PRESSIBLECAKESIMULA

Simulation of Compressible
Cake Filtration
R. Holdich
Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University of Technology,
Loughborough, Leicestershire LEll 3TU, UK

The equations derived from modern filtration theory for compressible cake filtration at apparently
constant pressure have been programmed into a conventional computer spreadsheet package.
Simulations were then performed, including investigations of the effect of increasing the slurry
concentration before filtering, and the distribution of pressure between the filter medium and the
cake with increasing filtration time. When the medium resistance is finite the pressure drop across
the cake is not constant and, consequently, the cake concentration and specific resistance are
functions of time, and must be iteratively deduced. The cell formulas for the computer spreadsheet
are provided, together with example outputs from demonstration simulations.

S optimisation
imulation of a process is a powerful means to investigate the
of operating conditions. In constant pressure
cake filtration there may be a variety of choices open to the
filtration engineer, such as the pressure at which to operate, the
feed slurry concentration to which it is economically viable to pre-
thicken, the area needed etc. Simulation can be used to investigate
resistance and the values for the constitutive equations linking
filtration resistance (and cake concentration) to the cake forming
pressure. The resistance and concentration data can come from
some simple laboratory tests, conducted over a period of a day or
two, or from plant operating data if cake samples and filtrate rates
have been obtained at different operating pressures.
For the sake of completeness the equations, or model, on which
the simulation is based are detailed in the Appendix. It is not
necessary to read or understand this in order to use or program the
spreadsheet simulation into the spreadsheet package of the
reader’s choice. However, some appreciation of Equations 2 and 3
would be useful, since these involve four of the inputs required
(and mentioned above). The average specific resistance to
filtration, and average cake concentration by volume fraction,
vary as a power law with applied filtration pressure. The power law
exponents (m and n) and constants (Cc and oo) are necessary
inputs in cell rows 9 to 12, in this respective order.

Simulation resutta
After convergence of the numerical model, the following are known
with respect to filtration time:
Cumulative filtrate volume.
Instantaneous filtrate rate.
i.e. the filtration is thus treated as
Cake height.
being the filtration of an incompressible material.
However, this is not the case with a medium resistance that is Dry mass of solids in the filter cake.
nontrivial. At the start of the filtration most of the pressure drop is Wet mass of solids in the filter cake
across the medium, and the fraction of pressure drop going to form
Average cake concentration.
the filter cake must therefore increase steadily as the filter cake
grows. With a compressible material the cake concentration and Pressure drop across the cake.
specific resistance will also increase. Hence, paradoxically, a Pressure drop across the medium.
constant total pressure filtration does not provide a constant
Concentration profile of the cake.
pressure forming the filter cake. To simulate this an iterative
computer solution is required. With a modest amount of effort this From a process scale-up (or design) point of view, the first eight of
can be achieved on a standard computer spreadsheet package the above list are the most important; the concentration profile is
following the procedures given in this paper. on a second spreadsheet, and provides a useful visible illustration
Two spreadsheets are described here for the simulation of a of the filter cake that is produced.
compressible filter cake during constant total pressure filtration. The process engineer can use the spreadsheet to investigate, or
The first one, ‘filter throughput with time,’ is the most relevant to simulate, the effect of changing process parameters on filter
engineers concerned with the specification and optimisation of operation, including the effects of total filtration pressure, slurry
equipment, and is therefore described in the most detail. The concentration, liquid viscosity, filtration area and medium
second spreadsheet, ‘concentration profile,’ is illustrative of the resistance. In this way it is possible to use the spreadsheet to
state of the filter cake, and is derived from the calculations simulate filter performance, systematically investigating cause and
described in the first spreadsheet. It is therefore only illustrated in effect in order to arrive at the optimum requirement for a
this paper, but with the necessary additions to the first spreadsheet particular duty; this could be the driest cake, fastest filtration
given in order to achieve it if the reader requires this additional rate, lowest effective pressure to use etc.
information.
Spreadsheet 1: Fdter throughput with time
Inputs An example printout from the top of the spreadsheet for filtration
A mathematical simulation requires certain physical property data simulation with respect to time is given in Figure 1, together with
before numerical solutions can be made. The minimum data the cell equations for column E, rows 15- 32. This column contains
required are the total filtration pressure, feed slurry concentration, first the required input data from rows 3 to 13, and then the initial
solid and liquid densities, liquid viscosity, filter area, filter medium calculations required to set the iterative solution off after row 16.
Filtration & Separation December 1994 0015.1882/94/118$7 00 0 1994 Elsevler Science Ctd 825
 PRESSIBLE
CAKESIMULATION
A A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 E / F 0 ( II 1 I / J 1 K 1 L 1 M
1 FILTERWBl 0.36
2 INpuTs +*****I~****+**~*++*****~******~****~**
$ 0.3
2 Total pressuredrop: WOOOOPa
:0.25
~ 4 Shy concentration: 0.15 bymass
E 0.2
6 Solid density: 2650 kglmA3 2
g 0.15
6 Liquid density: 1000 kg/n+3 [cakehdaht 1
i 0.1
7 Liquid visc~.sity: 0.001 Pas
ii 0.05
6 Area offilter cell: 1 m*2
9 Pre&we exgonw in c4mcentration: 0.08
0 4ooo 6090 moo
10 Pressure.expownt in alphaequation: 0.5 Filtmtbr~time, s.
11 Constant in concentmtion equation: 0.15
12 constant in alpha equation: 4SE+O8
13 Medium resistance: 2E+12 l/m
14 C&CmAnD V&m& ++*+*******Ll**~*+t****,
16 Initial concentrationof slurry: 0.06243 v/v
16 Average cake concentration: 0.34664 v/v
17 Dry solidslfiltratevolmne: 201.8 l&&3
19 Averagealpha: 7.1E+lO mkj~
19 Exponent in height expmssion: 0.19048
20 Filtratevolume incmment: 0.009 ti3 0 4666 6666 12666
21 a: 71791.5 F6&atk~11
time, s.
22 b: 20000
s +++*++***+*#I*****+*****a **+****a +**+**w ******+:

