Java 8 Programming Black Book

UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Inheritance basics
 Super keyword
 Multi-level hierarchy
 Abstract classes
 final keyword with inheritance.
drkkbaseer@gmail.com 1
Herbert Schildt, “Java the Complete Reference,” Oracle Press, Ninth Edition, 2014.
Difference between object and class
No. Object Class

1) Object is an instance of a Class is a blueprint or
class. template from which objects are
created.
2) Object is a real world Class is a group of similar objects.
entity such as pen, laptop,
mobile, bed, keyboard,
mouse, chair etc.
3) Object is a physical entity. Class is a logical entity.
4) Object is created Class is declared using class

through new keyword
keyword mainly e.g.
class Student{}
e.g.
Student s1=new
Student();
Difference between object and class Cont..
No. Object Class

5) Object is created many Class is declared once.
times as per requirement.
6) Object allocates memory Class doesn't allocated memory

when it is created. when it is created.
7) There are many ways to There is only one way to define

create object in java such class in java using class keyword.
as new keyword,
newInstance() method,
clone() method, factory
method and
deserialization.
drkkbaseer@gmail.com More details 3

Cont..
Object Oriented Concepts
UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Super keyword
• Inheritance is one of the cornerstones of object-oriented
programming because it allows the creation of hierarchical
classifications.
• In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is called a
superclass.
• The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass.
• Therefore, a subclass is a specialized version of a superclass.
It inherits all of the members defined by the superclass and
adds its own, unique elements.
Cont..
• The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new
classes that are built upon existing classes.
• When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse
methods and fields of parent class, and you can add new
methods and fields also.
• Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known
as parent-child relationship.
Note: Unless specified otherwise, all classes are derived from a
single root class, named Object. If no parent class is explicitly
provided, the class Object is implicitly assumed.
Why use inheritance in java:
 For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be
achieved).
 For Code Reusability.
Cont..
class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

{
//methods and fields
}
• The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new
class that derives from an existing class.
• In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is called a
super class. The new class is called a subclass.
Cont..
// A simple example of inheritance.
// Create a superclass.
class A
{
int i, j;
void showij() {
System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j); }}
// Create a subclass by extending class A.
class B extends A {
int k;
void showk() {
System.out.println("k: " + k); }
void sum() {
System.out.println("i+j+k: " + (i+j+k));
drkkbaseer@gmail.com }} 9
Cont..
class SimpleInheritance {
public static void main(String args []) {
A superOb = new A(); B subOb = new B();
// The superclass may be used by itself.
superOb.i = 10; superOb.j = 20;
System.out.println("Contents of superOb: ");
superOb.showij();
System.out.println();
/* The subclass has access to all public members of its superclass. */
subOb.i = 7; subOb.j = 8; subOb.k = 9;
System.out.println("Contents of subOb:");
subOb.showij(); subOb.showk();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Sum of i, j and k in subOb:");
subOb.sum(); }}
Cont..
Output:
Contents of superOb:
i and j: 10 20
Contents of subOb:
i and j: 7 8
k: 9
Sum of i, j and k in subOb:
i+j+k: 24
Cont..
Member Access and Inheritance
class A {
int i; // public by default
private int j; // private to A
…….
}
Note: A class member that has been declared as private will
remain private to its class. It is not accessible by any code
outside its class, including subclasses.
UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Super keyword
Member Access Rules:
• A subclass includes all of the members of its super class, I
cannot access those members of the super class that have been
declared as private.
• A class member that has been declared as private will remain
private to its class. It is not accessible by any code outside its
class, including subclasses.
super keyword in java
• The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used
to refer immediate parent class object.
• Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of
parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super
reference variable. drkkbaseer@gmail.com 14
Cont..
Usage of super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance
variable.
2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class
constructor.
1.super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
class Animal{
Cont..
String color="white"; }
class Dog extends Animal{
String color="black";
void printColor(){
System.out.println(color);//prints color of Dog class
System.out.println(super.color);//prints color of Animal class
} }
class TestSuper1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Output:
Dog d=new Dog(); Black
d.printColor(); white
}} drkkbaseer@gmail.com 16
Cont..
2) super can be used to invoke parent class method
• It should be used if subclass contains the same method as
parent class. In other words, it is used if method is overridden.
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");} }
void eat(){System.out.println("eating bread...");}
void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
void work(){ super.eat(); bark(); } }
class TestSuper2{
public static void main(String args[]){ Output:
Dog d=new Dog(); eating...
barking...
d.work(); }}
Cont..
3) super is used to invoke parent class constructor.
class Animal{
Animal()
{
System.out.println("animal is created");}
}
Dog(){
super();
System.out.println("dog is created");
} }
class TestSuper3{ Output:
animal is created
dog is created
Dog d=new Dog(); }}
Cont..
Types of inheritance in java
Cont..
Note: Multiple inheritance is not supported in java through class.
UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Super keyword
Creating multilevel hierarchy
• Multilevel inheritance, it is a concept of grandparent class. If
we take the example of above diagram then class C inherits
class B and class B inherits class A which means B is a parent
class of C and A is a parent class of B.
• So in this case class C is implicitly inheriting the properties
and method of class A along with B that’s what is called
multilevel inheritance.
Cont..
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog{
void weep(){System.out.println("weeping...");}
}
class TestInheritance2{
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}
Output:
weeping...
barking...
eating... drkkbaseer@gmail.com 23
Cont..
Hierarchical
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){System.out.println("meowing...");}
}
class TestInheritance3{
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark();//C.T.Error
}}
Output:
meowing...
eating… drkkbaseer@gmail.com 24
Cont..
Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?
class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
class B{
void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
}
class C extends A,B {//suppose if it were
C obj=new C();
obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
} }
Compile Time Error drkkbaseer@gmail.com 25
UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Super keyword
Difference between method overloading and method overriding
No. Method Overloading Method Overriding
1) Method overloading is used to Method overriding is used to provide the

