Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication
Systems
CHAPTER 3:
New communication networks
for triple-play services
Long-Haul
Transmission network
Aggregation and Switching
Core/Backbone network
BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
Enterprise
HFC
Access Network
xDSL
Ethernet
Enterprise
xPON
Microwave Terrestrial
radiolink
Subscriber
Small Office
Home Office
ACCESS Bidirectional
NETWORK Amplifiers
PSTN Cable
(VoIP) Modem
INTERNET
GbE
Network TAP
HEADEND
Cable
Cable Modem Modem
Termination
System
(CMTS)/EQAM
Fibers Coaxial
Fiber Node Cable
Cable Cable
Modem Modem
Introduction
Rx Tx
Fiber
Node
SDH SDH
Terminal Terminal
Return
Example of Narrowcast service traffic combination with Broadcast services at RF in Local Hub
– CMTS: Cable Modem termination system -> used to provide high speed data services
– HDT: Host Digital Terminal -> connects digital telephony switches to hybrid fiber coaxial
distribution equipment.
– VoD: Video delivery
Fiber Node
Diplexer
Coaxial Cable
Photo
diode
QAM independent spectral efficiency for asynchronous channels with 8K FFT size can be
estimated to be 0.7954 sps/Hz (i.e., ((7,680-80-88-60-16-48)/7,680)* (40/42.5)* 0.8785).
-> In 1 GHz in the coax cable and 4096 QAM -> 9540 Mbps
Master Universitario en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación. SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES 17
3 New communication networks
RFoG
• RFoG (Radio Frequency over Glass) is
network design in which the coax
portion of the HFC network is replaced
by a single-fiber passive optical
network, making possible the use of
the same headend and home
equipment deployed for the legacy HFC
network, requiring the installation of
RFoG Optical Network Unit (R-ONU).
• Downstream and upstream
transmission use different wavelengths
to share the same fiber (typically
1,550 nm downstream, and 1,310 nm
or 1,610 nm upstream)
• In case of deploying the solution using
1610 nm wavelength upstream RFoG is
compatible with xPON technologies
RFoG
• Also it is planned to be compatible
with the transmission of XG-PON or
10 GEPON 1577 nm wavelength for
downstream.
• PON splitter for up to 32 subscribers
and up to a range of 20 km is
considered in designs of RFoG
networks, although a possible
solution to increase number of
subscribers and distance can be to
include virtual hubs closer to
customers premises.
• RFoG is a standard from SCTE, Society
of Cable Telecommunications
Engineers (SCTE 174 2010) and ANSI
• Additionally, higher-performance
RFoG systems not only support
DOCSIS 3.0 with bonding, but also
enable 64 QAM upstream.
Master Universitario en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación. SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES 21
3 New communication networks
HomeGrid
• There are different solutions that service providers are implementing to distribute triple-play signals
at home. ITU-T G.hn, promoted by HomeGrid Forum, is one of those.
• ITU-T G.hn (home network) or HomeGrid, included in G9960 (10/09) for its physical layer and
architecture description, is a standard for existing-wire home networking so over power lines, phone
lines or coaxial cables with data rates up to 1 Gb/s
HomeGrid
G.hn HomeGrid
• G.hn standard includes for the physical layer OFDM with possible modulation schemes
of up to 4096 QAM for the different subcarriers
• Although most elements of G.hn are common for all three media supported by the
standard, G.hn includes media-specific optimizations for each media. Some of these
media-specific parameters include:
– OFDM Carrier Spacing: 195.31 kHz in coaxial (frequency band from 300 to 2000MHz), 48.82 kHz in
phone lines (from 0 to 100 MHz), 24.41 kHz in power lines (from 0 to 200 MHz).
– FEC Rates: G.hn's FEC can operate with code rates 1/2, 2/3, 5/6, 16/18 and 20/21. Although these rates
are not media specific, it is expected that the higher code rates will be used in cleaner media (such as
coaxial) while the lower code rates will be used in noisy environments such as power lines.
– Automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanisms: G.hn supports operation both with and without ARQ (re-
transmission). Although this is not media specific, it is expected that ARQ-less operation is sometimes
appropriate for cleaner media (such as coaxial) while ARQ operation is appropriate for noisy
environments such as power lines.
– Power levels: G.hn defines different power masks for each media.
• MIMO support: Recommendation G.9963 includes provisions for transmitting G.hn
signals over multiple AC wires (phase, neutral, ground), if they are physically available.
Master Universitario en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación. SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES 24
3 New communication networks
G.hn HomeGrid
• Data link layer description of G.hn is included in ITU-T G9961 (06/10)
• The G.hn Media Access Control is based on TDMA architecture, in
which a "domain master" schedules Transmission Opportunities
(TXOPs) that can be used by one or more devices in the "domain".
There are two types of TXOPs
– Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities (CFTXOP), which have a fixed duration and
are allocated to a specific pair of transmitter and receiver.
– Shared Transmission Opportunities (STXOP), which are shared among multiple
devices in the network. STXOP are divided into Time Slots (TS).
• Security is by way of AES 128 encryption.
G.hn
• Main focus of G.hn is on home-networking:
– As the standards do not cover needed functions for access networks such as
security, provisioning, management ,etc…
– It does not work in coaxial networks with amplifiers, so not possible to be
implemented in HFC networks
• There are other options for the transmission over coaxial cable such
as MoCA and HomePNA, and options over power lines which
include HomePlug and HD-PLC.
• Anyhow, lack of interoperability and minimal coexistence has
prevented widespread deployment of these wired technologies
• Industry is moving towards promotion of G.hn as the sole
technology for wireline networks at home