k-----L

m
91 Filtrationtime (5): 0 180 371.277 573.851 moooo
26 FIRSTITERATION: h soooo
50
W Filtratevol (W3): 0 0.00873 0.01747 0.02622 L so000 ..^-..--- - ---_.. ---.
27
26
Fiie rate(mh3/s) 5E-05
Cake preaswe (Pa): 0
4.7EXS
5895.63
4.4E-05
11143.4
4.2E-05
15843.8
I
CL-
_-._. _._-”
_.,._..._..
40
._.________
2oooo _ _I..-...
.- ..--.-.-....._.
._.-,.._..
._ 20
29 cake cotlc (v/v): 0 0.27639 0.29083 0.29914
30 DrysolkWltrate: 0 213.734 210.681 209.094 0 0

51 Averagealph 0 1.7E+lO 2.4E+lO 2.8E+lO 0 4ooo sooo 12ooo

Flltra6011
Me, s.
53 News 0 18462.5 25020 29609
93 SECOND ITERATION:

Figure 1. Screen display for spreadsheet 1 and sample of cell

A:E15: l/(1+(1-E4)/E4’EYE6) equations - data input, initial calculations and iteration with
A:E16: +SE$11’(1$E$9)‘E3”$ES9 output graphs.
A:El7: 11((lSES4)@EW$ES6)-(l-E16~(El6*$ES5))
A:E16: +$E$12”(1_SE$lO)^E3”$E$lO
A:E19: +$A:$EdW(l -$Az$E$S-$A:$E$l 0)
A:E20: O.O09’E8
A:E21: +$E$7$E$l B*$E$17/(2’$EW2’$E$3)
A:E22: +$E$7’$E$l3’($EWSE$3) into lower rows to provide the number of iterations required. Six
I......... iterations are normally sufficient.
A:E23:
A:E24: +$E$2WD27+D24 At the end of the iterative process the various output
A:E26: (U’SQRT($E$22”2+4*$ESl*E24)-$E$22)/(2*$E$21) parameters require calculation: cake height, dry cake mass, wet
A:E27: l/($E$21*2’E26+$E$22) cake mass and fraction of pressure going to form the filter cake.
A:E26: +.$EW(l_SE$22%27) The total pressure is also listed for the purposes of graphical
A:E29: +$E$l 1l (l -$E$9)‘E28”$E$9 presentation. The cell formulas for the last iteration and the output
A:E30: l/((l-SE~y(SES4SE$6)-(l-E29)/(E290E$5)) calculations, for column E only, are given in Figure 2, together with
A:E31: +$E$12’(1 $E$l O)‘E26”$E$lO an example output. The example output is for the same data as
A:E32: +$E$7+E3O’E31/(2’$EW’2”$E$3) were used in Figure 1, and should be used to check the accuracy of
the spreadsheet after it has been typed in.
’ The most effective method of presenting the simulation data is
by means of a series of graphs. The effect of altering an input
At row 24 the filtration time is selected, based on the prevailing variable can be seen immediately when the graphs have been
filtrate rate, an arbitrary multiplier and the filter area (cells E24 ‘inserted’ onto the spreadsheet table. Insertion of a ‘floating’ graph
and E20). This is a flexible approach to take account of the vastly is a common facility in all modern spreadsheets. The three graphs
different filtrate rates that will be obtained from filters of differing inserted onto the spreadsheet illustrated in Figure 1 are all plotted
area. The multiplier in cell E20 can be altered if the time increment with respect to filtration time; the primary and secondary y-axes in
is found to be too great during, for example, continuous constant the three graphs are, respectively
pressure filtration. 0 the filtrate volume and cake height;
The first iteration for the filtration time of 371.277 seconds is
given in column E, rows 26 - 32. The calculations are similar for all 0 the masses of wet and dry cake, and the average cake
times before and after that given in column E. Hence the formula concentration (v/v) ;
entered for this column should be copied into other columns as 0 the pressure drop over the cake and in total, and the fraction of
required. The entire first iteration section also requires copying the total used over the cake.

