Marj Trisha T.

Poblete
ABM 11-29

BADMINTON

1.0 HISTORY
Games with a shuttlecock are widely believed to have originated in ancient Greece, about 2000
years ago where it was played as a child’s game called “battledore” and “shuttlecock”. The Duke of
Beaufort in 1860s, entertained soldiers at his “Badminton House.” At this time, the men referred this game
as Poona. It is because it was played in the city of Pune, India by British soldiers. The Duke’s non-military
friends preferred to call Poona as “the badminton game,” and thus the game came to be called “Badminton.”
Nature of the Game Badminton is played as a singles or doubles game with one or two players on
a side. The object of the game is to hit the shuttlecock or “bird” back and forth with a racket across a net
five feet high at its center. The bird should be hit with such speed and accuracy that the opponent is unable
to return the shot successfully. The game can either be fast or slow paced, depending on the skill level of
the players.
The Badminton World Federation (BWF; originally the International Badminton Federation), the
world governing body of the sport, was formed in 1934. Badminton is also popular in Malaysia, Indonesia,
Japan, and Denmark. The BWF’s first world championships were held in 1977. A number of regional,
national, and zonal badminton tournaments are held in several countries. The best-known of these is the
All-England Championships. Other well-known international tournaments include the Thomas Cup
(donated 1939) for men’s team competition and the Uber Cup (donated 1956) for women’s team
competition.
Badminton first appeared in the Olympic Games as a demonstration sport in 1972 and as an
exhibition sport in 1988. At the 1992 Games it became a full-medal Olympic sport, with competition for
men’s and women’s singles (one against one) and doubles (two against two). Mixed doubles was introduced
at the 1996 Games.
Competitive badminton is usually played indoors because even light winds affect the course of the
shuttlecock. (Recreational badminton, on the other hand, is a popular outdoor summertime activity.) The
rectangular court is 44 feet (13.4 meters) long and 17 feet (5.2 meters) wide for singles, 20 feet (6.1 meters)
wide for doubles. A net 5 feet (1.5 meters) high stretches across the width of the court at its center. A clear
space of 4 feet (1.3 meters) around the court is needed. Play consists entirely of volleying—hitting the
shuttlecock back and forth across the net without letting it touch the floor or ground within the boundaries
of the court.

2.0 RULES AND REGULATIONS

A badminton match is played to the best of three games. A coin toss will determines first serve or
choice of side. The object of a badminton game is to hit the badminton shuttlecock over the badminton net
and onto the ground within bounds on your opponent's side of the court. A rally can also be lost by hitting
the shuttle into the badminton net, out of bounds, before it crosses the net to your side, or if it strikes your
clothing or body rather than your badminton racket.

2.1 General Rules/Regulations

1. Serving
a. The server must keep both feet in contact with the floor at the time of the serve.
b. The bird must be contacted below the waist.
c. The racket head must be below the server’s wrist.
d. The server should not serve until the receiver is ready; the opponent is deemed
ready if a return is attempted.
e. Partners of the server and receiver may stand anywhere on the court providing
they do not obstruct the opponent’s view.
f. A bird that touches the net on the serve and goes into the proper service court is
legal.
g. If the server misses the bird on the serve attempt, it still counts. In singles and
doubles the serve would go to the opponent.
2. Serving Order
I. Singles
a. At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even,
the serve will begin from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the serve will be from the
left service court.
b. If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and will then serve
again from the alternate service court.
c. If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the
new server. They serve from the appropriate service court – left if the score is odd and right if it is even.
II. Doubles
a. A team will only have one player serve, per “service”.
 b. At the beginning of the game and when the score is even (0, 2, 4, 6, etc.)
the server serves from the right service court. When it is odd (1, 3, 5, 7, etc.) the server serves from the left
service court.
c. If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the
same server serves again from the alternate service court.
d. If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The
receiving side becomes the new serving side.
e. The players do not change their respective service courts until they win
a point when their side is serving.
3. The winners of the first game serve first in the next game.
4. Birds falling on the lines are considered good.
5. During a rally, a bird that touches the net and goes over is in play.
6. A fault (violation of rules) occurs if:
a. On the service, any part of the racket head is higher than the server’s wrist and
contact is made above the waist.
b. The service fails to cross the net or go into the proper service court.
c. The feet of the server and receiver are not in the proper courts at time of service.
d. The server hesitates or stops (feint/balk) the service motion or misses the bird.
e. The improper receiver returns the bird on the serve.
f. A bird hit into the net, under the net, against the wall or ceiling is out-of-bounds.
g. A player hits the bird before it crosses the net.
h. The bird touches a player or clothing.
i. The player touches the net while the bird is in play.
j. The bird is hit twice in succession by one/both partners.
k. The bird is held, caught, or carried on the racket when struck.
l. A player obstructs an opponent.
8. Let (a play allowed to be replayed)
a. The bird becomes caught in or on the net after passing over the net.
b. The bird hits the basketball supports or net.
c. The following situations occur before the next serve and if the offending side
wins the rally:
1. The correct server serves from the wrong court.
2. The wrong server serves from either the correct/incorrect service court.
3. The correct receiver receives in the wrong court.
 2.2 Badminton Scoring Formats
In service play, the traditional scoring format, a badminton game is won by scoring 15
points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 points in women's singles. Only the serving team may score a
point. If the rally is lost, service passes to the opponent in singles play. In doubles play, except for the first
service of a game, each player on a team is permitted to serve at least once before service is lost. In rally
play, 21 points are needed to win a badminton game. A point can be awarded to either team, and in most
cases, a point is awarded along with resumption of service, except when a rally point is lost by the first
member of a serving doubles team.

