PTS 33.64.00.

11
JULY 2011
PAGE 1

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

MANUAL

Lightning Protection System (LPS)

(Supplement to IEC 62305)

PTS 33.64.00.11

JULY 2011
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 2011PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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PAGE 2

PTS Circular
2011 – 1

PTS No: 33.64.00.11

PTS Title: Lightning Protection System

This new PTS 33.64.00.11 – Lightning Protection System (July 2011) has been reviewed and updated
to incorporate PETRONAS Lessons Learnt, Best Practice and new information issued by relevant
industry code and standards.

Document Approval
Name Designation Date Signature

Prepared Ir Ishak Hamzah Principal Engineer, PCSB

Custodian,Electrical
Approved Ir M Faudzi M Yasir
Engineering, GTS.

Manager, Electrical
Reviewed Zaidi Md Arus
Engineering, GTS.

Verified V R Harindran General Manager, GTS

Senior General Manager,

Endorsed Pau Kiew Huai
GTS

Revision History
Rev No. Reviewed by Approved by Date
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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PREFACE

Petronas Technical Standards (PTS) are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with
the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate
they are based on, or reference is made to, national and international standards and codes of practice.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice applied by PETRONAS in
oil and gas production facilities, oil refinery, gas processing, chemical plants, marketing facilities or any
other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from
standardization.

The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to
implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every requirement or diversity of
condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual
operating units to adapt the information set forth in PTS to their own environment and requirements.

When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for the quality of
work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those
requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and
engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the PTS. If in doubt,
the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the
Principal or its technical advisor.

The right to use PTS rests with three categories of users:

1) PETRONAS and its affiliates.

2) Other parties who are authorised to use PTS subject to appropriate contractual arrangements.

3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to

under 1) and 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work
performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users,
PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death)
suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application
or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or any part thereof. The benefit of this disclaimer shall
inure in all respects to PETRONAS and/or any company affiliated to PETRONAS that may issue PTS or
require the use of PTS.

Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect to confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed by users to
any company or person whomsoever and the PTSs shall be used exclusively for the purpose they have
been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies, which shall only be
made by users with the express prior written consent of PETRONAS. The copyright of PTS vests in
PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held in safe custody and PETRONAS may at any time
require information satisfactory to PETRONAS in order to ascertain how users implement this
requirement.
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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PAGE 4

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 SCOPE 5
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 5
1.3 DEFINITIONS 5
1.4 CROSS REFERENCES 8
2.0 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS (LPS) 9
2.1 AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM 9
2.2 DOWN CONDUCTOR SYSTEM 9
2.3 EARTH TERMINATION SYSTEM 9
3.0 LIGHTNING PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 10
3.1 GENERAL 10
3.2 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AND WORKSHOP 10
3.3 PROCESS AREA 10
3.4 STORAGE TANKS 11
3.5 UTILITIES AREA 11
3.6 PUBLIC AREA 13
3.7 OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS 13
3.8 SHIPS / VESSELS 14
3.9 INSTRUMENTATIONS 14
4.0 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING 15
4.1 RISK 15
4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 15
5.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING 16
5.1 INSPECTION 16
5.2 TESTING 16
5.3 DETERIORATION 17
5.4 TESTING CONTINUTITY AND EFFICACY OF CONDUCTORS AND JOINTS 17
6.0 MAINTENANCE 17
6.1 MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP 17
6.2 RECORDS 17
7.0 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 19
8.0 STANDARD DRAWINGS 19
9.0 COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION 20
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE
This PTS specify the minimum technical requirements for lightning protection system (LPS) for use in
oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and production and supply/marketing.
LPS shall comply with IEC 62305, as relevant and as supplemented by this PTS to the following latest
IEC publications:-
- IEC Publication 62305-1 2006 (Protection against lightning-General Principle)
- IEC Publication 62305-2 2006 (Protection against lightning-Risk Management)
- IEC Publication 62305-3 2006 (Protection against lightning-Physical damage to structures and
life hazard)
- IEC Publication 62305-4 2006 (Protection against lightning-electrical and electronic system
within structure)
- IEC Publication 62305-5 2006 (Services)

1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Unless otherwise authorised by PETRONAS, the distribution of this PTS is confined to companies
forming part of PETRONAS or managed by a Group company, and to Contractors nominated by them.