626 December 1994 Filtration & Separation

 PRESSIBLE
CAKESIMULATION
As7oI
AI A) B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1 kE71:
A:m
69 1SIXTH ITERATION: As73
kE74:
70 Filtratevol (m”3): 0 0.00898 0.01837 AZ75
Filtratqrate (mA3/s) SE-05 5E-05 4.9E-05
A:E76:
71 Ami?
kE79:
72 dt/dV change (%): 0.00 0.04 0.09 A:E60:
A:EBl :
73 Cake pressure(Pa): 0 553.079 2050.56 kE92: SEX3
kE93: lOOW3/E82
74 Cake cone (v/v): 0 0.22872 0,254 A:E94: +E24/E70

76 Dry solids/filtrate: 0 227.575 219.378

76 Average alpha: 0 5.3E+O9 lE+lO
77 New a: 0 6021.04 11175.9

Cake height (mm): 0 3.79848 6.68676

Figure 2. Screen display for spreadsheet 1 and sample of cell
Dry cake (kg): 0 2.0425 4.03031 equations - final itaratiin and data output.
Wet cake (kg): 0 4.9722 9.01865
Total pressure (Pa): 100000 1OOOOO 100000
Fraction of total (% 0 0.55308 2.05056
t/V data (s/mA3): 0 20055.6 20209.3

These results provide an almost complete description of the concentration profile. This is a useful visual representation of the
filtration process, given the input conditions chosen. filter cake, which can be used to illustrate the effect of various
operating parameters on cake compressibility and the concentra-
Spreadsheet 2: Cake concentration profiles tion profile. This provides a fuller description of the filter cake than
The second spreadsheet is for the prediction of the cake the average concentration, by volume fraction, which was given as
concentration with distance from the filter medium, i.e. the an output in the earlier spreadsheet.

AI A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1 F 10 1 I+ 11 1 J 1 K 1 I. I M
f jPRO.WBl I
2 INpuTs **+****a +****+*r( +******a *lb****** ******a
l 200
3 Total pressuredrop: 1OOOOO Pa
4 Sluny concentration: 0.15 by mass E i I
6
6
Soliddensity:
Liquid density:
2650
1000
kg/@3
kg/&3
po
-----..--.
I------ .__.-_..,,_.-
-...------
.,
7
6
6
.lO
Liquidviscosity:
_AreaofBltercelk
Vesselheightorclearance:
presmmelxponentinconcentrat0~
0.001
1
0.19 m
0.08
Pas
I11”2
5
E 100 _._.___.
--__...,^..
_.___.-____._,
-... _.._
_______
_____
11 .Pltwure~inalphaequati~ 0.5
12 Constantin conoenaration
equation: 0.15
13 con&ant in alpha equation: 4.53+08
14 Medium- 2E+12 l/m
16 Cfi’JJLA-fED VALUES: **8+8++r(*t*l**+l WW+*I
16 hitialcoaamwionofshnry: 0.06243 v/v
17 Average cake wnwaation: 0.34664 v/v 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
16 Dry soli- volume: 201.8 k8k’3 Solid concentration, v/v.
18 Avexageaipha 7.1E+lO m/kg
50 &ponentinhe$htexpmssi~ 0.19048
21 Filtratevohune incremw: 0.02 &3 -0 -3600 -7200 -16606
22 8: 71791.5
33 b: 20000
--i 24 **+**+*~*****+*~****L***~*******~*******~*******~*********