2.3 Badminton Serving Rules

Badminton service is always done diagonally, e.g. from the right service court to the
opponent's left service court. The first serve is always taken from the right court, and subsequent serves are
taken from alternating sides. Following each teams initial serve, the service court that is used will depend
on the serving team’s score. If the serving team has an even-numbered score (2, 4, 6, 8…) the serve will
come from the right service court. If the serving team has an odd-numbered score (1, 3, 5, 7…) the serve
will come from the left service court. Therefore, when the person who serves first (except for on the first
serve of the game) loses his/her serve, he/she must switch service courts with his/her partner so that the
service court continues to correspond with the score. Line shots in badminton service or rallies are
considered in, though court bounds are different for singles and doubles play. The back line is the same for
both, but singles badminton is played with the narrower of the two sidelines. A serve that strikes the net
and lands in the opponent's court is a let serve and is retaken. During service, players must stand in their
respective service courts. The receiving player is not permitted to move his/her feet until the badminton
shuttlecock has been struck. The highest part of the serving player's badminton racquet must remain below
his/her hand and waistline during service. In other words, only underhanded serves are permitted. At the
conclusion of each badminton game, players or teams must switch sides. If a third game is necessary during
a match, sides are switched during that game when a player/team has reached eight points in doubles or
men's singles, six points in women's singles, or 11 points in rally play.

2.4 Service Court Errors

a. A service court error has been made when a player:
- has served or received out of turn; or
- has served or received from the wrong service court;
b. If a service court error is discovered, the error shall be corrected and the existing score
shall stand.
 2.5 Faults
It shall be a "fault":
- If a service is not correct
- If, in service, the shuttle:
- is caught on the net and remains suspended on its top;
- After passing over the net, is caught in the net; or
- is hit by the receiver's partner;
- If in play, the shuttle:
- Lands outside the boundaries of the court (i.e. not on or within the boundary lines);
- fails to pass over the net;
- touches the ceiling or side walls;
- touches the person or dress of a player;
- touches any other object or person outside the court;
- is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the execution of a stroke;
- is hit twice in succession by the same player. However, a shuttle hitting the head and the
stringed area of the racket in one stroke shall not be a "fault";
- is hit by a player and the player's partner successively; or
- touches a player's racket and does not travel towards the opponent's court;
- If, in play, a player:
- touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress;
- invades an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except that the striker may
follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the course of a stroke after the initial point of contact with
the shuttle is on the striker's side of the net;
- invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such that an opponent is
obstructed or distracted; or
- obstructs an opponent, i.e. prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the
shuttle is followed over the net;
- Deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or making gestures;
- If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences

2.6 Types of Competition

a. Men’s singles
b. Women’s Singles
c. Men’s doubles
 d. Women’s doubles
e. Mixed doubles (men and women play)