This PTS is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and production
facilities and supply/marketing facilities.

If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements may be more stringent than in
this PTS, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the requirements are the more
stringent and which combination of requirements will be acceptable as regards safety, environmental,
economic and legal aspects. In all cases the Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from
the requirements of this PTS which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or
local regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the object of
obtaining agreement to follow this PTS as closely as possible.

1.3 DEFINITIONS

Lightning protection system LPS Complete system used to reduce physical damage due to
lightning flashes to a structure

External lightning protection system Part of the LPS consisting of an air-termination system, a down-
conductor system and an earth-termination system

Internal lightning protection system Part of the LPS consisting of lightning equipotential bonding
and/or electrical insulation of external LPS

Air-termination system Part of an external LPS using metallic elements such as rods,
mesh conductors or catenary wires intended to intercept
lightning flashes
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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Down-conductor system Part of an external LPS intended to conduct lightning current

from the air-termination system to the earth-termination system

Earth-termination system Part of an external LPS, which is intended to conduct and

disperse lightning current into the earth

Earth electrode Part or a group of parts of the earth-termination system, which

provides direct electrical contact with the earth and disperses
the lightning current into the earth

Earth Ring Earthing electrode forming a closed loop around the structure
below or on the surface of the earth

Natural component of LPS Conductive component installed not specifically for lightning
protection which can be used in addition to the LPS or in some
cases, could provide the function of one or more parts of the
LPS

NOTE: Examples of the use of this term include:

- natural air-termination;
- natural down-conductor;
- natural earthing electrode

Dangerous sparking Electrical discharge due to lightning which causes physical

damage in the structure to be protected

Separation distance Distance between two conductive parts at which no dangerous

sparking can occur

Surge protective device SPD Device that is intended to limit transient overvoltages and divert
surge currents. It contains at least one non-linear component

Test joint Joint designed to facilitate electrical testing and measurement of

LPS components

Lightning protection zone LPZ Zone where the lightning electromagnetic environment is
defined

NOTE: The zone boundaries of an LPZ are not necessarily

physical boundaries (e.g. walls, floor and ceiling).

Lightning equipotential bonding Bonding to LPS of separated metallic parts, by direct conductive
connections or via surge protective devices, to reduce potential
differences caused by lightning current

Direct stroke lightning The electric current and energy deposited by a lightning
stroke can be sufficiently high to melt thin metallic
components and destroy electronic components if they are
not designed to propogate to ground or divert the energy.
 PTS 33.64.00.11
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Indirect lightning stroke In addition to direct-stroke-lightning, the abrupt change in the

electrical field caused by a lightning stroke can cause
secondary sparking at equipment that is relatively remote
from the direct stroke. These induced charges or sparks
usually occur when an insulated metallic body is present.

Hazardous Area An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is or may be

expected to be present in quantities such as to require special
precautions for the construction, installation and use of electrical
apparatus.
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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1.4 CROSS REFERENCES

Where cross-references to other parts of this PTS are made, the referenced section number is shown in
brackets. Other documents referenced in this PTS are listed in item 7(REFERENCE DOCUMENT).
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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PAGE 9

2.0 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS)

Lightning protection system (LPS) is a system consists of air terminal, down conductor and earth
termination. Its function is to divert to itself a lightning discharge, which might otherwise strike a
vulnerable part of the structure to be protected, and to disperse the current safely to earth.

2.1 AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM

Air termination networks may consist of vertical or horizontal conductors or combinations of both.

In any events that required installation of non conventional air terminal e.g ESE, DAS, SLE etc, study
shall be performed and approved by principal. Lightning protection utilizing radioactive means shall not
be used.

For structures with explosive or highly flammable contents, the used of horizontal catenary wire is
recommended.

2.2 DOWN CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

The function of a down conductor is to provide a low impedance path from the air termination to the earth
electrode so that the lightning current can be safely conducted to earth.

2.2.1 Recommended number

The position and spacing of down conductors on large structures is often governed by architectural
convenience. However, there should be one down conductor for each 20 m or part thereof of the
perimeter at roof level or ground level, whichever is the greater. Structures over 20 m high should have
one per 10 m or part thereof.