3600 7200 10800

0.12443 0.20667 0.27282

2.6Jz-05 2E-05 1.7E-05
47181.5 59738.2 66200.6
0.32642 0.33264 0.33539
204.583 203.682 203.296

Figure 3. Screen display for sproadshwt 2 - data input, inltlal calculations and iteration with output graph.

Filtration & Separation December 1994 827

 PRESSIBLECAKESIMULATION
Output taken from this spreadsheet is provided in Figure 3, in
which only three filtration times in addition to the start are
illustrated. The times chosen for this example are 1, 2 and 3 hours.
The only significant difference between this and the earlier
spreadsheet is the inclusion of the vessel height, or clearance
between the filter surface and some other internal structure, which
is contained in cell E9. This is used to fix the first concentration
profile illustrated on the graph inserted on the spreadsheet.
Iteration, in order to establish cake height and pressure drop
across the cake, is carried out in an identical way to that already
described. After these are fixed, Eqn. 8 (see the Appendix) is
solved for various values of dimensionless cake height y/L, which
are then converted to real heights from a knowledge of L. The
modification needed to the earlier spreadsheet in order to program
in Eqn. 8 for concentration should not pose any significant
problems, and the cell equations are not therefore reproduced here.
One distinct advantage of showing the full concentration profile
over reporting the average value is that the cake concentration at
the filter medium is given. This could be important if poor cake
discharge or handling problems occur when this is below some
threshold. Also, the maximum cake concentration can be seen to
become progressively greater with time, as more of the available
pressure drop goes into forming the filter cake.
Further observations from simulations
There are several interesting results illustrated in Figures 1- 3. The
average cake concentration reaches an almost uniform value when
the pressure drop over the cake is still only 40% of the total. From
this time onwards the filter cake will have nearly uniform
properties of concentration and resistance. This effect is seen
with most filter cakes, even ones with high values of the pressure
exponent in the concentration equation (spreadsheet 1, cell E9).
This helps to explain why the well known (time/filtrate volume)
against volume graph (the t/V versus V plot) becomes linear after
an initial period when am&sing laboratory data. However, for short
filtrations - such as those provided by continuous machines -
the fraction of the total pressure drop over the cake may never
reach an acceptable value, and low cake concentration - with
consequent material handling problems - may occur.
Using the spreadsheet simulation it is possible to assess the
benefits of increasing the feed slurry concentration prior to
filtering. The feed slurry concentration has been altered from
between 5% and 35% by weight, and all the other inputs illustrated
in Figure 1 have been kept constant. The filtration time under
consideration was 1 hour. The resulting increase in the fraction of
pressure drop going to form the filter cake and the cake
828
Figure 4. Simulation results
showing the effect of feed
slurry concentration on
pressure forming the filter
cake and cake concentration.
concentration are illustrated in Figure 4. The cake concentration
increases from 29% to 34% by volume, and the fraction of pressure
drop attributable to the filter cake rises from 10% to 80X, on
increasing the feed solids content from 5% to 35% by weight. Both
of these effects are attributable to the increasing cake depth with
feed concentration leading to a higher cake resistance to filtrate
flow at the fixed filtration time.
Closing comments
This paper is intended to be of assistance to anyone who needs to
simulate apparently constant pressure compresssible cake filtra-
tion. The simulations described also provide some insights into the
filtration process, especially when the filter cycle is very short. Many
further conclusions can be made after the simulator has had the
opportunity to try out the spreadsheets with his/her own data.
The spreadsheet cell equations and accompanying illustrations
of the spreadsheet text, and graphics, are the minimum required to
convey the necessary information to program the simulation into a
spreadsheet. In order to achieve the simulation, the first iteration
and the calculations at the given filtration time must be copied
over as many cells as are required. This is a standard spreadsheet
operation, and should not present much of a problem. More
advanced spreadsheet operations - such as programming in
macros, which could be used to check for convergence of the
solution - have been deliberately avoided, in order to keep the
spreadsheet simple to use and readily understandable.
If the reader does not want to become involved in entering the
