Cos. senior director Mike Ryan, AIA, “and
make it a neighborhood park,” treating the playing
field as one of several public open spaces along Fifth
9
Street in downtown St. Paul, with the plaza in front 7 3
5 5
of the ballpark serving as an extension of the open-
air farmer’s market across the street. Restrooms, for 6
example, open to both the concourse and the street,
serving marketgoers and baseball fans.
The stadium is one of the greenest ballparks in
America. “We reused 99 percent of the Gillette plant 8
that stood on the site,” Ryan says, “recycling its
concrete and reusing the floor of the factory for the
2
service areas and offices.” A large tank collects runoff 11
from the adjacent garage roof for watering the grass,
and solar panels occupy an earthen berm and the roof
of a left field picnic pavilion. The stadium-wrapping
concourse also connects the downtown to the regional
bike trail system, and the adjacent city-owned dog
park enables dog owners to watch games for free.
Neither Snow Kreilich nor Ryan Cos. had
designed a ballpark before, and the city’s willingness
to commission a design/build team to think in creative
new ways about the baseball experience shows why Previous Spread: Fourth Street entrance
St. Paul—and the Saints—have become so hip. with sunken seating and field below
103
0 25 50
Ground-Floor Plan
A¹
Club-Level Plan
4 5 5 4 5
5
5 12 14
13
4
5
5
5
15
5
2
5
1
4
A
Project Credits
Project: CHS Field, St. Paul, Minn. designer/project manager); Eric Morin, aia Energy Modeling: The Weidt Group
Client: City of St. Paul, the St. Paul Saints (project architect); Ayman Arafa, Sebastian Landscape Design Architect: Bob Close
Architect: Snow Kreilich Architects, Marquez, Tony Solberg, aia Studio
Minneapolis . Julie Snow, faia, Matthew Interior Designer: Snow Kreilich Architects Lighting Designer: Henderson Engineers
Kreilich, aia (design principals); Andrew Mechanical Engineer: Schadegg Face Brick: Custom Block by Amcon Block
Dull, assoc. aia (project lead designer); Mechanical and Precast
Tyson McElvain, aia (project architect/ Structural Engineer: Ericksen Roed & Cabinetry: Artifex Millwork
project manager); Cameron Bence, Associates Window Systems: Empirehouse
assoc. aia, Michael Heller, assoc. aia, Electical Engineer: Hunt Electric Architectural Metal Panels and Wood
Kai Salmela, assoc. aia, Matt Rain, Civil Engineer, Landscape Architect- Ceilings: MG McGrath
Jim Larson, aia (project team) of-Record, Construction Management, Size: 63,414 square feet (enclosed);
Architect-of-Record: Ryan Cos., General Contractor, and Concrete Work: 347,000 square feet (total); 13-acre site
Minneapolis . Mike Ryan, aia (principal-in- Ryan Cos. Cost: $63 million
charge); Logan Gerken, aia (project lead Stormwater Design: Solution Blue
107
Upper-level club
108
For 135 years, the Institut Le Rosey in Rolle, Arup who led the firm’s acoustic team on the project.
Switzerland, has educated children from the upper The solution was to arrange hundreds of OSB-
echelons of the global elite. Gulf sheiks, Hollywood engineered joists, ranging in depth from 2 inches to 2.4
superstars, Metternichs, and Rothschilds have all sent inches, on the OSB-panel walls to form what Bassuet
their offspring to the boarding school, whose low-slung calls “corners” that catch the acoustic energy and scatter
academic buildings nestle into a gently sloping hillside, it back over the audience. The result is a clear, immersive
a world exclusive from Geneva and Lausanne despite sound that blankets the room without overwhelming it.
being just a half hour’s drive away from each. “Many folks have said the room is crystalline,” he says.
Le Rosey is among the last places one may expect The last significant technological difficulty
to find the work of Bernard Tschumi, FAIA, the Swiss- stemmed from Switzerland’s strict Environmental
born architect known for his dense, theoretical work Protection Act and, in particular, the virtual
and striking, deconstructivist designs. But Tschumi, prohibition of mechanical cooling in commercial and
who won a competition to design the school’s new institutional buildings. But an unventilated concert
performance venue and cultural center in 2010, did venue, even in the country’s temperate mountain range,
not disappoint. The $52.5 million Carnal Hall, named is unthinkable. Tschumi and Arup turned to the stack
for the school’s founder and his son, is a stainless-steel effect, devising a largely passive system that uses fans
dome that sits at the edge of campus like the class rebel to draw in cool air through the sublevel space that
and looks back at the field of staid Second Empire– houses the massive noise-isolating springs, and pushes
style buildings with a chuckle. Even the design is a pun, hot air out through slots near the top of the dome
Tschumi says: The 302-foot-diameter roof is shaped like above the concert hall. The approach also produces
a rosette, appropriate for a place called Le Rosey. little noise or vibration—perfect for a music venue.