2.2.2 Construction
The down-conductors shall be installed so that, as far as practicable, they form a direct continuation
between the air termination network and the earth termination network. Lightning equipotential bonding
connections shall be made as direct and straight as possible (no pigtail).

2.2.3 Test joints

For tall structures, where testing and inspection are potentially difficult, consideration should be given to
providing a means for testing the continuity of the system. At least two down conductors will be needed
for such tests.

For measuring purposes, the joint shall be capable of being opened with the aid of a tool. In normal use it
shall remain closed to avoid any unauthorized interference.

Nameplates indicating position, number and type of electrodes should be fitted above each test point.

2.3 EARTH TERMINATION SYSTEM

2.3.1 Resistance to earth

An earth electrode should be connected to each down conductor. Each of these earths should have a
resistance (in ohms) not exceeding the product given by 10 times the number of earth electrodes to be
provided. The whole of the earth termination network should have a combined resistance to earth not
exceeding 10 ohm without taking account of any bonding to other services.

For the purpose of facilitating a low impedance lightning discharge to earth, earth electrodes shall be
located near the base of elevated structures requiring lightning protection. The electrode(s) shall be
connected to the structure to be protected and interconnected with the plant earth ring by 70 mm² earth
cables.

The combined resistance to the general mass of earth of the electrodes provided for lightning protection
shall not exceed 10when isolated from the plant earth ring.
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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Mesh earthing grid system shall be provided for the local shed and public assembly area for equipotential
during lightning.

3.0 LIGHTNING PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

1
3.1 GENERAL
Lightning protection systems shall be installed if required in accordance with local regulations. In the
absence of such regulations, the need for lightning protection shall be determined, and the system,
where required, shall be designed and installed in accordance with IEC 62305.

Dedicated LPS for each of the followings facilities shall be designed and installed accordingly:-
- Administration Building and Workshop
- Process Area
- Storage Tanks
- Utilities Area
- Public Area
- Offshore Installations
- Ships/Vessels
- Instrumentations
For the purpose of facilitating a low impedance lightning discharge to earth, earth electrodes shall be
located near the base of elevated structures requiring lightning protection. The electrode(s) shall be
connected to the structure to be protected and interconnected with the plant earth ring by 70 mm² earth
cables.

The combined resistance to the general mass of earth of the electrodes provided for lightning protection
shall not exceed 10 ohm when isolated from the plant earth ring.

Metal structures, e.g. tanks, vessels, etc., do not require additional protection beyond the earthing
requirements.

3.2 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AND WORKSHOP

2
3.2.1 Buildings/warehouses
Buildings not associated with plants – offices, warehouses etc. IEC 62305 is to be followed. In general,
only the following will required protection:
-5
- Buildings with a risk factor greater than 10 .
- Buildings in exposed geographical locations for example, on high ground.
- Buildings containing very vulnerable or valuable contents .

3.3 PROCESS AREA

3.3.1 Process vent stack

Process vent stack for hydrocarbon facilities should be installed with air terminal and the air terminal
shall be extended away of hazardous zone radius.
Flashback protection or other means of prevention of flame propagation shall be considered for
atmospheric process vent where the potential flammable gas release and ignition during lightning
storm.
Snuffing system shall be considered for installation in the event of vent stack caught fire.
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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PAGE 11
3.3.2 Onshore Receiving Facilities
Lightning protection system shall be designed for installation as it is an open area and having risk in
caught fire when strike by lightning. Horizontal air terminal i.e mesh wire grid is recommended for this
area.

3.4 STORAGE TANKS

3.4.1 Open Floating Roof Tanks

3.4.1.1 Air Termination

Air termination shall be considered for floating roof tanks with hydrocarbon or petrochemical inventory if
the following conditions are not satisfied:
1. Meeting the wall thickness as specified by API
2. Electrical continuity of the tank structure
3. No hydrocarbon vapor release

A tight seal and properly designed shunt bonding is the most effective defense against ignition by
lightning stroke. In the event this is not achievable, LPS shall be designed and installed accordingly.
For type of air termination, refer to section 2.1 above and it shall be away from the classified
hazardous area.
3
3.4.1.2 Earthing
The earthing system for floating roof tank above ground shall be designed in accordance to
recommended practice of API 545. Shunts shall be provided and placed every 3 m maximum on the
circumference of the roof for good bonding between floating roof and tank shell. The shunt shall be
spring loaded type to provide continuous electrical path. Submerge shunts shall be employed
subjected to approval by principal. Good and proven shunt shall be used which shall not generate a
spark in an area likely to ignite vapor.
Enhanced shunt bonding device between roof and shell shall be used which should provide
continuous conducting path (no breakage) throughout service life.
Installation of an earthing cable along the access ladder to the roof is necessary.

