Certification Manual For Welding Inspectors 2000, 4th Edition

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Copyright American Welding Society

Provided by IHS under license with AWS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
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Safe
Practices
for
Welding and
Cutting Containers
That Have Held
Combustibles
Superseding 1952 Edition
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Safety Recommendations
Under the direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee
Edward A. Fenton
Technical Director
Price $1.50
Copyright 1965 b y A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G SOCIETY, I N C .

345 East 4 7 t h S t r e e t , N e w York, N . Y . 10017
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Personnel
AWS Committee on Safety Recommendations
F. C. Saacke, Chairman AIR REDUCTION CO., INC.
H . W.Speicher, Vice-Chairman WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.

E . A . Fenton, Secretary AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
Bureau of Ships DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

A. S. Cross, Jr. ENGLEHARD INDUSTRIES INC.
H.E. Dudley STEWART WARNER CORP.
R.L. Graves THE FLUOR CORP. LTD.
A. N . Kugler AIRCO WELDING PRODUCTS
L. G. Matthews LINDE DIV., UNION CARBIDE CORP.
J . Matusek INLAND STEEL CO.
J. E. Ogburn AMERICAN AIR FILTER CO., INC.
T.B. Smith BETHLEHEM STEEL CO.
R. L. Swope AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC.
W . J. Uber EMPLOYERS MUTUALS OF WAUSAU
H.G. Zawar LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE CO.
Honorary Medical Advisory Subcommittee
C. Dernehl, M . D. UNION CARBIDE CORP.

J. V. Donaldson, M . D. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE CO.
J. F . Osterritter, M . D. CELANESE CORP. OF AMERICA
PRINTED I N THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
Section 1 -Scope .................................................................................... 1
Section 2-Preparing The Container For Cleaning ............................ 3
Section 3-Water Method of Cleaning ................................................ 4
Section 4-Hot Chemical Solution Method of Cleaning .................... 4
Section 5-Steam Method of Cleaning ................................................ 6
Section 6-Marking of Safe Containers ................................................ 7
Section 7-Preparing The Clean Container For Welding Or Cutting

-Water Filling Treatment .................................................... 8
Section %-Preparing The Clean Container For Welding Or Cutting

-Inert Gas Treatment ........................................................ 8
Section 9-Welding Or Cutting On Containers That Have Held

Combustibles ...................................................................... 11
Appendix A-Larner Gas Sampler ...................................................... 12
AWS Technical Publications .................................................................. 14

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Note: By publication of these recommended practices the American Welding Society
does not insure anyone utilizing the recommended practices against liability
arising from the use of such recommended practices. A publication of a practice
by the American Welding Society does not carry with it any right to make,
use or sell any patented items. Each prospective user should make an inde-
pendent investigation,
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Safe
Practices
for
Welding and
Cutting Containers
That Have Held
Combustibles
INTRODUCTION
Severe explosions and fires may result if welding, cutting or other
hot work is done on containers that are not entirely free of combustible
solids, liquids, vapors, dusts and gases. Containers of this kind can
be made safe for such work a t low cost, but the necessary steps and
precautions prescribed herein must be rigidly followed.
No container should be presumed to be clean or safe until proved
so by proper tests.
Section 1 Scope
1 01. These recommendations are intended to apply to the prepara-
tion for welding or cutting (or both) of metal containers that have
held combustible solids, liquids or gases, or substances that may pro-
duce flammable vapors or gases. Cleaning the container is necessary
in all cases before welding or cutting.
102. Flammable and explosive substances may be present in a con-
tainer because it previously contained one of the following substances:
(a) Gasoline,light oil or other volatile liquid that releases potentially
hazardous vapors a t atmospheric pressure.
( b ) An acid that reacts with metals to produce hydrogen.
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2 Welding and Cutting Containers
( e ) A nonvolatile oil or a solid that, a t ordinary temperature, will

not release potentially hazardous vapors, but will release such vapors
if the container is exposed to heat. (For example, combustible vapors
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may be generated by the heat of welding or cutting from sludge or