spreadsheet formulas, then a copy of both the spreadsheets
described above, and a simulation of a rotary vacuum filter, are
available on a 3.5 inch MS-DOS disk, at a nominal cost of 25 (UK
only, including postage and packaging). The spreadsheet file
format is Novell’s Quattro Pro for Windows v5, which is compatible
with most other modern spreadsheet programs.
The simulation work is continuing with more solid/liquid
separation operations being produced in computer spreadsheet
form in the future, and ideas for new simulations would be
welcomed.
Bibliography
Tiller, F.M. (Ed.): ‘Theory and practice of solid-liquid separation,
2nd edn.’ (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Houston, Texas, USA, 1975).
Appendix
Filtration models
Our knowledge and understanding of compressible cake filtration
December 1994 Filtration & Separatlon
owes a lot to the work of professor Tiller and professor Shirato, and is given by
their many research papers published in the 1960s and 1970s. The
modelling process employed in the spreadsheets in the present
paper applies their basic concepts of compressible cake filtration.
C, = CoAp,“,, (;) m’(l-WI- n, (8)
The mathematical development begins with the conventional
constant pressure filtration equation rearranged into the form of Combination of Eqns. 7 and 8 permits the cake concentration at
a quadratic equation: any height within the cake to be calculated.
Solution scheme
J!!++%V-t = 9 (1) The first assumption needed to start the iterative solution process,
2A2AP
is that all the total pressure drop acts over the filter cake, i.e. the
where p is the liquid viscosity, V is the cumulative filtrate volume, medium resistance is temporarily neglected. The solution then
A is the filter area, R, is the resistance of the filter medium, t is follows the following scheme:
the filtration time, AP is the total pressure drop over both cake (1) Values of average specific resistance and dry mass solids per
and medium, Z is the average mass of dry cake deposited per unit unit volume filtrate are calculated according to Eqns. 2 and 4,
filtrate volume, and (Y is the average specific resistance of the filter at whatever time is required.
cake. The average specific resistance can be described by a power-
(2) The volume of filtrate produced is obtained by solving Eqn. 1,
law function of the cake forming pressure:
taking the positive root of the quadratic equation only. The
5 = a& - n)APctke (2) medium resistance is included in this calculation.
(3) The instantaneous filtrate rate comes from Eqn. 5.
Similarly, the average cake concentration by volume traction is
(4) The pressure drop over the filter cake is then calculated
c = Cs(1 - m)AP& (3) according to Eqn. 6, which is a new value including the effect of
the filter medium.
where (~0, n, CO and m are empirical constants.
(5) The new cake pressure drop is then used to recalculate values
The average mass of dry cake per unit volume filtrate is
of average resistance and dry cake mass per unit volume of
obtained from the average cake concentration and the mass
filtrate.
fraction of solids in the feed slurry (s) by
The process is repeated from stages 1 to 5, until the difference in
1 calculated values of filtrate rate falls below some set value between
z= (4)
h__G the iterations. On a computer spreadsheet, without using macros,
( “P CP*> the easiest way to achieve this is to fix the number of iterations at a
high value, so that convergence is guaranteed. The spreadsheet
where p and ps are the liquid and solid densities, respectively.
described here uses six iterations, and the difference in flow rate
The instantaneous filtrate rate Q can be obtained from Eqn. 1 in
between iterations is usually less than 0.5% after the fourth
its differential form:
iteration. To simpliij the cell equations in the spreadsheet the
following terms have been grouped:
Q+ [-$=V+!& WC
1
a=2A2aP
The pressure drop over the filter cake can be calculated at any time
by deducting the pressure drop over the medium from the total
applied pressure: b=* (10)
AAP
AP,, = AP-CLR”Q (6) The b term remains constant throughout the filtration, and the
A
solution scheme references the cell location containing this value
professor Tiller and professor Shirato showed that the cake depth (spreadsheet 1, cell E22) for all iterations. However, a changes as
at any instant in time can be calculated from the average specific resistance and dry solids per unit filtrate
change, and a new value of a is calculated for each iteration. The
AP(‘-mmn) A
coke following iteration uses the new value of a in the solution of Eqn. 1.
L= (7)
woCo~dl-m-~) 0
When the filtrate rate has been obtained by the above
procedure, Eqns. 7 and 8 may be solved to provide the cake
and the volume concentration inside the filter cake C, at a height y concentration profile.

