01 - Introduction To Architectural Design

ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
Introduction to Design
This work is the property of Ar. Hilbert C. Mangonon. Always check the values given in this document against the original
references. For questions or corrections, contact the author at arhcmangonon@gmail.com.
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of Ar. Hilbert C. Mangonon. Always check the
values given in this document against the original references. For
questions or corrections, contact the author at
arhcmangonon@gmail.com.
COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE OUTLINE
Desired Learning Outcomes (DLO)
At the end of the unit, the students must have:
1. Learned the nature of architecture and discover their ability to manipulate basic
forms and shapes as basis of architectural form.
2. Learned the basis of architectural design, discover shapes and its translation into
mass and form.
3. Expressed their creativity and skill through manipulation of shapes and forms to
achieve an architectural composition.
COURSE OUTLINE
Course Content / Subject Matter
1. Basic form manipulation.
2. Design exercises stressing depth and volume.
3. Basic elements and principles of design application.
COURSE OUTLINE
Textbook / References
Van Uffelen, C. (2011). Façade greenery: contemporary landscaping. Braun Pub.
Dines, C. & Schwab, K.(2010). Sustainable site design: criteria, processes, and case
studies for integrating site and region landscape design. Hobokem. N.J.: Wiley.
Grant, R. (2007). From concept for form in landscape design, 2nd ed. Hoboken:, N.J.:
Wiley. VanDer Zanden, A. (2008). Landscape design theory and application. Australia:
Thomson. Crosbie, M, De Chiara, J. (2001). Time saver standards for building types.
Boston: McGrawHill.
COURSE OUTLINE
Watsons, Donald, Michael J. Crosbies (1998).
Time saver standards for architectural design data: the reference of architectural
fundamentals. 7th ed. New York:McGraw Hill (Latest Edition) Time saver standards
for landscape architecture: design and construction data. New York: McGraw. 1988
(Latest Edition)
Vallero, D. (2008). Sustainable design: the science of sustainability and green
engineering. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. _____ (2006). Urban Landscape Architecture. USA:
Loft Publication
COURSE OUTLINE
Bertauski, T. (2007). Plan Graphics for the Landscape Designer. New Jersey: Prentice
Hall.
Brett, W.S. (1957). Planning your Garden. London: Ward, Lock and Co. Ltd.
Ching, F.D.K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and
Sons.
Der Zanden, A. and Roadie, S. (2008). Landscape Design Theory and Application.
Australia: Thomson Delmar Learning
COURSE OUTLINE
Dines and Brown (2001). Landscape Architect’s Portable Handbook. New York: Mc
Graw Hill.
Hill, A.H. (1954). The Homeowner’s Guide to Landscape Architecture. New York: Mc
Graw Hill.
Hutchings, J.F. (1997). Builder’s Guide to Landscaping. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Littlewood, M. (1993). Landscape Detailing. Scotland: Butterworth-Heinmann Ltd.
Mori, Osamu (1962). Typical JapaneseGardens. Japan: Shibata Publishing.
COURSE OUTLINE
Assessment Task
1. Problem exercises (drafting)
2. Drafting solutions
COURSE OUTLINE
Method of Evaluation
Attendance is a must according to university regulations.
The requirements for each grading period shall be a minimum of 70% to obtain a
passing grade.
The highest percentage rating that may be given in any grading period is 99 and the
lowest passing grade is 75. Any grade lower than 75 is considered “Failed”.
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
1. ½ Vellum Cartolina
2. Triangles of various sizes: 45° and 30°/60° (adjustable triangle optional)
3. Wood pencils: HB / 2B leads
4. Mechanical drafting pencils: with 2B / HB / 2H leads
5. Sharpener for wood pencils
6. Technical Pens: .2, .3, .5, .8, 1.2 and black ink
7. Drafting tape
EQUIPMENT
8. Measuring scale: Triangular (not flat) 1:100 / 200 / 500 / 50
9. Compass with pen holder
10. Eraser: lead and ink
11. Erasing shield
12. Dusting shield
13. Circle templates: large and small
14. Plan and furniture templates: 1:50 / 100
15. French curves
EQUIPMENT
16. Matte knife and metal straight edges
17. Felt tip markers: fine and broad tip, black and colors
18. Appropriate briefcase or handbag to hold the mentioned equipment.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching pp.52-59
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Architectural Design 1 is the first important major subject in Architecture wherein the
basics of planning and designing is imparted to the students. This is the subject where
students are made to understand the facets of architecture. In this subject, the
students will begin to learn elementary principles of designing and applying them in
simple architectural design problems.
The subject covers discussions on Elements of Design, Principles of Design, Human
Measurements and Basic Architectural Programming.
ARCHITECTURE
DEFINED
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?
Architecture is generally both the process and the product of planning, designing, and
constructing buildings or any other structures. It is also defined as the art and science
of designing buildings, structures and other built environment in careful consideration
of its beauty, strength and function.
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?
Architecture. The ART and SCIENCE of DESIGNING and CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS.
Art (architecture) – the product or result of architectural work: buildings, collectively.
Science (architecture) – a style or method of building characteristic of a people, place
or time.
Designing (architecture) – the profession of designing buildings and other habitable
environments.
Constructing (architecture) – the conscious act of forming things resulting in a
unifying or coherent structure.
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
It is the concept that focuses on the components or elements of a structure or system
and unifies them into a coherent and functional whole, according to a particular
approach in achieving the objective(s) under the given constraints or limitations.
Architectural design basically employs three requisites:
(1) Aesthetics (Venustas) – the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art,
beauty, and taste, with a view to establishing the meaning and validity of critical
judgements concerning works of art. Also, esthetics.
(2) Function (Utilitas) – the natural or proper action for which something is designed,
used, or exist.
(3) Structure (Firmitas) – the organization of elements or parts in a complex system as