scale deposits in such containers or in their riveted seams.)
( d ) A combustible solid, finely divided particles of which may still
be present in the form of an explosive dust cloud.
103. The safe practices enumerated here are not intended to apply
to the following classes of containers:
( a ) Containers that can be entered by workmen for cleaning from
the inside.
( b ) Tanks, bunkers or compartments on ships. (For information on
cleaning such tanks, etc., see A Manual for the S a f e Handling of In-
flammable and combustible Liquids, issued March 1964 by the U.S.
Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. 20226 and Standard f o r the Control
of Gas Hazards o n Vessels to be Repaired, N F P A 306, issued by the
National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston,
Mass. 02110.)
( e ) Outside, above-ground vertical petroleum storage tanks. (For
information on cleaning such tanks, see A P I Bulletin 2016, Cleaning
Tanks Used for Gasoline or Similar Low-Flash Products published by
the American Petroleum Institute, 1271 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, N.Y. 10020.)
( d ) Gasometers or gas holders for natural and manufactured gas.
(For information on cleaning gasometers, etc., see Purging Principles
and Practices, published by the American Gas Association Inc., 605
Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016.)
( e ) Compressed gas cylinders. (Any hot work on compressed gas
cylinders should be done only by a regular manufacturer of the type of
cylinder involved.)
(f)Containers that have held nitrocellulose or pyroxylin solutions.
(For information on cleaning such containers, consult the manufac-
turer or supplier of the solution. Remember that inert gas will not
prevent or put out fires in such solutions, as the solutions themselves
contain enough oxygen for supporting combustion.)
104. The safe practices enumerated here are not intended to apply
to industries (e.g., petroleum, air transport) which have expert knowl-
edge of handling flammables and have developed methods of container
preparation (ventilation and purging with air, or inerting) for specific
applications to their own equipment.
That Have Held Combustibles 3
Section 2 Preparing the Container for Cleaning*

201. Cleaning of containers that have held combustibles should be
attempted only by experienced personnel and under the direct super-
vision of persons familiar with the characteristics of the contents.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as trichloroethylene or carbon tetra-
chloride) shall not be used in cleaning. These materials may be decom-
posed by the heat or radiation from welding or cutting to form phosgene.
202. Disconnect or remove from the vicinity of the container all
sources of ignition before cleaning is started.
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203. Take appropriate steps to protect personnel cleaning the con-

tainer against harmful exposure if the container has held a toxic gas
or a substance that may result in a toxic gas being formed during the
cleaning operation.
204. Move the container into the open, if practical. If the container
must be cleaned indoors, make sure the room is well ventilated so
flammable vapors will be carried away quickly and safely.
2 0 5 . Empty and drain the container thoroughly, including all internal
piping, traps and standpipes. Removal of sludge and sediment may
be facilitated by scraping or, in the absence of flammable vapors,
by rotating the container and using a nonferrous chain as a scrubber.
Hammering with a wooden mallet may help to loosen scale; do not
use iron or steel chisels, scrapers or hammers because of the danger
of sparks igniting the flammable vapors. Dispose of the residue before
starting to weld or cut.
206. Identify material for which the container was used, determine its
flammability and toxicity characteristics. If the substance previously
held by the container is not known, assume that the substance is flam-
mable, toxic and insoluble in water.
207. Cleaning a container that has held combustibles is necessary
in all cases before any welding or cutting is done. This cleaning may
be supplemented by filling the container with water or by using an inert
gas both before and during such work.
~~
*The following supplementary references are recommended: Cleaning Small

Containers That Haue Held Combustibles, Data Sheet 432, published by the
National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60611; Standard
on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems and Inerting for Fire and Explosion
Prevention, both published by the National Fire Protection Association, 60
Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass. 02110.
208. Clean the container using one of the following methods as de-
scribed in Sections 3, 4,or 5, whichever is most suitable.
209. Treat each compartment in a container having two or more
compartments in the same manner regardless of which compartment
is to be welded or cut.
Section 3 Water Method of Cleaning