Filtratlon ELSeparation December 1994 929

 RACTSOFREFEREEDPAPERS
Model calculation of the compression behaviour of dust filter cakes

PI '807
Modellberechnung des Kompressionsverhaltens
volz W. H@linger, Ch. St&klmayer
Es 1.9em C0mpurersimurer~onsm0d~~r fur die Ansammlung ernes Sraubhlterkuchens enrwckelf
von Staubfilterkuchen
und A. Hack1
Slmulalronsergebnrsse verm~rrern eme rheorebsche Darslellung der lnneren Srrukrur emes
worden O,e Oynamrk des Kompressionsverhaltens im Kucheo la81 sich m!r Hllle dleses F,lrerkuchens und bmren e,ne Erklarung iur dre schrchrarrrge Srruktur des F!lterkuchens, die bei
Programms wnulreren Be, der Smwlabon rsr e!ne Korrelahon der zwischen den Twlchen fruheren exper,menre,,en “nrersuchungen beobachrer wurde (5 sn 7 abb 3
ref)
wrkenden Krafte und dem sich daraus ergebenden Oruckabfall !m Kuchen zu beobachren De

Calculs sur mod&e pour le comportement a la compression des gIteaux de poussieres

par W. HiYjlingw, Ch. St&klmayer et A. Hack1
On a developpi un programme de srmulatron sur ordmaleur pour la formar!on d’un glreau de d@monfrenr th@orrquement la srrucrwe mrerne du gafeau de frlrraf!on et donnenr une expkcatlon
f,,r,ar,on de poussr~res. La dynamrque d” comporremenr B la compressron B I’mt&ieur du gefeeu pour la srwcrwe mu/t!-couche de glleau de filfrafron comme &e/t+ par des recherches
peut erre s,mulee grlce B ce programme La smlularlon r&e/e une correlalron enrre 1% forces exp&imentai.?s anrerreures (5 pigs, 7 hgs, 3 r8fs)
mrerparrrcure~res et ra perre de charge qur en r&ulte dans ie gateau Les r~sulfafs de la simulatron

CIlculo modelo del comportamiento de compresl6n en tortas polvo de filtro

par W. H@linger, Ch. Si%cklmayr y A. Hack1
Se he desarrollado un programa de srmulaobn pare ordenador, de ra acumulacrdn de una forte resultante de presrdn Los resultados de la ssn~rec~on demuestran de manera fedrrca ra
hecha de porvo en un fI/fro Esre programa srmule ra dmemrca dei comportamienro de compresrdn esrructura rnrerne de la rorra de hkro y pr0veen URB ex@rcacrdn de /a esrructure en capes de /a
denrro la torte La srmulacdn revela une correlacrdn enrre /as fuerzas enrre particulas y la cmda torte de f&o demostrada por prewos esfudros expenmenrales (5 pBgs, 7 hgs, 3 refs.)

Some aspects of the design of filter fabrics for use in solid/liquid separation processes

PI
*"813
Elnige Aspekte der Konstruktion von Filtergeweben xum Einsak bei Fe&-IFliissigstoffabscheldungsprozessen
VOTLE. Hardman
Texrrlgewebehlter brlden emen wesenrlrchen Bestandre,/ zahNoser indusrrreller Prozesse, mdem sre werden Es wrrd kurz auf Texblrohsroffe sowe - unrer besonderer Bezugnahme auf Aspekre der
.?ur Produkrrernhert, Senkung van EnergrelProdukrionskoslen und zu emer rerneren Umwelr F!lriabon und Ftltrationseus~uslung - auf die Konsrwklionselemenre verschredener Tuchhlrer
berrragen. Des Referaf enthM eme allgememe Beschrelbung der Fakforen, d!e be! der und deren Endbearbertung erngegenge” (6 s”, 4 abb, 2 lab, 4 ref)
K0”srwkbon emes Gewebes flir elne” Fest-lFluss,gstoff-Abscherdungsprozess berucks!chbgr