3.0 Equipment

3.1 COURT AND COURT EQUIPMENT

- The court shall be a rectangle marked out with lines 40 mm wide as shown in Diagram A.
- The lines marking out the court shall be easily distinguishable and preferably be colored white or
yellow.
- All the lines shall form part of the area which they define.
- The posts shall be 1.55 meters in height from the surface of the court and shall remain vertical
when the net is strained.
- The posts shall be placed on the doubles side lines as in Diagram A irrespective of whether singles
or doubles is being played. The posts or its supports shall not extend into the court beyond the side lines.
- The net shall be made of fine cord of dark color and even thickness with a mesh of not less than
l5 mm and not more than 20 mm.
- The net shall be 760 mm in depth and at least 6.1 meters wide.
- The top of the net shall be edged with a 75 mm white tape doubled over a cord or cable running
through the tape. This tape shall rest upon the cord or cable.
- The cord or cable shall be stretched firmly, flush with the top of the posts.
- the top of the net from the surface of the court shall be 1.524 meters at the center of the court and
1.55 meters over the side lines for doubles.
- There shall be no gaps between the ends of the net and the posts. If necessary, the full depth of
the net at the ends shall be tied to the posts.

3.2 SHUTTLECOCK
Also known as birdie, bird, or shuttle is a circular piece of rubber or cork that measures one to 11/8
inches in diameter. Attached to the base is a crown of 14 to 16 feathers, often made of plastic, which keep
the badminton shuttlecock aloft when hit.

3.3 RACKET
Weigh between 79 and 91 grams including the strings. Rackets are made of a lightweight
durable material like aluminum or graphite. A standard aluminum badminton racket measures about seven
inches across and 27 inches long.
4.0 Safety/Etiquette
1. Keep a firm grip on the racket.
2. be careful not to hit your partner with the racket.
3. Stay in your own court to avoid the possibility of collision with other players.
4. Stop play if other players enter your court.
5. Wait until there is a stop in the action to retrieve a bird from another court.
6. be aware of the walls and the net posts.
7. Before play, agree on the boundaries and determine the first server.
8. Players call their own lines; replay the point if in doubt.
9. Shake hands after the game/match.

4.1 Facilities/Equipment
1. Rackets are fragile. Avoid striking the floor, wall, net, posts, or your partner. Also avoid
flipping, throwing, or twirling rackets.
2. Shuttlecocks should be handled by the tips only. Birds caught in the net should be
removed carefully.
3. Each student is responsible for reporting any damaged rackets to the instructor.
4. Rackets are returned to the proper slot and birds to the basket at the end of each period.

5.0 Badminton Playing Techniques and Shots

A. Grip
1. Forehand – hit with the front of the hand leading (similar to throwing a ball).
2. Backhand – hit with the back of the hand leading (flicking: the hands extending at the wrist).
3. Ready Position- Knees bent, arms at waist level and weight forward.
B. Serving
4. Serve- the racquet head must be below the level of the server’s hand while the shuttle is hit below waist
level. The serve should be nice and low to the net on a short serve. For a long serve, it should be far and
high. The serve is the most important shot in the game.
C. Strokes
5. Clear – hitting the shuttle high and to the back of the opponent’s court. This shot is played well behind
the shuttle. The point of impact is directly above or slightly behind the shuttle. The arm moves straight up
as racquet head and shuttle meet. This shot is the most common and can be offensive, moving your opponent
back from the net or defensive, gaining time to improve your own position.
6. Smash – the ultimate attacking shot. This shot is a powerful overhead shot used to put away a shuttle that
is above the height of the net. A smash is hit high in the air and you snap your wrist as soon as your racket
makes contact with the shuttle.
7. Jump smash – players jump upwards for a steeper smash angle.
8. Drop – This shot is a slow, gentle shot that falls just over the net into the opponent’s forecourt. This shot
is used from the backcourt. When hitting this shot catch the shuttle high before it starts to fall down. Hit
out and down to make the shot fall right over the net.
9. Drive- This is a line-drive shot that travels parallel to the ground, passing close over the net. This shot is
used to aim and power hit at someone with your racket out in front of your body.
10. Net Shot – any shot played as near to the net as possible, controlled by wrist and forearm. The hairpin
shot is an example of a net shot.
D. Serves
1. High and deep (singles) – take a position near and on the proper side of the center line and about four
feet behind the short service line. Drop the bird on the racket side and swing the racket forward.
2. Low and short (doubles) – take a position closer to the front service line. The racket is swung forward
with little follow-through.
3. Drive (flick) – a quick snap of the wrist in the backhand grip with the bird held directly in front of the
body. The bird travels in a direct line at the receiver.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Court: The badminton playing area. A standard court measures 17x44 feet for singles and 20x44 feet for
doubles. The service line is six feet, six inches from the badminton net on each side.
Let: An official break in play, caused by a minor violation such as the shuttle touching the badminton net.
After a let, the rally is replayed and scores remain unchanged.
Rally: An exchange of shots leading to a point or service change. It is also a sequence of one or more strokes
starting with the service, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
Side-by-side: A doubles formation in which each partner is responsible for one side of the court.
Wood shot: A shot in which the badminton shuttle is hit by the frame of the racket instead of the strings.
This shot was formerly illegal but was allowed into the game in 1963.
Player: Any person playing Badminton.
Match: The basic contest in Badminton between opposing sides each of one or two players.
Singles: A match where there is one player on each of the opposing sides.
Doubles: A match where there are two players on each of the opposing sides.
Serving side: The side having the right to serve.
Receiving side: The side opposing the serving side.
Stroke: A movement of the player’s racket with an intention to hit the shuttle.