dominated by the general character of the whole.
The three requisites simply means that everything that is architecturally designed
must embody in itself beauty, use and the structure to which such object can be
constructed.
Design – related to “ composition”, “creation”, “conception”
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
Color – typically known as hue.
Line – as a geometric conception, a line is a point in motion, with only one dimension
- length. Line has both a position and a direction in space. The variables of line are:
size, shape, position, direction, number, interval and density. Points create lines, lines
create shapes or planes and volume.
Mass – a mass is a solid body or a grouping of visual elements (line, color, texture,
etc.) that compose a solid form. Volume is a three-dimensional form comprising
length, width, and depth. Three-dimensional forms contain points (vertices), lines
(edges), and planes (surfaces). A mass is the two-dimensional appearance of a three-
dimensional form.
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
Movement – also known as motion. This element portrays the act or process of
changing place or direction, orientation, and/or position through the visual illustration
of starting or stopping points, blurring of action, etc.
Space – a two-or three-dimensional element defined by other elements of design.
Texture – a technique used in two-dimensional design to replicate three-dimensional
surfaces through various drawing and media techniques. On three-dimensional
surfaces, it is experienced by touch or by visual experience.
Value – another word for the lightness or darkness of an area. Brightness measured in
relationship to a graded scale from white to black.
BASIC DESIGN
PRESENTATIONS
BASIC DESIGN PRESENTATIONS
Two-Dimensional Drawings - having only two dimensions, such as width and height
but no thickness. Squares, Circles, Triangles, etc. are two-dimensional objects. Also
known as "2D".
(1) Plan View

(2) Elevations (Front, Side, Rear Views)
(3) Sectional View
BASIC DESIGN PRESENTATIONS
Three-Dimensional Drawings - having three dimensions (such as height, width and
depth), like any object in the real world. Example: your body is three-dimensional.
Also known as "3D".
(1) Isometric Drawings

(2) Perspective Drawings
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the composition. Balance can
be achieved in three different ways:
(1) Symmetry, in which both sides of a composition have the same elements in the
same position, as in a mirror-image, or the two sides of a face.
(2) Asymmetry, in which the composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the
elements of art. For example, a large circle on one side of a composition might be
balanced by a small square on the other side.
(3) Radial symmetry, in which elements are equally spaced around a central point, as
in the spokes coming out of the hub of a bicycle tire.
Contrast is the difference between elements of design in a composition, such that
each element is made stronger in relation to the other. When placed next to each
other, contrasting elements command the viewer's attention. Areas of contrast are
among the first places that a viewer's eye is drawn. Contrast can be achieved by
juxtapositions of any of the elements of art. Negative/Positive space is an example of
contrast. Complementary colors placed side by side are an example of contrast.
Emphasis is when the designer creates an area of the composition that is visually
dominant and commands the viewer's attention. This is often achieved by contrast.
Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the viewer's
eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by diagonal
or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition,
by energetic mark-making.
Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the elements of design or any combination
thereof. Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition. Some classic
patterns are spirals, grids, weaves.
Rhythm is created by movement implied through the repetition of elements of art in a
non-uniform but organized way. It is related to rhythm in music. Unlike pattern, which
demands consistency, rhythm relies on variety. It is closely related to harmony.
Unity/Variety. Too much unity creates monotony, too much variety creates chaos.
END

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ARCHITECTURAL

(3) Structure (Firmitas) – the organization of elements or parts in a complex system as

Design – related to “ composition”, “creation”, “conception”

(1) Plan View

(1) Isometric Drawings

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