Every school needs a few hell-raisers, and Carnal Sustainability, however, was never Tschumi’s main
Hall has its role in the campus. “The dome acts as objective. “I would not say it was the driver, but rather
a hinge at the end of a sequence of old buildings,” the result of taking advantage of certain constraints,”
Tschumi says. “It’s a dialogue between two eras.” he says. “I’m not a sustainability nut.” What drove the
While other designers proposed separating the project were the school’s relatively small capital budget,
project’s multifaceted program—concert hall, a black and the opportunity those constraints provided to
box theater, rehearsal rooms, a library, and a café—into explore new materials and forms.
different buildings, Tschumi united them. Placing The results speak for themselves. The OSB panels
the shoebox-shaped concert hall at the center of the comprise recycled wood and nontoxic adhesives; the
circular floor plan, he stacked the other features along dome is punctured by strategically placed cutouts to
its sides and topped everything with the dome. let in daylight; and many windows are operable, taking
Perhaps even more unexpected than the building’s advantage of the cool breezes from the lake to the
shape are its modest materials: The structure is primarily south and the mountains to the north. Though Arup
poured-in-place concrete paneled with clear-finish OSB. did not conduct a formal energy analysis, the firm
Even the 900-seat concert hall, which can accommodate insists the project is exceedingly stingy. “Most of the
a full-size 120-piece orchestra, is lined with OSB panels. building uses few or any mechanical systems, which
“I felt a little bored with the clichés of wooden by definition make them very energy efficient,” says
concert halls,” Tschumi says. “I thought, wouldn’t it principal and project leader Ray Quinn.
be great if we used compressed wood? And we found, Designing a cutting-edge building is one thing;
working with [the engineering consultant] Arup, that getting a tradition-minded faculty and student
OSB can be incredibly dense and therefore has a mass body to accept it is another. But Le Rosey director
that is very good for acoustics.” He also had to contend Philippe Gudin says the school community took to
with a railway line running 300 feet from the building. the seemingly aggressive design. “The students and
To protect the concert hall from vibrations, the team teachers were a bit worried, a bit scared,” he confesses.
structurally isolated it from the rest of the building, “But after a week, the students adopted the building.
placing it atop massive springs, nearly 7 feet tall. Now it is really the center of campus.”
Accommodating a large number of musicians in And thanks to a series of public concerts at Carnal
the relatively small hall posed another challenge. A Hall, the school is shedding some of its exclusivity.
full-size orchestra normally plays before 2,000 seats or “Le Rosey was set apart from the area, but now it has
more; any fewer and the sound can be overwhelming. become part of the cultural life,” Gudin says. “People
“It’s a bit like putting a 12-cylinder motor into a small arrive early and stay late, talk with students, and have a
car,” says Alban Bassuet, a former associate principal at drink. It makes for a small village, here at the school.”
111
A
4 12
4 9
7
5
B B¹
1 2 2
11
3
6 8
10
6
A¹
1. Foyer 7. Cafeteria
2. Concert hall 8. Library
3. Black box theater 9. Rehearsal room
4. Art studios 10. Learning center
5. Back-of-house (concert hall) 11. Lounge n Previous Spread: View of venue from
6. Offices 12. Practice rooms 0 20 40 south and entry terrace (on the left)
112
113
Project Credits
Project: Paul and Henri Carnal Hall John Eastridge, V. Mitch McEwen, Alexa Civil Engineer: Bureau d’études
Client: Institut Le Rosey Tsien-Shiang (project team) D. Belotti (site surveyor); Impact-
Architect: Bernard Tschumi Architects Local Architect: Fehlmann Architectes Concept (ground engineer)
. Bernard Tschumi, faia (principal); . Serge Fehlmann, Nicolas Engel, Geotechnical Engineer: Karakas &
Kate Scott, Joel Rutten, Christopher Christophe Faini, Julio Rodriguez, Julien Français
Lee, Jocelyn Froimovich, Bart-Jan Camandona, Jean-Jacques le Mao, Landscape Architect: Mathis
Polman, Jerome Haferd, Paul-Arthur Victor Goncalves Lighting Designer: Arup
Heller, Clinton Peterson, Emmanuel Interior Designer: Bernard Tschumi Acoustics: Arup (design); D’Silence
Desmazières, Nianlai Zhong, Olga Architects Acoustique (execution)
Jitariouk, Colin Spoelman, Kim Starr, Mechanical Engineer: Arup (design); Audiovisual and Theater: Arup
Grégoire Giot, Dustin Brugmann, Sorane (execution) Façade: Arup (design); Biff (execution)
Taylor Burgess, Sheena Garcia, Sung Structural Engineer: Arup (design); Size: 10,000 square meters
Yu, Pierre-Yves Kuhn, Alison McIlvride, Alberti Ingénieurs (execution) (107,600 square feet)
Jessica Myers, W.Y. Frank Chen, Electrical Engineer: Arup (design); Cost: $52.5 million
Athanasios Manis, Ciro Miguel, Scherler (execution)
The
TheWWorld’s
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eatu
eat
Features u res
Residential:
Blackbird House
Aspen, Colo. text by david hill
Will Bruder Architects photos by bill timmerman
120
Project Credits
Project: Blackbird House, Aspen, Colo.