The number of earthing points for the tank shall be in accordance to PTS 34.51.01.31.

3.4.2 Fixed Roof & Horizontal Tank

These types of tanks that are maintained in good condition are generally protected from damage by
direct-stroke lightning and ignition of its content, if all metal components are in good bonding contact.
Metallic tanks with no conducting roofs cannot be considered protected from direct-stroke lightning.
However, these tanks can be provided with a metal covering of adequate thickness not less than
5mm, which is in contact with shell or provided with a lightning protection system.
3.4.3 Internal Floating Roof Tank
Conductive steel roofs with internal floating deck inherently protected by internal ignition from lightning
induced sparking.
However, the floating roof/deck is shall be bonded to the shell for protection against electrostatic
charges build-up due to product flow.

Standard Drawings
Earthing and bonding details for floating roof tanks S 51103d00
Earthing and bonding details for fixed roof tanks with floating screen S 51072c00

3.5 UTILITIES AREA

4
3.5.1 Outdoor switchgear installations
The substation neutral system earth(s) and all metal supporting structures and equipment shall be
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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PAGE 12
earthed to the substation earthing system.

The perimeter fence shall be earthed at regular intervals (maximum -50 m) by means of earth electrodes
directly connected to it.

Note: The perimeted fence earthing shall be bonded to the substation earting so as to avoid the
danger of touch voltage.

If the need for lightning protection is determined in accordance with (3.1), protection against direct
lightning strikes shall be provided by means of overhead earth wires and/or lightning rods attached to the
substation structures.
The substation equipment shall be protected against lightning and switching over voltages by lightning
arresters.

5
3.5.2 Plant Telecommunication

3.5.2.1 Exchange
The exchange include main distribution frame (MDF), etc shall be equipped with lightning arresters for all
conductors or cables coming from outside the building.

Where there is a possibility of direct lightning surge to telephone handsets, telefax or a modem for digital
equipment, consideration should be given for installation of suitable arresters such as gas filled arresters,
metal oxide varistors, transzorbs.
6
3.5.2.2 CCTV System Design –Transmission
The cable selection, earthing and lightning protection, PTS 32.37.20.10 Instrument Signal Lines shall be
applied.

3.5.3 Communication Tower

Communication tower shall be fitted with lightning air terminal which shall be at least 1 meter above the
topmost part of the tower. In the event there is no structure electrical continuity, copper conductor with
cross sectional area of 70 mm.sq may be used to connect the lightning air terminal at the top of the tower
to the earth electrodes at the base of the tower. The copper strips/bars or cables shall be laid on the
diagonal legs of the tower and shall be clamped along the tower.

For offshore facilities, in the event of communication tower is provided taller than other structure, air
terminal shall be designed and installed accordingly.

3.5.4 Transmission Line System

3.5.4.1 Lightning Strike

During a lightning strike on a tower, the soil potential is increased significantly around the grounding
tower. This potential rise can reach several hundred kVs. In order to protect a pipeline in the vicinity
against a direct arc originating from the metallic parts of the earthing system of the tower, it is necessary
to maintain a minimum separation distance which is dependent upon soil resistivity and the geometrical
configuration of the tower earthing system.

3.5.4.2 Protection Of Insulating Joints

The electric stresses which can occur in pipelines due to lightning strikes and power faults can still exist
at locations remote from the fault occurrences depending upon the coating resistance. For high surge
currents it can develop for several tens of kilometres with high resistivity coatings (PE or FBE). It is
therefore necessary to prevent any possibility of arc strikes across insulating joints. For this the upstream
side of the insulating joint should be earthed directly through Zn ribbon or through surge arresters.
7
3.5.4.3 Overhead lines
Protection against the effects of lightning by means of earth wires and lightning arresters (surge
diverters) shall be provided. Earth wires may be omitted only after approval by the Principal. Lightning
arresters shall be provided with counters. Conductors, insulators, support and all related equipment shall
 PTS 70.79.10.11
FEBRUARY 2009
PAGE 13
be designed to provide adequate protection against the adverse effects of all prevailing site conditions,
8
e.g. lightning, icing, polluting atmospheres etc.