Ouelques aspects des tlssus flltrants utilis6s dens les proc&ldis de siparation solidelliquide
par E. Hardman
Les bswes frftrants rexrrfes sonr une part essenberre d’une quanrrt6 rnnombrable de pro&d& compre quand on chowr “n rlss” pour “n pro&de de s~parabon sokdeiliqu,de On y drscufe
mdustrrers, contr!buenr B ra pure@ des prodwfs, 8conomisanr /es coirrs d’8nergre et deproductron bnevemenf les maberes de base ems! que /es ei&nenrs d’&borabon et de fmrssage des t!ssus en
er am~,,oranr I’enwronnement L’arbcle d&rrf, en termes g&%+raux, /es facteurs qvr sonr pns en ref&ence parbculr8re B ia hkration et aux equrpements de hftrafion. (6 pags.. 4 hgs.. 2 tabs., 4 MS)

Unos aspectos de disefio de telas de flltro para uso en procesos de separaci6n s6lidolliquido
par E. Hardman
Tefas de f&o son una parte eserwal de proces0s mdusrnales sm ntimero, conrubuyendo a ia rela pare “n proceso de separacdn sdlrdolliqurdo. Se flare de matena prune rexbl y. con
pureze de productas, a econom~a de energra y de c0sres de produccibn y un ambrenre mas rImpI referenoa parricular a consrderacrones de fllrracr6n y equpo de frltrao6n. los elementos de
El articulo describe, en r&mmos generales, 10s facrores que se benen en cuenta en el djseiro de consfrucc~~n de tele y merodos de ecabar (6 pigs.. 4 f!gs.. 2 tabs., 4 refs.)

Cake uniformity in pressure filtration of coal slurry

lzl
819
Be! F&ralrons- und Enrwasserungsprozessen
Kuchenelnheltllchkeit bei der Druckfiltration von Kohlenschlamm
van D. J. Sung,
smd die Kuchensrrukfur und das AusmaB der
J. G. Groppo und B. K. Parekh
nredriger Feuchfrgkerfsgehak ,m Fllrerkuchen auf dre e,nhe,fkche “errerlung “on Pertrkeln be,
Homogenertar ~0” Festsroffen ,rn Fllferkuchen wrchbge Parameter. In dem Referal 1st eme emem Vermrschungsrndex van mehr als 0,750 zuruckzufuhren Es wrd au8erdem dargeregr, dafl
neuarbge. abgewandeke Labormerhode z”, Erzeugung e,nes F,Herkuchens emherrkcher Strukrur d!e Fllrerkuchenfeuchrigke,f und der Vermrschungsmdex umgekehrr proporrronal smd. d.h em
be, Oruckfrlrratron beschrreben. D,e Emhertrichke,r des F,lferkuchens, dre anhand des hoherer Vermrschungsrndex hangr srers m,f emem Fllterkuchen gerrngen Feuchrrgkerrsgehalts
Vermmchungsmdexes ausgedruckt wrd. wurde mrf Hllfe des Kramersschen Modells fur zusammen (6 sn, 9 abb, 4 tab, 28 ref.)
verschredene Arren “on Kuchenbrldungsbedrngungen erm,tte,r. Der Unrersuchung nach 1st ei”

Uniformit du g8teau dans la filtration sous pression de suspensions de charbon

par D.J. Sung, J.G. Groppo et B.K. Parekh
Dans /es pro&d& de hltrarron et de d&hydraratron. la srrucrure du glreeu et fe degrk gsreau L’Btude a idenrrf& qu’un bas nweau flhum!drt8
dans le glreau r&ulfe d’une drsrrrburlon
d’homog&+rt8 des sorides dens re gireeo s0nt d’rmportenrs perem&es L’ertlCie d&it une umforme des parbcules avec un mdrce de m.%nge sup.@rreur B 0 75. On montre au%! que
nouvelfe approche modlfibe de laborarorre pour produire vn gireau de structure unlforme dans I’humld!t8 du glreau de frkrafron et I’mdrce de m&ngesonr mversemenr proportronne$. c’esf-e-
res frltratrons sous press!on. L’unrform!rB du gareau de f~lrrabon. d&rrte per Mdrce de m8lange. a djre qu’un haur rndrce de m.%enge cause une basse humidfrd du g%eau (6 pigs, 9 hgs., 4 tabs,
818 Btablre par r’emplor du mode/e de Kramers pour dwers types de condibons de formatron du 28 refs.)