TENNIS
1.0 History

Table tennis, also called as Ping-Pong, is a ball game similar in principle to lawn tennis and played
on a flat table divided into two equal courts by a net fixed across its width at the middle. The object is to
hit the ball so that it goes over the net and bounces on the opponent’s half of the table in such a way that
the opponent cannot reach it or return it correctly. The lightweight hollow ball is propelled back and forth
across the net by small rackets (bats, or paddles) held by the players. The game is popular all over the world.
In most countries it is very highly organized as a competitive sport, especially in Europe and Asia,
particularly in China and Japan.
The game was invented in England in the early days of the 20th century and was originally called
Ping-Pong, a trade name. The name table tennis was adopted in 1921–22 when the old Ping-Pong
Association formed in 1902 was revived.
In 1902 a visiting Japanese university professor took the game back to Japan, where he introduced
it to university students. Shortly after, a British salesman, Edward Shires, introduced it to the people of
Vienna and Budapest, and the seeds were sown for a sport that now enjoys popularity all over the world. In
Britain, table tennis had also begun to spread outside the distinctly middle-class confines of London, and
leagues sprang up in provincial towns as far apart as Sunderland and Plymouth. In 1922, an All England
Club was formed, which boasted such luminaries as Jack Hobbs the cricketer and other famous names of
the time from the world of sport. The Daily Mirror organized and sponsored a nationwide tournament in
which there were 40,000 competitors.
The original association had broken up about 1905, though apparently the game continued to be
played in parts of England outside London and by the 1920s was being played in many countries. Led by
representatives of Germany, Hungary, and England, the Fédération Internationale de Tennis de Table
(International Table Tennis Federation) was founded in 1926, the founding members being
England, Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales. By the mid-
1990s more than 165 national associations were members.
Table tennis was firmly on the map, and on April 24, 1927, the English Table Tennis Association
was born, under the chairmanship and direction of Ivor Montague, son of Lord Ewatthling. He was not only
to become the architect of modern-day table tennis, but he also achieved critical acclaim as both a director
and film producer. At the time, The ETTA had a membership of 19 leagues but now has over 300, with
around 75,000 registered players.
The first world championships were held in 1927 and were won by a Hungarian, Dr. Jacobi. Apart
from the famous Fred Perry redressing the balance for England in 1929, this was to be the start of an
unprecedented run of success for the Hungarians, who completely dominated the game throughout the
thirties. Their team was led by the legendary Victor Barna, whose inspiration and skill did so much to
elevate the game to sports status.
From then until 1939 the game was dominated by players from central Europe, the men’s team
event being won nine times by Hungary and twice by Czechoslovakia. In the mid-1950s Asia emerged as
a breeding ground of champions, and from that time the men’s team event has been won by either Japan or
China, as has the women’s event, though to a lesser extent; North Korea also became an international force.
In 1980 the first World Cup was held, and Guo Yuehua of China won the $12,500 first prize. Table tennis
became an Olympic sport in 1988, with singles and doubles competition for men and women.
The 1950s saw the game turned upside down by the invention of the sponge or sandwich rubber, this new
material for bats, which, up until now, had been a relatively simple affair with a universal thin covering of
pimpled rubber.
Until this time, spin had played only a minor part in a game that had been dominated by the
defensive style of play. But these new bats or paddles, introduced by the Japanese, had the capacity to move
the ball around in an almost magical way. The ITTF, the game’s governing body, was quick to legislate in
a bid to control this new development, seen in some quarters as equipping players with an unfair advantage.
The thickness of the sponge and rubber sandwich was controlled and remains so to this day. But the nature
of the game had been changed, establishing the fast attacking speed and spin style of the modern game.
Today, the sport both in England and abroad is very well established and is growing each year. The
culmination of this has been its recognition as an Olympic Games sport, being featured for the first time in
the 1988 games in Seoul. Television coverage of the men’s singles final attracted an incredible worldwide
audience of 2 billion. In China, the game is played by literally millions at work, in school, and in community
parks. Chinese top players are regarded as national heroes with pop star statuses.