Lightning arresters complying with IEC 60099-1 shall be installed at every cable termination and at every
equipment connection point, e.g. transformer tee-off .The current rating of lightning arresters shall be
selected to suit the system short circuit rating, and the voltage rating shall be determined as part of the
9
insulation co-ordination, in accordance with IEC 60071.

All conducting support structures shall be earthed at the foot of the support, as shall all apparatus
mounted on non-conducting support structures. The earth electrodes should have a maximum resistance
10
of 10 to the general mass of earth.

11
3.5.5 Surge arresters for Power transformers
If specified in the Requisition, transformers shall be equipped with suitable surge arresters, complying
with IEC 60099-1. This equipment shall be mounted on the transformer.
12
3.5.6 External stack protection - Lightning conductor
The final lightning conductor shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the IP Model
Code of Safe Practice, Part I: Electrical Safety Code. For inspection purposes, the connection strip of the
lightning conductor shall be located near the cage ladder.
During construction, provisions shall be made for a temporary lightning conductor system. This temporary
lightning system shall be built up by casting in additional 16 mm diameter, vertical and horizontal
reinforcement bars of FEB 220 HW quality, which should be welded forming a cage connected to the
reinforcement of piles or to earth rods.

3.6 PUBLIC AREA

13
3.6.1 Plant perimeter fencing
The wire should be earthed at intervals by clamping them to metal uprights or suitable conductors. The
intervals should be about 150 m where the soil is permanently damp and 75 m where the soil is dry.
The continuity of the wires of any fence shall be broken at intervals not exceeding 300 m by wooden
gates or by gaps at least 60 cm wide filled with non-metallic materials of adequate strength.
14
3.6.2 Metallic Guy Ropes
Metallic guy ropes used for supporting metallic or non-metallic stacks or other structures shall be bonded
at their upper ends to the stack or structure if metallic, or to the lightning protective system in the case of
non-metallic stacks or structures. The lower end of each guy rope shall be directly earthed. Where a guy
rope is comprised of two ropes in parallel, they shall be bonded together at the upper and lower ends and
then treated as one rope.

15
3.6.3 Interconnection to other Earthing Systems
Lightning electrode(s) shall be interconnected with the plant earth ring by 70 mm² earth cables. The
instrument earthing systems and the electrical earthing systems should be interconnected by a 100 V
surge arrester to prevent the occurrence of high potential differences between two separate earthing
systems.

3.7 OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS

3.7.1 Air Terminal

Air Terminal for offshore structures either fixed or mobile are not recommended to install considering
the whole structure is made from conductive steel and has good electrical path to discharge the
lightning current safely to the ground.
16
3.7.2 Earth Electrodes
The steel deck and structure of an offshore installation is an inherently very low impedance structure
capable of conducting earth fault currents without giving rise to sparks or dangerous potential differences.
Good electrical continuity is achieved by intimate metal to metal contact through equipment fixing bolts,
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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PAGE 14
clamping, rivetting or by welding, such that earth bonding cables need not be used between pieces of
non-electrical equipment and between equipment and the steel deck.

Steelworks of the structural legs which are buried into the seabed are considered to be the earth
17
electrode for offshore platforms.
18
3.8 SHIPS/VESSELS
19
3.8.1 Lightning Ground Conductors
Each wooden mast or topmost is to be fitted-with lightning ground conductors. They need not be fitted to
steel masts.
20
3.8.2 Grounding of Cable Metallic covering
Each armoured cable and each mineral insulated metal sheathed cable is to have the metallic covering
electrically and mechanically continuous and grounded to the metal hull at each end of the run except
that final subcircuits may be grounded at the supply end only.

3.8.3 Earthing
Where not obtained through normal construction, arrangements are to be provided to effectively ground
all machinery, metal structures of derricks, masts and helicopter decks.
21
3.9 INSTRUMENTATION

3.9.1 General
The protective measures for instruments against lightning should be based on the assumption that plants
are equipped with protective measures against lightning strikes as defined in PTS 33.64.10.10, the
recommendations in which are largely based on IEC 62305.
In an early stage of the detailed engineering, those instruments and cable-routes located in unprotected
areas shall be identified.
The proposed method of protection to minimise the damage caused by lightning shall be issued for
approval by the Principal (for 'protected areas' see 3.17.2).
Protective devices shall be selected in line with the hazardous area classification of the instrument
equipment.