301. The choice of cleaning method generally depends upon whether
the substance previously contained is readily soluble in water. Where
the substance is known to be readily soluble in water it can be removed
by completely filling the container with water and draining several
times. For example, a water-soluble acid may be handled this way,
eliminating the hazard of the hydrogen produced by a reaction between
the acid and metal. Care must be taken that the flushing is thorough
so all traces of the acid are removed, as diluted acid frequently reacts
with metal to produce hydrogen when concentrated acid will not.
Examples of other water-soluble compounds, which are readily removed
by filling the container with water and draining, are acetone and alcohol.
302. When the substance originally in the container is not readily
soluble in water the container must be treated by the hot chemical
solution method or by the steam method described in Sections 4 and 5.
Section 4 Hot Chemical Solution Method of Cleaning

401. The chemicals generally used in this method are trisodium phos-
phate (strong washing powder) or a commercial caustic cleaning com-
pound dissolved in water to a concentration of 2 to 4 oz of chemical
per gallon of water (15 to 30 mg per CU cm).
402. When cleaning by this method, guard against injury from steam
or the caûstic cleaning compound, Use suitable goggles, gloves and
other protective covering.
403. The procedure for the hot chemical solution method of cleaning
is as follows:
(a) Close all openings in the container with the exception of the drain
and filling connection or vent. Use damp asbestos, damp wood flour
or similar material for sealing cracks or other damaged sections.
( b ) Fill the container to overflowing with water, preferably letting
the water in through the drains. If there is no drain, flush the container
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by inserting the hose through the filling connection or vent. Lead the
hose to the bottom of the container to get agitation from the bottom
upward, causing any remaining liquid, scum or sludge to be carried
upward and out of the container.
( c ) Drain the container thoroughly.
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( d ) Completely dissolve the amount of chemical required (see Par.

401 above for amount) in a little hot (boiling, if possible) water and
pour this solution into the container. Then fill the container with water.
( e ) Make a steam connection to the container either through the
drain connection or by a pipe entering through the filling connection
or vent and leading to the bottom of the container. Admit steam into
the chemical solution and maintain the solution a t a temperature of
170 to 190 F (77 to 88 C) .A t intervals during the steaming, add enough
water to allow discharge by overflowing of any volatile liquid, scum or
sludge, that may have collected a t the top. Continue steaming for at
least 15 to 20 min, and longer if necessary, until the point is reached
when no appreciable amount of volatile liquid, scum or sludge appears
a t the top of the container.
( f ) Drain the container.
(g) Inspect the inside of the container to see if it is clean. To do
this, use a mirror to reflect light into the container. If examination
shows that it is not clean, repeat steps (d), (‘e), and (f)above and rein-
spect. (Use only an electric lantern or flashlight suitable for locations
where flammable vapors are present.)
(h) Close the container openings. In 15 min reopen the container
and test a sample of the gas in it. Use a combustible gas indicator (of
which there are several well known makes commercially available) or
the Larner Gas Sampler apparatus, the procedure for which is described
in Appendix A. If the concentration of flammable vapor in the sample
is not below the lower limit of flammability, repeat the cleaning pro-
cedure.
404. If steaming facilities for heating the chemical solution are not
available, a less effective method is the use of a cold water solution
with the amount of cleaning compound increased to about 6 oz per
gallon of water (45 mg per CU cm). It will help if the solution is agitated
by rolling the container or by blowing air through the solution by means
of an air line inserted into the container, with the air entering near
the bottom of the container.

Section 5 Steam Method of Cleaning

501. Fill the container a t least 25% full with hot soda or soda ash
solution ( 1 lb per gallon of water, 120 mg per CU cm of water) and
agitate it sufficiently to insure that the inside surfaces are thoroughly
flushed.
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502. Drain the container thoroughly.