Client: Frederic Horne
Architect: Will Bruder Architects, Phoenix .
Will Bruder, faia (principal and design lead);
Kent McClure, Jacqueline Twardowski, Craig
Chapple, Marjorie Whitton (project team)
Structural Engineer: Rudow + Berry
Mechanical Engineer: Otterbein
Engineering
Interior Designer: Will Bruder Architects
Landscape Architect: BlueGreen
General Contractor: Koru
Size: 5,829 square feet
Cost: Withheld
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136 ARCHITECT, The Journal of the American Institute of Architects, August 2015
Editorial:
An Early Encounter with Tomorrow
I stole the title for this editorial from architectural lower than in most Chinese cities). Since Chairman
historian Arnold Lewis’ excellent An Early Encounter Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic in 1949, it’s
with Tomorrow: Europeans, Chicago’s Loop, and the World’s been policy to concentrate development in the
Columbian Exposition (University of Illinois Press, 1997), city center. No longer. Apparently, livability is the
which documents the shock of exposure to a metropolis Politburo’s new watchword. While the plans for Jing-
that emerged seemingly overnight, and in the middle Jin-Ji remain something of a mystery, officials speak
of nowhere. Chicago had 4,000 residents at the time of of capping the population of the city center at 23
its incorporation in 1837 and a population of 1 million million (it’s currently around 22 million), relocating
when the fair opened in 1893. What the city presented the municipal government and other services to the
to wide-eyed visitors from the Old World was a vast perimeter, consolidating manufacturing, and building
alien landscape of railyards and stockyards, department new infrastructure such as high-speed rail—all in short
stores and skyscrapers—a surreal commingling of brute order. Eat your heart out, Robert Moses.
force and technological sophistication. The changes are essential for China to thrive. The
More than a century later, I find myself similarly nation’s one-child policy has stalled overall population
astounded by the urban explosion in East Asia. In growth, but by 2025 some 250 million Chinese will
July, The New York Times and other outlets reported that have migrated from the countryside to cities and begun
the Chinese capital of Beijing is going to absorb its to join the middle class. The number of major urban
two neighboring provinces, Tianjin and Hebei, into a agglomerations will have risen from three in 2000 to
megalopolis called Jing-Jin-Ji (“Jing” for Beijing, “Jin” 13 in 2020. The social and environmental implications
for Tianjin, and “Ji” for Hebei). Administratively, it are staggering, and it’s in our own best interests to pay
would be similar to the District of Columbia annexing heed. Just as 19th century European architects adopted
Maryland and Virginia. Statistically, however, there’s the steel frame and other innovations from their
no comparison. The commingled urban area of 83,400 Chicago contemporaries, what we witness in cities like
square miles will be bigger than the state of Kansas, Jing-Jin-Ji could inform the future of architecture and
its population of 100 to 130 million potentially greater urbanism in the United States.
than Japan’s, and its annual economic output of nearly
$1 trillion larger than the Netherlands’.
I haven’t visited any of the region’s great cities:
Tokyo, Seoul, Manila, and the like. My impressions
are all second hand. Maybe that’s why I find it hard to
fathom a city as enormous as Jing-Jin-Ji will be. The
only analogs in my own experience are science fiction
dystopias: Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, Mega-City One
from the Judge Dredd comics, the Los Angeles of Ridley
Scott’s Blade Runner. Is the expanded Beijing fated
stephen voss
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