3.9.2 Instrumentation in the field

3.9.2.1 Protected equipment and cabling

Instrument equipment and cables should, where feasible, be located and routed such that to some extent
protection is obtained by means of conductors such as earthed structural steel and/or dedicated lightning
conductors. Equipment and cabling installed in such a "protected" area are protected for direct
discharges to earth. Together with common practices such as the use of twisted pairs, screening,
armouring and proper earthing to reduce the induction effect, no additional protection should be required.
Cables in "non-protected" areas such as telephone lines, data cables to computers, terminals (VDU's),
power supply cables, etc., require protection (see below).

3.9.2.2 Non-protected equipment and cabling

Instrument equipment located at high points or in open areas exposed to lightning, such as the top of
structures or tanks in tank farms etc., or connected to non-protected cables, shall be provided with
lightning arresters for protection.
A lightning arrester shall exist of a gas tube/varistor/zener diode combination approved by the Principal.
Devices with fuses shall not be applied.
For field instruments such as tank level gauges, telemetry systems, local multiplexers, etc. advice on
lightning protection should be obtained from the instrument manufacturer.
Long communication lines should preferably be fibre glass cabling For coaxial cables or twisted pair,
galvanic isolation should be used. Lightning arresters shall be applied on both sides.

3.9.3 Power supplies

Any lightning protection of the mains power supply, including the distribution boards, is outside the scope
of this manual. The Electrical Engineering department should be consulted.
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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3.9.4 Earthing systems
Across the HF choke, installed between instrument earth and safety earth, a suitable lightning arrester
shall be installed capable of handling discharge currents of at least 10 kA and limiting the voltage to 100
V maximum.

3.9.5 Surge Protection Device

The electrical, electronic and communication equipments shall be installed with SPD for protection
against surges due to lightning strike.
Selection and installation of a coordinated SPD protection shall comply with:
 IEC 61643-12 and IEC 60364-5-53 for protection of power systems,
 IEC 61643-22 for protection of telecommunications and signaling systems.
Some basic information about the selection and installation of a coordinated SPD protection is given in
IEC62305-4 Annex D.

4.0 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

4.1 RISK

Structures with inherent fire and explosive risks, e.g. oil and gas plants, petrochemicals plants, stores
and fuel tanks, usually need the highest possible class of lightning protection system and
recommendations for protecting such structures. For all other structures, the standard of protection
recommended in IEC 62305 and this document are applicable. In many cases, the need for protection
may be self-evident, for example:

a) where large numbers of people congregate;

b) where essential public services are concerned;
c) where the area is one in which lightning is prevalent;
d) where there are very tall or isolated structures;
e) where there are structures of historic or cultural importance;
f) where there are structures with explosive or flammable contents.

However, some factors cannot be assessed and these may override all other considerations. For
example, a desire that there should be no avoidable risk to life or that the occupants of a building should
always feel safe may decide the question in favour of protection, even though it would normally be
accepted that there was no need. No guidance can be given in such matters but an assessment can be
made taking account of the exposure risk (that is the risk of the structure being struck) and the following
factors:

a) the use to which the structure is put;

b) the nature of its construction;
c) the value of its contents or consequential effects;
d) the location of the structure;
e) the height of the structure (in the case of composite structures, the overall height).

The probability of a structure or building being struck by lightning in any one year shall be calculated
based on parameters as spelled out in IEC 62305-2..

4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The lightning protection zone (LPZ) shall be established and select the type of lightning protection for the
plant or structures. The drawings and specifications lightning protection system shall be prepared taking
into account the recommendations of this document. The design shall emphasize the earthing system for
the safe discharging the lightning current for any direct and indirect lightning strokes.

In the case of structures having no suitable metallic members, it is important to consider the positioning
of all the component parts of the lightning protection system so that they perform their function without
detracting from the appearance of the structure.
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Modern buildings use metal extensively in their structure and there is considerable benefit in utilizing
such metal parts to maximize the number of parallel conducting paths; often the lightning protection is
improved, worthwhile cost savings may result and the aesthetic appearance of the structure preserved.
However, it should be borne in mind that a lightning strike to such a metal part, especially if it is beneath
the surface, may damage the covering and cause masonry to fall. This risk can be reduced, but not
eliminated, by use of a surface-mounted lightning protection system.