503. Close all openings in the container with the exception of the
drain and filling connection or vent. Use damp asbestos, damp wood
flour or similar material for sealing cracks or other damaged sections.
504. In this method, use low pressure steam throughout. Use a steam
hose of not less than % in. diameter, without a valve a t the outlet end.
Control the steam pressure by a valve ahead of the hose. (If a metal
nozzle is used a t the outlet end it should be made of nonsparking
material and should be electrically connected to the container; the
container, in turn, should be grounded to prevent an accumulation
of static electricity.)
5 0 5 . The procedure for the steam method of cleaning is as follows:
(a) Blow steam into the container, preferably through the drain
for a period of time to be governed by the condition or nature of the
flammable substance previously held by the container. When a con-
tainer has only one opening, position the container so the condensate
will drain from the same opening into which the steam hose is inserted.
(When steam or hot water is used to clean a container, wear suitable
clothing, such as boots, hood, etc., to protect against burns.)
( b ) Continue steaming until the container is free from odors and the
metal parts of the container are hot enough to permit steam vapors
to flow freely out of the container vent or similar opening. Do not set
a definite time limit for steaming containers, even of a specific size, as
rain, extreme cold or other weather conditions may condense the steam
as fast as it is introduced. It may take several hours to heat the con-
tainer to such a temperature that steam will flow freely from the outlet
of the container.
(c) Thoroughly flush the inside of the container with hot (preferably
boiling) water.
(d) Drain the container.
(e) Inspect the inside of the container to see if it is clean. To do this,
use a mirror to reflect light into the container. If examination shows

that the container is not clean, repeat steps (a), ( b ) , (c), and ( d )
above and reinspect. (Use only an electric lantern or flashlight approved
for locations where flammable vapors are present.)
( f ) Close the container openings. In 15 min reopen the container and
test a sample of the gas in it. Use a combustible gas indicator (of which
there are several well known makes commercially available), or the
Lamer Gas Sampler apparatus, the procedure for which is described
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in Appendix A. If the concentration of flammable vapor in the sample
is not below the lower limit of flammability, repeat the cleaning pro-
cedure.
Section 6 Marking of Safe Containers

601. After having cleaned and proved by test that a container is safe
for welding and cutting, stencil or tag it. The stencil or tag should
include a phrase such as “Safe for welding and cutting,’’ the signature
of the person so certifying and the date.
Fig. 1 -Container Ready for Welding or Cutting

Section 7 Preparing the Clean Container for Welding

or Cutting -
Water Filling Treatment
701. It is desirable to fill the container with water during welding or
cutting as a supplement to any of the cleaning methods described in
Sections 3, 4, and 5. Where this added precaution is taken, place the
container so that it can be kept filled to within a few inches of the
point where the welding or cutting is to be done, as shown in Fig. 1.
Make sure the space above the water level is vented, so the heated air
can escape from the container.
Section 8 Preparing the Clean Container for Welding

or Cutting -Inert Gas Treatment
801. As an alternative to the water filling treatment, the container
can be Wed with an inert gas. This treatment is also supplementary
to any of the cleaning methods described in Sections 3, 4,and 5. Its
use is based on the fact that flammable gases and vapors will be
rendered nonflammable and nonexplosive if mixed with a sufficient
amount of inert gas. (This may also be accomplished with steam so
long as air concentrations are reduced sufficiently low and a continuous
flow of steam is maintained to keep the air-flammable gas mixture too
lean to burn.)
802. Where an inert gas is used during welding or cutting to make
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safe a container in which flammable gases and vapors are present, the
individual in direct charge of the work must be thoroughly informed.
He must know the percentage of inert gas that must be present and
how to produce and maintain this percentage until the work is finished.
Attempting such work without proper knowledge or equipment is
dangerous.
803. Permissible inert gases include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

(u) When carbon dioxide‘isused, a minimum concentration of 50 % is
required, except where the flammable vapor is principally hydrogen,
carbon monoxide or acetylene. In these cases, a minimum concentra-
tion of 80% is required. Carbon dioxide is used either from cylinders
or as solid carbon dioxide, commonly called “dry ice,” commercially
available in cakes 10 x 10 x 10 in., each weighing 50 lb (25.4 x 25.4 x
25.4 cm, each weighing 22.7 kg). Carbon dioxide is heavier than air
and during welding or cutting operations will tend to remain in con-
tainers having top openings.