2.0 Rules and Regulations

2.1 Service Rules
- The service must start with the ball in an open palm. This stops you from throwing it up
with spin.
- The ball must be thrown vertically, at least 16 cm. This stops you from serving straight
out of your hand and surprising your opponent.
 - The ball must be above and behind the table throughout the serve. This stops you getting
any silly angles and gives your opponent a fair chance at returning.
- After throwing the ball, the server must get their free arm and hand out of the way. This
is to allow the receiver to see the ball.
2.2 Doubles Rules
- The service must go diagonally, from the server’s right-hand side to the receivers’ right-
hand side. This stops you from getting the opposing pair tangled up before they’ve even hit a ball.
- A doubles pair must strike the ball alternately. This makes doubles challenging. None of
that front court/back court tennis nonsense.
- At the change of service, the previous receiver becomes the new server and the partner of
the previous server becomes the receiver. This makes sure everybody does everything. After eight points
you’re back to the start of the cycle.
2.3 General Match Play
- You have two serves before it is your opponent’s turn to serve twice. This used to be five
serves each but since changing to 11 it’s now just two.
- At 10-10 it’s deuce. You get one serve each and must win by two clear points. This is
sudden death or table tennis’ equivalent of a tie break.
- If you are playing a best of 3, 5 or 7 (as opposed to just one set) you have to change ends
after each game. This makes sure both players experience conditions on both sides of the table. You also
change ends when the first player reaches five points in the final game of a match.
2.4 A let is called if…
- An otherwise good serve touches the net. This ensures your opponent has a chance at
making a return.
- The receiver isn’t ready (and doesn’t try to hit the ball). This is just common sense really!
- If play is disturbed by something outside of the players’ control. This allows you to replay
the point if your cat jumps onto the table, etc.
2.5 A point is lost if…
- The service is missed.
- The service is not returned.
- A shot goes into the net.
- A shot goes off the table without touching the court.
- A player moves the table, touches the net or touches the table with their free hand during
play.
3.0 Equipment
3.1 Table
The table should be 274 cm. x 152.5 cm. (9 ft. x 5 ft.) in size and 76 cm. (2 ft. 6 in.) above
the floor. It is usually painted with a dark green matte finish and has a white 2 cm. (3/4 inch) line along
each edge. There is also a white 3 mm. (1/8 in.) line down the center of the table for use in doubles games.
3.2 Net
The net divides the playing surface into two courts of equal size. The net should be 15.25
cm. (6 in.) high, with the post being at most 15.25 cm. (6 in.) outside the side lines. The bottom of the net
should be as close as possible to the playing surface.
3.3 Ball
The ball should have a diameter of 40 mm. weigh 2.7 gm. and be made of celluloid or
similar plastic material. It can be white or orange.
3.4 Paddle
The paddle or racquet may be of any size, shape or weight but the blade shall be flat and
rigid. A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered with either pimpled rubber or sandwich
rubber having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 4 mm. The surface should be flat and
pimples distributed evenly to avoid unusual returns.
REFERENCES:
https://www.badmintonbc.com/page/2888/The-Laws-of-Badminton
http://www.brusselsbadminton.com/rules
http://www.worldbadminton.com/rules

https://www.britannica.com/sports/badminton

Text © 2006 The Advantage Press, Inc. Physical Education Learning Packets

https://www.britannica.com/sports/table-tennis

https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-table-tennis.htm

https://www.experttabletennis.com/table-tennis-rules-and-regulations/