increase the readability of the specific implementation of the method that is
program. already provided by its super class.
2) Method overloading is Method overriding occurs in two classes that
performed within class. have IS-A (inheritance) relationship.
3) In case of method In case of method overriding, parameter
overloading, parameter must must be same.
be different.
4) Method overloading is the Method overriding is the example of run time
example of compile time polymorphism.
polymorphism.
5) In java, method overloading
can't be performed by
changing return type of the
Return type must be same or covariant in
method only. Return type can
method overriding.
be same or different in method
overloading. But you must
have to change the parameter.
Cont..
class Bank{ Cont..
int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
class SBI extends Bank{
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
}
class Test2{ Test it Now
public static void main(String args[]){ Output:
SBI Rate of Interest: 8
SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI Rate of Interest: 7
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS Rate of Interest: 9
AXIS a=new AXIS();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+i.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest());
} } drkkbaseer@gmail.com 29
Cont..
• There are situations in which you will want to define a
superclass that declares the structure of a given abstraction
without providing a complete implementation of every
method.
• Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details
and showing only functionality to the user.
• A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as
abstract class in java. It can have abstract and non-abstract
methods (method with body).
• Another way, it shows only important things to the user and
hides the internal details for example sending sms, you just
type the text and send the message. You don't know the
internal processing about the message delivery.
Note: Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead
of how it does it. Cont..
Ways to achieve Abstraction
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java
1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
2. Interface (100%)
Abstract class
• A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class.
It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It
cannot be instantiated.
• Example:
abstract class A{}
abstract method
A method that is declared as abstract and does not have
implementation is known as abstract method.
Cont..
// A Simple demonstration of abstract.
abstract class A {
abstract void callme();
// concrete methods are still allowed in abstract classes
void callmetoo() {
System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");
}}
class B extends A {
void callme() {
System.out.println("B's implementation of callme.");
}}
class AbstractDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
B b = new B();
b.callme();
b.callmetoo();
}} drkkbaseer@gmail.com 32
Cont..
Note:
1. An abstract class can have data member, abstract method,
method body, constructor and even main() method.
2. If there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be
abstract.
3. If you are extending any abstract class that have abstract
method, you must either provide the implementation of the
method or make this class abstract.
Cont..
Scenario: 1
Shape is the abstract class, its implementation is provided by
the Rectangle and Circle classes. Mostly, we don't know about
the implementation class (i.e. hidden to the end user) and
object of the implementation class is provided by the factory
method. draw()
Scenario: 2
Bank is the abstract class, its implementation is provided by
the ICICI and SBI classes. Return of interest
abstract class Shape{ Cont..
abstract void draw();
}
//In real scenario, implementation is provided by others i.e. unkno
wn by end user
class Rectangle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle1 extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}
//In real scenario, method is called by programmer or user
class TestAbstraction1{
Shape s=new Circle1();
//In real scenario, object is provided through method e.g. getShape() method
s.draw();
}
}
abstract class Bank{ Cont..
abstract int getRateOfInterest();
}
class SBI extends Bank{
}
class PNB extends Bank{
}
class TestBank{
Bank b;
b=new SBI();
System.out.println("Rate of Interest is: "+b.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
b=new PNB();
System.out.println("Rate of Interest is: "+b.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
}}
UNIT-II
Chapter-I
Inheritance:
 Super keyword
Final Keyword in Java
The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java
final keyword can be used in many context. Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class
Cont..
Example of final variable

class Bike9{
final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
void run(){
speedlimit=400;
}
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
obj.run();
} }//end of class
Output: Compile Time Error
Cont..
Example of final method
class Bike{
final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Honda extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph"
);}
Honda honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
} }
Test it Now
Note: Using final keyword, prevent Method Overriding.
Cont..
Example of final class
final class Bike{}
class Honda1 extends Bike{

void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");
}
Honda1 honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
} }
Test it Now
Uses:
• If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the
value of final variable (It will be constant).
• If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
• If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.
Cont..
Is final method inherited?
Ans.) Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it.
For Example:
class Bike{
final void run(){
System.out.println("running...");}
}
class Honda2 extends Bike{
new Honda2().run();
} }
Test it Now
Output: running...

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UNIT-II

No. Object Class

4) Object is created Class is declared using class

No. Object Class

6) Object allocates memory Class doesn't allocated memory

7) There are many ways to There is only one way to define

drkkbaseer@gmail.com More details 3

Object Oriented Concepts

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

Member Access and Inheritance

Usage of super Keyword

Note: Multiple inheritance is not supported in java through class.

No. Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading is used to Method overriding is used to provide the

Example of final variable

Output: Compile Time Error

class Honda1 extends Bike{

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