Examples of metal parts which should be incorporated into lightning protection systems are steel frames,
concrete reinforcing bars, metal in or on a roof, window cleaning rails and handrails. Some metal within a
structure may be used as a component of the lightning protection system; for example, sheet piling, being
in contact with the general mass of earth, may be used as an earth electrode and is unlikely to be
improved upon by the addition of rods or tapes.

The whole structure should be provided with a fully interconnected lightning protection system, i.e. no
part of the structure should be protected in isolation. The design of lightning protection system shall
establish the appropriate Surge Protection Devices (SPD) to be installed in the plants equipment to avoid
the damage during lightning.

5.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING

5.1 INSPECTION

All lightning protection systems should be visually inspected by a competent person during installation,
after completion and after alteration or extension, in order to verify that they conform to the
recommendations in this code. Visual inspections should be repeated at fixed intervals, preferably not
exceeding 12 months.

In addition, the mechanical condition of all conductors, bonds, joints and earth electrodes (including
reference electrodes) should be checked and the observations noted. If, for any reason, such as other
site works, it is temporarily not possible to inspect certain parts of the installation, this should also be
noted.

During periodic inspection of the lightning protection system, the bonding of any recently added services
should be checked to ensure it is in accordance with the recommendations of this code.

All lightning protective systems shall be examined by a competent engineer after completion, alteration or
extension, in order to verify that they are in accordance with recommendations ofthis code. A routine
inspection shall be made at least once a year.

5.2 TESTING

On completion of the installation, or of any of the modification, the resistance of each termination or
section thereof shall, if possible, be measured and the continuity of all the conductors and the efficiency
of all the bonds and joints shall be verified.

This test shall be repeated at intervals of one year preferably before monsoon. In the case of structures
housing explosive or inflammable materials, the interval shall be six months.

The actual procedure adopted for the test shall be recorded in detail so that future tests may be carried
out under similar conditions. The highest value of resistance measured shall be noted as the resistance
of the earth termination. The results of the test, together with the condition of the soil and details of
salting or other soil treatment, should be recorded.

The record shall also contain particulars of the engineer, contractor or owner responsible for the
installation and/or upkeep of the lightning protective system. Details of additions or alterations to the
system, and dates of testing together with the test results and reports, shall be carefully recorded.

A standard form to be used for earthing inspection/rectification report is given in Appendix 6.

The resistance to earth of each local earth electrode and in addition the resistance to earth of the
complete earth termination system. Each local earth electrode should be measured in isolation with the
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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test point between the down conductor and earth electrode in the disconnected position (isolated
measurement).

A further measurement should be taken with the test point in the connected position (combined
measurement). If there are any significant differences in the measurements in relation to other positions,
the reason for such differences should be investigated.

The results of a visual check of all conductors, bonds and joints or their measured electrical continuity.
The recommended method of testing is given in BS 7430.

If the resistance to earth of a lightning protection system exceeds 10 ohm, the value should be reduced,
except for structures on rock. If the resistance is less than 10 ohm but significantly higher than the
previous reading, the cause should be investigated and any necessary remedial action taken. Tests
should be repeated at fixed intervals, preferably not exceeding 12 months.

NOTE 1 It may be advantageous to choose a period slightly shorter than 12 months in order to vary the season in which tests are
made.

NOTE 2 It is emphasized that before disconnecting a lightning protection earth, it should be tested to ensure that it is not “live”,
using a sensitive voltage testing device.

5.3 DETERIORATION
If the resistance to earth of a lightning protective system or any section of it exceeds the lowest value
obtained at the first installation by more than 100 %, appropriate steps shall be taken to ascertain the
causes and to remedy the defects, if any.

5.4 TESTING CONTINUITY AND EFFICACY OF CONDUCTORS AND JOINTS

The ohmic resistance of the lightning conductor system complete with air termination, but without the
earth connection should be measured and this should be about 0.5. If it exceeds 1, then there shall
be some fault either electrical or mechanical, which shall be inspected and the defect rectified.

