AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY

NAME: OGBAPU EMMANUEL UMEFIEN

MATRIC NO: 15/ENG04/041
COLLEGE: ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT:
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING
LEVEL: 300 LEVEL
COURSE: EEE 318
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
LABORATORY II
GROUP 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AIM ...............................................................................................1
EQUIPMENT LIST ...........................................................................1
THEORY OF OPERATION OF A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER. ...............2
PROCEDURES ................................................................................5
DATA .............................................................................................7
CALCULATIONS .............................................................................7
PRECAUTIONS ...............................................................................8
OBSERVATION ...............................................................................8
CONCLUSION ................................................................................9
AIM
To unwind and rewind a fully functioning step-down
transformer with different outputs.

EQUIPMENT LIST
1. Copper coils
2. Steel lamination
3. Masking tape
4. Screw driver
5. Screws and brackets
6. Pliers
7. Hammer
8. Wax paper
9. Plastic frame
10. Insulating paper
11. Utility knife

1
THEORY OF OPERATION OF A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER.
When an electric current passes through a long, hollow coil of wire
there will be a strong magnetic field inside the coil and a weaker field
outside it. The lines of the magnetic field pattern run through the coil,
spread out from the end, and go round the outside and in at the other
end.

These are not real lines like the ones you draw with a pencil. They are
lines that we imagine, as in the sketch, to show the pattern of the
magnetic field: the direction in which a sample of iron would be
magnetised by the field. Where the field is strongest, the lines are
most closely crowded.
With a hollow coil the lines form complete rings. If there is an iron
core in the coil it becomes magnetised, and seems to make the field
become much stronger while the current is on.

2
.
The iron core of a transformer is normally a complete ring with
two coils wound on it. One is connected to a source of electrical
power and is called the 'primary coil'; the other supplies the power to
a load and is called the 'secondary coil'. The magnetisation due to the
current in the primary coil runs all the way round the ring. The
primary and secondary coils can be wound anywhere on the ring,
because the iron carries the changes in magnetisation from one coil to
the other. There is no electrical connection between the two coils.
However they are connected by the magnetic field in the iron core.

When there is a steady current in the primary there is no effect

in the secondary, but there is an effect in the secondary if the current
in the primary is changing. A changing current in the primary induces
an e.m.f. in the secondary. If the secondary is connected to a circuit
then there is a current flow.

A step-down transformer of 1,200 turns on the primary coil

connected to 240 V a.c. will produce 2 V a.c. across a 10-turn
secondary (provided the energy losses are minimal) and so light a 2 V

3
lamp.

A step-up transformer with 1,000 turns on the primary fed by 200 V

a.c. and a 10,000-turn secondary will give a voltage of 2,000 V a.c.

The iron core is itself a crude secondary (like a coil of one turn) and
changes of primary current induce little circular voltages in the core.
Iron is a conductor and if the iron core were solid, the induced
voltages would drive wasteful secondary currents in it (called 'eddy
currents'). So the core is made of very thin sheets clamped together,
with the face of each sheet coated to make it a poor conductor. The
edges of the sheets can be seen by looking at the edges of the
transformer core.

4
PROCEDURES
Let's start with the materials.
To make this typical transformer, we used the iron laminations
for the core, enamelled copper wire of several different diameters for
the windings, a bobbin (or some material to make one), insulating
material to apply between wire layers in this case masking tape,
between windings, around the whole winding assembly, and on
exposed wires, and in most cases it's also a good idea to use an
impregnation varnish (insulating paint), other materials needed are
listed in the equipment list given above
We got our steel laminations by dismantling an old non-
functional transformer using screwdrivers and pliers.
Then we wound our copper coil round the plastic frame in to get
our primary winding while using the masking to mark the number of
turns, showing the output voltages at the respective points.
We insulated the primary winding section with wax paper so as
to prevent it from having physical and electrical contact with the
secondary winding.
Another set of copper coils was wound around the cardboard
paper to get our secondary winding while using masking tape to mark
the number of turns.
We finished winding, and we used masking tape to insulate it
properly.
Then after getting the terminals, we identified the neutral and
centre tap for the secondary section.
The steel laminations were carefully inserted into the plastic
frame, covering the coils.
Then we used the screws, nuts and brackets that were formerly
removed to secure them back together. We used a multi-meter to test
for output and a light bulb too to test for leakage.

5
6
DATA
Length of framework, L = 5.2cm
Breadth of framework, B = 4.6cm
Constant = 50
Desired input voltage VIN = 240V
Desired output voltage VOUT = 12V

CALCULATIONS
Area of frame = 𝐿 × 𝐵 = 6 × 3.9 = 23.4𝑐𝑚2
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 50
Turn ratio = = = 2.0903 ≅ 2.1turns/volt
𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 23.4

No of turns at primary = 𝑉𝐼𝑁 × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 240 × 2.1 =

504 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

7
No of turns at primary = 𝑉𝐼𝑁 × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 230 × 2.1 =
483𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
No of turns at primary = 𝑉𝐼𝑁 × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 220 × 2.1 =
462 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
No of turns at secondary = 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 12 × 2.1 ≅
26𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

PRECAUTIONS
1. It was ensured that the insulation coating on the copper coils
was not scraped off to avoid short circuits in the coil when
powered.
2. It was ensured that the primary and secondary windings were
not in physical contact with each other.
3. It was ensured that the windings were well insulated so as to
prevent electrocution.
4. It was also ensured the neutral and center tap were identified
and marked appropriately.
5. I was sure not to touch any of the terminals when the
transformer was powered so as to prevent electric shock.

OBSERVATION
The measured output voltage from the transformer on the multi-
meter was near that of the desired output voltage.( Measured output
voltage = VOUT = 11.82V
While the transformer was powered there was an initial buzzing
electric sound that stopped after a few minutes of running the
transformer.
When we connected the light bulb to the transformer in series it
lit up .
The bulb didn’t light up when the secondary was connected to
the primary.
8
CONCLUSION
After the experiment, I learned how to construct a transformer
manually. I also learnt the functions of each component, and the
experiment was successful .