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What is fluid?
As temperature changes, substances may appear in the
form of :
– solid,
– liquid,
– gas, or
– mixtures of the above.
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The life of an ice block
<0oC
0oC - 100oC
>100oC
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Density
mass
Density
volume
• Unit: kg/m3
• Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
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Archimedes’ Principle
• When an object is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid,
the upthrust on the object is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced.
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Example
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Law of Flotation
• A floating object displaces its own weight of fluid in
which it floats.
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Example
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Pressure
Pressure on a surface is defined as the force acting at
right angle on that surface divided by the area of the
surface.
F
p
A
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The force that acts on the area which is submerged at a
depth in a fluid is equal to the weight of the column of
water above the area. The pressure is equal to this
weight of water column divided by the area.
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p gh
where
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• Water is contained by a vertical surface producing a
triangular pressure diagram.
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Force on Immersed Surface
• The force acting on a surface can be calculated from the
pressure on the surface and the area of the surface.
F paverage xA
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Example
• A rectangular gate is 1.6 m wide and is retaining
water to a depth of 0.8 m.
(a) calculate the lateral force on the gate produced
by the water;
(b) calculate its centre of pressure; and
(c) calculate the moment produced by the lateral
force about the base of the rectangular gate.
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