For this system the system is best divided into convenient sections at testing points by suitable joints. A
continuous current of about 10 A shall be passed through the portion of the system under test and the
resistance verified against its calculated or recorded value. Suitable portable precision testing sets for
this purpose should be used. The greatest care shall be taken for the condition of joints and to measure
their resistance accurately. The resistance of a joint shall not exceed 0.5 m.

6.0 MAINTENANCE

6.1 MAINTENANCE AND UP KEEP

The periodic inspections and tests recommended to be done annually. Particular attention should be
given to the following:
a) earthing;
b) evidence of corrosion or conditions likely to lead to corrosion;
c) alterations and additions to the structure which may affect the lightning protection system
d) (e.g. changes in the use of a building, the installation of crane tracks or erection of radio and
television aerials).

6.2 RECORDS
The following records should be kept on site or by the person responsible for the upkeep of the
installation:

a) scale drawings showing the nature, dimensions, materials and position of all component parts of
the
b) lightning protection system;
c) the nature of the soil and any special earthing arrangements;
d) the type and position of the earth electrodes, including reference electrodes;
e) the test conditions and results obtained;
f) any alterations, additions or repairs to the system;
g) the name of the person responsible for the installation or its upkeep.
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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A label should be attached at the origin of the electrical installation, worded as follows:

“This structure is provided with a lightning protection system that is in accordance to IEC 62305 and
the bonding to other services and the main equipotential bonding should be maintained accordingly.”
 PTS 70.79.10.11
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7. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

In this specification reference is made to the following publications. Unless specifically designated by
date, the latest issue of each publication shall be used (together with any amendments/supplements/
revisions thereof)

Note:
In the situation where the latest issue is required to be applied, it is particularly important that the effect of
revisions to such publications shall be considered when they are used in conjunction with this manual.

1. API 545-A Verification of Lightning Protection Requirements for Aboveground Hydrocarbon

Storage Tanks, First Edition.
2. PTS 20.181 Earthing and Lightning Protection, July 1993

The following list represents specific references related to superscripted numbers appearing in the main
text:
1.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 6.5.4
2.
ICI EDG.CEE.02.03C, Section 7.4
3.
PTS 34.51.01.31, Section 4.4.2.4
4.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 7.1.2
5.
PTS 32.71.00.10, Section 3.2
6.
PTS 32.71.00.10, Section 6.5.4
7.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 4.7.9
8.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 5.9.1
9.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 5.9.6
10.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 7.3.9
11.
PTS 33.65.40.31, Section 6.4.13
12.
PTS 34.24.27.31, Section 7.2
13.
MS 939, Section 4.3
14.
BP CP 17, Pt 16, Section 4.7
15.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 6.5.4, 6.5.5
16.
PTS 33.64.10.10, Section 4.6.17.5
17.
PTS 20.083, Section 4.6.17.5
18.
ABS Part 4 Machinery Equipment & System
19.
ABS Part 4 Machinery Equipment & System, Section 4/5.139.9
20.
ABS Part 4 Machinery Equipment & System, Section 4/5.139.2
21.
PTS 32.37.20.10, Section 8

8. STANDARD DRAWINGS
In this manual reference is made to the following standard drawings, the latest issue of which
shall be used.

S 51103d00
S 51072c00
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9. COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION

The committee members who deliberated this PETRONAS Technical Standard consist of the following
PETRONAS’ Staffs:

No Name Operating Plant Unit

1. Ishak b Hamzah (Leader) PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd
2. Suria Irdayu bt Ahmad Zaidi (Secretariat) PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd
3. Md Razali b Abu Hassan (Member) Group Technology Solution
4. A Karim b A Rahman (Member) PETRONAS Gas Berhad
5. Faizah bt Othman (Member) PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd
6. A Wahid b Jafar (Member) PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd
7. Suriatee bt Saikhol Rosli (Member) Group Technology Solution
8. M Zaidi b Othman (Member) Group Technology Solution
9. Sarjit Singh (Member) Group Technology Solution
10. Nur Adilin bt Ahmad Puzi (Member) Group Technology Solution
11. M Akmal b Abu Taib (Member) Group Technology Solution
12. Yarman b Yahya (Member) Group Technology Solution
13. Nur Azra bt Azmi (Member) Group Technology Solution