T h a t Have Held Combustibles 9
( b ) When nitrogen is used, the concentrations should be a t least

10% greater than those specified in (a) above for carbon dioxide. Cyl-
inder nitrogen may be used in the same way as cylinder carbon dioxide.
( c ) Do not use carbon monoxide.
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804. The procedure for the inert gas (carbon dioxide or nitrogen)
treatment is as follows:
(a) Close all openings in the container with the exception of the
filling connection and vent. Use damp asbestos, damp wood flour or
similar material for sealing cracks or other damaged sections.
( b ) After considering the location on the container of the spot where
welding or cutting is to be done and also the position of the container
itself fill the container with as much water as possible. Whenever pos-
sible, place the container so that the spot to be welded or cut is on top.
( c ) Calculate the volume of the space in the container above the
water level and add enough inert gas so that that space has a t least
the minimum concentration for nonflammability listed in Par. 803.
This will usually require the introduction of a volume of gas somewhat
greater than the calculated minimum, since the inert gas may tend
to flow directly out of the vent after displacing only part of the pre-
viously contained gases or vapors.
i. Introduction of Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Gas from Cylin-
ders (see Fig. 2 ) : Introduce the inert gas into the container at low
pressure (about 5 psi; 350 gm per sq cm) through the drain, unless
the water level is above the drain. If the drain connection cannot
be used, introduce the inert gas through the filling opening or vent
and extend the hose to the bottom of the container or to the water
level so that the added gas forces the other gases out of the container.
(To estimate the volume of carbon dioxide withdrawn from the cyl-
inder, weigh the cylinder before and after withdrawing the gas and
calculate the cubic feet of carbon dioxide withdrawn by multiplying
the pounds lost by 8.7; for cubic centimeters multiply the grams lost
by 544. If nitrogen is used, multiply the pounds lost by 13.8, or the
grams lost by 863.)
(NOTE:When a large volume of carbon dioxide is required, the
rate of withdrawal of the gas from the cylinder can be increased
without freezing the cylinder valve by inverting the cylinder. If
nitrogen is used, cylinders should be used upright.)
2. introduction of Solid Carbon Dioxide: Crush the solid carbon
dioxide and distribute it evenly over the greatest possible area to

VENT
HOT
REPAIR
HERE\
Fig. 2 -Method of Introducing Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Gas from a Cylinder
secure a rapid formation of gas. (One pound of solid carbon dioxide

will produce 8.7 CU ft of gas; 1 gm will produce 544 CU cm.)
805. Avoid bodily contact with solid carbon dioxide. It will produce
“burns.” Avoid breathing large amounts of carbon dioxide, since it
may act as a respiratory stimulant and in sufficient quantities can act
as an asphyxiant.
806. Determine by suitable method below whether enough carbon
dioxide or nitrogen is present to make the contents of the container
nonflammable. Take samples from the bottom and top of the container.
(u) Use a combustible gas indicator.
(b) Use the Larner Gas Sampler illustrated and the procedure de-
scribed in Appendix A.
(c) For carbon dioxide only, use an Orsat or other gas analysis ap-
paratus.
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T h a t Have Held Combustibles 11
807. Take steps to maintain a high carbon dioxide or nitrogen con-

centration during the entire welding or cutting operation by using one
of the following two methods:
(u) If the gas is supplied from cylinders, continue to pass the gas
into the container.
( b ) If carbon dioxide is used in solid form, add small amounts of
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crushed solid from time to time, thereby generating more carbon diox-
ide gas a t all times.
Section 9 Welding or Cutting on Containers

That Have Held Combustibles
901. Do not weld or cut on a container that has held combustibles
until the container has been suitably cleaned and marked as safe
for welding and cutting. It may then be prepared for welding or cutting
by filling with water or inerting.
902. Proceed with the welding or cutting operation or other hot
repair work. At frequent intervals make sure that the carbon dioxide or
nitrogen concentration is sufficiently high, following Par. 806 and 807.
903. When welding or cutting, keep the head and arms away from the
top of the container as far as possible. Repair leaks on the sides of the
container before repairing the top.