Uniformidad de torta en filtraci6n bajo presl6n de lodo de carb6n

par D.J. Sung, J. G. Groppo y B.K. Parekh
En procesos de frlbacdn y deshrdraraobn la esrructura de la terra y el grade de homogenerdad de que un bafo nw de humedad en la forte de firtro resulra de una dlsrrlbuodn umforme de
sdlrdos en la torte de frkro son p&metros rmportanres. EI arrrculo presenra un nuevo enfoque de particulas con UR indrce de mezclar mas de 0.750. Se demuesrra tamblen que la humedad de ra
laboratorio pare produor URB torte de frlrro de estrucrura unrforme en hlrracr6n bare presrbn Se rorre y er indrce esren en propoi~~dn mversa, esr0 es, on indIce mes err0 provee une rorre de frrtro
derrva la unrformrdad de la rorra de filrro, descnra en t&mrnos de1 indice de mezcrar. segtin el de homedad mas bafa (6 pdgs., 9 hgs.. 4 tabs, 28 refs)
modero de Kramer pare frpos de condicrones de formao6n de tortes El esrudro ha rdenrrhcado

Simulation of compressible cake filtration

Simulation kompressibler Kuchenfiltration
Izl ‘825 van R. Holdich
Die van moderner F&rarronsrheone uber komprewbre Kuchen ber schembar kOnSfenrem zunehmender F!lrrarronsdauer Ber begrenzrer W#derstendskrefr des F!irermedrums 1st der
Oruck abgere!reren Glerchungen smd m em herkommkches Compurerprogramm fur Tabellenkark- Oruckabfal, rm gesamten Kuchen mcht koostanr; dre Kuchenkonzenrratron s0we dre spenfrsche
urarron einprogremmrert worden Im Anschlu8 dare” wurde Slmulatron durchgefuhrl. ems- W,derstendskraft smd daher zerrabhringrg ““d demzufolge ,,e,erw abz”,e,re” Es s,“d dre
chlie8kch ““rers”ch”“g de, Auswrrkungen elner Erhohung de, Schrammkonze”rrerlon “or der Zellenformeln fur dre Computer-Karkulerronsreberren sowe Ergebn,sbe!sp!ele aus Slmuration-
Flrabon und der Verrerlung des Drucks zwschen dem F&ermedrum und dem Kuchen be! sprozessen fur Demonsrrar~onszwecke aufgeiuhrr (5 sn., 4 abb.. 1 refj

Simulation de la filtration des gfiteaux compressibles

par R. Hold&h
Les Bquafrons fournres par ra rheorre moderne de la hlrrabon evec g&eaux compressrbles sous chure de pressron B rwers re g.+teau n’esr pas c0nstante et par consequent fe concenrreoon du
press#on apparemmenr c0nsranre ont 6rB mrrodultes dans un spreadsheet package d’Ord!nereur gereeu et re re~~srence speclhque s0nr r0nw0n du remps et dorvent drre dbdurres de mariere
clessrque. On a a,ors pro&d& B des srnwlebons, y comprrs des recherches s”r I’effer d’un lr8rerrve Les formules pour re ceirure de compression s0nr fourmes par re programme ems, que
eccr0lssemenr de la c0ncentrab0n de /a suspensron avant la filtrebon ems! que la dmtribubon de des i&u/tars de smwrer,on de d6monsrrarlon (5 pigs., 4 kgs., 1 ref.)
,a p,ess,0n dens ,e gereeu au couu d” temps &and /a rhslsrence du media hfrrant esr fmre. Ia

Simulaci6n de filtraci6n de tortas comprimibles

por R. Holdich
Se ha programado /as ecuac10nes derrvadas de la reorle moderna de filrrecl0n de tortes de pies~dn e rwes de la r01re no esre constenre y. par consrguenre. ra concenrrecrbn de la terra y
comprrmrbles, a presrdn a, parecer constanre. en un paquere convenc~onal de hofa de c~lculo de re restsrenc!e especiffca corresponden al rrempo; se debe deduwras !rerarivemenre Se proveen
ordenador Luego se hen realizado srmulaaones, mcluyendo mvestrgacrones del efecro de res fdrmuras cClula pare la bore de c&x/o de ordenador, funto con eremplos de s!mulaclones
aumenrar ,a concenrraci&, del lodo antes de f~frrar, y/a drstrrbucr6n de presrdn entre er medlo h/fro riplcas (5 pegs, 4 frgs, f ret)
yra rorre, con eument0 de tiempo de fiftracr6n. Cuando re resrsrenoa de medfo esrd ffmra. la carda

806 December 1994 Filtration & Sepsratlon