APPENDIX A
Larner Gas Sampler
Description of the necessary material and the method of testing for
flammable and explosive gases with the Larner Gas Sampler apparatus:
Al. Material Required (see Fig. 3)
( A ) Football bladder or small rubber bag.
( B ) Rubber bulb pump (hand squeeze type).
(C) Rubber tubing (Vito 3/s in. internal diameter).
(D) Ball-type check valve, rubber tube type, two required. (A
rubber syringe equipped with check valves can usually be bought at
any drug store. This can serve as a substitute for the rubber bulb
pump and will eliminate the check valves as separate items.)
( E ) Rubber tubing clamp.
( F ) Nozzle (metal construction, similar to glass tube eye dropper).
(G) Wire mesh flame arrester (100 mesh wire cloth, 0.0045 in. wire
diameter, 0.0055 in. openings).
A2. Operation of Gas Sampler (see Fig. 3)
i. Instaìl the check valves ( D ) in the rubber bulb ( B ) so that one
valve allows air to be sucked into the bulb and the other valve allows
air t o be discharged from the bulb when the bulb is operated by squeez-
ing and releasing with the hand. Connect the suction end of the rubber
bulb to rubber tubing ( C ) .
2. Lower free end of rubber tubing (C) into the container to the
level a t which the sample of gas is desired.
3. Operate rubber bulb pump ( B ) (squeeze and release by hand) a
sufficient number of times to insure that all entrapped air is discharged
and that these parts of the sampler apparatus are completely filled
with gas representative of that in the container.
4. Thoroughly deflate rubber bladder ( A ) and connect its filling
tube to the discharge end of the rubber bulb pump ( B ) .
5. Operate rubber bulb pump ( B ) and fill the rubber bladder (A)
to a pressure sufficient to conduct test of the gas.
6. Seal rubber bladder ( A ) with clamp ( E ) and disconnect the blad-
der from the other parts of the sampler apparatus.
7. Connect nozzle ( F ) and flame arrester (G) to rubber bladder ( A ) .
A3. Test of the Gas
1. A t a safe distance from the container, apply the flame of a match,
candle or torch to the tip of nozzle ( F ) , and simultaneously release
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RUBBER BULB-
CHECK VALVE@--,
RUBBER HOSE
I ! I IIl111 (%
Fig. 3 - Larner Gas Sampler
clamp (E) allowing gas to flow from the tip of the nozzle. If the flow
of gas from the nozzle has a tendency to deflect or blow out the flame,
the gas may be considered to be nonflammable and nonexplosive and
the contents of gas in the container sufficientlysafe to allow welding,
cutting or other hot work to be done.
2. If, however, gas flowing from the nozzle has a tendency to ignite
or if flashback explosions occur, the gas content of the container must
be considered flammable, explosive and unsafe for any welding, cutting
or other hot work to be done on the container.
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14
AWS
Technical Publications
GROUP A-FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING
Definitions, Symbols, Testing
Standard Welding Symbols A2.0-58 ..............................
Welding Symbols Chart A2.1-58
Wall Sire (22" x 2 8 " ) ......................................................... $1.50
Desk Sire ( x 11" ) ................. ......... 50c
Nondestructive Testing Symbols A2.2-58 ................................ $1.00
AWS Definition g 8 Cutting
A3.0-61 .... .......................................................... $2.00
Master Chor? of Welding Processes A3.1-61
Wall Sire (22" x 2 8 " ) ...........................................
Desk Sire ( 8 " x 1 1" ) ......................................... ..... SOC
Standard Methods f o r Mechanical Testing of Welds
(with 1945 Supplement) A4.0-42 ........................
Filler Metal Specifications

Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes A5.1-64 .............. * $ l .O0
Iron and Steel Gas-Welding Rods A5.2-46 ............................. *$1.00
Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Arc-Welding Electrodes
A5.3-62 .............................................................................. *$l.OO
Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel
Covered Welding Electrodes A5.4-62 .................................. *$1.00
low-Alloy Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes A5.5-64 .... *$1.00
Copper and Copper-Alloy Arc-Welding Electrodes A5.6-57 .... *$1.00
Copper and Copper-Alloy Welding Rods A5.7-57 .................... *$l.OO
Brazing Filler Metal A5.8-62 .................................................... *$1.00
Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel
Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes A5.9-62 ........................ *$1.00
t Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Welding Rods and Bare
Electrodes A5.10-61 ............................................................ *$l.OO
Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Covered Welding Electrodes A5.11-64 *$1.00
Tungsten Arc-Welding Electrodes AS.12-55 ............................ *$i .O0
A5.14-64 .........
Welding Rods and
AS. 15-56 ..................................
A5.16-61 ............................................
tAluminum X-Ray Standard (Reference cited i n A5.10-61) ...... *$2.25
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15
Safety
Safe Practices for Welding and Cutting Containers
That Have Held Combustibles A6.0-65 ................... $1.50
Recommended Safe Practices for Inert-Gas Metal-Arc
A6. 1-58 ........
Lens Shade Selector A6.2-61 .......... ............................ 50c
Safety i n Welding and C
Z49.1- 1958 ...............
The AWS Bibliographies 1937-61, A7.0-62 .................... *$7.50
1962-63 Supplement t o the AWS Bibliographies, A7.1-64 *$1.50
Index of Welding Standards from 2 1 Nations A8.0-62 .......... $5.00
GROUP B-INSPECTION, QUALIFICATION

Inspection Handbook for Manual Metal-Arc Welding B1.l-45 $4.00
Standard Qualification Procedure 63.0-41 .............................. $1.O0
GROUP C-PROCESSES
Resistance Welding
Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding C1.l-50 ........ $2.00
Recommended Practices for Spot Welding Aluminum and
Aluminum Alloys C1.2-53 .................................................... $2.00
RESISTANCE WELDING-Theory and Use, First Edition, 173 pp.,
illus., cloth-bound, 1956 ...................................................... $6.00
Metallizing
Recommended Practices for Metallizing
Part 1A-Metallizing Shafts or Similar Objects C2.1-60 ....... $1.00
Part 1B-Application of Aluminum and Zinc For Protection
of Iron and Steel C2.2-52 ............................. 50c
Part 1C-Application of Metallized Coatings t o Protect
Against Heat Corrosion C2.3-54 .................. SOC
Part 1D-Metallizing Flat Surfacer C2.4-55 ............................ 50c
Standard Metallizing Symbols C2.6-57 ............. $1.00
Corrosion Tests of Metallized Coated Steel, 6-
C2.8-62 ......................................................... $2.00
Metallizing Terms and Their Definitions C2.9-62 .................... 50c
Recommended Practicing for Metallizing Inside Diameters
of Machinery Parts C2.10-63 .............................................. $1.50
Brazing and Soldering

BRAZING MANUAL-Second Edition, 296 pp., illus.,
clothbound, 1963 .................................................................. $7.50
Establishment of a Standard Test f o r Brazed Joints C3.1-63 .... $2.50
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16
Standard hiethod for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints

C3.2-63 ................................................................................ $1.00
SOLDERING MANUAL-First Edition, 180 pp., illus.,
clothbound, 1959 .................................................................. $6.00
GROUP D-INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Buildings, Bridges, Ships, Storage Tanks, Automotive,
Piping, Rockets
#Code for Welding in Building Construction D1.O-63 ................ $4.00
*March 1965 Addenda t o D1.O-63, Code for Welding i n
$1 .o0
§Specifications for
................................................. $4.50
3, Specifications for Welded
Highway and Railway Bridges ............................................ $1 .o0
$ 0 Special Ruling SR1-65 by AWS Structural Welding Committee-
Gas Metal-Arc Welding w i t h Carbon Dioxide Shielding ........ $1.00
Rules for Welding Piping i n Marine Constructon-
Ferritic Alloy Steels 03.4-52 ................................................ 50c
X-Ray Standard for High-pressure, High-Temperature Steam
Piping (Reference cited in D3.4-52) $2.00
Hull Welding Manual D3.5-62 ................ $2.50
Standard Specifications for Steel Tanks,
and Elevated Tanks, for Water Storage AWS-AWWA
D5.2-65 ................................................................................ *8OC
Standard Specifications for Field Welding of Steel Water
Pipe Joints AWS-AWWA D7.0-62 ...................................... *5Oc
Recommended Practices for Automotive Welding Design
DS.4-61 .......... ...................................................... $2.50
Repair Welding of C a s t Iron Pipe,
Valves and Fittings D10.2-54 .............................................. 50c
Welding of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steel Piping and
Tubing D10.4-55 .................................................................. $1.o0
Welding Ferrous Materials f o r Nuclear Power Piping D10.5-59 $1.50
Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding of Titanium Piping and Tubing
D10.6-59 .............................................................................. $1.50
Recommended Practices for Gas Shielded-Arc Welding of
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Pipe D10.7-60 .................. $2.00
Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel Piping D10.8-61 .... $1.50
A Test Program on Welding Iron Castings D1 1.1-65 .............. $2.00
Welding Reinforcing Steel, Metal Inserts and
Reinforced Concrete Construction D 12.1-61 . $1.50
Fabrication of Welded Rocket Motor Cases D13.1-61 ............ $2.50
trelated publications
#relored publications
§relatedpublications
*indicates price ir n e t - n o discount ollowed
(Prices subject t o change without notice)
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Certification Manual For Welding Inspectors 2000, 4th Edition

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Certification Manual For Welding Inspectors 2000, 4th Edition

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Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Under the direction of

Copyright 1965 b y A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G SOCIETY, I N C .

Copyright American Welding Society

AWS Committee on Safety Recommendations

F. C. Saacke, Chairman AIR REDUCTION CO., INC.

H . W.Speicher, Vice-Chairman WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.

Bureau of Ships DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Honorary Medical Advisory Subcommittee

C. Dernehl, M . D. UNION CARBIDE CORP.

PRINTED I N THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Copyright American Welding Society

Section 1 -Scope .................................................................................... 1

Section 2-Preparing The Container For Cleaning ............................ 3

Section 3-Water Method of Cleaning ................................................ 4

Section 4-Hot Chemical Solution Method of Cleaning .................... 4

Section 5-Steam Method of Cleaning ................................................ 6

Section 6-Marking of Safe Containers ................................................ 7

Section 7-Preparing The Clean Container For Welding Or Cutting

Section %-Preparing The Clean Container For Welding Or Cutting

Section 9-Welding Or Cutting On Containers That Have Held

Appendix A-Larner Gas Sampler ...................................................... 12

AWS Technical Publications .................................................................. 14

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

( e ) A nonvolatile oil or a solid that, a t ordinary temperature, will

may be generated by the heat of welding or cutting from sludge or

Section 2 Preparing the Container for Cleaning*

203. Take appropriate steps to protect personnel cleaning the con-

*The following supplementary references are recommended: Cleaning Small

Section 3 Water Method of Cleaning

Section 4 Hot Chemical Solution Method of Cleaning

Copyright American Welding Society

( d ) Completely dissolve the amount of chemical required (see Par.

Copyright American Welding Society

Section 5 Steam Method of Cleaning

502. Drain the container thoroughly.

Copyright American Welding Society

Section 6 Marking of Safe Containers

Fig. 1 -Container Ready for Welding or Cutting

Section 7 Preparing the Clean Container for Welding

Section 8 Preparing the Clean Container for Welding

802. Where an inert gas is used during welding or cutting to make

803. Permissible inert gases include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Copyright American Welding Society

( b ) When nitrogen is used, the concentrations should be a t least

Copyright American Welding Society

Fig. 2 -Method of Introducing Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Gas from a Cylinder

secure a rapid formation of gas. (One pound of solid carbon dioxide

Copyright American Welding Society

807. Take steps to maintain a high carbon dioxide or nitrogen con-

Section 9 Welding or Cutting on Containers

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Fig. 3 - Larner Gas Sampler

Copyright American Welding Society

Filler Metal Specifications

tAluminum X-Ray Standard (Reference cited i n A5.10-61) ...... *$2.25

Copyright American Welding Society

GROUP B-INSPECTION, QUALIFICATION